Doilies, Pam? Hello, Bridget. Third drawer from the top, Una. Under the mini gherkins. By the way, the Darcys are here. They brought Mark with them. BRlDGET: Ah, here we go. You remember Mark. You used to play in his paddling pool. He's a barrister. Very well off. No, I don't remember. He's divorced, apparently. His wife was Japanese. Very cruel race. Now, what are you going to put on? This. MUM: Oh, don’t be silly, Bridget. You'll never get a boyfriend... if you look like you've wandered out of Auschwitz. Now, run upstairs. I've laid out something lovely on your bed. Tsk. [Sighs] ANDY WlLLlAMS SlNGlNG: You're just too good to be true Can’t take my eyes off of you BRlDGET: Great. I was wearing a carpet. UNCLE GEOFFREY: There she is. [Singing] My little Bridget Hi, Uncle Geoffrey. Ha ha. -Hmm. Had a drink? -No. No? Come on, then. BRlDGET: Actually, not my uncle. Someone who insists I call him uncle... while he gropes my ass... and asks me the question dreaded by all Singletons. UNCLE GEOFFREY: So...how's your love life? Super. Thanks, Uncle G. Still no fellow, then, eh? I don't know. You career girls. Can't put it off forever. UNA: Tick-tock, tick-tock. -Hello, Dad. -Hello, darling. How's it going? Torture. DAD: Your mother’s trying to fix you up with some divorcee. Uhh. Human-rights barrister. Pretty nasty beast, apparently. BRlDGET: Hoo. Ding-dong. Maybe this time Mum had got it right. Come on. Why don’t we see if Mark fancies a gherkin? [Whispering] Good luck. Mark? BRlDGET: Maybe this was the mysterious Mr. Right... I’d been waiting my whole life to meet. You remember Bridget. BRlDGET: Maybe not. She's used to run around your lawn... with no clothes on, remember? Uh, no, not as such. Come and look at your gravy, Pam. I think it's going to need sieving. Of course it doesn't need sieving. Just stir it, Una. Yes, of course. I'll be right there. Sorry. Lumpy gravy calls. ANDY WlLLlAMS SlNGlNG: Let me love you [Sighs] -So...ha. -So. You staying at your parents' for New Year? -Yes. -Mmm. -You? -Oh, no, no, no. I was in London at a party last night... so I'm afraid I'm a bit hung over. Wish I could be lying with my head in the toilet... Like all normal people. [Chuckles, sighs] New Year's resolution-- drink less. Oh, and quit smoking. Mmm. Ha. -Oh. -Oh. Ha. And keep New Year's resolutions. Oh. And, uh... stop talking total nonsense to strangers. In fact, stop talking, full stop. Yes, well, perhaps it's time to eat. Mmm. ANDY WlLLlAMS SlNGlNG: I need you, baby MRS. DARCY: Apparently... she lives just 'round the corner from you. Mother, I do not need a blind date. Particularly not with some verbally incontinent spinster... who smokes like a chimney, drinks like a fish... and dresses like her mother. Yummy. Turkey curry. My favourite. BRlDGET: And that was it. Right there. Right there. That was the moment. I suddenly realized that unless some thing changed soon... I was going to live a life where my major relationship... was with a bottle of wine... and I'd finally die fat and alone... and be found three weeks later, half-eaten by wild dogs. Or I was about to turn into Glenn Close... in "Fatal Attraction." JAMlEO'NEAL SlNGlNG: All by myself Don't wanna be All by myself Anymore VOlCE: You have no messages. [Guitar plays] JAMlEO'NEAL SlNGlNG: When I was young I never needed anyone And making' love was just for fun Those days are gone All by myself Don't wannabe All by myself Anymore Ohh Ohh Oh-oh-oh All by myself Don't wanna live... BRlDGET: And so I made a major decision. I had to make sure that next year... I wouldn't end up shit-faced and listening to sad FM... easy-listening for the over-thirties. I decided to take control of my life... and start a diary... to tell the truth about Bridget Jones... the whole truth. Resolution number one-- ohh-- obviously will lose twenty pounds. Number two... always put last night’s panties in the laundry basket. Equally important... will find nice sensible boyfriend to go out with... and not continue to form romantic attachments... to any of the following... alcoholics, workaholics, commitment-phobics... peeping toms, megalomaniacs... emotional fuckwits, or perverts. And especially will not fantasize... about a particular person who embodies all these things. ARETHA FRANKLlNSlNGlNG: What you want Baby, I got What you need Do you know I got it? BRlDGET: Unfortunately, he just happens to be my boss... Editor-in-Chief, Daniel Cleaver. And for various slightly unfair reasons... relating to this year's Christmas party... I suspect he does not fantasize about me. BRlDGET,DRUNK, SlNGlNG: Oh Can’t live If living is without you I can’t live Can't give anymore BRlDGET: Or maybe I'm wrong. Huh? [Indistinct chattering] BRlDGET: Ah. Happy New Year, Mr. Fitzherbert. Happy New Year, Brenda. BRlDGET: Mr. Fitzherbert-- Tits Pervert, more like. Daniel's boss who stares freely at my breasts... with no idea who I am or what I do. Morning. I need that "Kafka's Motorbike" release... by 11:00. BRlDGET: Perpetua-- slightly senior... and therefore thinks she's in charge of me. Most of the time... I just want to staple things to her head. [Telephone rings] Publicity. JUDE: All I asked-- I only asked... if he wanted to come on a mini-break to Paris... BRlDGET: Daily call from Jude. Best friend. Head of investment at Brightlings Bank... who spends most of her time... trapped in the lady's toilet, crying over fuck wit boyfriend. I'm too needy. JUDE: Am I co-dependent? No, you’re not. It's not you. You're lovely. It's Vile Richard. Ugh. He's just a big knobhead with no knob. Is some people's opinion of Kafka... but they couldn't be more wrong. This book is a searing vision... of the wounds our century has inflicted on-- on traditional masculinity. It's positively Vonnegut-esque. Thank you for calling, Professor Leavis. Guest list for launch party. Ah. Was that...F.R. Leavis? Mm-hmm. DANlEL: Wow. Huh. The F.R. Leavis... who wrote "Mass Civilization and Minority Culture"? Mm-hmm. The F.R. Leavis who died in 1978? Amazing. BRlDGET: Emergency summit with urban family... for coherent discussion of career crisis. Fuck 'em. Fuck the lot of them. Tell them they can stick fucking Leavis... up their fucking asses. Good, good. That's very useful, very useful. BRlDGET: Shazzer--journalist... Likes to say "fuck" alot. And, Jude, what would you do if one of your assistants... made a harmless little mistake like that? I'd fire you, Bridge. Excellent. Is that Cleaver chap still as cute as ever? Oh, God, yes. Then I think a well-timed blow job's... probably the best answer. -SHAZZER: Ohh. -Oh, you love it. Are you that chap that sang that song? Yes. Yes, I am. BRlDGET: Tom-- Eighties pop icon who only wrote one hit record... then retired because he found that one record... was quite enough to get him laid... for the whole of the Nineties. -Great song. -Thank you so much. BRlDGET: Total poof, of course. -More vodka? -No. Yes. Fill her up, God damn it. BRlDGET: At least now I'm in my thirties... I can hold my drink. [Laughter] Ohh! Whoops. -Mind the step. -She's fine. Drive on. DANlEL: Apparently F.R. Leavis is coming. Afternoon, Bridget. PERPETUA: What do you mean you're going on holiday? Well, what about Julia? Does she have to go to the funeral? [Gasps] Listen, we got a little problem... The only problem is the kitchen. PERPETUA: Quite frankly, there isn’t room... BRlDGET: Message Mr. Cleaver. Am appalled by message. Skirt is demonstrably neither sick nor absent. Appalled by management's blatantly size-is attitude... to skirt. Suggest management sick, not skirt! PERPETUA: That's quite ridiculous. Ooh. Oh, I see. DANlEL: Hang on. Hang on. Right. Yeah. No, I understand that. I understand that perfectly. BRlDGET: Very bad start to the year. Have been seduced by informality... of messaging medium into flirting with office scoundrel. Will persevere with resolution to find a nice sensible man. Will put a stop to flirting... first thing tomorrow. Good plan. PRETENDERS SlNGlNG: Don't get me wrong DANlEL: If walking past office... was attempt to demonstrate presence of skirt... can only say that it has failed parlously. Cleave. BRlDGET: Shut up, please. I'm very busy and important. P.S. How dare you sexually harass me... in this impertinent manner. DANlEL: Message Jones. Mortified to have caused offence. Will avoid all non-P.C. overtones in future. Deeply apologetic. P.S. Like your tits in that top. I'm thinking about the fireworks BRlDGET: Mustn’t read too much into it, no. [Humming Wedding March] Dum dum dee dum Dum dum dee dum, dum dum dee dum dum And it all began, of course... with some very irresponsible e-mailing... over Bridget's non-existent skirt. PRETENDERS SlNGlNG: If I split like light refracted I'm only off to wander Daniel. The New York office for you. Yeah, tell them I'll get back to them. PRETENDERS SlNGlNG: Once in a while [Elevator bell dings] [Ding] Daniel. Jones-- -Evening, Kenneth. -Good evening, Daniel. [Ding] FlTZHERBERT: If you've got a moment... I'd like a word before you leave tonight. Yes, certainly. [Ding] -I'll see you in a sec. -Excellent. -And, Brenda... -Yes? At the "Kafka's Motorbike" thing... I thought it might be fun if you introduce me... before I introduce him. Add a lovely sense of occasion. [Chuckles] Certainly, sir. Hmm. Tch. Brenda, listen. What are you doing tonight? Actually, I'm busy. All right. Well, that’s a shame. I just, uh... well, I thought it might be a charitable thing... to take your skirt out for dinner... and try and fatten it up a bit. -Hmm. -Maybe you can come, too. What about tomorrow? No. Tomorrow's the launch. Ah, yes, of course. Possibly the worst book ever published. Well, in the end, that’s not the ad line we've gone for. Next night? Let's see, shall we? ["Peter Gunn" playing] Good night, Daniel. Right. No pressure, Bridge... but your whole future happiness now depends on how you behave... on this one social occasion. Right. What should I do? First, look gorgeous. [Tape rips] Ohh! Ow! Gooh! Two--then totally ignore Daniel and suck up to famous authors. Salman. Salman. Salman. Circulate. Oozing intelligence. Isn't it terrible about Chechnya? Isn't it terrible about Chechnya? Chech-nya! Introduce people with thoughtful details... such as, "Sheila... "This is Daniel. Daniel, this is Sheila. "Sheila enjoys horse-riding and comes from New Zealand. "Daniel enjoys publishing and comes--" All over your face? TOM: Exactly. Excuse me. I'm terribly sorry to interrupt you... when you're having dinner. It's just that-- Yes. Yes, it was me. Yes. Nine years ago. No current plans to record anything else. Thank you so much. Oh, it's just that, ahem... your--your chair is on my wife's coat. [Laughter] Your--your chair on the... Of course it is. Of course it is. MAN: Thank you so much. Thank you. BRlDGET: Hmm. Major dilemma. If actually do, by some terrible chance... end up in flagrante... surely these would be most attractive at crucial moment. However, chances of reaching crucial moment... greatly increase by wearing these. Scary stomach-holding-in panties. Very popular with grannies the world over. Ha. Tricky. Very tricky. ["Peter Gunn" continues playing] BRlDGET: Ladies and gentlemen... welcome to the launch of "Kafka's Motorbike"... "The Greatest Book of Our Time"... and here to introduce it is Mr. Tits Pervert. Ooh, Fitzherbert, Fitzherbert, Fitzherbert. OK, circulate, oozing intelligence. Ignore Daniel, and be fabulous with everyone else. I am the intellectual equal of everyone else here. Ooh. It's like a whole theory of short fiction... and of the novella, you know? And, of course, the problem... with Martin's definition of the novella... is that it really only applies to him. [Laughter] MAN: That doesn't sound like Martin. Not. [Laughter] RUSHDlE:I could be wrong. What do you think? Uh...do you know... [Inhales] where the toilets are, huh? BRlDGET: Stay calm. Can't get any worse. What are you doing here? I've been asking myself the same question. I came with a colleague. So how are you? Well, apart from being very disappointed... not to see my favourite reindeer jumper again... I'm well. Anyone going to introduce me? BRlDGET: Ah, introduce people with thoughtful details. Perpetua. Ha. This is Mark Darcy. Mark's a prematurely middle-aged prick... with a cruel-racedex-wife. Perpetua's a fat-ass old bag... who spends her time bossing me around. BRlDGET: Maybe not. Anyone going to introduce me? BRlDGET: Ah, Perpetua. Uh, this is Mark Darcy. Mark's a top barrister. Oh, he comes from Garth and Underwood. Perpetua is one of my work colleagues. Why, Mark, I know you by reputation, of course. Ah, Natasha. MARK: This is Bridget Jones. Bridget, this is Natasha. Natasha is a top attorney and specializes in family law. Bridget works in publishing... and used to play naked in my paddling pool. -How odd. -Ha ha. Perpetua, how's the house hunt going? Disaster. I oughtn't go into it with you. By the by, that man is gorgeous. Ah, yes, Mark. Just give me time. Give me time. [Laughs] DANlEL: "You've written a searing vision--" Can you remember the rest of this? RUSHDlE: "Of the wounds our century... "has inflicted on traditional masculinity. "Positively Vonnegut-esgue." Obviously. Listen, you don't know where the loos are here, do you? Uh, yes. In the hallway. Thanks. [Microphone not working] One, two. [Blows] [People chattering] Ladies and gentlemen. L-- BRlDGET:L-ladies and... L-- Oi! Oi! Sorry. The, uh... mike's not... work--working. Ahem. Ladies and gentlemen... welcome to the launch of "Kafka's Motorbike"... "The Greatest Book of Our Time." [Mild applause] Obviously except for your books, Mr. Rushdie... which are also very good. And Lord Archer... yours aren’t bad, either. [Clears throat] Anyway... uh, what I mean is, uh... welcome, ladies and gentlemen. Thank you for coming to the launch of... one of the top thirty books of our time. Anyway, at least. And here to introduce it, ha... properly, ha ha... is, uh, the man we all call, uh... BRlDGET'SlNNER VOlCE: [Whispering] Tits Pervert. Mr... INNER VOlCE: Tits Pervert! Mr... INNER VOlCE: Tits Pervert. Fitzherbert, uh... because... that is his name. Mr. Fitzherbert. Thank you. [Mild applause] FlTZHERBERT: Thank you, Brenda. [Sighs] Just switch this on. [Feedback] [Man laughs, people chattering] NATASHA: So how autobiographical... is your work, Salman? RUSHDlE: You know, it's an amazing thing... nobody's ever asked me that question. Excuse me. Jones. Sod 'em all. DANlEL: It was a brilliant... post-modernist masterpiece of oratorical fireworks, really. Uhh. You're looking very sexy, Jones. I think I'm gonna have to take you out to dinner now... whether you like it or not, OK? Come on, get your stuff. [Sighs] So how do you feel about this whole situation... in Chechnya? isn’t it a nightmare? I couldn't give a fuck, Jones. Now, look, how do you know Arsey Darcy? Apparently, I used to run 'round naked... in his paddling pool. I bet you did, you dirty bitch. What about you? Same. Yeah. No, no, I was best man at his wedding. Um, knew him from Cambridge. He was a mate. And then what? And then, uh...nothing. You don't need to protect him. He's no friend of mine. Well, um, then... many years later... I made the somewhat catastrophic mistake... of introducing him to my fiancée. And, um... I couldn't say, in all honesty, I've ever quite forgiven him. God, so... he's a nasty bastard. And a dull bastard. Yes. Yes, I think that's fair. Anyway, fuck him. Listen, don't let him ruin our evening. Why don't you have some more wine... and tell me more about practicing French-kissing... with the other girls at school... because that's a very good story. -It wasn’t French-kissing. -Don't care. Make it up. That's an order, Jones. DANlEL: So, um, how about a drink at my place? Totally innocent, no funny business... just full sex. No, no, no. I should get a taxi. But thank you for the lovely dinner. It's a pleasure, Jones. ROSEYSlNGlNG: Oh, love Love, love Oh Ooh You're alone All the time Does it ever puzzle you Have you asked why you seem To fall in love And out again Do you really ever love Or just pretend Hobby Why fool yourself? Don't be afraid to help yourself DANlEL: Now these are very silly little boots, Jones. And this is a very silly little dress. And, um... these are, uh... fuck me, absolutely enormous panties. Jesus. Fuck. No, no, don't apologize. I like them. Hello, Mummy. ROSEY SlNGlNG: Love I'm sorry, I have to have another look. -They're too good to be true. -No. There's nothing to be embarrassed about. I'm wearing something quite similar myself. -Here, I'll show you. -No. No. ROSEYSlNGlNG: This time decide That you will open up Let it in There's no shame in sharin'love You feel within So jump right in Head over heels And fall right in Ha. Huh. That was fantastic. Ohh. Mmm. Ay, ay. BRlDGET: Ohh. Daniel. Yeah? What happens at the office? Oh. Well, I'm glad you asked that. You see, it's a publishing house. So that means that people write things for us... and then we print out all the pages... and fasten them together... and make them into what we call a book, Jones. No, do you think people will notice? Notice what? Us. Working together, sleeping together. Hang on a minute, Jones. Just slow down. It started on Tuesday... and now it's Thursday. It's not exactly... um, a long-term relationship, is it? You're very bad. [Telephone rings] [Ring ring] Ohh. [Ring ring] Mmm. Bridget Jones, wanton sex goddess... with a very bad man between her thighs. Mum. Hi. BRlDGET: It's the truth universally acknowledged... that the moment one area of your life starts going OK... another part of it falls spectacularly to pieces. PAMELA: Ah, anyone else want to have it off? Haha. Don't be shy, madame. French. Have it oeuf. Ha ha! With the wisecrack egg peeler. Now, nice firm grip. Put it in the hole. And... up, down, up, down. And off it comes in your hand. Oh! Mind the over-spray. Sorry. Darling, if I came in with my knickers on my head... he wouldn't notice. I spent thirty-five years cleaning his house... washing his clothes, bringing up his children. I'm your child, too. To be honest, darling, having children... isn't all it's cracked up to be. Given my chance again, I'm not sure I'd have any. MUM: And now it's the winter of my life... and I haven't actually got anything of my own. I've got no power, no real career... no--no sex life. I've got no life at all. I'm like the grasshopper who sang all summer. I'm like Germaine sodding Geer. Greer. Well, anyway, I'm not having it. And I've been talent spotted. Julian thinks I've got great potential. Who's Julian? From the Home Shopping Channel. Comes into the store to have his colours done. Potential for what? As a demonstrator on his cable show. You know, his assistant. Apparently, it's the highest- rated show on the channel. Well, apart from the one... where the fat people beat up their relatives. Ooh! I must wiz. -Have you heard from Mark Darcy? -Good-bye, Mum. THEDRAMATlCS SlNGlNG: Mrs. Mrs. Jones MUM: Julian. Sorry to keep you waiting. THEDRAMATlCS SlNGlNG: Goin' on and on and on and on BRlDGET: And a few weeks later, it got lots worse. Hello! Look at this. JULlAN: Paying off this heart-shaped pendant. One of my own personal recommendations... is this absolutely stunning... matching necklace and earring set. JULlAN: The earrings measuring just over a centimetre... in genuine diamante with two pairs in lapis lazuli... in a lovely mock-gold finish. JULlAN: The exact replica of those worn at Wimbledon... in 1993 by Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Kent. [Turns off sound] Well. Has she actually moved out then? Apparently, she and this tangerine-tinted buffoon... are suddenly an item. Half our friends have had them around to bloody dinner. DAD: She's even taking Jaundice Julian... to Una Alconbury's Tarts and Vicars party. That's not the Pamela I knew. That's cruel. BRlDGET: Well, still, could be a golden opportunity. If you spent the entire party flirting with other women... it would drive Mum wild with jealousy. DAD: What? BRlDGET: That's how I got my man. Have you got a boyfriend? A real one? I have, Father. I have. And he's perfect. [Car horn honking] [Revs engine] BRlDGET: Hurrah. Am no longer tragic spinster... but proper girlfriend of bonafide sexgod... so committed that he's taking me... on a full-blown mini-break holiday weekend. DANlEL: Just promise me we don't have to sit... in any little boats and read poncey poetry to each other. BRlDGET: He’s also protecting me at Uncle Geoffrey's... hideous Tarts and Vicars fancy dressparty. This can't be just shagging. A mini-break means true love. Suddenly feel like screen goddess... in manner of Grace Kelly. Though perhaps ever so slightly less elegant under pressure. It's very quiet here, isn't it? Are we the only guests, or... We have a wedding this weekend. I believe there are just four of you not involved. Oh. Hmm. NATASHA: You do the boats, I'll do the tea. Oh, Jesus. -Hello there. -Hi. MARK: Well, well. I take it you're also heading for the Alconbury's rockery. Yes, that’s right. I brought Natasha. Get a bit of work done. Thought I might make it a not entirely wasted weekend. How interesting. What a gripping life you do lead. DANlEL: I'll see you upstairs in a second. Hmm. Well, the weakness of their case... Lies in the deposition they made on August30. BRlDGET: Season of mist... and... mellow fruitlessness. Oh, fuck me, I love Keats. Have you heard this one? "There was a young woman from Ealing... "who had a peculiar feeling. "She lay on her back and opened her crack... "and pissed all over the ceiling." [Bang] Oh, bollocks. BRlDGET: What've you done? -I'm boarding you, Bridge. -Don't you dare! -I'm king of the world! -No! Fuck me. Uhh! BRlDGET: Aah! [Bridget laughs] DANlEL: Oh, piss and bollocks. You stupid ass. [Laughing] Bollocks. All right. Aah! No! So childish. BRlDGET: Aah! No! Yes. DANlEL: Hey, Darce, come on in! The water's lovely! Come on, you're working too hard, mate. Ha ha! -Daniel. -Yes, Bridget? That thing you just did is actually illegal... in several countries. Well, that is, of course, the major reason... I'm so thrilled to be living in Britain today. Yes. I can't understand... why the Prime Minister doesn't mention it more... in his speeches. You should write to him about it. BRlDGET: I intend to. Daniel. DANlEL: Bridget. -Do you love me? -Shut up, or I'll do it again. Do you love me? Right. You asked for it. DANlEL: And over we go. I'm going to give you something to bite on. Here. OK? Pop this in your mouth, darling. [Bridget laughs] You're begging for it. [Bridget laughs] BRlDGET: Stop it. [Laughs] No, no. Hmm. I got to go back to town. A meeting's come up. On a Sunday? DANlEL: No. The meeting's first thing tomorrow. I've got to work on some figures. We could just pop into the party for a minute. DANlEL: Bridget, I'm really sorry. I just can’t do it. I've got to head back. Listen, Daniel... if you've changed your mind, you could just say so... because, honestly, I don't see what could be so important. No, well, you wouldn't, would you? Because you don't have the faintest bloody idea... of just how much trouble the company's in. You swan in in your short skirt... and your sexy see-through blouse... and fanny around with press releases. You know, this is the Americans flying in... because they're thinking of shutting us down... for fuck's sake. Sorry. I'm sorry, Bridge. I know I'm being a prat. Look, I'm going to arrange a lovely car... to come and pick you up and take you back... to London after the party, OK? If you have to travel alone, travel in style. Hmm. And, um... I also think it's very important... that you win this costume competition. Good. Good start. Now, then, Miss Jones, where does this go? BRlDGET: Oh, well, here we go. Trying hard to fight off a vision... of Mum and Auntie Una in fishnet tights. Seems unnatural, wrong even, for60-year-olds to dress up... as prostitutes and priests on a Sunday afternoon. [People chattering] [Laughter] JULlELONDONSlNGlNG: Fly me to the moon BRlDGET: Oh, holy Jesus. Bridget. Where are all the other tarts and vicars? UNA: Oh, dear. Didn't Geoffrey call you? Didn't you telephone Colin and Bridget? How's my little Bridget? GEOFFREY: Bop, bop. Oh. Geoffrey. So, where’s this chap of yours, then, eh? Ah, yes, well, he had to work, so... Ha! A likely tale. Off they run. Whee! [Laughs weakly] JULlELONDONSlNGlNG: You are all long for Bizarre what some men find attractive. Oh, God. MUM: Darling! Geoffrey! What on earth are you wearing? You look like a common prostitute. Yes, well, that was, actually, the point. Say hi to Julian. Hello, Julian. My dear... you and your mother could be sisters. JULlAN: And what a lovely bracelet. It's what I call an all-arounder-- the sort of thing one can wear with anything to any occasion. Oh. Have you spoken to my dad? Yes. He's behaving most bizarrely. I think he was actually trying to flirt... with Penny Husbands-Bosworth, poor thing. She was very frightened. She's only just had her ovaries done. I don't know what you ever saw in him. Shh. Bad man. [Both laugh] [Breathes deeply] [Footsteps] Heh heh. Didn’t tell you, either. [Laughs] No. I didn't spend as much as Bernard, thank God. BRlDGET: Oh. I'm sorry, Dad. The way she looked at me. Well, she loves you, really. You love each other. This is only a temporary glitch. Is it? I don't know. DAD:l don't know. UNA: Ah, Bridget, there you are. Don’t worry. You're not the only one. This is Penny. Geoffrey didn't get in touch with her, either. I'm sorry? I was just saying Geoffrey didn't contact you, either... to tell you that the Tarts and Vicars concept... had gone out of the window. Oh, yes, he did. Oh, right. Lovely dress. Very exotic. What a shame you couldn't bring your boyfriend, Bridget. What's his name? David? Darren? MARK: Daniel Cleaver. Oh. Is he a friend of yours, Mark? Absolutely not. I hope he's good enough for our little Bridget. I think I can say with total confidence absolutely not. Well, I'm sure he'd say the same about you... given your past behaviour. Sorry? I think you know what I mean. Mark. BRlDGET: Hmm. Looks like Auntie Shirley... didn't get the message, either. [Doorbell rings] Hi. I really, really wanted to see a friendly face. Oh, now, listen, I'll tell you what. I have an idea. Let me finish this... while you go home, have a long hot bath... and I'll call round, and we'll have dinner later, OK? [Door closes] Is there someone here? Not that I'm aware of. Unless that Bosnian family has moved in again. Bastards. [Laughs] Oh. I'm sorry. Sorry. I'm going mad. Listen, I am feeling really bad, actually. -I should've been there today. -No, I'm sorry. No, no, I'm sorry... but at least I got a hell of a lot of work done. Just give me one more hour, OK? Fine. That’s fine. I will go home and de-bunny. Oh... and you know last night when I said that I loved you? Mm-hmm. I didn't mean it. I was being ironic. Oh, God, yeah, I know, I know. All right. -Thank you, madam. -Mmm. [Drops bag] Bridge. Bridget. This is Lara from the New York office. Lara, this is Bridget. Hey, there. LARA: I thought you said she was thin. ALEX: I was hoping that you would want to be a part of it. [Bridget sniffles] DAN: This is totally insane. I'm 36years old. It may be my last chance to have a child. Alex. Aah! NARRATOR: The male penetrates the female and leaves. Coitus is brief and perfunctory... and the female... [Continues indistinctly] That's wonderful. DANlEL: Well, I don't think it's bad. DANlEL: Right. BRlDGET: We've had very good response... to the Teddy Knows Best teaser campaign and had various local radio bits for-- Look, Bridge, stop that. DANlEL:I feel...terrible. The thing is... with Lara and me... well, you know... No. You'll have to fill me in. Well, the truth is... the truth is, we’re the same, Bridge, you and me. You know? We're two people of a certain age... Iooking for the moment to commit and finding it really hard. And I just think that in the end... it's got to be something extraordinary... something which makes us go that extra mile. And I think... Lara and-- I don’t know, being American and all... it has something to do with confidence and being so... well, young, you know? Well, we’ve...become very close. Well, you’ve only just met her. She flew in yesterday. Uh... Oh. Silly Bridget. You haven't only just met her. DANlEL: No. No. I got to know her pretty well... when we were in the New York office together. Oh. Oh, fuck. There's no easy way to say this, but, um... I wanted you to be the first to know that... we're engaged. BRlDGET: At times like this... continuing with one's life seems impossible... and eating the entire contents of one's fridge... seems inevitable. I have two choices-- to give up and accept permanent state of spinster hood... and eventual eating by dogs... or not. [Sighs] And this time, I choose not. I will not be defeated... by a bad man and an American stick insect. Instead, I choose vodka... and Chaka Khan. [Disco music playing] CHAKA KHANSlNGlNG: I'm every woman It's all in me Anything you want done, baby I'll do it naturally Mmm I'm every woman It's all in me I can be the most right now Every girl from A to Z Whoa, whoa, whoa Whoa, whoa, whoa Whoa Ahh. Ohh! CHAKA KAHNSlNGlNG: I can cast a spell Fuck. CHAKA KAHNSlNGlNG: Of secrets you can't tell Mix a special groove Put fire inside of you Any time you feel danger... Why do you want to be in television? Well, I've realized that I've become deeply committed... to communicating to the public... the up-to-the-moment and in-depth news... both political and ecological. What do you think of the EI Nino phenomenon? BRlDGET: Um...it's a blip. I think, basically, Latin music is on its way out. So, why do you want to work in television? Because I'm passionately committed... to communicating with children. They are the future. Do you have any children of your own? Oh, Christ, no. Yuck! [Laughs] BRlDGET: Ah. Sorry. MAN: So, why do you want to work in television? I've got to leave my current job because I've shagged my boss. Fair enough. Start on Monday. We'll see how we go. Oh, and... incidentally... at "Sit Up, Britain"... no one ever gets sacked for shagging the boss. That's a matter of principle. Oh, Bridget. Come on, it's... I mean, I know it's been awkward as ass... but there's no need to leave. No, actually, there is. I've been offered a job in television. Television? Mmm. And they want me to start straightaway. So I've got to leave in about, ooh, three minutes... so, um... Whoa. Just hold it right there, Miss Jones. I'm sorry to inform you... but I think you'll find that by contract... you're expected to give at least six weeks notice. BRlDGET: Ah, yes, well... I thought with the company being in so much trouble and all... you wouldn't really miss... the person who waltzes in in a see-through top... and fannies about with the press releases. Bridget. I want to hear this, because if she gives one inch... I'm going to fire her bony little bottom anyway... for being totally spineless. What? Well, I just think you should know that, um... there are lots of prospects here for a talented person. Just give me a minute, will you, Simon? Thanks. Right-o, boss man. Lots of prospects for a person who... you know, perhaps for personal reasons... has been slightly overlooked professionally. Thank you, Daniel. That is very good to know... but if staying here... means working within 10 yards of you... frankly, I'd rather have a job wiping Saddam Hussein's ass. ARETHA FRANKLlNSlNGlNG: R-E-S-P-E-C-T Find out what it means to me R-E-S-P-E-C-T Takin' care of T.C.B Sock it to me, sock it to me Sock it to me, sock it to me Well, bye, everyone. [Singing] Just a little bit Just a little bit I get tired But keep on tryin' You're runnin' out of fools [Song stops] Oh, just sod off. HOST: Hello and welcome to "Sit Up, Britain." OK, everybody, it is bonfire night... and we are on fire. RlCHARD: We have live fire station feeds... from Newcastle, Swansea, Sheffield, and Lewisham... just poised for tragedy. Bridget Jones, where are you? I'm here, Richard. Put on some more makeup. I want you on-camera. But-- RlCHARD: I'm thinking...miniskirt. I'm thinking fireman's helmet. I want you pointing a hose. I want you sliding down the pole... and then go straight into the interview. Great. I'll do it. No problem. Fine. Right. So, you drop into shot... and then interview Chief Fireman Bevan. Yep, yep, yep. Go, go. Go, go. Go! Go? NEVlLLE: Oh, no. We're going to Newcastle first. Stop! Climb back up. On you in thirty seconds. OK. [Grunts] RlCHARD: Neville, what the fuck is going on? She's supposed to be sliding down the pole... -not climbing up it. -Go, go, go, go, go! Oh, OK. -Oh! -Oh, Jesus Christ. Uhh! Uhh! OK, we're out of time. We're out of time. RlCHARD: Just wind 'er up. Well, that seems to be about all we've got time for... down here in Lewisham. Uh, Chief Officer Bevan, thank you very much. Excellent fire station. BRlDGET: Uh, and now... back to the studio. BRlDGET: Whoo! Whoo! Whoo! Whoo! BRlDGET: Excellent. I'm a national laughing stock. Have bottom the size of Brazil. Am daughter of broken home... and rubbish at every thing and... oh, God. I'm having dinner with Magda and Jeremy. The only thing worse than a smug married couple-- Lots of smug married couples. Right, everyone. This is Bridget. Bridge, this is Hugo and Jane. MAGDA: And, obviously, you know, of course... Cosmo and Woney. -Hi, Bridge. -Hi, Bridge. MAGDA: This is Alistair and Henrietta... Julia and Michael... Joanne and Paul... and Jeremy's partners from chambers. This is Natasha Glenville and Mark Darcy. Hi, there. Hello. Not in your bunny girl outfit to day? BRlDGET: No. We bunnies only wear our tails on very special occasions. -Sit yourself down. -Right. Hey, Bridge, how's your love life? Oh... COSMO: Still going out with that publishing chappie? Uh, no, no. Terribly brill. COSMO: Never dip your nib in the office ink. Right. COSMO: You really ought to hurry up... and get sprugged up, you know, old girl? Time's a-running out. Tick-tock. Yes, yes. Uh, tell me, is it one in four marriages... that ends in divorce now or one in three? One in three. COSMO: Seriously, though. Offices full of single girls in their thirties-- fine physical specimens... but they just can't seem to hold down a chap. WONEY: Yes. Why is it... there are so many unmarried women in their thirties... these days, Bridget? [Mark sets down silverware] [Laughs] Oh, I don't know. Suppose it doesn't help that underneath our clothes... our entire bodies are covered in scales. [Faint laughter] MARK: I very much enjoyed... your Lewisham fire report, by the way. Thank you. I just... yeah, well. So. It didn’t work out with Daniel Cleaver? No, it didn't. I'm delighted to hear it. Look, are you and Cosmo in this together? I mean, you seem to go out of your way... to try to make me feel like a complete idiot... every time I see you, and you really needn't bother. I already feel like an idiot most of the time anyway-- with or without a fireman's pole. [Doorbell buzzes] BRlDGET: That'll be my taxi. Good night. Look, um... I'm sorry if I've been... What? I don't think you're an idiot at all. I mean, there are elements of the ridiculous about you. Your mother's pretty interesting. And you really are... an appallingly bad public speaker. And you tend to let whatever's in your head... come out of your mouth... without much consideration of the consequences. I realize that when I met you at the turkey curry buffet... that I was unforgivably rude and wearing a reindeer jumper... that my mother had given me the day before. But the thing is, um... what I'm trying to say very inarticulately is... that, um... in fact... perhaps, despite appearances... I like you very much. Ah. A part from the smoking and the drinking... and the vulgar mother and the verbal diarrhea. No. I like you very much-- just as you are. Mark, we really are making progress on the case in here. NATASHA: Jeremy’s had the most brilliant idea. [Snaps fingers] MARK: Right. Right. I must go, because... well... bye. VANMORRlSIONSlNGlNG: Someone exactly like you I've been travelin' all around the world Just as you are? Not thinner? Not cleverer? Not with slightly bigger breasts and a slightly smaller nose? VANMORRlSONSlNGlNG: Someone like you BRlDGET: Mm-mmm. VANMORRlSONSlNGlNG: To make it all worth while Well... fuck me. VANMORRlSONSlNGlNG: Keep me satisfied Someone exactly like you But this is someone you hate, right? Mmm. Mmm. Yes, yes. I hate him. [Laughs] [Barking] VANMORRlSIONSlNGlNG: I've been travelling a hard road BRlDGET: November9. Weight--138pounds. Cigarettes--three. Birthday--thirty-three. OK, Bridget, see if you can get it right this time. The verdict in the Aghani-Heaney case is expected today. Get yourself down to the high court. I want a hard-headed interview. You do know the Aghani-Heaney case? Yes, of course. Big case... featuring someone called Aghanihini. Or two people called Kafir Aghani and Eleanor Heaney. That's the one. She's a British aid worker. He's a Kurdish freedom fighter. The government want to extradite him home... where he'll certainly be executed. She's married to him... and they fought for five years to keep him here. Today is the decision. Oh, that's exciting. Yes, it is... so what are you waiting for? BRlDGET: Am suddenly hard-headed journalist... ruthlessly committed to promoting justice and liberty. Nothing can distract me from my dedication... to the pursuit of truth. Well, almost nothing. Right. I'll just pop to the shop for some ciggies. BRlDGET: 14p for the Polos and packet of Wheat Crunchies. MARK: Packet of Embassy, please. I'm sorry. I'm not quite fine-- Good afternoon. Hi. You like me just the way I am. Sorry? Nothing. Bridget, we've fucked up utterly. Eleanor Heaney and Kafir Aghani have come and gone. Oh, God. I'll be sacked. Did the others get interviews? I don't know. I was having a slash. Actually, nobody got interviews. How do you know? Because I was defending him... and I told him not to give any interviews. Look... MARK:I have a plan. And action. Mr. Darcy, you were defending Mr. Aghani. You must be delighted. Yes, well, Kafir Aghani has spent his entire life... defending the basic human rights... of his own people, and today's verdict... has been the result of five years of struggle... by this woman, Eleanor Heaney... to save the man she loves from an extradition order... that would've been tantamount to a death sentence. Right. BRlDGET: And, Eleanor, over to you. Did you fancy Kafir the first time that you saw him? [Laughs] This has been Bridget Jones for "Sit Up, Britain"... with, let’s face it, a bit of a crush now, actually. Good afternoon. Bridget Jones-- already a legend. ARTFUL DODGERSlNGlNG: I feel fantastic, bombastic Ecstatically astounded Got a girl who can really use her brain I feel surrounded, confounded Emotionally dumb founded BRlDGET: Oh, joy. I am broadcasting genius. Celebrating by cooking birthday feast for close friends. Have sneaking suspicion... am also something of a genius in the kitchen as well. Tie flavour-enhancing leek and celery together with string. Right. String. String, string, string. Perfect. ARTFUL DODGER SlNGlNG: I don't think so Finely slice oranges and grate zest. ARTFUL DODGERSlNGlNG: Why don't you leave it there? I feel fantastic, bombastic, ecstatic... Aah! Oh, bugger! Oh, bugger, bugger! ARTFUL DODGERSlNGlNG: I feel surrounded, confounded Emotionally dumbfounded Where the fuck is the fucking tuna? Oh, this is Bridget Jones for "Sit Up, Britain"... searching for tuna. [Telephone rings] Bridget Jones. Hello, darling. Hi, Mum. I just wanted a bit of a chat. Ouch! Careful, you ham-fisted cunt! The thing is, darling, I'm-- Between you and me, I'm not entirely sure... that Julian isn't a bit of a shit. BRlDGET: Yes, well, you know, Mum... I haven't really got time right now. Oh, I... I can't deny the sex is still very surprising. You know, the other night, quite unexpectedly... I was just dozing off, and I felt this huge-- Bye, Mum. [Hangs up] Ecch. [Knock on door] Oh. Who can be calling now? Oh. The door was open. MARK:I came to congratulate... the new face of British current affairs. BRlDGET: Huh. But I see I may have come at a bad time. How's it look? Great. It's, um...blue. [Gasps] Blue? MARK: No, but blue is good. If you ask me, there isn't enough blue food. Oh, shit. It must've been the string. Oh, it's string soup? [Laughs] Oh, God. They're going to be here any minute. Well, don't worry. I'm sure they've come to see you... and not orange parfait in sugar cages. Have a drink. Yes. Happy birthday. Thank you. [Laughs] [Sighs] Did I really run round your lawn naked? Oh, yes. You were four, and I was eight. Well, that’s a pretty big age difference. It's quite pervy, really. Yes, I like to think so. BRlDGET: What are we going to do about this dinner, then? We can have blue soup to start, orange pudding to end, and... well, for main course, we have... uh, congealed green gunge. -That is caper berry gravy. -Oh, yes. Yeah. -Do you have eggs? -Yes. Right. -Omelette it is, then. -Ah. With caper berry gravy. You wouldn't by any chance have any beet root cubes? A mini-gherkin, stuffed olive? No, Pam, and besides, I'm busy. The gravy needs sieving. Surely not. Just stir it, Una. [Doorbell buzzes] SHELBYLYNNESlNGlNG: ln the dark I can hear [Bridget opens door] SHAZZER: Happy, happy birthday! Hey, TV queen. Hey, Bridge, you looked fantastic. Hello. Hello. TOM: Are you joining us? Yeah. Yeah, of course. SHELBYLYNNESlNGlNG: What did you say? It's OK [Laughs] SHELBYLYNNESlNGlNG: Mmm, mmm Did you miss me? Excellent. Mmm. Yeah. Delicious. TOM: Really special. It's really--really very good. SHAZZER: Really. It's very nice. [Laughter] SHAZZER: Say... Mmm. Mark, why did your wife leave you? Mmm. Eat up. Eat up. Two more lovely courses to go. SHELBYLYNNESlNGlNG: Make it mine They can talk Mmm, delicious. [Laughter] I have to say, this really is the most incredible shit. [Laughter] This is the worst of the three. It does actually remind me of something. It tastes like-- Marmalade. TOM: Well done, Bridge. Four hours of careful cooking and a feast of blue soup... omelette, and marmalade. Thank you. I think that deserves a toast, don’t you? To Bridget... who cannot cook, but who we love... just as she is. ALL: To Bridget... just as she is. SHELBYLYNNESlNGlNG: Did you miss me? Did you miss me? [Doorbell buzzes] I'll go. [Door opens] Who? Ah. Sorry, sorry, sorry. I'm obviously interrupting a... Darcy. What brings you here? Oh, right. Yeah. I should've guessed, shouldn't I? Hi. I'm Tom. It's really good to meet you at last. Yeah, listen, I just came to, uh... DANlEL: I thought you might be on your own. Huh. What an idiot. Excuse me. I've been going crazy. I can't stop thinking about you... and thinking what a fucking idiot I've been. Christ, is that blue soup? Yes. That Sunday in the country... Come outside. [Distant siren] It was all just going so fast-- the hotel and that weekend, meeting your parents. I just panicked. You know me. I'm... I'm a terrible disaster... with a posh voice and a bad character. You're the only one who can save me, Bridge. I need you. Without you, twenty years from now... I'll be in some seedy bar with some seedy blonde. Well, what about Lara? Oh, over, over. totally fucking finito. Dumped me. She realized that I hadn't got over you. DANlEL: I know you're thinking... it's just a sex thing, but I promise you... whenever I see that skimpy little skirt on TV... I just close my eyes and listen... to all the intelligent things you've said. I was thrilled that little Kurdish bloke was set free. Bridge... I missed you a lot. Oh, God. I'm going now. Bye. Mark, stay. We-- No, I don't think I will. DANlEL: Well, listen, don't leave on my behalf. I think it's time you and I put this past behind us. DANlEL: At least stay for a birthday drink... with me and Bridge, huh? Good-bye, Bridget. BRlDGET: Mark. Why are you here? Bridge... I just told you why I'm here. Why was Mark "Wanker" Darcy here? Oh, bloody hell. Wait a minute. He's back. All right, Cleaver, outside. I'm sorry? DANlEL: Outside? Uh, should I bring my duelling pistols or my sword? All right. Hang on. I should've done this years ago. Done what? This. Ooh! Fuck! Fuck me, that hurt! Ahh! What the fuck do you think you're doing? -This. -Aah! Aah! Oh, Christ, not again. Uhh! [Music playing] Fight! MAN: What? Well, quick! It's a real fight! MAN: It's a fight! DANlEL: Allright, all right, all right. I give up. I give up. Just give me a moment, all right? Just... Let me get a moment's break here, OK? [Crowd yells] Cheat! TOM: Cheat! Cheat! ["It's Raining Men" playing] I should've knew it! [Speaking native language] Ow, ow, ow, ow! Whose side are we on? Mark's, obviously. He's never dumped Bridget for some naked American. And he said he liked her just the way she is. Yeah, but he also shagged Daniel's fiancée... and left him broken hearted. Good point. It's a very hard one to call. GERRlHALLlWELL SlNGlNG: It's raining men Hallelujah, it's raining men No, no, no, no, no, no, no! TOM: Oh, yes! Mark! I'm so sorry. I'm so sorry, all right? Ohh! Ohh! Aah! Oh, God, I'm sorry. I really am sorry. I--I will pay. Had enough, Darcy? Not quite, if that's all right by you. DANlEL: Oh! You broke my bloody jaw! Happy birthday to you ALL SlNGlNG: Happy birthday to you Happy birthday, dear what's-his-name Happy birthday to you It's raining men Hallelujah, it's raining men -Uh... -Ohh... -Uhh. -Uhh. Jesus. Uhh. All right. -All right? -Enough. Enough. Enough. Wanker. [All gasp] What is your problem? -My problem? -Yes. You give the impression of being all moral and noble... and normal... and helpful in the kitchen... but you’re just as bad as the rest of them. Well, I can see that I've been labouring... under a misapprehension. A very, very foolish mistake. Forgive me. DANlEL: Uhh. Let's go back upstairs. Come on. We belong together, Jones. Me, you. Poor little skirt. Right. If I can't make it with you... I can't make it with anyone. Um... That's not a good enough offer for me. I'm not willing to gamble my whole life... on someone who's... well, not quite sure. It's like you said. I'm still looking for something... more extraordinary than that. [Singing] Ding dong, merrily on high BRlDGET: December 25. Weight--140 pounds... Plus forty-two mince-pies. Alcohol units-- Oh, thousands. Bugger off! Come on, kids. JULlAN: This baroque carriage clock... is a particular festive favourite of mine... incorporating the Hallelujah Chorus... from Handel's "Messiah"... every hour on the hour. I don't understand it. The man's actually turned red now. Merry Christmas, Pamela. [Turns off TV] Well... I'm going to Bedfordshire. Night, night. Night, night. [Door closes] [Clock chimes] The thing is... well, close up, he was almost purple. You were such a lovely normal colour. He had a filthy temper. And, well, the jewellery is fabulous... and really very reasonably priced and... I thought I might ask if... we could have another go. I mean, obviously, with some effort on your part... to pay a bit more attention to me. I do realize what I'm like sometimes. It doesn't help that you and Bridget... have your lovely grownup club of two... and always saying... "What's silly old Mummy gone and done this time?" You used to be mad about me. You couldn't get enough of me. What do you think? [Breathes deeply] I don't know, Pam. I just don't know now. It's been very hard. [Sobs] Oh, Colin. [Sobs] I'm joking, you daft cow. Oh! [Both laugh] Pam, I just don't work without you. [Both laugh] Awful. [Laughs] [Pam laughs] Lovely, lovely, lovely. Get back up those stairs, young lady. Get dressed. BRlDGET: What for? The Darcys' ruby wedding party. What for, indeed. Mark will be there-- still divorced. He's also still deranged. I'm not going. Poor Mark. It's always a bad time of year for him. You know, his Japanese wife left him on Christmas Day. Cruel race. BRlDGET: Yes, but I'm not quite sure... he didn’t deserve it, actually. She ran off with his best friend from Cambridge. Total scoundrel, apparently. Best man at his wedding. PAM: Christmas Eve, Mark comes home early from work... finds the pair of them in a most unorthodox position-- stark naked, a tit like rabbits. Just give me five minutes. SlNGlNG: Ain't no mountain high enough DlANA ROSS: Oh, ho Ain't no valley low enough Whoo Ain't no river wide enough Stop. Stop the car. Stop the car. Dad, get out. Too slow! Ain't no valley low enough Say it again Ain't no river wide enough Hey, to keep me from you Dad, get in. -Hurry. -What's your hurry? Not too fast. Keep me from you A bit snowy, isn't it? Ain't no mountain high enough Oh, ho Ain't no valley low enough Whoo Ain't no river wide enough To keep me from you Ain't no mountain high enough Ow, ain't no valley low enough Say it again Ain't no river wide enough Hey, to keep me from you Sorry. One moment. Thank you for inviting me. I didn't. It must've been my parents. So... So. Hello, Bridget. Didn't know you were coming. NATASHA: Mark, your father wants to begin A.S.A.P. Oh, does he? Right. Well, uh... Come on, Mark. Be helpful, please. The caterers have totally screwed up. Does nothing work outside of London? Hmm? Apparently not. Well, I'd better... Listen, uh... I owe you an apology about Daniel. He said that you ran off with his fiancée... and left him broken hearted, he said. Ah. No, it was the other way around. It was my wife... my heart. Sorry. That's why you always acted so strangely around him... and beat him to a pulp, quite rightly. Well done. Well, um... BRlDGET: Can we just, um... pop out there... for a moment? MAN: Quite delightful, isn't it, my dear? BRlDGET: OK. BRlDGET:I just have something that I want to say. Um... You once said that you liked me just as I am... and I just wanted to say... likewise. I mean... there are stupid things your mum buys you. Tonight's another classic. You're haughty, and you always say the wrong thing... in every situation. And I seriously believe that you should... rethink the length of your sideburns. But you're a nice man... and... I like you. So if you wanted to pop by sometime... that might be nice. More than nice. Right. Crikey. [Father taps glass with silverware] FATHER: Ladies and gentlemen... could I have your attention for a moment, please? Excuse me. Of course. ...wife and companion Geraldine. A toast to her, my--my wonderful wife Geraldine. ALL: To Geraldine. And we, in turn... have been blessed with our son, Mark. He's always made us proud... and we couldn't be prouder of him... than on this particular day... because I'm thrilled to announce... he has just been invited to be a senior partner... in the firm of Abbott and Abbott in New York. [Light applause] FATHER: He also, incidentally... takes with him his brilliant partner in law... Natasha. And, well, I don't think they'll mind... since we're amongst friends... if I say that someday this remarkably clever girl... is going to be something-else-in-law as well. ["Here Comes the Bride" plays] I begged him not to say anything. FATHER: So I ask you now... to charge your glasses once again... to Mark and his Natasha. ALL: To Mark and his Natasha. BRlDGET: No! No! It's just that... it's such a terrible pity... f-for England... to lose... such a great legal brain. -Is she pissed? -What? F-for the people of England... Like me and you... to lose one of our top people. Uh... just top person, really. WOMAN: Ahem. Well...better dash. BRlDGET: I've got another party to go to. It's single people. Mainly...poofs. Bye. [Crowd murmurs] GABRlELLESlNGlNG: Knew the sight Wasn't right I was stupid For a while Swept away By you And now I feel Like a fool So confused My heart's bruised Was I ever loved by you? Out of reach So far I never had your heart Out of reach Couldn't see We were never meant to be Catch my self From the spell I could drown if I stay here Keepin' busy Every day [Doorbell buzzes] I know I will be OK Yes? ALL: Hi, it's us! Oh. Great. Come on up. Have we got the most fantastic surprise for you. Oh, no. You're not going to sing. Not that fantastic, sadly, no, but still pretty good. We've decided we're taking you to Paris for the weekend. Forget everything--particularly, forget about Mark Darcy. I can't believe you said what you said you said. I know. There goes my invite to the Darcys' next year. If he didn't leap over the family heirlooms... and whip you up in his arms, then sod him. Yes. He's clearly the most dreadful cold fish. Exactly. I mean, there’s been all these bloody hints... and stuff, but has he ever actually... stuck his fucking tongue down your fucking throat? No. Not once. I think we should pack, shouldn’t we? Passport, Bridget. And pants. Yep, pants. Hurry up, Bridge! We’re freezing our bollocks off out here! Yeah. Just the keys. I'm stuck! Oh! Come the fuck on, Bridget. JUDE: Close the door. MARK: Bridget? TOM: Stop being so bossy. What are you doing here? I just wanted to know if you were available... for bar mitzvahs and christenings... as well as ruby weddings. Excellent speech. I thought that you were in America. Well, yes, I was, but, um... I realized I'd forgotten something back home. Which was? Well, I realized I'd forgotten to, um... kiss you good-bye. Do you mind? Um.... not really, no. So... you're not going to America, then? -No. -No. -Not. -Oh, oh. You're staying here? So it would seem. ALL: Aah! [Yelling, honking car horn] SHAZZER: Go, Bridget! Friends of yours? [Laughs] No. I've never seen them before in my life. SHAZZER: Look, are you coming to fucking Paris or not? Not. -No fucking room anyway. -No. Maybe we should just go upstairs for a minute. Yes. Very good idea. JUDE: No. Come on, let's go. No. Of course she's not coming. TOM: Close it down. Uh... give me just a minute. Um...keep yourself busy. Read something. Lots of very high-quality magazines... with helpful fashion and romance tips. I'll be right with you. [Door closes] Definitely an occasion for genuinely tiny knickers. Right. Right. [Door closes] Mark? Mark? Mark! Mark! Oh. Oh, shit. Double shit. BRlDGET: Bollocks! Oh, God. BRlDGET: Ooh! Wish me luck! Good luck, crazy girl! Ain't no mountain high enough -Oh, ho -Ain't no valley low enough -Ooh -Ain't no river wide enough -Oh -To keep me from you Ain't no mountain high enough Ow, ain't no valley low enough Say it again, ain't no river wide enough Hey, to keep me from you Ain't no mountain high enough Nothing can keep me Mark? Keep me from you Mark! Oh, damn. Ain't no mountain high enough No, ain't no valley low enough I am so sorry. I'm so sorry. I didn't mean it. I mean, I meant it... but I was so stupid that I didn't mean what I meant. Oh, for Christ's sakes. It's only a diary. Everyone knows diaries are just full of crap. I know that. I was just buying you a new one. Time to make a new start, perhaps. VANMORRlSONSlNGlNG: I've been searching' a long time [Laughs] For someone exactly like you I've been travelling all around the world Waitin' for you To come through Someone like you Will make it all worthwhile Wait a minute. Nice boys don't kiss like that. Oh, yes, they fucking do. VANMORRlSONSlNGlNG: Keep me satisfied Someone exactly like you Someone exactly like you Someone exactly like you The best is yet to come The best is yet to come [New song begins] ROBBlE WlLLlAMS SlNGlNG: Have you met Miss Jones? Someone said as we shook hands She was just Miss Jones To me And now I've met Miss Jones And we'll keep on meeting Till we're done Miss Jones and I Whoa, fellas And all at once I lost my breath And all at once Was scared to death And all at once I owned the earth And sky Now I've met Miss Jones And we'll keep on meeting Till we're done Miss Jones and I Miss Jones and I Miss Jones and I How! SHELBYLYNNESlNGlNG:I didn't mean to hurt your feelings It was so careless of me I guess I've gone and done it It's just a matter of time Nothing I can do But tell you I'm sorry And that's the hardest part of all 'Cause your love’s the killin' kind Your love's the killin’ kind Yeah I'd rather walk on glass Than see teardrops in your eyes And I'd fall to pieces Just to hold you The best thing in my life And it's just luck I get to love you You're the one thing that's right You're the light in my hell's darkness 'Cause your love’s the killin’ kind Your love's the killin’ kind Oh, yeah I just might cry now Lie Lay down and die now You've done it to me You're puttin' me under I close my eyes at night Sittin' under sky I love you and all is pleasures Baby, feels so right My arms won't be of any use at all If I can't hold you 'Cause your love's the killin’ kind Your love's the killin’ kind [New song begins] ROBBlE WlLLlAMS: Not of this earth You've changed places with the sun I know that you're the one I love what we've become Not of this earth Not surprised we're unashamed She's gonna have to change her name Then we'll know they'll be the same She's not of this earth And I believe we've seen the worst If I ever leave this world You will have a song to sing So you know what you're worth Best watched using Open Subtitles MKV Player These leaves are short and sharp. what are some other lea shapes. Hello, my friends. Peace be with each one of you. In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ. My name is Sérgio Franco. I am brazilian, married, I live in Rio de Janeiro. And I am here cooperating with the ministry you know as Conexão Eclésia. Which is a service to Jesus's body. At my right side is Jorge Himitian. A beloved pastor that develops an apostolic service over the past years. I know him for at least 10 years. Actually, at least 20 years, right? In the last 10 years, we had a closer relationship, because this service also happens in Rio de Janeiro, the city we are broadcasting. Everything okay, Jorge? Thank God! I want to talk a bit with Conexão Eclésia about your experience with ministries and in your life, OK? You are not argentine, are you? I am armenian, born in Palestine, in the city of Haifa. When I was born, it was Palestine. Now, it is the State of Israel. But when I was 7, I went to Argentina with my parents. And ever since 1948, I've been living in Argentina. At age 15, you met Jesus, right? Yes. You see, I am an argentine citizen, because when I was 30, I became a citizen. This is the complete story. Now, your question about when I received Jesus, at age 15. He completely changed my life. Although I was born in a christian family, that did not make me a son of God. I needed a personal experience with Jesus Christ when He changed my life. Well, my friends. Nowadays, Jorge is 69 years old. God helps, he will complete 70 years. This beloved pastor is also a writer of some books translated to Portuguese. Among them, there is the book known as "Jesus Cristo é o Senhor" (Jesus Christ is the Lord). Which I recommend. We sell it, distribute it. It has the help of the Vida publisher. Editora Vida. There is also another book called: "Curados pela Palavra" (Cured by the Word) Recently, we published another book through our publisher in Rio de Janeiro, Atos Gospel: "O Projeto do Eterno" (The Project of the Eternal). But for you, who is watching us, to understand how the life and experiences of Jorge Himitian has reached us, blessed us all these years, we are going to interview him a bit. For you to have a wider view of God using the life of Jorge. And obviously, not only him, he is not the only one, he is part of a local church, he has got another ministries, other men that are part of a beautiful story. That began, I believe, before I met Jesus. Jorge, how it is to receive a call to be a pastor, to attend the Work wholly? In the night I converted myself to Christ, a refreshment was happening in the church of Buenos Aires. And the preacher, who organized many meetings, every night it was a new reunion, he was "in love" with the lost ones. One night, he helped me to surrender my life to Jesus. He gave me 4 pamphlets and said: Now, you go to your home, you are now a God's priest. I didn't understand what a God's priest is. Then, he said: "Now, this salvation you received should also be shared with others who need it. So, give away these pamphlets to the people inside the bus. Distribute these pamphlets to other passengers." And so, in the same day, I entered in a ministry. When I was 15. And many other adolescents were converted in those months. Then, we became preachers. We preached in the streets, bus, trains, in the squares of Buenos Aires. And when I completed 16 years old, I started preaching out in the open. The thing started evolving. I was involved in the ministry since the day of my conversion. But my plan was to study Engineering. I want to be an engineer. I wanted to support myself. And I also wanted to help in God's work, by preaching. But when I turned 18, already going to the Engineering college, in the avenue just before the college's entrance, I heard a voice. It has behind me, loud and clear. It was the first time I was hearing a voice, it was pretty audible. I looked behind me, to see if anyone was there. There was no one. The cars were passing by. The voice said this: "Sell all the things you own, give to the poor, and follow me." The only thing I had was the college's file. Then, I clearly understood. God had other plans for me. I loved Math, Physics, Engineering, I wanted to study. But I love my Lord! And so, I walked a little bit. I stopped on the street. I made a little prayer: Lord, if this is what you want, I am willing to leave college today, I am at your beck and call. That was the first clear indication that God had other plans. But finally, when we start to do the Work, we started to preach. But what to do with the converted? Then, we started to take care of their lives, I became a pastor taking care of those new disciples that were arriving. And there it began. This interview continues in: Web, building. Spidey, web. Spidey, train. Train, Earth. Spidey, Earth. Train, track. [music begins] It's the worlds greatest, Yo It's the worlds greatest The world's greatest Worlds Greatest I am a mountain I am a tall tree Oh, I am a swift wind Sweeping the country I am a river Down in the valley Oh, I am a vision And I can see clearly If anybody asks you who I am Just stand up tall look them in the face and say I'm that star up in the sky I'm that mountain peak up high Hey, I made it I'm the world's greatest And I'm that little bit of hope When my back's against the ropes I can feel it I'm the world's greatest I am a giant I am an eagle I am a lion Down in the jungle I am a marching band I am the people I am a helping hand And I am a hero If anybody asks you who I am Just stand up tall look them in the face and say I'm that star up in the sky I'm that mountain peak up high I made it I'm the world's greatest And I'm that little bit of hope When my back's against the ropes I can feel it I'm the world's greatest In the ring of life I'll reign love (I will reign) And the world will notice a king (Oh Yeah) When all is darkest, I'll shine a light (Shine a light) And use a success you'll find in me (Me) I'm that star up in the sky I'm that mountain peak up high Hey, I made it I'm the world's greatest And I'm that little bit of hope When my back's against the ropes I can feel it I'm the world's greatest I'm that star up in the sky I'm that mountain peak up high Hey, I made it I'm the world's greatest And I'm that little bit of hope When my back's against the ropes I can feel it I'm the world's greatest I'm that star up in the sky I'm that mountain peak up high Hey, I made it I'm the world's greatest And I'm that little bit of hope When my back's against the ropes I can feel it I'm the world's greatest It's the greatest Can you feel it It's the greatest Can you feel it I saw the light At the end of a tunnel Believe in the pot of gold At the end of the rainbow And faith was right there To pull me through, yeah Used to be locked doors Now I can just walk on through Hey, uh, hey, hey, hey It's the greatest I'm that star up in the sky I'm that star up in the sky I'm that mountain peak up high Hey, I made it I'm the world's greatest And I'm that little bit of hope When my back's against the ropes I can feel it I'm the world's greatest what you want kid i want a autogragh the champ aint givin no autograghs today so get on i want a auto grapgh boy did you here what i said now get on let the kid in manwhat you needman an autograph lets see whats your name gill ok thanks champ alright (music begins) ch ya. ugh ya im the worlds greatest champ its the worlds greatest ugh ya the worlds greatest i am a mountin "worlds greatest m the worlds greaatest ever ohh down in the jungle ohh heyy mm mm im the worlds greatest (ican) whooooooo heyy i (im the worlds greatest) whoooooooooooooooooooo ooooo i can feel it (mm i can feel it) like a pot of gold IM THE WORLDS greatist , In this segment and the next, we're going to talk about streams which are a different programming idiom that also needs some notion of delaying evaluation and the implementation will use thunks. In order to accomplish that. So, a stream is a word that we use in computer science to mean an infinite sequence of values. All right, something that can go on for as long as you need. It behaves like somethings infinitely big. Now, one thing about infinite sized things, you can't actually make them. Right? We need something that's going to represent something that could go on forever. And the key idea we're going to use is to use a thunk to delay the evaluation of most of the sequence and only generate some prefix of the sequence That some other computation needs. We're not going to need any new language constructs. This is just a program idiom using thunks and things like that. But it's a powerful concept for dividing labor up in a way that works in a lot of different software systems. So, the idea is that. The, the program, part of the program producting the stream, creating the stream, knows how to create any number of values you need. But does not know how many you need. Whereas the stream consumer can ask for these values as it goes along, without knowing anything about the process that is generating So it turns out this comes up a lot in software systems. It's okay if you're not familiar with any of these examples, but I thought I would mention them for those of you who are. one way is if you're implementing code that need to respond to a whole bunch of user events, mouse clicks, keyboard presses, things like that, we saw earlier in the course we could do that will call backs. But another way to do it is to think of that as some stream of events. We'll as for each one as we need it, and then we'll compute some result with that thing so far. And someone else will generate those events as they occur. Have you ever programmed with pipes in the UNlX shell system? It turns out that the second c ommand, pulls data from the first command as it needs it so it views the first command as a stream. And the first command's output is generating that stream. There's also a nice connection with electrical engineering and circuits, that if you think of a timed circuit with feedback. You can think of the different output values it's sending on it's output wires as forming an infinitely long sequence. And then the, the circuits reading those values Can read the ones that they're interested in. Anyway, just optional things just showing this is kind of, of a universal concept even if you find it a bit abstract. You'll also see some simpler and more fun examples on the homeowrk assignment associated with this material. Okay, so we want to represent a stream. In some way that we don't actually generate an infinitely long list or something like that. So here's how we will do it. We're going to represent a stream as a thunk. So a stream will just be a thunk, but not just any kind of thunk, a thunk that, when you call it gives back a pair, where the car is the next thing in the sequence. The first thing in the sequence. And the CDR, is a stream for values 2 through infinity. So it is a stream that, if you use it, you get the next value. So in this segment, I'm just going to show you how to use this thing Then in the next segment, we'll see how to define our own. Using them usually helps explain what they are and get a little better sense before we try to create them. So I've already loaded the file where I've created the streams I will show you in the next segment. And one of the streams is the infinite sequence of powers-of-two. Two. So you know, the first thing this thing returns - I, I forget if it starts at 1 or 2. And the 4, and then 8, and then 16, and then 32, on forever. Because we don't know how many powers of 2 we need. But when I said powers-of-two, as you saw here, all I got back was a procedure. Because our streams are thunks. That when you call them return a pair. So, how do you call a thunk? You put it in parentheses, powers-of-two. And look at that. I got back a pair, who's first component is 2, so I did set it up to start at 2, and a second component is another procedure. Turns out that's a thunk. So, if I wanted the first thing in the sequence, I could just say car. Of calling that. And if I wanted the second sequence. Let's think about this. Need to call the cutter to get another stream, a stream is a thunk so I need to call it. And then I need the car of that. And that gets me four. What if I wanted the next element of the sequence? Well this thing is four, the cdr is another stream, a stream is a thunk so you call it. That gives back a pair and I made the car. of that. And that would give me 8. Now of course we wouldn't keep programming like this to get 16 or 32. The idea is we would have some sort of recursive function that is passing this next stream onto say some recursive call. And then we. Apply that string, to get a pair, and we take car to get the next thing. And so if you wanted to say add up the first 100 powers of 2, you would just have some little recursive function, that would be using this string as you go along. So what I thought I would do instead of showing you that is show you something even more general. Let's define a recursive function that I'll call number until. That's going to take in a stream. And the function which I'll call tester, alright, and the idea of what this is going to do is it's going to count how many stream elements you need to process before tester returns true for the first time. So if it doesn't ever returns true, we're going to an infinite loop. But otherwise, we'll stop as soon as we get our first true and we'll return the count of how many we've got. So I'm going to do this with a little tail recursive helper function. So I have a little letrec here. So I'm going to take in my current stream, the stream that has all the elements I haven't processed so, So far, my accumulator which is my answer so far, I'm goi ng to have to put some stuff in here. and then I'm just going to call F the stream I started with, and 1, that's my initial accumulator. So now the idea is all the body of F has to do, where I've left this dot, dot, dot. is see well, what does tester have to say on the first element of the stream. If that's true, return answer. Ohterwise, call f again with one more and with the tail, if you will of the stream. The rest of the values. So here's how I'm going to do this. Let's first of all call that stream. We know a stream is a thunk. All right? I'll get rid of these so you can see it. So I know a stream is a thunk. So if I call it, I should get back this pair. Right, of the first element, and then the stream that is the rest of the elements. 'Kay. Now that I have that pair, let's call tester on the car. If I get back true, I'm done. Return ans. All right? Otherwise, call f. On the cdr of the pair, that's my new stream, right? Don't call it yet, right? We don't want a pair, right? This would be a pair. But f expects the stream and then f itself calls that thunk to get back the pair. So just with the cdr and then one more for the accumulator. That's my call to f. That finishes my if, my let, my definition of the lambda for f, and this letrec that I then to use to start by calling f with the stream that was passed a number, until. End 1. So, and then I need to end my define, my letrec, and my define, and now I've just defined a function, that's all I did. Okay. So now if I call number-until with the stream powers of 2. Alright? And how about a little function that takes in a number and says, does that number equal 16? I go back to 4. It took me four times through the stream until I got something that equaled 16. Let's have a little more fun. How about I keep going until I get a number that is bigger than This number. Ok? The great thing about powers of two is they grow really fast, so that took 339 tries. If I had come up with a number ten times bigger it'll take 343 tries, and ten times better than that it'll probably take 346 tries. because powers-of-two multiply really fast. Let me point out that when you program your streams, you tend to make lots of mistakes with parenthesis. Think very carefully about, do I want to pass in a stream or a pair that I get back when I call the thunk? If I get this wrong and I put parenthesis here And are passing to number until a pair. And therefore right here you can just see at the top of the screen. That's going to be pair when you try to treat a pair as a function, you get a big nasty error function. It says, procedure obligation expected procedure given the pair two and some string. So you have to think very carefully about the difference between a thunk and a pair. And if you do that, you can do some beautiful programming by using streams with beautiful recursive functions to get interesting results. Today I am going to show you how to save your life with an orange. Believe it or not, oranges are highly flammable. If you are ever stuck in the woods, and you don't have anything but an orange, you have enough to build a fire to save your life. Now most people don't know this, but with a little bit of friction, an orange will become a raging inferno in just a matter of seconds; and I am here to show you how. First, you need a knife. You are going to cut a hole in the orange. Now, if you have been the woods for a few days, it's probably a good idea to eat whatever comes out of the orange. Then you get a double use out of the orange. mmm. Orang-a-rific. Now. You're gonna want to try and get as much juice out as you possibly can for the next part of this trick. Whatcha gonna want to do is put a rock in it. Now you can use flint, or pretty much any hard (hard) form of rock. There you go. You want. You're going to use friction on this so you want the portion of the (the ) rock that is gonna be in there to be dry. Allright. The next thing you're gonna want to do is find a stick. The stick is really important too. You want a nice dry stick. You're gonna take the stick, put it in on the rock. Now, what happens next. You're gonna start doing this with the stick. it's an old Boy Scout trick, friction! You're gonna take and rub the stick against the rock until there is enough friction there. And now, this may take a few moments. Hey! Look, that worked already. Turn out the lights, I don't know if... I don't want anyone saying that this really didn't flame up. Wow! Now, you have about two minutes once you get the orange lit. Oranges are flammable, but not to the extent that you would think. I think it's the citric acid that's very flammable. It's the same concept as starting a fire with a Mountain Dew, which is a little more difficult to do. If you don't believe this is accurate, take and orange peel, and a lighter, and spray the orange mist into the air (and you can) you will see a flame appear from the (the uh) orange peel. Just remember, don't ever use this in any kind of a harmful way. I understand that you can go to Walmart and set a thousand orange fire, and cause all kids of havoc, but that's not what we're here for. I'm just here to help you people learn. There you go! New trick of the day. On the slopes of Mount Telaithrion on the island of Evia a group of young Greeks have left the busy city and created a self-reliant rural community. Their goal is to eat only the organic produce they grow themselves to free themselves from the national electricity grid, and to exchange what they grow or make instead of using money. The project, whose ultimate goal is to create a school for sustainable living, was the idea of four Athenians who met online back in 2008 and bonded over their dissatisfaction with the daily grind of city life. In their second year of living permanently on a forested patch of land next to the village of Aghios, 80 percent of the food they eat now comes from their two herb and vegetable gardens and the fruit they pick off the trees. The group, almost all of whom follow a strict vegetarian diet, sleep communally in yurts - portable, tent-like dwellings made of tarp often seen in Central Asia. Whatever is left over from their gardens, they exchange in the village for supplies they cannot produce. 32-year-old co-founder Apostolos Sianos quit a well-paying job as a web site designer in Athens to help start the community, which is called 'Free and Real.' "The crisis or the austerity measures doesn't actually affect you because you create your life and your future everyday, it has nothing to do with the outside circle. It may (have) affected us, but only in a good way because more and more people are willing to be self-sufficient and sustainable, so they contact us, and more and more people after the crisis want to get involved. The group actively use social media, and last year over one hundred people from Greece and abroad asked about joining or collaborating in some way. Dionysis Papanikolaou, for example, gave up a lucrative academic career to be closer to nature and far from the heavy atmosphere of the financial crisis in Greece. "If you keep on reading news, watching TV and the crisis, the crisis, the crisis, even subconsciously you say the crisis! Here, there is no crisis. I mean, it makes no difference." The group take pride in being self-sufficient. "The reality of life is right outside the door. When you have to warm yourself up you actually have to go out in the wood and gather wood, fire wood, and bring it home to actually warm yourself up." They currently organize seminars on organic farming and have drawn up plans for a large school on sustainable living to be constructed later this summer, and for which they raised money on a crowdfunding site on the internet. "I just try to be the change I want to see, instead of waiting for a government to make the change, or instead of voting for someone to make the change. I try to be the change." Mr. President, Mr. Secretary General, Excellencies, Distinguished Delegates, Ladies and Gentlemen, I warmly and respectfully greet you all and hope that the 66th Session of the UN General Assembly will yield fruitful results. I would like to congratulate Mr. Nassir Abdulaziz Al-Nasser on his assumption of the Presidency and also wish to extend my sincere appreciation to Mr. Joseph Deiss for his time as the President of General Assembly. We are passing through a period, when both the international community and the United Nations are tested in an unprecedented manner. I feel obliged to state very frankly that today the United Nations does not demonstrate the leadership necessary to help mankind prevail over its fears for the future. The UN unfortunately has to reform itself and renew its vision in order to protect the universal rights of humanity as a whole, rather than act upon the interests and remain under the guardianship of certain countries. Last month in Somalia, I witnessed in person how the UN and the international community remained helpless against pressing problems It is impossible for me to put into words the poverty and suffering I have seen in Somalia. The "tragedy of Somalia," where tens of thousands of children died to the lack of even a piece of bread and a drop of water, cannot be evaded with a few words or sentences. And this is a shame for the international community. The civil war which has continued for the last 20 years has wiped out all the resources and livelihood of Somalia... The Somali people are gradually being dragged to death before the eyes of the world... Today, the international community is indifferently watching the suffering in Somalia like a movie. We should urgently face this situation which is a test to our humanity. We should not only look into the picture of today, but also the shameful history that has led Somalia into the arms of this great tragedy. Indeed, great crimes against humanity lie beneath the tip of this huge iceberg. Today, the situation in Somalia has also revealed the deep wounds inflicted by the colonialist mentality which has kept Africa under its hegemony for centuries. As this old colonial understanding ignores places where it has no interest, it is now watching millions of children die in need of a morsel of bread. I will be frank. No one can speak of peace, justice and civilization in the world if the outcry rising from Somalia is left unheard. No word is sufficient to describe the agony going on there. Turkey's approach towards Somalia or any international issue is grounded firmly on humanitarian principles. We have launched a comprehensive aid campaign for Somalia with the strong support of our nation. We have collected a donation of about 300 million USD within the last two months. Furthermore, the amount of our aid in kind has surpassed the level of 30 million USD until now. We also organized an emergency meeting of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation and the amount of pledges made on this occasion exceeded 350 million USD. Along with emergency humanitarian aid, Turkey is also determined to help build the infrastructure facilities that will enable this country to stand on its own feet. In this context, Turkey has undertaken a wide spectrum of projects ranging from transportation to health and education, from agriculture to fishery and construction, including the construction of roads, hospitals, schools and water wells. By re-opening of our Embassy in Mogadishu, we have also showed the world that claims of security challenges cannot be an excuse for delaying assistance. It is also necessary to urgently bring the civil war to an end and provide the country with a democratic and unified governance in order to succeed in the fight against piracy and terrorism originating from Somalia. We would like everyone to ask themselves why the international community deprives Somalia of the interest that it has shown to conflict areas elsewhere in the world. The entire international community should act with a sense of utmost urgency to support the efforts to build peace and stability in Somalia. The civil war smothering our Somali brothers for 20 years should come to an end without any further delay. In this context, the progress achieved recently by Somali leaders towards building national consensus gives us hope for the future. As Somalia takes its well-deserved place within the international community, the world will become a safer and more stable place. It is precisely this understanding that lies at the heart of Turkey's rigorous efforts towards Somalia. We are making every effort to carry out infrastructure investments that will enable Somalia to stand on its feet and provide an environment of political stability and peace conducive to sustainable development. We are not doing this with any other intention but for our humanitarian responsibilities. It is our greatest wish that the leadership demonstrated by Turkey in this direction will set an example for the entire international community. Mr. President, For us the United Nations is the name an ideal which must uphold international law and justice over sheer force and oppression; peace over conflict; and the conscience of humanity over parochial interests. I consider the United Nations this way. The biggest obstacle preventing the realization of this ideal is the Arab-Israel conflict which has continued more than half a century. The failure to resolve this conflict, and instead, sacrificing law and justice at every occasion for the sake of political sensitivities deal a great blow to the sense of international justice. Israel has not complied with - I would like to underline this 89 binding resolutions adopted by the UN Security Council on this issue up to date. Furthermore, there are hundreds of General Assembly resolutions which have been totally disregarded by Israel. Even worse, the UN is not able to take any step to stop the human tragedy suffered by the Palestinian people. I wonder if the United Nations Security Council remains silent to different countries that don't comply with these resolutions when it takes such sanctions resolution like it does for Israel. Or does it implement the sanctions to the full extent as it does for Sudan? We should ask this question and check ourselves. This situation causes great dismay on the part of the international community. At present, it is obvious that this conflict can no longer remain unresolved and that the international community must act urgently to heal this bleeding wound as soon as possible. It is Israel that is easily using phosphor bombs. It is also Israel which keeps atomic bombs. But there is no sanction against this. Yet whenever this atmosphere is felt around, efforts are exerted to find a way to impose sanctions. Is this justice? Would this question remain asked? In this regard, it is obvious that the problem stems from the Israeli government. This country's leaders are building new barriers to peace each day, instead of taking the necessary steps towards peace. Not the Israeli, but Palestinian territories are under occupation... Saying that it is the Israeli territory that is under occupation would contradict to history. Palestinian territories are under occupation there Israel is the one which uses disproportionate force. Yet it is again Israel on which a sanction is not imposed. Two issues, namely, illegal settlements, which are still under way in the occupied territories of Palestine despite the calls by the international community, and the blockade on Gaza stand out in particular. I wonder if the Universal Declaration of Human Rights covers anything like isolating or alienating any society from international relations or humanitarian relations. There is nothing like that in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that I have read. If you wanted to send a box of tomatoes to Palestine, it would be subject to an approval by Israel. I don't think that is humanitarian. As we have stated before, the leaders of Israel must make a choice now. The loopholes of the UN system and certain lobby groups in some countries will help Israel to evade international law and justice for its illegitimate actions. However - I am saying this in particular - this will not yield the security that Israel needs and expects the most today. The leaders of Israel must understand that real security can be possible only through building genuine peace. I would like to call on Israel once again from this platform: Nothing can be a substitute for peace. What we are faced with today is not a simple "peace for security" equation. You must correctly analyze the new political and social landscape emerging in the Middle East and realize that it is not possible to sustain the state of perpetual conflict and confrontation. As the international community, if we believe in the ideal of building international peace and security, which is the founding principle of the UN, then it is necessary to compel Israel to peace despite its own leaders and demonstrate clearly that this country is not above the law. One of the most important step that needs to be taken in this direction is to meet the legitimate demands of the Palestinian people for being recognized as a state and to allow the representatives of the State of Palestine to take their well-deserved place in this august Assembly, as a member of the UN. In fact, the United Nations declared Palestine as state in accordance with the resolution numbered 181 in 1947. But unfortunately this has never been implemented. Turkey is ready to exert every effort to help build peace in the Middle East. Turkey's support for the recognition of the state of Palestine is unconditional. In this regard, we will continue to work actively for the resolution of the Arab-Israeli conflict, for the recognition of the Palestinian statehood, for the attainment of inter-Palestinian unity and for of the lifting of the illegal blockade enforced against the people of Gaza. This commitment is a natural extension of our vision for regional peace and stability and international law and justice, as well as our sense of responsibility against humanity. Hence, I suppose it is not possible to be a mere spectator to an air and ground attack on international waters against a humanitarian aid convoy consisting of people from 33 countries, resulting in deaths of our 9 citizens. Likewise, the reaction we have shown towards is yet another manifestation of this stance. Turkey has never pursued hostile and confrontational policies against any other state, but always followed a foreign policy based on friendship and cooperation. And Israel is no exception to this. However, Israel has made a grave mistake against a country and its people, which have shown only friendship to it throughout history, and insisted on not realizing its mistake. Our demands from Israel are known. It will apologize, pay compensation to families of our citizens who were killed and lift the embargo on Gaza. Unless Israel takes the necessary steps to redress its mistake and meet our demands, our position will not change. I wish to stress in particular from this platform that we have no problem with the Israeli people. The problem derives from the aggressive policies of Israeli government. In fact, we have worked constructively and made progress on many issues with previous Israeli governments. But now, the source of tension is merely and solely the current Israeli government. Turkey is a responsible and trustworthy country, whose friendship and cooperation is sought in the international arena. We will never make any concessions from this principled and determined policy. Mr. President, We are witnessing a historic process of transformation and change in the Middle East. From the very first days of the outbreak of these events, we made a clear call to the regimes in the region. "Lend an ear to the calls of your people for democracy, because, the ultimate source of legitimacy for every government is, above all, the people and its will. What needs to be done is to ensure the materialization of the people's will in a free and open manner." We have also said, "Sovereignty belongs to the nation. Sovereignty which does not rest on the nation's will is not legitimate." "Sovereignty does not allow any leader or any regime to repress its own people or kill innocent civilians. A regime pointing guns to its own people can have no sovereignty or legitimacy." "Today, everyone must understand that times have changed. At present there should be no place for governments which do not meet the legitimate needs and expectations of its people, but point guns to its citizens, and choose oppression instead of justice and law." We are happy to see that our calls have been heeded in Egypt, Tunisia and Libya, opening up the way to a democratic transformation process in line with the legitimate demands of the people. This is giving us hope for the future. However, we have been observing regretfully that there are still countries, which stay behind the events and act with wrong reflexes due to their outdated state of mind. In this context, we follow closely the developments unfolding in our neighbor Syria, which is among countries of first priority to us. We have warned the Syrian leadership on several occasions upon witnessing regrettable and unacceptable acts of the Syrian regime against its own people, which are of great concern for all of us. The total length of border between us is 910 kilometers. Besides, we have relationships with affinity. But we gave warnings to these applications which do not comply to principles. In line with the principle of only friends can speak the bitter truth, we clearly told our Syrian friends that they have to lend an attentive ear to the call of the Syrian people for democracy, that no regime pointing guns to its own people can survive, and that oppression does not yield prosperity. But the Syrian leadership has unfortunately resisted heeding our warnings. Now, every drop of blood spilt in the country is tearing apart the Syrian leadership from its people. Turkey will continue to support the democratic demands of the peoples, both in Syria and other countries, and encourage regimes to take steps in this direction. We also expect the international community to do the same. In this regard, our close cooperation with Tunisia and Egypt towards this end continues unabated. Likewise, having already provided all kinds of support to the National Transition Council in Libya, Turkey today feels proud to be the first country to appoint its ambassador to the new Libya. We will continue to be the strongest supporter of this new Libya, which we expect to take its well-deserved place in the UN as a democratic, united and independent state. During my visit to Libya last week, I went to Tripoli, Tajura, Misurata and Benghazi. We held public meetings in these four cities. We met and united with the people. I have seen in person that the Libyan people were rightly proud of their revolution. I have also witnessed how destructed Misurata was. I now want to call upon the entire international community to be very sensitive on following points with regard to the Libya issue: Libya belongs to the Libyans. So does Libya's rich resources. At a time democracy is being established in Libya, the country's frozen assets abroad should be released immediately so that Libya can stand on its own feet and that they do not suffer from poverty while they have all the necessary resources. resources. Indeed, Libya currently has approximately 170 billion USD in cash abroad. But Libya cannot make use of this money. Therefore, the resolution numbered 2009 should enter in force and Libyans should make use of these opportunities as soon as possible. Libyan people are strong enough to determine their own future. Their choices must be respected. Mr. President, A fair, comprehensive and lasting solution must be found to the Cyprus issue, which has lasted more than half a century. The UN plan put forward in 2004 has demonstrated that the parameters of a solution are obvious, but that the Greek Cypriot side lacks the necessary will to towards a solution. Even though the Turkish Cypriot side has always expressed its full determination towards a solution, it has still not been freed from isolation. Despite this, the Turkish Cypriot side has remained committed to a peaceful solution and participated with good will in the negotiations resumed under the auspices of the UN. The objective is to finalize the negotiations until the end of this year, have the solution plan endorsed in referendums to be held at the beginning of next year, and thus enable a united new Cyprus to take its place in the European Union. In line with this timetable, Turkey will continue to provide every support to reach a solution as soon as possible. However, I would like to emphasize that, if the intransigent attitude of the Greek Cypriot side does not permit this to happen, as the guarantor country, we will not let the future of the Turkish Cypriots to remain uncertain forever. At this critical juncture, we can also not accept any attempt by the Greek Cypriot side to act as if it is the sole representative of the Island or has the authority to make decisions on behalf of Turkish Cypriots. The attempts by the Greek Cypriot side to unilaterally determine maritime jurisdiction areas and to engage in oil and natural gas exploration activities in these fields are extremely irresponsible in terms of both timing and possible outcomes. In the face of these unilateral activities of the Greek Cypriot side, which appear to aim at provoking a crisis, Turkey and the Turkish Cypriot side will act with common sense, but will also protect resolutely their rights emanating from international law. Now we expect all the relevant parties to work actively to ensure that the Greek Cypriot administration halts these activities which can lead to tension not only on the island, but also in the entire region. Otherwise, we will do whatever is necessary. Mr. President, The illegitimate invasion of Azerbaijani territories which has been going on for many years now, must end. It is unacceptable to let the Nagorno-Karabakh issue remain unresolved as such. Finding solutions to international problems before they become acute is a political and moral responsibility for all of us. In this respect, more effective efforts have to be exerted to resolve the Kashmir issue and many other frozen disputes which I can't name here. On the other hand, the road to peace and stability in the Balkans goes through the recognition of Kosovo. Turkey has always been a follower of principles and goals covered by the Charter of United Nations. I believe that we showed our commitment in this respect during our non-permanent membership in the Security Council in 2009-2010 thinking that our effective performance during that period serves as a testament for our candidacy for 2015-2016. In this regard, I would like to use this opportunity to underline once again that we expect support of all the members of the General Assembly for Turkey's candidacy to a non-permanent seat in the Security Council for the period of 2015-2016. We are also determined to pursue the Istanbul Action Plan adopted at the Fourth United Nations Conference on the Least Developed Countries, which we hosted in Turkey earlier this year. We are also continuing our efforts to put into practice, as soon as possible, the package of economic and technical cooperation that we declared for the Least Developed Countries. As part of this package, which includes many areas of cooperation ranging from trade to education, agriculture to energy, we are aiming to provide these countries with an annual assistance of 200 million USD. We also envisage increasing our direct investments in these countries to 5 and 12 billion USD in 2015 and 2020 respectively. Security, development and respect for human rights constitute the most fundamental guarantee for lasting peace, as well as integral parts of the same whole. Turkey will continue to work towards the attainment of these fundamental objectives of the UN and exert every effort to leave a safer and more prosperous world to future generations. Thank you. I pay my respects to the General Assembly. Mike Kinematics 1d-7 The fan applies a constant force pushing the cart to the left. We give the cart an initial velocity to the right. The fan causes a steady change in the velocity of the cart so that here the cart stops and speeds up to the left. Every tenth of a second we record its position. We can use the location as a function of time to draw graphs of position versus time, velocity versus time and acceleration versus time. If we look only at the time during which the cart was freely rolling, the position graph has the form of a perabilum. The velocity graph is a straight line and the acceleration graph is constant. In this video, I'm going to give you a quick overview of the calendar in Outlook Web App. You can use the calendar to set up appointments for yourself, or organize meetings with others. To set an appointment, double-click on the time you want. Then, add a subject, and any other information. If this is for an appointment that repeats, such as a weekly class, click the repeat button. I'm setting this up as a weekly appointment, then adding a limit, so it doesn't repeat forever. I'll click Ok, then Save and Close to save the appointment and return to the calendar. A meeting is an appointment that you share with other people such as getting together for lunch. To set up a meeting, start by clicking the arrow next to NEW Then Meeting Request. Enter the names of the people you want to invite. Optional, is like CC on email. You use it to let people know that they are invited, but not required to come. Resources are conference rooms or equipment that you can schedule. Add a subject and a location. Then make sure you've got the date you want. I want to get together with Bob and Sanjay on Friday. 2:30 is kind of late for lunch so let's make that 1 o clock instead. Then I'm going to add some more information. If you are inviting people from your organization, you can click on the scheduling assistant to see each person's availability and find the best time for your meeting. When you're done, click Send. The people you've invited will receive an invitation to your meeting and can respond to it by Accepting, Declining, or Tentatively Accepting your invitation. Use the Share button to create an invitation to share your calendar with people in your organization. Add the names of the people you want to share your calendar with. And then select the options you want and click send to send the invitation. Michael has shared his calendar with me and I've added it to my calendar list. I can use the checkbox next to his name to view, or hide his calendar. You can change the timeframe you are viewing by selecting Day, Work Week, Week, or Month from the toolbar. Use the calendar to the side to change the date you are viewing. Click Go to Today to go to the current date. To set your calendar options, click Options, See All Options. Then settings, and Calendar. Once on the calendar page, you can configure your work days, working hours, and other calendar details. For more information, go to help.outlook.com and search for calendar. Hi! This video tutorial will show you how to unlock Samsung i897 or i896 by USB. First purchase the unlock service from FastGSM.com. Next, Install and run the FastGSM Samsung Client software. Make sure your phone says SlM network unlock PlN. This means your phone is network locked. so Power off the phone and remove the SlM card and power on the phone. Now go to Settings > Applications > Development and enabled USB debugging option. Go back to the home screen and connect the phone to a computer via MicroUSB. Go to FastGSM Samsung Client software. Fill in FastGSM login and password information and select your phone model. Now press the next button twice. Now please wait until the software says UNLOCKlNG PHONE OK. Disconnect the phone from the MicroUSB. Power off the phone Insert back the SlM Card and power on the phone. In a case the SlM network unlock PlN screen shows up again simply type the network lock code onto your screen and press Unlock button. Congratulations, your phone is now unlocked. This service is not free. You can make your next purchase at FastGSM.com Remember at FastGSM.com you can unlock all Xperia, BlackBerry, HTC, LG, Samsung and much more. For more information, please visit FastGSM.com [phone rings] [car screech] Oh my God! 911, where's your emergency? Please help! I'm in a trunk! What's your name? Keesey. We've got the best team of people in this whole city. We are gonna find you, OK honey? Who you talkin' to?! [on phone] I'm gonna kill you right here. Do not hurt that little girl. You're just an operator, what you gonna do? You did your part. She's no longer your responsibility. You don't have to do this. It's already done. Help! I've been kidnapped! Open the door now! You're not gonna wanna see that. In this video, we're going to apply VSEPR theory to 6 electron clouds. So if our goal is to find the shape of the sulfur hexafluoride molecule, once again we start with our dot structure. So sulfur is in group 6 on the periodic table, so 6 valence electrons. Fluorine is in group 7, so 7 valence electrons, but I have 6 of them. So 7 times 6 gives me 42, and 42 plus 6 gives me 48 valence electrons that we need to show in our dot structure. Sulfur goes in the center, so we go ahead and put sulfur there. And we surround sulfur with 6 fluorines. So let me go ahead and put in those 6 fluorines surrounding our sulfur. Our next step is to see how many valence electrons that we've shown so far. So I go and highlight those-- 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12. So 48 minus 12 gives me 36 valence electrons left over, which we put on our terminal atoms, which are our fluorines. So fluorine is going to follow the octet rule. And since each fluorine is already surrounded by 2 electrons, we're going to give each fluorine 6 more. So by giving each fluorine 6 more, now each fluorine has an octet of electrons around it. So if I'm adding 6 electrons to 6 atoms, 6 times 6 is 36. And so therefore, I have now represented of all my valence electrons. And we're done with our dot structure. We can move on to step two and count the number of electron clouds surrounding our central atom, so regions of electron density. So these bonding electrons here, that's a region of electron density. And I can just keep on going all the way around. So all of these bonding electrons surrounding our sulfur are regions of electron density. Therefore, we consider them to be electron clouds. VSEPR theory says that these valence electrons are all negatively charged, and therefore, they're all going to repel each other and try to get as far away from each other in space as they possibly can. And so when you have 6 electron clouds, they're going to point towards the corners of a regular octahedron to try to get as far away from each other as they can. So an octahedron with 8 faces on it. So let me see if I can sketch in an octahedron here. So let's see if we can do it. It's a little bit tricky to draw. So if we consider our sulfur to be at the center right here-- let's go ahead and put a point up here and then start connecting some lines. So this is sort of what it looks like. So let's do that and then a point down here as well. And so we connect those lines. And once again, this is just a rough sketch of an octahedron. Something like that. So if you think about where your fluorines are-- right there. Here's a fluorine right here. There's a fluorine right here. So at these corners, you could think about a fluorine being there like that. So that's our octahedron. So that's step three. The geometry of the electron clouds around the central atom, they occupy an octahedral geometry. Step four, ignore any lone pairs in your central atom and predict the geometry of the molecule. Well, since we have no lone pairs on our central sulfur, the geometry of the molecule is the same as the geometry of the electron clouds. And so therefore, we can say that sulfur hexafluoride is an octahedral molecule. So let's go ahead and write octahedral here. In terms of bond angles, let's analyze our drawing a little bit more here. So if I look at this top fluorine and I go straight down like an axis to that other fluorine, we would expect one of the ideal bond angles to be 180 degrees for this octahedron here. And the other ideal bond angles would be 90 degrees. So if I think about the angle that the axis I just drew makes with this one right here, so that's 90 degrees as well. And again, anywhere you look, you're also going to get 90 degrees. Let me go ahead and change colors here, and we can look at another bond angle in here. So this bond angle, that would also be 90 degrees. So for an octahedral, all 6 positions-- we have 6 fluorines occupying the 6 positions-- are equivalents. They are identical, which means no axial or equatorial groups in an octahedral arrangement. And that makes our life much easier, because in the videos on 5 electron clouds, we had to think about the axial and equatorial groups. Let's do one for bromine pentafluoride here, so BrF5. So valence electrons, bromine has 7. It's in group 7. Fluorine is also in group 7, and I have 5 fluorine. So 7 times 5 gives me 35. 35 plus 7 gives me 42 valence electrons. Bromine goes in the center, and bromine is bonded to 5 fluorines. So I can go ahead and put those 5 fluorines around our central atom. We have represented, let's see, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 valence electrons so far. 42 minus 10 is, of course, 32 valence electrons. And we're going to start putting those leftover electrons on our terminal atoms, which are our fluorines. So once again, we're going to give each fluorine an octet. So we're going to put 6 more valence electrons around each of our fluorine atoms. And so we're putting 6 more electrons around 5 atoms. So 6 times 5 is 30. So 32 minus 30 gives me 2 valence electrons left over. And whenever you have valence electrons left over after assigning them to your terminal atoms, you put them on your central atom. And so there's going to be a lone pair of electrons on our central bromine like that. So we've drawn our dot structure. Let's go back up here and look at our steps again. So after drawing our dot structure, we next count the number of electron clouds that surround our central atom and then predict the geometry of those electron clouds. And so if we look at our central bromine here, let's see how many electron clouds. Well, we would have these bonding electrons, a region of electron density, these bonding electrons, these bonding electrons. And we keep on going around here. So those are all electron clouds. So that's 5. And then remember, these non-bonding electrons, this lone pair of electrons, is also a region of electron density. And so we have 6 electron clouds. And so we just saw in the previous example, when you have 6 electron clouds, the electron clouds are going to want to point towards the corners of a regular octahedron. So you're going to get an octahedral geometry for your electron clouds. Let's think about this one, though. Where will we put those that lone pair of electrons in an octahedron. Well, since all 6 positions are identical, it doesn't really matter which one you put that lone pair of electrons in. And so let me see if I can just go ahead and sketch out the shape really fast. So if I were to draw a bromine right here, I'm going to put a fluorine going in this direction, another fluorine going back, this one coming out a little bit, and this one going away. And then I'm going to put a fluorine going this way, and then I'm going to put the lone pair of electrons right down here. Again, it didn't really matter which one I chose since they're all identical. I just chose it this way because it's a little bit easier to see the geometry. Because when you're looking at the geometry of the molecule, you ignore any lone pairs of electrons on your central atom. And so if we ignore that lone pair of electrons now, and we look at the shape-- so let's see if we can connect these dots here. So we're just going to connect this to look at a shape. So we have a square base here. And if we connect up here to this top fluorine, well, that's kind of a pyramid. So we have a pyramid with a square base. And so we call this square pyramidal. So let's go ahead and write that. This shape is referred to as a square pyramidal shape. And in terms of bond angles, we know our ideal bond angles are going to be 90 degrees. So if we look at that, let's use this green here. So it's just like we talked about before. So that bond angle is 90 degrees. This bond angle in here is 90 degrees. So our ideal bond angles are all 90 degrees for our square pyramidal geometry. Let's do one more example of 6 electron clouds. And this is xenon tetrafluoride. So we need to find our valence electrons. So xenon is in group 8, 8 valence electrons. Fluorine is in group 7. So 7 valence electrons times 4 gives me 28. 28 plus 8 gives me 36 valence electrons. Xenon goes in the center. So we go ahead and put xenon in the center here. And xenon is bonded to 4 fluorines. So we go ahead and put in our 4 fluorines surrounding our xenon. And let's see, we have represented 2, 4, 6, and 8 valence electrons. So 36 minus 8, that would give me 28 valence electrons left over, which we will put on our terminal fluorines here. So each fluorine is going to get an octet. And so we need to put 6 valence electrons on each one of our fluorine atoms. So we are representing 6 more electrons on 4 atoms. So 6 times 4 is 24. So 28 minus 24 gives us 4 valence electrons left over. And we're going to put those on our central atom here, so we're going to put those on the xenon. So we go ahead and add in those 4 electrons in the form of two lone pairs to our central atom. All right. Let's go back up and refresh our memory about what we do after we draw our dot structure. So after you draw your dot structure, you count the number of electron clouds. And then you predict the geometry of those electron clouds, and so let's count our electron clouds for this one. So our regions of electron density, so we can see that these bonding electrons are an electron cloud, same with these bonding electrons, and these over here as well. And in this example, we have 2 lone pairs of electrons, and each one of those is a region of electron density. And so we have a total of 6 electron clouds for this example. So once again, 6 electron clouds, they are going to want to get as far away from each other as they can. So they are going to be in an octahedral arrangement, and so let's see if we can sketch out this molecule again. So if the lone pairs of electrons want to get as far away from each other as they possibly can, we're going to put those lone pairs 180 degrees from each other. So here's one lone pair, and then here's our other lone pair. That's as far away from each other as they can get. And then we're going to put our fluorines in here. So here's one fluorine. Here would be another fluorine. And then we would have two more back here. So when we look at the shape of xenon tetrafluoride, let's see if we can sketch in what the shape would look like here. So remember, when you're predicting the geometry of the molecule, you ignore the lone pairs of electrons. And so that makes it much easier to see that we have a square that is planar. So we call this square planar. So the geometry is square planar. And in terms of ideal bond angles, that would be 90 degrees. So let me go ahead and show that real fast. So in terms of bond angles, everything here would be 90 degrees for our square planar. And so that's how to approach 6 electron clouds. And our first example had 0 lone pairs of electrons around the central atom. Our second example had 1 lone pair. And our third example had 2 lone pairs. And so even though the electron clouds have the same geometry, the actual molecule is said to have a different shape, because you ignore the lone pairs of electrons on your central atom. Hello ladies and gentlemen, the weekend is over and it's time for the best day of the week. It is monday April 15th and if you couldn't be happy enough, it's tax day. Awww yeah I got 1099 problem because some bitches didn't send me one this year so I had to file an extension, which is kind of a pain in the ass. But that's ok, because I paid estimated taxes. YEAH!!! A little bit of tax humor, and someone whose like 18, and their parents took care of it this year "What's a 1099?" Well, none of that is interesting. Welcome to Funday Monday where ordinarily on the Day9 daily we learn to be a better gamer but on mondays we dedicate to dicking around. This is the 572nd Day9 daily, and because these numbers are getting particularly large, I'm starting to realize that we can even note some interesting mathematical facts about them Not today because I didn't prepare anything So far, this shows going great. In today's Day9 daily we are going to be looking at the following topic. It is the 1 man army in 4v4. That's right in a 4v4 I requested that you submit me a game in where 1 of you was the champion 1 of you, is the only person on your team that can make units, the other 3 may only build defensive structure, workers and dump their money to you now a few queens, and like an observer is ok, because I don't want it to get too stilted but basically 3 of the players are totally boned and are there to only support the champion. Mmm hmm Argh, this coffee's horrible with this cold, argh. But that's fine because it gives me the energy and focus I need to present to you the introductory game. Now in general the introductory games goal is to be the first one out the gate, showing you exactly how the Funday Monday challenge should sort of pan out. An example game! However this one, it not only does that, but will also will present to us the true feeling of Funday Monday. The true spirit of being a Funday Monday. slurp God, I don't have that much left. Should I slam it? Should I slam it? Argh, let me just do it. Mmm that's terrible. Argh I slammed the coffee. My friend Eric was telling me he was trying to slam some tea today, and I told him You can't slam tea, it's way too genteel So here we are, Ladies and Gentlemen, back in the thick of things We have Armadillo, James and Havra. Now for any of you who don't know who these 3 people are, you are about to learn that they are amazing. They're all 3 friends and in fact a stranger from team Glory, his name is Phasor Why would 3 people band together and play a stranger in 4v4 other than for Funday Monday. Let's find out. The game begins, and you know what, the sound is enabled you may not take a shot for that, however music, I think we can rock out to a little of these beats [Glory] Phasor on the right side Now part of the challenge was that you had to announce who that person was. ALL Hail Phasor says James Now we're going to ignore Bungchalong for a moment We're gonna come back to him in a little bit At least we're gonna try to He says, do you have tp? Now in the true spirit of Funday Monday, look at this Armadillo says Phasor, FUNDAYMONDAY, we will give you all our resources and all you have to do is build tons of units. At this moment we realize that Phasor is not actually in on the challenge to begin with. They have merely chosen him and are going to transfer him all that money quite the experience, isn't that great? And another thing is that when you get on the internet, you meet people like Bungchalong. Who says, do you have tp, I need tp for my bung hole, because interestingly Bungchalong was funny in 1997 Who quotes Beavis and Butthead in this era? Who on Earth does that? Most people, you say Beavis and Butthead, and they say, are those characters is South Park? C'mon man And his name is Bungchalong, oh man. Now he says he needs tp for his bung hole. He's not actually done, now he's nearly missing an overlord. But after he gets his overlord started, Armadillo asks a reasonable question. Havra is absolutely losing his shit for having chosen a champion. He is just into it. I am the great cornholio. First he's got to build the overlord, right. Any joke you want to make as a person on the internet, you gotta make sure you're not messing up your overlord right. Because if you do that, you're just a burden on the team. But fortunately Bungchalong has successfully built his overlord, his 10th drone and is simply a burden on our emotions, at this point in time. So, on the enemy team we have Siuyor. Havra, look at this, on allied chat just saying ALL HAlL. What a boss? More enemies WRXMike Bungchalong of course, noting Bungholio and JasonLeon, 2 first names back to back. Alright this is really good. This is really great. I want to give an extra special thank you to all the wonderful individuals that submitted today, because of the fact that there were in fact alot of really good games, we are going to try to see as many as we can in todays daily. But unfortunately if you had to fall off the band wagon. Now one thing that make 4v4 casting difficult, before we can actually get into the action we need to note that anytime I open 1 of these tabs it opens a spreadsheet, right. like if I open resources, pass that information look at this oh my god army, oh god! I even hit the wrong button so it went back 10seconds. This is just, look at the production tab, it almost goes down to the minimap. Like there could barely be like a 9th player, like the ghost of a player there. This is just stressful. Now what I'll occasionally do is hit alt F, which will colorize the teams, so we can actually see that we have the red team, whose glorious champion is [glory] Phasor and the enemy team in blue, blue bastards, absolutely not. We have bungchalong going both early expo, early pool, because he is the great cornholio. Now Armadillo, I have a lot of respect for. Armadillo is going gas, forge, because you know Phasor might need some gas. Armadillo needs some defense up. This is a well thought out plan at this point, early command center on the left flank, followed by a barracks. He's definitely gonna need an orbital command and a planetary fortress. And Armadillo just letting Phasor know what's going on. Phasor for someone who's been thrown under the bus,he wasn't exactly thrown under the bus. Look at this, "you serious?", "yep", sigh This is, isn't this just look like an 80's Tom Hanks movie, where he's teleported to another dimension where suddenly he gets the opportunity to run a multibillion dollar corporation. Sort of a wry, goofy, slapstick humor, where he has his sweatpants tucked into his neon shoes, with his pastel colored shirt, and his hair that goes bfft like that, not unlike my hair minus gel. So Armadillo sort of continues along those lines, "build lots of production buildings" comma "sorry" comma "FUNDAY MONDAY blame Day9" Havra, "Happy days", who's done nothing but be elated as shit, constantly. So great, perfect So let's let's actually step into the shoes on [glory] Phasor. The good old [glory] Phasor. "Think of it as your birthday, all of the resources" So [glory] Phasor's just going all out man, he's getting his reactors, he's getting his tech labs. He getting a kinda late orbital command. You don't really need that. In a few moments time, what will happen to [glory] Phasor? That's right, funday monday will happen to [glory] Phasor. If you look at all the resources, all those juicy resources, that are suddenly just all going to be transferred at any moment. C'mon, c'mon, give me money, c'mon, where did it go? There it is, BAM, look at that, you're rich. There you go says Armadillo. Want to hear a "thanks" ellipses. Thomas oh my gosh, part of me wishes that Bill Murray was playing your role. I'm not gonna lie, Ground Hogs Day, a classic, we need to do much more of those. "Sorry" says Armadillo, "it's for Day9". What a sweetie patootie, you are totally not. "lol planetary fortress", look at Bungchalong, what did he do? He just scouted the planetary, as though he doesn't even understand, he has no idea. Ground Hogs Day was an amazing movie. The chat is universally agreeing with me. Alright Phasor, let's get the buildings up man, let's remove this giant spreadsheet of data. Look at all this spamming, mmmng god buildings, production, units, yeah, let's just open up this. This is the best I can do. Nah, that's the best I can do. In the meantime, we have JasonLeon doing the usual thing, protecting against any threat from the air units that would come from Bunchalong right. We also have some cannons going down here at the front. "SMlLES" Havra just ridiculously giggly, euphoric even. He's so happy, mass expanding. I didn't realise I could get so many bases. Armadillo has a single cannon protecting the rocks. chuckle Only in the StarCraft universe does that actually make sense. Quickly get a turret facing that door. But that's a closet sir. Just put a 2nd turret next to the turret and arm it with a scope, so you can zoom into the door. Excellent, StarCraft 2 universe logic, quickly get that on front page reddit and earn a point, bingo! My God that's like a really obscure joke. Only people that check reddit at 2:15 yesterday know what I am talking about. Siuyor going for the usual 1 base all the time, because well 4v4. And Siuyor is harassing basically with a ferret. Now Armadillo, look at this, this is the sweetest thing, "sweet army (comma) go hit him (exclamation point)" with a happy face with tears. You see that, this isn't colon parenthesis, this is colon underscore parenthesis, it's like a stream of just like 'it's such a good army, you did such a good job'. Like I imagine this is what happens when a parent of a 6th grader is there seeing his once unfit son win the presidential physical fitness award. No one knows what that is, except that 6th graders occasionally get them. And there it is, look at this sweet army, a little bit of this, a little bit of that. It's so beautiful, Phasor. Oh, [glory] Phasor, go phase him. We're being a little bit tickled over here, by the good old ferret from Siuyor, just greatly inconveniences Havra. I say ferret, because I recently watched Kindergarten Cop laughs Yes! And here goes [glory] Phasor. Armidillo. Is Armadillo just watching him straight up. Yes! Look at this! Armadillo. This is the Armadillo cam. He's transferring some stuff. Oh look their his little helbats, let's go ahead and queue that up. Ohhh I'm gonna go transfer more stuff, and then let's check out this battle again. C'mon check out the battle, you unsupportive parent. He's doing the attack, oh my god, get there. Armadillo, Armadillo, you gave me the illusion of being a good parent, but I was disappointed. And of course James gets it. There is no person who doesn't get it as much as James. "Glorious Phasor strikes our foes". And of course this is said to all chat. You've got to know that the hot key is shift enter. "His might is beyond question." Phasor replies "ohm guys" Look at his money being kept so low, a paragon of macro. Phasor takes out JamesLeon, a man of 2 last names. "lol it's actually wokring" Oh my god, wow a presidential physical fitness award is actually something of real value. Oh my gosh. Taking it all out, Bungchalong trying to go swarm host. Or as I like to call it, he recently bought the expansion so he's gonna make the new thing, yeah! Alright, getting it in there. But of course as a legacy player, I look down on anyone who tries to play block. So Bunchalong "build more barracks, factories, Phasor" "maybe" Nah Phasor's in good shape man, he's just gonna quene up more thors, that will spend the money. Uh oh Phasor, now in this particular circumstance, it's easy to be upset with phasor. His armies fallen, he didn't actually do the damage he needed. Havra is going absolutely nuts with these expansions. Look at him. So many bases. His not trying to send more money, he's just expanding more. James just has some planetaries up. He's spending most of his time just cheering, adding on more things, but in the true spirit of funday monday, as a wonderful supportive series of humans this is, the trio of Armdadillo, James Havra will not stop supporting Phasor. He is their man, if only Rob's troops had as much faith in him. "More production buildings Phasor, MORE!!!" Lots of exclamation points, lots of happy faces. What we're seeing out of Phasor is a 1,1,1,1,1 build. It's where you get like 1 or 2 of every terran unit and you go, because how do you beat like 1 of everything. You can't counter him, because he already has 1 of the counter. So there's Bungchalong "Observe the might of the Dominion and tremble." God James, look at this unending enthusiasm. "This might is Phasor's." with an apostrophe. This kid's using grammar on the internet. There's the scan from, I don't know, maybe Phasor picking off all the units of Bungchalong, who's feeling, he is feeling his bungholio shivver up and clench in dismay. "Swarm hosts cool" Look at this, Armadillo in support of the other one. "Man" with a series of periods. And this is where you can only be on the internet for these types of insults. "these cock suckers came from solitaire or something" Now the only thing he can actually be referring to are people who open up the default games that come with most windows, including all the way back to Windows 3.1. Playing some solitaire my grandfather used to play solitaire on the old 486 that we used to run. And when he hopped on and played StarCraft 2 in a 4v4 for the funday monday challenge on the map District 10. I don't follow it, I don't follow the chain of logic, but sometimes people just say things. Normally I understand like these 'cock suckers'. Like I understand he's addressing me and my team. He wants to get our attention, and he's like hey cock suckers, and I'm like yes hey I'm listening, I'm ready to receive the information at this point in time. But then the solitaire thing. I don't even know how to respond from that. Like if I'm really upset with someone, and I'm like 'you're ugly' and he looks at me and says 'you're gonna explode'. I don't even know what to do with that. I am not going to explode. There's no bombs in me, and in my head I'm like, my god in the shower later, I'm going to figure out the exact insult. When I come home from school after crying, and people laughed at me a little bit about me exploding, I can think of the most brilliant response. I don't even know what to do, but that's the best part about StarCraft 2. You don't ever even have to think of a compliment, you just say, 'this guy said this weird thing to me, so I fucking killed him'. Sweet justice. Sweet justice. Yes! And there it is,came from solitaire or something. "IA IA Phasor fthagn" says James, his enthusiasm is starting to completely destroy all of his ability to think. He is just starting to say whatever. Phasor, moving out, taking out all of the swarm hosts of Bungchalong. And there it is Siuyor trying to assault with his 1 basing army, that is eventually a hidden expo army. And Phasor, you know, again something could go wrong, but in the resources tab he's right now hanging out with 8.7k, 6.5k. No problem, he's gonna get battle cruisers. He might be fusion core dancing soon. Oh my god, Phasor. Phasor, getting in there, yep, I got a little excess funds. Time to have a little excess fun, if you know what I mean. 'Cause it's monday. And now any attack at any point, immediately gives huge problems to everything that is going on for Havra. I got to remove this tab, because I can't even process all this information that happens in 4v4's. Oh the buildings, the upgrade tabs. Even the upgrade tan is totally overwhelming. The important thing is that [glory] Phasor is bringing amazing excess glory to his team. And James is saying thing, ia ia Phasor fthagn. Doesn't make any sense unless you put a beat to it, and it gets in the top 40. All of the sudden the suburban children in high schools, from slightly marginalized families, 'No son you're not allowed to play video games.' 'Ia ia mom, you ain't a Phasor fthagn' Oh god, our culture. So at this point in time Siuyor "witness the glory that is Phasor" James, he's not stopping. His ally Havra is just decimating everything. It's no big deal. Not a big deal in the slightest. "His radiant visage glares down upon you" James isn't even saying the same thing. He's like coming up with a new different way to be supportive of this guy, who has like enough money to pay off student loans. Just marching through with his 1,1,1,1,1 marine, marauder, tank, thor, battlecruiser, hellion. No medivacs though we don't need to heal, because we have plenty of money where that came from. "1 has fallen beneath Phasor booted heal." Phasor might not even have socks or shoes on. This is pretty ex-ee-lent, Armadillo. In the meantime Havra's real quiet, because he's like dying, so he has to build a wall of cannons, no big deal. Marching on in is Phason, JasonLeon, the man with 2 first names and no life to live. "2 have fallen" all capslock James. "gg", amazingly, the only person who has stated anything on the other team. Full of bungholio beavis and butthead references, he just says good game and pops out. "Huzzah" says Havra. "Ha" comma "gg". "Soon all will know the benevolence of Phasor, Phasor Hail". Phasor hail, Phasor hail. Hail the man that is bringing the glory here. "See, Phasor funday monday is fun", "haha fair enough" He has a story to tell, he showed up in a 4v4. "Cannons" Happy days, smile and cannons have been the only things that he has possibly stated at any point. Mmm mm mm mm mmmm look at him with the 1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1. He doesn't even know how to spend all this money, he's just queuing up upgrades, look at that. He has structure armor in the queue, just to make sure that that gets taken care of. Oh god I'm so proud of Phasor, but most importantly I'm proud of Armadillo, James and Mavre, oh excuse me, I mean Havra. Mavre is actually the queen of cold, she's the queen of the winter court. Or is she the grandmother of the winter court. I can't remember, I think Mab is the queen of the winter court. I always confuse their names. "Phasor is lord, Phasor is king" Phasor is basically a max army verse 2 people who are unbelievably dead. This tank placement is apparently inefficient against the battlecruisers. WRXMike has been fairly quiet. Phasor, what, wait a minute, oh WRXMike has all the money of his dead allies. So he's floating 15k 9k. He's the only one left in the game. Is he really the only one left in the game. He gets out of there. Yes. Yes! Atta boy Phasor, Hail Phasor. Now the thing is, normally we would just, we would quit out, we would go to a break at this point in time. Um, so that's what we're gonna do, cause I don't want to break anything that's normal. But when we come back... Everything froze! Are we cool, Are we cool! Did the stream crash, did the stream burn? Oh my god, that scared me. One of these days I'm just gonna like try to stay very still. And everyone who's watching will be like laaaggg. Tyrannosaurus Rex will be like, 'where the fuck did he go?' laughs When we come back, we're gonna watch, am amazing strategy that allows our players to get a spawning pool up, at the 20 second mark. Stay tuned, cause funday monday is gonna be resuming in 3 short minutes. The Future. It looks pretty fu**ing good, And it's not as far away as you may think Thanks to Microsoft. And one day, In that future, After selling one and two million candy bars to pay for it, Your child's school may just become The next window to the world. Imagine a day, When airlines not only ask you to pay for your beverages, your luggage, But in this future, You can pay an additional 45 dollars, To access your child on Twitter From 37 thousand feet. In the future, Pollucinating icons will be an everyday occurence. Thanks to our mental implants from Microsoft. In the future we'll get everything we need From something that we hold in the palm of our hand. Kinda like an iPhone, But with an extra piece you can lose sometimes. In the future, Everyone will have access to these amazing tools. Whether an everyday person, Or the guy from Heroes, Thanks to the power of Microsoft, We'll all connect. A cup of coffee, The morning paper, They're not going anywhere in the future. They're just getting incredibly badass. Until your newspaper crashes, Or gets a virus. But that's a small price to pay For paper that makes fu**ing move. Thanks to Microsoft, and computers, in the future, We won't just be saving trees, We'll be living in them. Your future, Our future, Is a greener, healthier planet. From the company that brought you the Zune, And Windows Vista. At Microsoft, we'd like to remind you, That this future is coming, And it's only four hundred ninety-eight years away. See ya there. We're asked to look at the table below. From the information given, is there a functional relationship between each person and his or her height? So a good place to start is just think about what a functional relationship means. Now, there's definitely a relationship. They say, hey, if you're Joelle, you're 5-6. If you're Nathan, you're 4-11. If you're Stewart, you're 5-11. That is a relationship. Now, in order for it to be a functional relationship, for every instance or every example of the independent variable, you can only have one example of the value of the function for it. So if you say if this is a height function, in order for this to be a functional relationship, no matter whose name you put inside of the height function, you need to only be able to get one value. If there were two values associated with one person's name, it would not be a functional relationship. So if I were to ask you what is the height of Nathan? Well, you'd look at the table and say, well, Nathan's height is 4 foot 11. There are not two heights for Nathan. There is only one height. And for any one of these people that we can input into the function, there's only one height associated with them, so it is a functional relationship. We can even see that on a graph. Let me graph that out for you. Let's see, the highest height here is 6 foot 1. So if we start off with one foot, two feet, three feet, four feet, five feet, and six feet. And then if I were to plot the different names, the different people that I could put into our height function, we have-- I'll just put the first letters of their names. We have Joelle, we have Nathan, we have Stewart, we have LJ, and then we have Tariq right there. So lets plot them. So you have Joelle, Joelle's height is 5-6, so 5-6 is right about there. Then you have Nathan. Let me do it in a different color. Nathan's height is 4-11. We will plot to him right over there. Then you have Stewart. Stewart's height is 5-11. He is pretty close to six feet. So Stewart's height-- I made him like six feet; let me make it a little lower-- is 5-11. Then you have LJ. LJ's height is 5-6. So you have two people with a height of 5-6, but that's OK, as long as for each person you only have one height. And then finally, Tariq is 6 foot 1. He's the tallest guy here. Tariq is right up here at 6 foot 1. So notice, for any one of the inputs into our function, we only have one value, so this is a functional relationship. Now, you might say OK, well, isn't everything a functional relationship? No! If I gave you the situation, if I also wrote here-- let's say the table was like this and I also wrote that Stewart is 5 foot 3 inches. If this was our table, then we would no longer have a functional relationship because for the input of Stewart, we would have two different values. If we were to graph this, we have Stewart here at 5-11, and then all of a sudden, we would also have Stewart at 5-3. Now, this doesn't make a lot of sense, so we would plot it right over here. So for Stewart, you would have two values, and so this wouldn't be a valid functional relationship because you wouldn't know what value to give if you were to take the height of Stewart. In order for this to be a function, there can only be one value for this. You don't know in this situation when I add this, whether it's 5-3 or 5-11. Now, this wasn't the case, so that isn't there and so we know that the height of Stewart is 5-11 and this is a functional relationship. I think to some level, it might be confusing, because it's such a simple idea. Each of these values can only have one height associated with it. That's what makes it a function. If you had more than one height associated with it, it would not be a function. A monumental vote in Yemen ensures President Ali Abdullah Saleh is out. Voters rushed to the polls Tuesday to finish a revolution that began with anti-government protests and violent clashes. Here's CNN... "A historic vote is underway in Yemen. The presidential election marks the end of Ali Abdullah Saleh's 33-year reign. Voters have only one choice on the ballot: Saleh's vice-president." So are the elections a sign of a democratic future? The New York Times" Laura Kasinof says even if it isn't — the elections are a positive. "Though the election is hardly an exercise in democracy ... it represents an important transitional moment for an impoverished nation mired in a conflict that has left its troubled economy in tatters and many people dead or wounded." But a BBC Radio reporter says it's possible Saleh will hold on to some power... "But even with him gone, the old President's sons and nephews remain in control of the country's military." "It is a daunting list of tasks for Yemen's new president to deal with." And a writer for the BBC notes you can tell how the world feels about the Yemeni vote based on media coverage... "Press in the Middle East and Gulf region have praised the poll ... Newspapers in Iran, however, criticised the election, seeing the hand of America and the West involved in the process." What does this mean for the west? A writer for the Telegraph offers this analysis... "From Washington's perspective, such a prolonged transition is vital if order is to be restored in a country that has become one of the main theatres of Islamist extremism." Al Arabiya says even though Vice President Abed Rabbo Mansour Hadi is the only name on the ballot, voter turnout is still crucial... "A high turnout would give Hadi the legitimacy he needs to carry out changes outlined in a U.S.-backed power transfer deal brokered by Yemen's Gulf neighbors, including the drafting of a new constitution, restructuring the armed forces and preparing for multi-party elections in two years" time." Saleh is currently in the U.S. receiving treatment for burns from an assassination attempt last June. He is the fourth ruler to be removed in the Arab Spring... I guess I should start by telling you a little bit about who Laura is. She's a very passionate person. And she loves science very much, and loves to talk about it all the time, much to her friends' dismay. She's also a sailor. She used to be the registrar of the UBC Sailing Club. So, other things-- she's a daughter, she's a sister to three big brothers. She's also an auntie to the cutest little niece ever. She's bipolar. Bipolar is a brain disorder which causes unusual shifts in a person's mood, energy, or ability to function. It's unlike the normal ups and downs that people go through. The symptoms of bipolar are more severe. In the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders," it describes it in this way, "Bipolar is the presence or history of one or more major depressive episodes present during the same two-week period, and represent a change from previous functioning. At least one of the symptoms is either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure. These symptoms can be depressed mood most of the day nearly every day, markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all or almost all activities, significant weight, loss or weight gain, or decrease or increase in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day, psycho-motor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day, feelings of worthlessness, or excessive, or inappropriate guilt nearly every day; diminished ability to think, or concentrate, or indecisiveness; recurrent thoughts of death not just fear of dying; or suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing suicide. There's also the presence or history of at least one manic episode. Mania is a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood, and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy lasting at least four consecutive days, and present most of the day, nearly every day. It can be described as inflated self-esteem, or grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, more talkative than usual, or pressure to keep talking. There can be flights of ideas, or subjective experience that thoughts are racing. There's distractibility, increase in goal-directed activity or psycho-motor agitation. There's excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have a high potential for painful consequences." The DSM provides a common language among professionals who treat patients with mental illnesses. By clearly defining the criteria for a mental disorder, the DSM ensures that the diagnosis is both accurate and consistent. OK, enough of this bullshit. (Laughter) I'm going to be real with you. It's pretty obvious that I'm the crazy one here. My name is Laura, and I am living with bipolar. So, I want to offer you today a bit of my story. I want to go beyond the traditional definitions and give you a bit more of the lived experience. I must admit, sometimes, it can be frustrating to explain bipolar to those who are not experienced in the same mental skillfulness as I have. But I'm going to try. So... I also want to talk about language. It's interesting because before I was ever diagnosed, I had never read the DSM. I had no idea what criteria I was falling under. All I knew was that there were times where I was sad, and there were times where I was happy. And the times were I was sad or in depression, it was kind of like this winter state. It was like things were darker or colder. And times of mania are more like summer. There's high energy, things are bright and fun. I was about 16, when I first began to experience the inexplicable periods of sadness. There were no external reasons for me to feel this way. My mind simply placed me there in this depressed winter state. It wasn't until later on that I began to realize the manic summers, which were interesting. And so, what I decided to do is I started to track my moods on a calendar. Each day, depending on if I was feeling if I had higher energy or lower energy, I would place an arrow on that day. I started to notice that there would be persistent upward arrows indicating higher energy for about two weeks. And then, there would be a shift into downward arrows which would last for another two weeks. This was confusing for me. And it was unsettling for my mind, especially in the transition days, going from high to low. I felt out of control in these cycles that I was tossed into. It's scary, and I needed some relief. This is when I sought out a counselor at [Langara] College. In weekly cognitive therapy sessions, I was able to work through some of these ups and downs, and highs and lows, and whatever was going on. And I learned some really helpful tools for how to find balance. As a scientist, I find it very difficult to look at myself and not apply a formula. "If I do this, this, and this, then I'll be happy. "If I do this, this, and this, then I don't have to be sad anymore." But you know, I learned that wellness is more like art. And you have to be able to see the gray, and there's not always a right answer. I'm going to read to you a bit from my journal, because after I saw a counselor for a while, I also realized that medication could be a helpful tool for me. And so, I went to see a psychiatrist. And it was kind of scary. You know, sitting there, wondering, "OK, am I going to come out with a Laura/ bipolar Laura/crazy person? I don't know." But it wasn't totally that way. I started seeing a psychiatrist, dah-dah-dah-dah. And then, I went for my second psychiatric assessment at UBC. "A second opinion-- an hour bike ride, an hour wait, and over an hour talking about my moods and family history. It turns out that I am indeed Bipolar Type Il, rapid cycling. But whatever! I'm feeling much more comfortable with my mental things. Taking meds seems less scary and more just something extra to do in my morning routine. I'm still quite private, though, and I don't feel comfortable sharing about my psychiatric appointments, my illness, or medication. It's still new, and it can be overwhelming at times. I'm working things through, and I think it's going to be OK. Well, I have some time to think about it on my bike ride home. So, what's it like to be manic? Well, it's kind of like wearing really gorgeous heels, like these. (Laughter) And you just walk around, and you feel taller. There's a confidence. There's a direction to it. Just things are clear and easy. There are thoughts and ideas that just come so naturally; ideas, ambitions, hopes. Anything is possible, the world is limitless! But trouble comes when these thoughts don't stop, when it goes beyond control, when you can't will yourself to sleep because you can't stop thinking of the creative project that you want to do tomorrow, or the next trip that you want to go on, or your new life plan. So, I have another journal entry to share with you. All of my secrets. This one I titled "Zopiclone," also known as "Little Blue Pills." "My mental state: hypomanic. Bipolar season: summer. I didn't fall asleep until 4 a.m. Too many thoughts, too many ideas, too much happening in my head. After three and a half hours of willing myself to sleep, I made the healthy move, and I took one of these little blue pills. A metallic taste lingers in my mouth. It feels disheartening every time I have to take one, but I guess it's OK. Even though I may have the tools, I sometimes lack the connection. In the end, I was glad for my humility. Sleep was good. I find that the struggle is harnessing this energy for school purposes and holding off on my social and creative ambitions. Then, there's the other side of things. The depression side. Well, depression is more like slippers. Not the comfy, cozy kind of slipper feeling. It's more of the need to feel safe and secure. That outside of these slippers, it's just not right. And it's kind of awkward walking around in slippers, giving a talk in front of 400 people, being depressed amongst classmates, and family, and friends, and roommates. And with depression, there also comes these kind of winter glasses, where things just seem darker. It's out of focus. The lenses are distorted, and it's difficult to see farther ahead. So, bipolar is kind of like wearing the depressed slipper on one foot, and a hypomanic heel on the other. This is such a contrast. You know, on one foot you're walking around, just up on an adventure, ready to go and see the world, and then you fall down, and just can barely get out of bed, and just drag along. But, you know, I live like this. Somehow, each day, I live like this. It's funny because when I first applied for the TerryTalk, I was definitely wearing the manic heel. (Laughter) And then, they accepted me, and I was like, "Oh, crap!" (Laughter) And then, a week or so later, I became depressed, and the thought of standing here today in front of all of you, in my slippers, it was just impossible! So, how does this fit in relationships? As I said before, sometimes, it can be frustrating to try to explain my moods to those who haven't experienced this, who aren't mentally skilled. And yet, I really do want to try. I really do want to start talking about these things, because even in just the title of this talk, you wouldn't believe how many conversations have been started which never would've happened, and that's a beautiful thing. Because when we start talking about this stuff, it becomes OK. So, as I walk around campus - I'm a biology student in my fifth year - I'm just savoring the last little bit that I got. I have classes over in Buchanan, and in forestry, and all over campus. I see the slogan that is everywhere which says that, "UBC is a place of mind." It causes me to question, "What kind of mind is this? Is it an open mind? Is it a healthy mind? Is this a place where my mentally ill mind can be? I wonder, after this, are you going to call me Laura? Or are you going to call me bipolar? Tell me; is this OK, or do I have to hide? Thank you. (Applause) Putin: As for unrest in the Arab world and North Africa and it's possible link to the... ..processes that are taking place in the North Caucasus of Russia. It is a real concern for us of course, we are concerned about the number of victims.. who perished during the events in North Africa. And we are also concerned that despite the common statement that radical groupings exercise more power in North Africa and that's a possibility which we are concerned about. If it takes place it cannot but effect the rest of the world, including of course, the North Cacasus. Putin: It is enough for me to mention the importance of non-visa travels between Russia and the EU.. ..during numerous meetings with our European partners. Our European partners quite often raise this issue indicating that the visa regime.. ..is becoming a real impediment to economic cooperation and interaction. Copan, besides being a Project that... also takes the city into account, in other words, Copan was made in that curved shape with 30 and few floors, so is extremely high, here in São Paulo, but it was designed to have this curve blade and it's across from another thin building so it allows it to have an internal street including the driveway... it would then be a set of two buildings ... In the end, only that first curved building was made by Niemeyer which allows the locomotion of people and vehicles, with those shops downstairs, and this street, that is an indoor outdoor, between the two buildings ... and this building has the appearance of being in a fantastic preservation, it was built at the beginning of the 50s and it is preserved until now, the condominium kept the building very well, so this makes the building very well used, if you see the intermediate floors, so you will see that aisle, but as it has that curve, it doesn't have that thing that you notice from here and see that thing down there no, you will discover things that are happening along the corridor in the same time you will see the scenery out there, it is an extremely large building, but a building is just interesting for you to walk inside to live ... After, one of the facade, one side, the facade that faces Avenida Ipiranga, those blades are about one meter wide. meter per meter, like you have one here... a meter from the floor, it is about this high, and the other one more than a meter, and the other is already in the division from this floor to the floor upstairs. So, when you are inside an apartament, you see the landscape cut by the two blades, so it's a very interesting landscape. You see the landscape cut like this ... and besides, I think this building has such a strong architectural feature, having that curve there, showing how ... a building stands inside the city, I mean, one of the few buildings that you see anywhere, from the plane, from the street, on photography. You always recognize this building, it is always there "cause of its volume. Hello this is Benjamin with Between the bars and today I will be showing you how to split and publish your post once they have been uploaded The first step is to login and you want to go to the moderation page on the site you see a list of recently uploaded scans in the dashboard so we'll just clic on the scan to start editing it and this is going to take you to the scan splitting view one thing to note is that you can adjust the size if something is too large for you, by pressing here I tend to use the largest size, I find that to be the easies a single letter can contain multiple documents it can have a licence agreement, a request, multiple blog posts profiles, etc. We're going to classify each one, and associate them with the author. First, what you want to do is take a look at the envellope If the letter has been logged, it's going to have the scan code already written on it >> Hi, this is Module 27 of An Introduction to Engineering Mechanics. For the learning outcomes, we're going to finish up that problem we started last time with the crane applying 2D equilibrium equations to solve for the force and moment reacting, reactions, and In the meantime we're also going to talk about and define and recognize two-force members, which we actually started last time. We came up with a second free body diagram for this hydraulic arm, where we found out that the x components were equal to 0 at, at point B and point D, and we only had y forces that remained. And so, that's called a 2 force member, it's If this is a weightless member, where there's only force application's at 2 friction-less pins, and we're assuming that those are friction-less pins at point b and point d on the hydraulic alarm. So, a 2 force member, is a weightless member again, 2 friction-less pins, it can only be in-tangent or compression. And, so, In this case, it's going to be in compression. It's acting down at the top, and up at the bottom. Two force members could also be intention, but that's all they can be. Those equilibrium require that the forces had to be Equal to each other. They have to be in opposite directions, and they have to be colinear. They have to be along the same line of action. And so we found that By was equal to Dy. They were equal, they were in opposite directions for equilibrium, and they're colinear. And shape is not a factor and so, I've got several examples. This could be a, an example of the hydraulic arm, BD. And so, if I. Have a compression at the top and a compression at the bottom, they can only act opposite each other. And no matter what way I turn, the line of action between those forces always stays the same. Even if it was intention you can see that the force at the top and the force at the bottom are equal opposite and along the same line of action. And so that's what a 2 force member is all about. Shapes not a factor, so even if I take a curved 2 force member like this It can either be, in compression at the ends, or in tension, okay along the same line of action. And just to show that shape doesn't need a isn't a factor I've even took a, a weird s shape and again Either in tension or compression. So if I, if I drew that s shape remember it can be any shape at all. If I have 2 frictionless pins, one on this side, and one on this side. The only thing that this can be is in. Tension, like this along the line of action the line of action being the same for both of those forces. Or, it would be in compression. There's the 2 points. And the forces would, could be in compression. Equal opposite and co-linear. Okay? So, that should give you a good understanding of 2 force members. When you can identify 2 force members, you can get rid of all but, 2 reactions. Alright, using that information let's go back and pick up from our original free body. We've used this free body diagram of our hydraulic arm. Now, let's go back to our original free body diagram and solve for the rest of the unknowns. And so first thing we recognized is that we found out that bx. Is equal to 0. So let's sum forces in the X direction on this free body diagram. I'll choose to the right positive, and I've got, I've got the 900 pound force, it's X component will be the sign of 30 degrees. And it's going to be to the left so it's going to be negative. So minus 900 times sign of 30 degrees. The x is gone. I've got an ax so I've got plus ax equals. Zero. And so I find that Ax ends up equaling 450, since it's positive it's in the direction that I've shown on my free body diagram. So Ax is equal to 450 pounds to the right, where 400. And 50 pounds in the i direction. And so there's another answer, that's another one of my force reactions required to keep this crane in equilibrium. Now let's keep going. Let's now do the forces in the y direction. So we'll sum forces in the y direction. I'll choose up as positive. To get the hang of this you should stop the tape. Do it on your own and then check to see if you get the same answer as I do. So we've got the y component at a 900 Pound forces is associated with the cosine of 30 degrees and it's down so it's going to be negative in accordance with my sign convention. So we have minus 900 times cosine of 30 degrees. By is up so it's plus By. A y is up, plus A y, That's all the y force, forces we have so that's equal to 0. And so I get, from that equation, ay plus by equals 779.4. And so, that's one equation. We have two unknowns. So we're going to have to use some more equations. But let's go ahead for, for now, and label this. As equation asterisk, and we'll continue on, Ok so I've put it at the top here my equation asterisk which I just solve for by summing force in the y direction lets apply another equation of equilibrium in this case I have to sum moments about some point, i'll go ahead and choose the sum of the moment about Point A equal to zero. And I'll choose clockwise as being positive. And so, when I assemble that equation, I get. Let's see here. About point A we've got this twenty thousand pound, foot pound couple being applied. It's clockwise so that's positive, in accordance with my sign convention. So I have twenty thousand. By is going to cause a clockwise rotation. It's. Its moment arm is going to be the line of action. The, the perpendicular distance between its line of action, and point A, so that's 10 feet. So it's positive in accordance by sine coincidence. It's going to be plus By times 10. Bx, remember, that was equal to 0 so we don't have to worry about it. Then we have the 900 pound force. And we'll work with each of the components separately. So the cosign component is the y component, it's going to be down, it's going to cause a counter clockwise rotation, it's going to be negative. And so its magnitude is minus 900 times cosign of 30 degrees. It's moment arm, this is the line of action okay? Perpendicular distance to point A is going to be 25 feet. And then we still have the x component of the 900 pound force which is going to be to the left. So it's, and if it's to the left, it's going to cause a counter-clockwise rotation. Negative in accordance with my sign convention. That will be 9, -900, and that's the sine component, so sine of 30 degrees, times its moment arm. So now for the x component. Here's the line of action, 'kay, horizontal. The perpendicular distance between that line of action and the point about which we're rotating is 30 feet, and so that is going to equal 0, because I have no other forces or moments that's causing a rotation about point a. And if I solve that for, for b I get By equals 1298.5. It ends up being positive, so it's in the direction shown in my freebody diagram. So By equals, if I round it off to three significant digits. 1300 pounds up. Or 1300 j pounds. That's another one of my force reactions. If By, let's look at the hydraulic arm though. If By is down, then that means Dy is up. And as we suspected from our diagram, that hydraulic arm is in compression. And so I can say that the force. And BD that hydraulic arm is going to be, 1300 pounds. And I'll call it in compression so I'm going to put a c annotation behind it. So that was one of our questions. Identify if the hydraulic arm is in compression or retention. If By had come out to be neg-, excuse me. If By had come out to be negative. Then that hydraulic arm would have been in tension. And that would have happened, for instance. It could have happened even in this case if this moment was large enough. So really in advance we wouldn't know whether it is in tension or compression so early id said oh yeah its going to be in compression but that is not always the case, you have to be careful, be precise, find out what the reactions are, if they come out to be positive then there in the direction that's shown on your diagram, if they come out to be negative they are in the opposite direction but in this case this hydrualic arm is indeed in compression, 'kay? Last thing we need to do is solve for ay. That's the last reaction that we haven't solved for yet, so we've got ay plus by equals 779.4 from an earlier equation. We now have By, so we can substitute in Ay equals 779.4 minus By which is 1298.5 or 519.1. So it's negative again. It's going to be opposite the direction that I've drawn so it's going to be down. So Ay. Factorially is 519 pounds down, or minus 519 J. Pounds. So that's all of the force reactions and we've solved the problem. One thing I want you to note is that you could actually check your answer. We sum moments about A we said that. If that was sum one of earlier for something moments, that if the moments are 0 but any point on the body or off the body has to be equal to 0 for all points and you could sum moments about B here I've done that and you find out that 0 equals 0. So that means that its in static equilibrium and. It, you can check for any point. You can also sum moment about C or any other point and it, it, it better equal 0 equals 0 so that there's no acceleration in any directions. And so that's it. Real neat problem that we've solved that's real world and, and something that engineers need to know how to do. My name is Mohammed Bashire. I am an Architecture student. I studed abroad in Oaxaca, Mexico. To be in Architecture requires 4 studios. Lucky for me, one of the studios was offered in Mexico. What a setting, to have a studio in Mexico. So it was different - a lot different - from your traditional places to go to study abroad which is usually Europe for a lot of people. My favorite place was the taco stand in Oaxaca. The owner's name was Bumar. It was about 10 feet by 5 feet stand in the park and he was always there, every day, from 5 to midnight, he was there. It was such a beautiful place and it was something that I really enjoyed, not only the tacos themselves, but the conversations you would have with the people. And Bumar didn't know English, I didn't know any Spanish. He didn't try to speak English. He would speak Spanish and that was good for me, because I was trying to learn Spanish. I would try to say something that I picked up from class, and he would understand it, and then he would correct me, and then I would know the right way to say it - not the textbook way to say it, but the street way to say it. The great thing about Mexico is, it's cheaper than Europe and it has the same amount of experience - and maybe even more. I would say more, because I've been to Europe, I've experienced some of the cultures there, but Mexico is a unique culture, it's very different. So, going there, that's a big advantage, the culture itself. When I was applying for the Oaxaca program, I reached a point where there were so many other expenses that I had to take care of here, and on my trip, and I reached a point where I thought that I wouldn't be able to go. And then, the scholarship came in. And it just opened up a window for me to be able to experience what I did this past spring. I don't think I'll experience that anywhere else, or anytime, even if I go back. It was different. But Gillman was able to help me with that, by funding a big portion of my study abroad. And challenges there, I would say, one was the language. It was a challenge, it wasn't a problem, it was a challenge - and it was a good challenge. Because, it pushed me to learn this new language. I would say go for it. It's pretty much a great experience. If you are considering, and you're at the point where, you're thinking about it, do it. Round 24,259 to the nearest hundred. You're going to find that doing these problems are pretty straightforward, but what I want to do is just think about what it means to round to the nearest hundred. So what I'm going to do is I'm going to draw a number line. Let me draw a number line here, and I'm just going to mark off the hundreds on the number line. So maybe we have 24,100, and then we go to 24,200, then we go to 24,300, and then we go to 24,400. I think you see what I mean when I'm only marking off the hundreds. I'm going up by increments of 100. Now, on this number line, where is 24,259? So if we look at the number line, it's more than 24,200 and it's less than 24,300. And it's 259, so if this distance right here is 100, 59 is right about there, so that is where our number is. That is 24,259. So when someone asks you to round to the nearest hundred, they're literally saying round to one of these increments of 100 or round to whichever increment of 100 that it is closest to. And if you look at it right like this, if you just eyeball it, you'll actually see that it is closer to 24,300 than it is to 24,200. So when you round it, you round to 24,300. So if you round to the nearest hundred, the answer literally is 24,300. Now that's kind of the conceptual understanding of why it's even called the nearest hundred. The nearest hundred is 24,300. But every time you do a problem like this, you don't have to draw a number line and go through this whole process, although you might want to think about it. An easier process, or maybe a more mechanical process, is you literally look at the number 24,259. We want to round to the nearest hundred, so you look at the hundreds place. This is the hundreds place right here, and when we round, that means we don't want any digits. We only want zeroes after the hundreds place. So what you do is you look at the place one less than the place you're rounding to. This is the hundreds place so you look at the 5 right there, and if this number is 5 or greater, if it's 5, 6, 7, 8, or 9, you round up. So 5 or greater, you round up. And so rounding up in this situation, it is 5. It is 5 or greater, so rounding up means that we go to 24,000, and since we're rounding up, we make the 2 into a 3. We increment it by one, so rounding up, so 24,300. That's what we mean by rounding up. And just as kind of a counterexample, if I had 24,249 and I wanted to round to the nearest hundred, I would say, OK, I want to round to the nearest hundred. Let me look at the tens place, this place one level to the right. It is not 5 or greater, so I will round down. And when you round down, be careful. It doesn't mean you decreases this 2. It literally means you just only have the 2. Just get rid of everything after it. So it becomes 24,200. That's the process where you round down. If you round up, it becomes 24,300. And it makes sense. 24,249 is going to be sitting right over here someplace, so it's going to be closer to 24,200. 24,200 would be the nearest hundred when we round down in this case. For the case of the problem, 24,259, the nearest hundred is 24,300. We round up. Hi, this talk started out of a Twitter conversation. I haven't decided whether to be embarrassed about that or not. But I was on Twitter one day and a relatively prominent left of centre pundit, piped up and said "You know, climate change seems like a really big deal, why are so few people talking about it? Why have so few thought leaders made it their signature issue?" And another reasonably prominent left of centre pundit piped up and said "Well, for my part, the reason I don't talk about it is it seems really complicated, I don't feel like I have a good grasp on all the science and so I just don't feel qualified to go out and assert things publicly about it." You know, anybody who has ever so much as mentioned climate change on television or on the internet will understand why this person thinks the way they do. Any time you mention it, the hordes descend, bearing complicated stories about the medieval ice age, or sunspots, or water vapour, and, you know, there is a lot of myths about climate change borne by these climate sceptics but to debunk those myths you have to know, you know, you have to go online, and research, and read, and be able to respond to them in detail, and a lot of people just find that prospect dreary, and so they don't bother. And this, of course, drives me crazy, so I piped up on Twitter and said "You know, climate change is not actually that complicated. What you need to know to be able to speak out publicly about it, just about the basic structure of the problem, is really not that complicated, I could explain it to you in 15 minutes" so, let this be a lesson to you: don't go talk smack on Twitter, unless you are willing to back it up. So, one thing led to another, and here I am with 15 minutes to explain climate change to you. So, let's get started. Why is the Earth not a cold dead rock floating in space? The reason is that it is enveloped by this tiny, tiny thin layer of gases and chemicals that we call our atmosphere. So, the Sun's energy, rather than just coming down and bouncing right back off, it comes down and is held close to the surface of the Earth for a while and then bounces off, and then this simple process is why we have evaporation, and precipitation, and photosynthesis, and life on our planet. So, scientists discovered, well over a hundred years ago, that the atmosphere and the systems on Earth are in this dynamic relationship and you can change the chemical composition of the atmosphere and hold more of the Sun's energy for longer. The energy still has to escape, of course, but in the meantime it will cause changes in these biophysical systems of the Earth. And, you know, you often hear people say, "The Earth has always changed, the climate has always changed", and that's true, it has. This relationship between the atmosphere and the systems, they go through cycles, but these cycles have typically taken hundreds of thousand of years, millions of years. The key thing to know first is that for the last 10,000 years on Earth, the climate has been relatively stable, unusually stable, and by stable I mean temperature has varied, it's gone up and down, but it's stayed on a fairly narrow band of about plus or minus 1 degree Celsius, and all of advanced human civilisation has taken place during these 10,000 years, the development of agriculture, the written word, the wheel, the iPhone, everything we know, everything we have built, we have done in this period of relative climate stability. So, what we have been doing for the last couple of hundred years is digging up carbon out of the earth, and throwing it up into the atmosphere, and changing the chemical composition of the atmosphere, like has happened in the past except for extremely faster. In geological time, the blink of an eye, we are substantially changing the chemical composition of the atmosphere and all of climate science has been about, "What's going to happen? What is the Earth going to do in response to this?" And so, we've already seen that the process is underway, we have measured, we have witnessed, observed with our eyes and our thermometers about a 0.8ºC rise in global average temperature since before the industrial age, since before we started digging all this carbon up. And this may not seem like a lot -- less than 1ºC -- but the thing to know about it is these greenhouse gases we throw up stay in the atmosphere for a very long time, there are very long time lags involved here so this 0.8º temperature rise is a response to what we were doing 50-100 years ago, and what we see in the first half of this century will be a response to what we've done in the last 50 years and what we'll see in the latter half of this century will be a response to decisions we make today. So the question is, "Temperature's rising, how high does it have to rise before we need to worry, before we're in danger, before bad things start happening?" The typical answer to this question has been "2ºC." Anyone who has followed climate change discussions knows that this 2º number has taken on a kind of iconic quality. Typically, climate scientists who model impacts of what's going to happen, model 2ºC rise, typically economists who try to model what it would cost to do something about climate change or what it's worth or what various policies would cost, model 2º centigrade. So obviously, what counts as not dangerous vs dangerous, is not a hard scientific question, it's a political question, and this was a political decision to take this 2C number, mainly made by European climate negotiators well over 10 years ago, and it's just sort of stuck since then. All the countries involved in climate negotiations have basically signed on saying "Yes, this is what we want to avoid, 2ºC temperature rise." The bad news on this 2C number is twofold: first of all, all the latest science done in the last 10-15 years has pointed to the conclusion that those impacts we thought were going to happen around 2ºC are in fact going to happen much earlier than that, the climate is more sensitive to these added greenhouse gases than we thought. So, if those were the impacts we were worried about, then the real threshold of safety ought to be something like 1.5ºC. James Hansen is the climate scientist most famously known for raising these warnings, but it's a growing scientific consensus that 2º is, in fact, dangerously high, which is bad, because we are almost certainly going to blow past 2ºC. There's some reason to believe a recent study said that even if we stopped our carbon emissions tomorrow, we're still going to get more than 3º this century just from momentum from the previous emissions. But stopping at 2º now would take a level of global coordination and ambition that is nowhere in evidence. So, a lot of climate scientists don't really want to tell you this because they don't want to depress you, but I am just a blogger, so I am happy to depress you: 2ºC is probably off the table. So, then the question becomes "Well, what would it look like if temperature goes higher than that? What would, say, 4ºC look like?" Oddly, there hadn't really been a lot of concerted scientific attention to that question because climate scientists honestly thought we wouldn't do that to ourselves, but we are doing it to ourselves. So, in 2009, several climate change research groups in England drew together a group of scientists, commissioned some papers and had them really take a hard look for the first time. What would 4ºC look like? There are a lot of papers, a lot of equations, a lot of talk and complexity I have hopefully paraphrased here for you, to make it easier to grasp. 4ºC temperature rise would look ugly. Among other things, that would be the hottest the Earth has been in 30 million years. Sea-levels would rise at least 3-6 feet, and this excludes some really tail end possibilities, but 3-6 feet at least. And persistent drought would cover about 40% of the currently occupied land on Earth, which would wreak havoc on agriculture in East Asia, Africa, South America, Western US. Well this combined will produce hundreds of millions of people who have been driven from their homes either by their cities being swamped by sea-level rise or by hunger or by all the attended ills that come along with those things. And, to boot, probably somewhere around half of the known species on Earth would go extinct. This question of pinning down the exact number of species is very difficult, this is very much an approximation, but some substantial chunk of life on Earth would be wiped out. The final bit of bad news... that's not true, there's more bad news to come, a middle bit of bad news is that, according to a recent paper by the International Energy Agency, we are currently on track -- if we keep doing what we are now doing, if we go on with business as usual, as it's called -- we are now on track for 6ºC temperature rise this century; something, 5-7, these are obviously estimations. So, if 4º is hell on Earth, I'll let your imaginations filling the blanks on 6º but, one danger that comes up when we contemplate going this high with our temperature is the possibility that climate change will become irreversable. I think when people typically think about climate change, they think, "Oh, temperature is going to rise X amount, circumstances will change, some places will get warmer, some places will get wetter, we'll adjust, we'll move our farms around, people will migrate from one city to another, we'll get resettled and we'll go on with life. The really dangerous possibility is that what are called -- the Earth has several of what are called positive feedback systems, so, for instance, in Siberia there is this permanent ice, the permafrost and it contains a bunch of methane in it. As it melts, it releases that methane, the methane causes more warming, which melts more ice, which releases more methane, it's a self-sustaining process; or sea ice melts, ice is white, it reflects energy, when it melts becomes dark blue and absorbs more energy, which heats the oceans, which melts more ice, which creates more dark surfaces. You see, there's a number of these systems that are self-perpetuating, and the danger, the great danger of climate change, that towers above all these other more specific dangers, is that these positive feedback systems will take on a momentum of their own that becomes unstoppable, and human beings will lose any ability to control it at all, even if we'd stop all our climate emissions on a dime. Will that happen at 2º? Probably not though there is a real chance of it and there is a lot of debate about that; will it happen at 4º? Well, it looks a lot more likely at 4º. Will it happen at 6º? Almost certainly. So, if we continue on our present course, climate change will probably take on a life of its own, spiral out of control and, according to a recent paper, by 2300, we could see temperature rise of up to 12ºC. Now if that happened, something like half the Earth's currently inhabited land would become too hot to survive on; and when I say too hot to survive on I don't mean it's difficult to grow beans or air conditioning bills are inconveniently high, I mean if you go outside you die of hotness. I mean, places that were an average of 80ºF would be now an average of 170-180ºF, literally too hot for human beings to go outside and survive. So, will there still be human civilization under those circumstances? Who knows, I mean, maybe we'll live in underground climate controlled caves, maybe we'll grow food in test tubes, but that wouldn't look anything like Earth as we now know it, it would look a lot more like Newt Gingrich's moon colony, assuming any human beings, or at least enough to make a civilization survived in those circumstances. So, when I say "Climate change is simple." -- I know this has been bugging you, you are not used to thinking in Celsius, those strange European metric temperatures, so here is good American Fahrenheit, it's just as ugly. So this is what I mean by climate change being simple: There are many complicated and fascinating discussions to be had about what to do about it, or about what effect our actions might have on the climate and when, or which policies are best based on cost benefit analyses. There is complexity, plenty of complexity, for those of you who like complexity, but we now know to a fair degree of certainty that if we keep doing what we are now doing, we will face unthinkable catastrophe; that's the bumper sticker, that's the take home message, and that, you know, saying "I don't want to talk about that because I don't know the ins and outs" is like saying, "I don't want to raise alarms about Hitler's army being a hundred miles out, because I don't know the thread count of their uniforms, or, I don't know the average calorie intake of a German soldier." You don't need to know those things to be scared that the army's on the march and to raise alarms about it. Similarly, if we keep doing what we are now doing, we are screwed, this we know now. To stabilize temperature, and I don't mean stabilize temperature at 2º, or 4º, or 6º, I mean to ever have a hope of ever again having a stable temperature, of any kind, global climate change emissions need to peak, stop growing, peak and start falling rapidly in the next 5-10 years. Every year we do not get started on this, we add, according to the International Energy Agency, an extra 500 billion, with a B, dollars to the price tag of what it is going to cost us to do this, eventually, every year we wait. That's $500 billion down the drain. Now, you and I look around at current politics, particularly US politics, and massive coordinated intelligent ambitious action does not strike us as particularly plausible. In fact, it might strike us as impossible, but that is where we are, stuck between the impossible and the unthinkable. So, your job, anyone who hears this, for the rest of your life, your job is to make the impossible possible. Thank you! (Applause) *Instrumental Music in the Background* [Narrator] It used to be thought that the brain could only be changed during the early stages of development and that in adults not very much happens to it. Wrong. The brain is constantly changing. We continue to change it throughout our lives depending on how we use it. And right now, if you learn something from this film your brain will change a bit. Thanks to its one hundred billion nerve cells our brain can store information and forget to remember. But how does it do so? Professor Bonhoeffer at the Max Planck Institute for neurobiology is investigating these very questions. The brains of mice and rats will help provide an answer. He and his team aim to gather a better understanding of the processes taking place inside our heads. They are searching for the secret behind learning and thinking. *Music in Background Stops* [English Translator speaking for Prof. Tobias Bonhoeffer] I want to understand the brain better, how we learn and how we store information. And looking into the future, of course we hope that this will lead for example, to a better understanding of psychiatric illnesses like autism and schizophrenia. Only if we can understand the brain better will we be able to deal better with these illnesses. [Narrator] In their research, they are examining certain parts of the brain of mice, usually the hippocampus. This plays a central role in learning because it is here that information from the sensory organs lands is processed and transmitted to other regions of the brain. *Instrumental Music in the Background* Thinking or feeling can only take place when nerve cells known as neurons are able to exchange information at the right time and in the right place fire contacts known as synapses. For this reason, the scientist's main interest focuses on the synapses. They want to find out whether the structure of nerve cells changes when we learn things. So they put mice into a new environment and show them a virtual world in which they need to find out where to go. Do the connections between the nerve cells change in order to react to the new surroundings? In other words when they learn something? The scientists can indeed observe how electrical impulses rush through the nerve cells. When we learn, it is like a thunderstorm inside our heads. If lots of electrical impulses flow through the nerve cells, the transmission via the synapses is strengthened. But that is not all the neurobiologists discovered. The neurons even create completely new connections or processes known as spines. Communication is everything. As in a social network, the neurons create new connections. Then electrical and chemical signals can be passed from one cell to the next. Every second, hundreds of these impulses are generated and passed on. Only cells which really belong together form a stable connection. For example, for rose to be recognized correctly by the brain many connections must be activated at the same time. *Music in Background Stops* [English Translator speaking for Prof. Tobias Bonhoeffer] Nerve cells become active simultaneously when they receive similar inputs. For example, when you see a rose and at the same time smell its perfume, the nerve cells concerned with smelling and seeing are both activated at the same time and then they create particularly strong connections. *Instrumental Music in Background* [Narrator] But how do nerve cells know which information belongs with which object? Like the rose, for example, and therefore whether it is worth establishing a new connection. Because scientists know that if spines or processes are formed indiscriminately the brain will waste precious time and energy. The neurons in the brain use an effect that gives them information about their neighbors. When a neuron sends out an electrical impulse the consume concentration in the cell increases. A participant makes a request but could he become a friend? Now calcium is introduced as an intermediary. Inquiries about interests are made. If the profile is too different the connection will be removed again. It is much more efficient to look at the other person's profile first and then to establish the contact. The scientists first have to find the new connections among hundreds of thousands of synapses. *Music in Background Stops* [English Translator speaking for Prof. Tobias Bonhoeffer] Here I have an example; this is a cube representing the brain enlarged one thousand times. And here you have a million little silver glittering particles, which are the connections between the nerve cells. You can see how closely packed it all is here. But in fact everything which you see in this big cube needs to be packed into this cube, too. And we try to see the changes occurring in the individual silver particles within this dense web. [Narrator] The method, they mark the cells they're looking for with different fluorescent dyes, usually red and green. *Instrumental Music Playing in the Background* They mark the transmitter and receptor nerve cells. The results are fantastic pictures. This one shows the brain cells of a mouse. *Instrumental Music Playing* This method only became available a few years ago thanks to innovative processes like two-photon microscopic. Some of them were developed at other Max Planck institutes. Since then it has been possible to observe the changes in these tiny structures. In this way, researchers can look into the outer layers of the brain and watch the nerve cells rebuilding their synapses. Synapses change depending on how much they are needed. Each time an impulse runs along the nerve pathways it leaves a little trace in the brain. If we use these pathways frequently they become proper beaten tracks or even data highways. If the nerves are only rarely used the connections disappear again. The brain forgets something it has once learned. But forgotten is not lost. Not all connections are completely destroyed. Ten percent of them remain and are so to speak switched on to stand by. For example, we can relearn a language more easily because synapses were previously formed in the corresponding places in the brain. Euro biologists recognize that the neurons in the brain are constantly being reformed. They call this permanent adaptation plasticity. But it can also be influenced externally. Couldn't understanding of the way nerve cells communicate with each other be the key to faster learning and understanding? And can we optimize our brains by means of chemicals? Just imagine if you only need a few hours learning for an exam instead of days or weeks, or you never forget what you learned. [English Translator speaking for Prof. Tobias Bonhoeffer] Personally, I'm a bit skeptical about that because it isn't always good merely to learn more. It is also important to forget things that are irrelevant. It can be a disadvantage not to be able to forget because our brains will be just bursting with information. And in the end we would have gained nothing at all. [Narrator] The miracle in our heads, our brain is constantly improving on itself. It learns by permanently adapting the relays between its nerve cells, so that we can survive in a constantly changing environment. *Instrumental Music Playing* HATE! HATE WEEK! Oh my god I'm wearing makeup I can't pay attention to anything you say because you're wearing makeup. Therefore, everything you said, I did not pay attention to it at all. You're wearing makeup, you're not wearing a shirt. What the fuck is going on? That's all I can conceivably comment about. Why you're wearing makeup? Why you're wearing makeup? Why you're wearing makeup? WHY!? Why, Amazing Atheist? WHYYY!? Why are you wearing makeup it doesn't make any sense. Gues what? You don't have to comment on it, this video has a topic. Here's are why I'm wearing makeup. Cause I'm Fucking feeling like it. There you go, you know. Now you don't have to comment about how I'm wearing makeup. Any fucking way, I'm the Amazing Atheist and welcome back to Hate Week. Day 5. Today's subject is maturity, which as you can see, I don't have. And to prove it, I'm going to do the man tity dance. When people talk about maturity, what they're really talking about is you should get your head out of the clouds and keep your mind on practical real world concerns. Well you know where the fuck that gets you? You ever seen that guy in the old folks home and all he gives a flying fuck about is the weather in another state where you fucking live? Why ever talk... You talk to your grandparents. "How's the weather over there?" Like, I live here and I don't even give a fuck about the weather over here. Why is he so fucking concerned about the weather? I used to always wonder that. Why do old people talk about the weather? They don't realize, that their whole lives all they give a fuck about was things that actually mattered and were relevant to their existence directly. They were very pragmatic, they were very "mature". And now that they're old people, and they really don't hav lives to speak of, the only thing that they give a fuck about the weather because they don't now a fuck at all about anything else. They don't know about science, they don't know about art, they don't know about literature. The only fucking thing they know about is their own lives and they don't have lives anymore, so all they can do is talk about the fucking weather, it's the only subject left. So if you don't want to be an old man, a * old fool. "Man, its cloudy." Who gives a fuck old man? Fuck those clouds and fuck you, and fuck everyone trying to make me concerned solely about myself. I'm sorry that I'm not selfish enough to be mature. I have interests outside of that shit. I'm not just concerned about paychecks, and income tax, and the law, and... blaaargh! I don't care about any of that, I don't give a fuck. The thing I give a fuck about is creation, and destruction, and entertainment. Enter-fucking-tainment, make me think, touch my fucking soul with your cock, motherfuckers! And the thing they don't tell you is there's no such thing as being a grownup, there's no real adulthood, you're a little kid, you think shit's going to change, you think you're going to obtain all this knowledge spontaneously, you think that you're going yo understand the things that you don't when you're a little kid. That never fucking happens! All that happens is you get older, and you start to fake your way through a lot more shit. I don't fell any different that I did when I was 15 or when I was 10 I mean, sure I have a * greater knowledge. It doesn't really do anything for me. I still don't know what a fuck goddamn DBA is. I don't know how to file my taxes without the help of a computer program that guides me through it step by step. I don't understand the law, I don't understand what's going on in the world. I don't understand jackshit. Me: Mom? Me: Can I get a soundtrack album? I want it for my book, can you buy it? Mom: how much? Me: A thousand. Mom: A thousand in what currency? Me: One thousand in Canadian dollars? Mom: Oh my god, a thousand dollars? I can buy a 100 bags of rice and feed it to Africa! pfft, a thousand dollars.... Me: sighs Hello K&G Russian, Bulgarian and Serbian! Watch all this! You're really bad teams! You broke all rules! Follow this!!! ...you won't translate this episode and all other on your native language till 100% of ENG translation is over!!!... ...you will respect the rules this time! (THlS IS A COMMAND FOR YOU)... ...I see that this is the ONLY way to make you listen to us... Subtitles brought to you by Kuzey Guney Team @ Viki K U Z E Y G U N E Y EPlSODE 73 Guney! Come in. Come on Cemre we'll get the cake ready. What happened? You took everything away from me. Everything. Look. You gave me charity. I received my check from the colonel. I can't thank you enough. You did well with that. Thanks. Welcome. Guney has come. Welcome. Come in. Welcome Guney. We have put rings, you late a little. Congratulations. Kuzey! Where are you going? I ask your permission to leave. You can't. Don't be silly. Really, please, I'm sorry. Did you come to leave us alone? I don't expect that from you. Look brother... I'm in a bad mood now and I can't hold myself and will say bad things. You also know me, maybe the problem will get out my hand. He'll say something. He'll start pulling my strings and.... no need for all that. Kuzey, please! There are still many days for us to spend time together, darling. We won't die now. Its better if you don't go. He might get drunker and bother Cemre. Yes. Kuzey, don't do something to ruin tonight, OK? Banu? Banu, are you all right? I'm fine. I think I ate something bad. Banu? Banu, what is it? Can, I'm sorry. Can you back me at home? Okay, come on. You're face is starting to look pale. - I'm okay.- Did you take purse? Yes, it's here. Do you have problem Mr Can? -No, thank you. Goodbye.-Goodbye. Good evening. Go and take Mr Can's car. -If your stomach still hurts then we will go to the hospital.-No, no. Get in. You are not fine. No, I'm just in a bad mood. You took everything from me. Everything! It's my turn now. We also wore the rings in this garden. Isn't that right? It was on the other side but still the same garden. What a beautiful garden. Come on. Stand up! Come on stand up, you drank too much. Why, we are having fun here dad. Come on. Stand up. We're going. Dad. Come on, stand up, we are also leaving. Stand up so we can go so no problems occur. And this is what you are waiting for me, isn't that right? To get drunk and ruin peoples night. I have a nasty habit of doing that. I also used to loved a lot. Go. Come on. We will also leave, come on. Okay, okay. Thank you. Me coming here was my mistake. I'm sorry. Excuse me! They are after all... ...your friends. Your loved ones and I'm for sure not one of them. I'm sorry if I disturbed you. Okay, okay. Leave me. Wait a moment, let me get Aynur and we'll leave together. No, I'll leave by myself. -Look my son we'll leave together.-No no, I'll leave by myself. Don't be stubborn. Let's go together to our house. Okay, I'm going home. Congratulations. May next ones be the ones who love each other. Forgive me for tonight. I'm sorry. Don't be silly. Okay? Come on dear. Okay. Thank you. See you. I will be there soon, honey. Won't you come in for a bit? She's been turbulent the whole night. She kept looking around. She thinks that Guney will show up anywhere. But her health hasn't been good Miss Ebru. I think she should leave for a while. Yes, I also want her to leave for a while. And during that time... If you accept our offer, It will give Banu the child she wanted. And your spirits will be better. -Anyway, please if anything happens please let me know.-Alright. -Good night.-Bye bye. Güney was everywhere in that restaurant. I saw everybody looking like Guney. Then everybody stopped. Then I escaped to the washroom. I'll talk to a doctor and will treat you. He will give you the treatment that pregnant woman use. So it doesn't harm your child. You will get better. You're not fooling me, right? You can ask the doctor yourself about the meds if you want to make sure. I want to be fine. I want my baby to be fine. I don't want the baby to be affected at all. Nothing will happen to the baby. I'm always at your side. Thank you. Can made his final decision. No, I can't seize the all company now. If you take that money now, it will drag a lot of attention. Yes, I can make Banu take it. We're not in good relations now. You're joking, anyway... Burak? No, It can't be him at all. Anyway... Thanks God, situation on stock market is good for now. I mean, we'll have find conferment with that. When are you leaving here? OK, we'll meet before you leave. Let's fix those procedures. Is that possible? OK. Okay, goodbye. Good evening. Finally. You invite me to your house but leave me to go to your work room far away from me. It's the composite that I wanted. It will come soon Its a great composite. I wanted a lot of property. Now I had to check them one by one. Sorry. Will you buy a composite? And a time like this. For a long trip... I'm thinking of going on a long trip for a year. I don't know, maybe longer. You're acting like a man who has won the lottery. I need to lift my spirits. Thanks to the 2% share my mom granted me. If I want in your place, I wouldn't do it. I would put my feet back on the ground. You saw that nothing in life comes with a guarantee. I know. Don't worry. Come on, let's toast to my new toy. Cihan, come on my boy! Don't fall asleep. Come. Health for your hands.Everything was so beautiful. Thank you all. Bye bye. Look, come again for the preparation of the wishing tree the next day. All right, all right. I'll come. What will you do tonight? Will you stay at your house? No, Güney Müney's there. I will stay somewhere else. - Stay with us then.- No, er... I will stay with Komiser. It's busy over there, with his family and all. No, he's alone there. I'll go and stay with him. I'll go and stay with him. Plus... Look, Cicoz is sleeping on his feet. You guys go. -Goodbye.-Good night. Oh, my poor child... -Goodbye.-Good night. Bye bye. - Good night. Thank you.- Good bye. See you tomorrow. He will always be between us. Tonight, with Güney's eyes on us...I understood more clearly. He will always be between us. He will always make us feel guilty. I took nothing from him. I stole nothing from him. Kuzey! - Goodbye!- Good night! Good night. Ay mr. Hussein. You're like those Japanese tourists. Snap, Snap, Snap! You took a picture a second, MashaAllah! That was the last one. Thanks God that was the last one. I hope it's the last one. Not in this lifetime, of course. I don't want to think what will happen when you two get married. Look how tense it got just because you kissed. If you decide to get married, who knows what will happen? Zeynep, what do you say? Should we go? - Let's tidy up a bit first.- No I am too tired. We'll do it tomorrow morning. We'll tidy up together. Actually my feet are swollen. You're in a tough situation, Cemre. To be courageous despite Güney. Either you choose to be Kuzey's wife despite all these hardships, or you turn your back. I'll have to be even more courageous to turn my back to Kuzey. Maybe you have to be the one to do what Kuzey couldn't do. Sometimes one shows one's love through sacrifice. Maybe you're the one who must sacrifice Kuzey. Otherwise he will torture you your whole lives. Think long and hard about it. . Let's go. Good night. -Good night...- Good night. Did he go to sleep? He through himself on the bed, hard. Are you calling Kuzey? Hello! Ms.Handan, what's the situation like? How is Guney? - I have no news from Güney.- He's not home yet? Ya, no. He hasn't" been here at all. Not even while I was gone. I understood. I have no idea where he sleeps, what he eats or drinks. What he's doing. I'm so depressed. You thought everything would be fine? Look. Everything's going badly. You'll wear that ring out by looking at it so much. Look at how wide his smile is, from ear to ear. I am very happy, Kuzey. Come on, I couldn't tell. May God grant you joy, brother. Thanks. Meant to ask, are you sleepy? - Should I get us some drinks?- Why not? It was a really nice engagement. It was indeed but you didn't get to enjoy it at all by tagging after Güney and me by keeping an eye on him. Imagine, he would have created a problem on the happiest day of your life. No, what would have happened? We survived it, without any incident. Thank God. Come on, I'll go bring the bottle and glasses. -Guney?- Yes? I fell asleep in front of the TV. When did you come? I didn't hear anything. - It's been a little while.- Where were you? Somewhere I didn't belong. - I'm going to bed.- Okay, good night. Will you continue to work? Who works hard gets rewarded. I'm telling you, this will not end well for you. You're on the computer til all hours of the morning and you don't sleep. You don't eat properly. It's Coffee and alcohol, coffee and alcohol. How long can you go on like this? My God, I'm so happy. There's someone in this life that cares about me. You got no job so, what are you up to? I'm really curious. I am getting ready for a presentation. I am going to drop such a bomb that everyone will run and find a hole to hide. Who's everyone? It's almost time. Weren't you going to bed? Good night. You too. New message:He came home a little before. He passed again by the computer. He comes without shame and tells me: "You took everything from me". He says this to me! Ok I did but... this... Excuse me. SlMAY He came home a little before. He passed again by the computer. He's up to something. He says soon he's going to drop such a bomb that everyone will run and find a hole to hide. He didn't say anything else and I didn't ask too much. It's Demet. She's saying good night. Tell her good night too from me too. Continue exactly like this. Please do not keep the messages saved in your phone. Erase them immediately. Go on, I am listening. All right, Commisar, when I got out of prison, I was furious. You understand? I was whetted against that man. Not just him, but against the whole world. It's easy to say now but it was 4 years, 4 years. Do you understand komiser? I went in there a boy and came out a man, a very bitter man. It's not easy. I couldn't move forward an inch, let alone take a step. I fell below zero. Let alone be a army officer, I couldn't even be a soldier when I got out of prison. What are you talking about? I had a plague named Ferhat. All I have done was because... up to now... ...everything I signed on it, I accepted blame for. I did that because I was so angry. I mean I did it. It's no lie. I was really angry even with my family. Because when one makes a mistake even those close to him pay the price, right? Because of one's anger. Besides all that you look and you see that the whole world has changed and you've stood still. Life changes, it keeps moving. You look and you realize that you do not see things as your brother does. It's your brother. You share the same blood yet you don't think the same way. The train has left the station. It's all I can say I was very angry. No need to lie I was of course very angry with Guney. Really angry in fact but what of my anger? What can my anger do? It shoots up today, it goes out tomorrow. What of my anger really? It's come and gone. No matter what you do, it's come and gone. I say "Okay, what happened, happened." I hold grudges. I have no problems with anybody. I stepped aside. Just standing. But look at that "olive oil" of a man. An extra virgin one even. That prick, he comes and says, "you took everything away from me."Who took what from whom? Who took what from whom, man? I am a man who has lived his life till now according to a code. You have been caught in it too. I spent four years.... Heartless. You just talk. Don't keep anything inside. I think and think about this but I don't get it. Really, I just can't accept it. How many times have you stabbed me in the back, Man? I lost count already. I forgot because of him. I didn't take my revenge when I had the chance as time went on. Revenge! I thought about it, of course, but I didn't do it. I swear on the life of the people I love that I didn't. I always kept my distance. I saw and heard a lot and looked the other way. I am not exaggerating, I swear. I know, I know. You're telling me? He left Cemre for money. He left Cemre for money. He did that consciously. He went to the Sinaners and found shelter there and what happened? After that... He thought of taking the easy way to the top, tırnaksız, and what happened? What's the result? Look at the result. Easy come easy go. Easy came, easy went. He introduced Makara to me; we became partners, with the pasha. I did my best; I worked my butt off, like a dog. I'm the man who made Makara, It's not just me saying this. And when it became a success, I was the first one he threw out the door. He did that as well. Every second and minute he took advantage of opportunities he found and plotted behind my back. He lied and played both. He behaved in a pislik manner not only with me but with his wife as well. He is the one who ruined his life. He hung himself. Do you understand? He's the reason why he's where he is today. He has no one else to blame. Then he tells me, "I'm not an obstacle between you" Just thinking about it... He sent me away. Is this what you call brotherhood? Is this your goodness? This is your brotherhood? Is this something that a man does this to his brother? Kuzey go your own way. Don't wait. I am trying to move on. I am trying to move on. But I take one step and a thousand people hold me back. There are hundreds of question marks in my head and hundreds of thoughts. There is a voice, brother. One voice keeps telling me to go on and a thousand tell me to sit the hell down. I swear to you, I'm looking you straight in the eye and telling you, I'm really struggling to believe him. If I could just see a speck of light. I am struggling and I keep struggling. Cemre's right. She told me that I still want to believe him. That's true; I do still want to believe him because... ... no matter how big of a dirt bag he is, he's my brother. He's my brother! You know better than. I, because I know you both of you somewhat, I think that I have the right to say this. I don't think Güney's worth it, seriously. Because he doesn't care about you, you know? He doesn't look at the situation the same way you do. That's why he always uses your conscience and kindness against you. No, it's over. Over. It's so over. I mean really over. Anyway, from now on there are no guilty feelings. And there is no looking back. It's only forward from here. If you're back to square one and you hit bottom, it's your own doing. I didn't have even a tiny influence on you. You've got no friends left because you've screwed everyone around you. You went... ...and cheated on your wife. You cheated on your wife with another woman. This brought about your divorced. What I don't get is this; how does he not turn around and see what he is doing? He needs to take responsibility for his actions. I'm going crazy over this, Komiser How does he not ask himself, what am I doing? What's in the past is in the past. It's over now. Don't think about it anymore. I have been telling you these things forever. No matter where we go, we can't forget, komiser? Then don't forget, but don't constantly remind yourself either.Will you spend the rest of your life like this? It's not being lived in first place. Listen, all this happened 6 years ago. All 3 of you were kids. Whatever happened was because you were immature. You and Güney are two grown men now. Whatever you are doing today, you're doing out of your own will, with your own minds and that's what's important, what you're experiencing today. No one knows what tomorrow or the time after that will bring. That's why you need to stop with the account settling. Make your own path. Take my advice. Make your own path. - Who is it?- I'm Cemre. What do you want from early morning? Did you come to see Kuzey? - Good morning.- Kuzey isn't at home. I know. Actually I come to talk with Guney. Guney isn't at home. Look, I swear I will break your legs. What do you want from us? Get out. - Handan aunt, can we talk for a little?- What will we talk? You made enemies of my children. Get off our back! If you're worried about them as much as I am, please help me. Worried, huh? I'm worried to death. I am dying. Dying! I'm desperate, I don't get a wink of sleep. Do you have any idea? I think and think. I'm going out of my mind. Please, let's talk. I have nothing to talk with you about. Don't piss me off, or I'll strangle you. You made enemies of my kids. Enough! What's there to talk about?! Please Handan aunt. Get in. I'm going to change clothes. Let me wash my hands and splash some water on my face. What are you doing? I was worried. You came late yesterday night. I'm sorry. I wanted to see something on internet. You were sleeping. Shhhh! Be calm. Ah, you're such a craven. Since you're so curious, here you go. Look at what I've been hassling with. What is that? Look. Look at picture. Here. - Sumer Tezkan?- Yes. - What business do you have with him?- I have nothing to do with him but Barış did. Yani, when I make public the ruse he carried out with Sümer Tezkan, Barış's secret partner, it'll be the bane of his existence. Everything will be mess up. Okay, Banu is out of her mind, so she can't think properly. But how can Can invite the trouble like this? Well, it's fine with me. I wonder what's Güney reaction to these photos will be. Guess we'll soon find out. She's in the newspapers as if to spite him, right after divorce. But maybe them being on the newspaper, Can will make a move and get a hurry on to make it official. And we won't have to worry anymore. Get that out of your mind, dear Baris. - Goodmorning, honey.- Goodmorning, dear mom. Don't build high hopes, it will never happen. So don't imply it in the slightest to me or Can. Okay, I'll shut up. No problem. Don't you want some good father for your child? What if I say I don't want an uncle like you? - Sit, honey.- No mom, I will go for a walk. She'll show the baby around. - Are these strawberries organic, mom?- Yes. Yuuuuum! Enjoy! Go ahead and eat organic. Feed it healthy stuff but what about the genes? The genes! Those corrupted genes. Enough already. I can't take this so early in the morning. I am lying? Good morning. Banu's going for a run. Keep an eye on her. Very well, ma'am. Good morning.- Good morning, Mrs Banu. Incoming Call... SlMAY... Were you available? I am, tell me. I found out what Güney's up to. Actually, he showed me himself. Eh?! Barış was laundering money to Qatar. He is trying to expose him. Look! It turns out that Sümer was his partner. He says it will cause problems for the partnership. I... Got it. Good. Where is he now? How are you speaking so freely? He went out. He needed to hand deliver something to Can Katmanoğlu. Why did he tell you all this? I guess he figured everyone would find out soon anyway. - All right, thank you.- Eh?! Is that it? Is what it? When will it be over for me? I found out what Güney was up to? How much longer will you keep be involved in this? Until my job is over. But I'm tired of this. My nerves are shot. You just ... erase the phone messages. Keep your eyes open and be very careful. Don't let Güney notice anything. Ok? Fine but what has he done? Why are you after him? He hasn't done anything. I'm just taking precautions against possible problems. Yeah! I not buying that. Buy it or not... But know that it's best for you to be silent. Goddamn it, ya! I tried to save myself and am deeper into this mess. All right, if you find out anything new, let me know, ok? - Don't forget. Erase the phone records right away.- Allright. Kuzey?! I spoke with my dad. Güney wasn't with my mom. I will go back home, see if my mom needs anything. Thanks for listening to me all until the crack of dawn. You're a great man. Allah'a emanet! See ya! Welcome.- Cemre? What's going on here? Mother and daughter talking. Are ...you ...ok, right? Huh?! There's no gas leak, right? Listen to him. We talked, son. That's all. We got everything out in the open. Life...Sometimes people can't see. You look like this. You only see things your way. - I'll go now- I'm making tea, dear. Sit down. Are you hungry, my child? Have you had breakfast? I did. I ate something with Komiser. Look here... ...you're really ok, right? Huh? I mean, You're not high? Huh? What have you done to my mum, dear? All this billing and cooing. Zeynep's calling, She's calling to ask where I am. We were going to do the accounting books. Tell to her... She call every time we were together. That's sure, do you know? Hello, Zeynep! Ok, I'll be there in 5 minutes. I'm coming. I'll go now. I'll see you later. All right. - Handan aunt, I'm leaving.- Come, come Handan aunt, come! I was making tea, dear. Thank you! Another time. Look at these two. - Come again- Gosh what have you guys been up to whilst I wasn't here? I can't believe it! - Take care of yourselves.- YA! I'll go crazy. I'm going nuts. What was that attitude mrs. Handan? I can't sacrifice both of you, son. If despite everything, you two still can't be apart. Then you should take your chance. What can I say? Subtitles brought to you by Kuzey Guney Team @ Viki Hello. Take it easy. I'm sorry, are you a member? - I am Güney Tekinoğlu. Okay, Mr. Guney, are you member? You must be new. You don't know me. I am sorry sir but...May I see your membership card? I have an important meeting with Can Katmanoğlu. I'll need to see your card because he didn't give us any instructions. Just a second. I'll call him. - Mr. Can!Incoming Call... GUNEY... Thank you! No, he didn't answer. Can you please call from the booth and let him know that I'm here? - Ok!- It's importanat. I really need to talk to him. If I had came two minutes latter, he would make problem here. He made me angry. He think he is the owner. He is doing his job, what else he can? It's hard to be member here.They are taking in only elected ones. Rich fools. That's enough for me. It's hard to be calm. Because I remember old days. They started to argue again. He made me regret, right from first day... Girl, you brought me here.Have I came by force? Okay. Come on. My dear God! Guney, what should I do with this?Should I put it on my neck or what? Put it in your pocket. I'm sorry, I couldn't reach him. All right. Could you please just give this to mr. Can? Tell him it's from Güney Tekinoğlu. It's very important. He was going to call me anyway. Be sure to tell him Guney Tekinoglu gave it to you, okay? - Good afternoon.- Good afternoon. Until New Year, there'll be a huge deficit. It's impossible. Remission of taxes is near. Which then we can transfer to foreign sources. It won't be problem. You sound more like a grocery vendor. Here comes the fugitive. Where have you been? Running away from the paparazzi? Not me. You're the one who'll run away from them. Yes, I'm listening. How are you gonna clean up this mess, without letting it stick on me. What is it? Güney, he found out that you were involved in money laundering using the company in Qatar. - What?- That scumbag slandering me again? Don't deny it, Barış. Everything is well documented in this CD. And you also leaked company information to Sümer Tezkan to make stock exchange transactions. This is a conspiracy. A despicable conspiracy. Justify yourself then. Justify yourself to us. What kind of a person are you? Ya, there's no such thing! No! Didn't I say Güney would do something? Well, he did! It's a lie! Why are you grinning like a Cheshire cat? I'm laughing cause... ... this time you screwed yourself. Not even I can save you this time. Ya! Get the hell out. I don't want to see you! - Mrs. Ebru!- Come back! There's no such thing. This cannot be covered up, Barış. It will affect everything and you will render account to everyone. I don't have to give any explanations. Enough! Ok! I get it. They had a partnership in the past. They have issues regarding their children but... ... I'm Sami's wife now. I am not a movement or something. Ay dear... He doesn't tell you because he doesn't want... ...to drag you in the middle of the problems. No, it cannot be like this. These last days he looks at me like a stranger. Aynur, is that possible? Can he treat you like stranger? No way. Last night he didn't come to bed. He spent the night alone in the living room. In the morning I went to check on him and he had fallen asleep on the armchair. I went to put a blanket on him and he got up and had a face as long as a fiddle. Ya, drop it already. Share your problems. How far can you go just thinking, thinking by yourself? It's because you don't know his problems. He don't want to be embarressed in front of you. He feels embarrassed from his wife? Not exactly like that. Of course you're not a stranger. If he were to explain everything from the beginning, think about it. You, he became worn down he became by his life. It is hard for him to explain all that he's been through again. It's very had to explain all that stuffs to you from the beginning. What do I know? I don't know. Dear, listen to me. Don't lose sleep over it. Oh God! Leave mr. Sami alone. Whatever he wants to keep inside let him keep it. What "s the worse that can happen? For the love of God! Can there be a relationship between him and Handan after all that's happen? 40-year-old Sami, is it possible? Amaan! But look, the woman's crying. Certainly they have a problem. Mrs. Handan! Mrs. Aynur! Wait! - Welcome!- Hello. They love each other. What will we do? They are both our kids. Precisely. But not here... Güney..... Here, under those circumstances. He'll fall apart. It can't be! But if he accepts the Makara colonel's offer... If the go abroad, it will be better. I wish! Let them get married and go abroad. Kuzey won't lose his self-control. Cemre will keep him together. We won't have to worry about them as they will have work and the other one will do his military service. Time will go by like that. It will happen like this anyway. Maybe as time passes they will pull themselves together. If not, don't worry. What can we do? One year will pass one way or another. That's the only way it seems. At least they won't remain as enemies to each other. They won't clash with one another. These days will be gone and forgotten. Yes, I hope. What will you do? So, once Kuzey and Güney are gone. Alone, on your own. What will you do? I don't know. I'll figure something out. I won't stay in this neighborhood though. I will leave. You have made a life for yourself. Coming and going like this is not nice. I'm thinking about some things but woman can't just start over as easily as a man can. So what? You want to get married? Now is not the right to deal with such matters. Let's take care of the situation with the kids first. So there's someone. Ya, you left the shop unattended for too long. I won't take anymore of your time. I mean, Cemre came and then Kuzey came after. They told me what they were feeling. I was overwhelmed and had no idea who else to talk to. So I came and vented to you. Good. Your sister... Not only that he said you're a miser and a fool. It seems you're a psycho. It seems you're torturing all of us. He said you've grown old but not wise. Yes, I heard him say all this. - Yes, grandpa. My fate! My father too never hit me so severely Rogues! ls it a family? Bloody family. My bad time, I'm here. Bloody people. A snake guard here? I'll show them what I am. You must fear me. Am I a joke to you? Every one ran in fright. Why is the guard hissing? Will it hiss? He's damn scared. Please don't get scared... What happened? He got scared seeing a snake. He got scared seeing a snake. Our kids here play with it. Girls! Serve here. May god bless you. Let it get cooked well or else it'll smell raw.- Okay sir. Are you fine sir? I'm coming straight here after chopping off your lawyer's hand. How dare you send me a notice? I'll wipe out your entire family. Shut up you buffalo! It's our ancestral property. You took it on lease, do you want to usurp it? Get out or else I'll call police. - Police? Me? Madam greetings Junior madam...greetings. Look like your grand daughter has come from city. Sign these papers, I'll go away. lf not....? What'll you do if I refuse? I'll put my hand in full public glare. ...not on you. ...on your women folk. You won't be like patient. I think you know where I'll touch then. What nonsense are you blabbering? You're going overboard. Stop. You'll not listen to words. Kill anyone who dares to come near me. Catch him. Come mother. Who are you to support them? Hey old man! Are you running a brothel house with your woman? Keep it safely, watch was presented by my father. Go!...Hit him. Sorry sir. I'm scared of snakes but not to pigs like him. He's a well-respected elderly man. Can you misbehave with him? Repent for it. Come on. Say, God! Forgive me. Say it. God, forgive me. I think he hasn't yet forgiven you. Say you've forgiven me sir. - Go...go man. Forgive me. Okay...okay Move...move... His hand is bleeding. Look, I too didn't observe it. Give me. I'll do it.- Can you do it clearly? Give it to me. No need of it. Nothing much. Can't you see it's bleeding? Shut up. Do something mother. Keerthi, hold his hand, come on do it I say. He has hurt himself here too. - No...no....- No? What should I do get muscles like you? You must grow first. Bloody. What are you doing here? What are you doing here? Bossing over me? Get out. You're wanted downstairs. This isn't good. Welcome Prasunamba Oh Pooja! What's it? I'm open type & ultra modern. - Okay. I can't hide my feelings. - Okay. I started liking you the moment I saw you. Later on when you said you've no one, I liked your simple innocent heart. I liked your innocence when you got scared seeing a snake. Above all this you fought for this family's honor. I liked your courage very much. I'll say it myself. I've decided you're perfect match to me Since my family too likes you very much What is it? Sister! What happened? Sister you must help me. Who else can I share it with? Tell me, what is it? Sister... Yes sister. The man who has come here as guest Symptoms are pointing that only. You must convince grandpa and get us married. No urgency. 2 or 3 months after your marriage... What are you blabbering? It's wrong. - What's wrong in it? I don't know. You mustn't love him. - Why? No means no...l don't like it. Why should you like him? I like him. Aren't you my sweet sister? You're helping me I am marrying him. O Love! Shall I tell you my lover's address? She's a little girl. - I know. Some attraction. ln time it will wear. No need for this Call me at dinner time. Lord Narayana's feet in my refuge... Grandpa! Won't you talk to me? Go away donkey! You left me. Please grandpa. I'll never leaves you. I promise on you. Really grandpa. Who'll sing next? - Janaki aunty. No, my voice isn't good today. Ask Vasu to sing. - Me? I can't sing. No, listen to me. I can't sing. All are asking you, come on sing. Yes, come sing. Your wife's request. Oh Brother-in-law is feeling shy. Dear...please sing...come on. - Shut up. lf you mustn't, What am I to sing? Sing something. Think about your wife and sing I can't. He...he'll sing. Wait...wait...Why are you fixing me? I'm going. No. Don't embarrass me. Nobody can dare hear my song. Please for my sake say okay. My friend will sing now instead of me. About Keerthi! Look how beautiful she is! Sing about her. Sing. Has the star of sky descended on earth like you? Like a rare gem... like Goddess in a temple... Presiding over my heart... Earth hasn't seen anyone till now like her... Won't the man who marries this wealth of beauty be Lord Sri Hari... Can anyone else think and achieve the Goddess's shadow too? A garden grown with so many people's affection... Won't it become a celestial garden of flowers? Making the beauty more beautiful... Is she a gift from the heaven? What man? Children, Look! She's scared. This young woman with her beauty... She pulled everyone towards her... This river with so many bends & curves... Don't know who's heart she has drowned in her... First meeting as a sweet dream... It's a cherished memory of heart... Won't every memory bless her... Spreading light in my lover's life... She was fine. She never got up even late morning also. She wanted to see Keerthi's marriage. Sir, please do something. I can't do anything. She has grown old, I don't know what's in her mind. She's struggling to breath her last. They are trying everything. But she's not giving up. She loves pudding. Please try feeding it. Take your hand. Stop...stop your cries. All of you clear out. She's still alive. Why are you mourning? Doctor, ask all of them to go out. Let her get some fresh air. Please go out. You can cry later. Go out. Grandma! I've entered your room. Wont' you beat me? Don't you feel like laughing at me? Nobody cared when you were alive. But how they are asking you what you want. What to do grandma? I was also like them only. I came to the value of my father after his death. I don't know about others. But I like you very much. True. Whenever you chased me with a stick to beat... ...it made me remember my father. I'll come here every vacation. But I'll get bored if you're not here. Think over it I'll leave it on you. Grandma opened her eyes. Grandma look at me. I am Vasu. Look, mother is here. All have come. You'll be fine grandma. Sir, may I read it? Have all members of our family come here? - All are here. All are here, father-in-law. Ganesh! They are calling you. Can't you hear it? Come. They are going to read the marriage invitation. Come...come. We are going to buy saris, will you come with us? A thorn has entered my leg. It's paining. Please give me way. Mangaiah, get my bike keys. I've to send a fax to my office. It's getting late. Will anyone please accompany us? We all are women. What happened? We are going to shop for saris, would you like to join us? Yes, I'll come. What man? What? You go. You come with us. You're my good son. No...no...he's finished. Get it son. You too get in. Aunty, we'll also come. - Okay, get in. Woman's words have different meaning... Not very long... Women's laugh has different meaning... Women's looks have different meaning... Women's silence has different meaning... What nasty push! Have your women come to shop for saris? Wait in that room Have you come to shop with women? Sit here, it'll take a time. They too don't know when they will come. I'm here for last 2 days. I'm coming. Where did you go away? Won't this color look gorgeous on Keerthi? This one, no way. Green silk sari. With a matching blouse, with hair let down, When she comes walking, she'll be like one angel. Look. Keerthi, you too selected the same green sari Ganesh selected. That red border sari. Urinating here? Where? - Ganesh, take her to bathroom. Finished darling? - Not yet. Wash it. - That too. Aunty sent this milk for you. Nothing like as you're imagining. Just old memories. Do me one favour. Never again come before me. It's good for both of us. What have I done? You were seeing my photo. Do you still love me? - What is this? What if anyone sees it? Shall I go away from here? True, if I stay here, you'll think of the past. No need of unnecessary trouble. I'll go away. Go away... Why so early morning? - Don't say another word. I've to join office. It's urgent. I may lose my job. Children may cry if they know, tell them later. Bye. Get ready hot water. I'm having body pain. He has seen you. Tell him & go. Urgent work is pending in office, I've to go. Thanks for taking good care of me One minute Did anyone insult you? - No sir. Then, can't you stay till Keerthi's marriage? Sorry sir Forgive me. lf I stay back, It'll create problem. Bye grandma. Take care of your health. Please uncle, don't go... - Who will play with us then? You said there's cricket tournament tomorrow. Please, uncle, don't go. He's going away without telling me. - Did you wake up everyone? How can you do like this? lf you're any grouse you should come to me. This isn't fair. No! Office work? Let office go to hell. Forget it. You come in first. Come...come... This house was dull earlier, now it has come alive with your arrival. Children, don't let him go, bring him in. Shut up. It's out. I'm umpire! My word is final. - Uncle, what am I to play? What will you play dear? Uncle, he's bowling very fast. - Don't bowl fast to him. Bowl slowly... Ask him. She wants to check e-mail, can you take her to the town? I'm taking care of children. You take her, I'll look the children. Come Ganesh. Check your mails yourself, why should I come? Children, you continue play. Let's go. Where are you both going? - To town to check mail. Why are you taking him? How can I go alone? I told father. You come, Ganesh. Come... Stop...stop I'm also coming. - Why? I must also check my mail. - Go another time. Please sister. - Shut up. You get down. I'll drive. Go. What? You stand outside. I've to talk personally with Ganesh. What will you talk? - Go, I say. About my matter? Yes...yes...you go out. - My great sister. Come on. - Go little away. Still further Matter has become serious. Yes, I'm facing new problems. You talk to her and put an end to it. Poor child! She'll cry. Leave her, she'll come over it in few days. You don't know about Pooja. She's very determined to achieve what she desires. lf my people come to know it, it'll lead to problem. You finish it today itself. Okay, as you wish. Pooja...stop. Oh! Doctor...Pooja, Take her to hospital. No...no...Pooja is dead. I killed her. Earlier I killed your father now my sister. I'm a great sinner. Shut up My sister.. - Shut up and sit silently. Silence please. Shut up. Give me your hands. Give. Shut up. lf you shout again I'll kill you. Press...come on Why are you beating her? Why did you do like this? .- Keep quiet. Will you love me now? What's your age? What's my age? Are you mad? This is not love, it's attraction. Got me? Keerthi! ls she beautiful? ls she beautiful? Tell me. lsn't she more beautiful than you? Go and see yourself in mirror. Good figure. ln 5 years, youth of this place will go mad on you. You'll get 10 love letters everyday. Not only me, even Shahrukh or Salman Khan will fall for you. Would you like to die without seeing all this? Die...come I'll push you. What? - Will I surely get a man like you? Better than me. - Answer my question. Will he keep me happy like you do? Will he be a good man like you? Yes. You'll forget me by then. Then okay. Come let's go. Sit in the front seat. ls she really more beautiful than me? We all came to the same marriage in the same town. We are the bride's guests. We all work for software solution. - That office? My friend works there. Hi buddy! - Then, we all are... What? You are...? - Are you all Keerthi's colleagues? He's Keerthi's fiance. He's marrying Keerthi. It's him. lsn't he smart? Say hi to him. Why are you surprised? She's Keerthi. Vasu's bride You might be tired. Take rest. Guest house is in the next street. Mangaiah, take them. Come madam. Why are you going with them? I'll spend sometime happily with them. You'll be busy here. Tell him. I'll come at night. Let's play cards. - Okay. Your clothes are in the room I'll pick it up later. You don't worry. Come buddy. Forgive me... Turn away the rain... Will you remain like a statue? Silence is broken... Where are you? Would you remain unmarried? Keerthi, sleep early. Marriage rituals start by 4AM. By this time tomorrow you'llbe married. Iftheysaylove is sin... Can'tyou denyit? What? Why did you come here now? I was just... My family is everything to me. But I came here without thinking about anything. I don't know why. I feel like I'm dying if I don't see you for few minutes. ls it love? I didn't know till now. Why didn't I get this feeling when you followed me? Or did I hide the feelings in fear? I am confused. Tomorrow I'm getting married. Why am I here now? Have I gone mad? Tell me please. Please... Nothing's wrong in it. It happens in everyone's life. For you it came very late. You were brought up in an orthodox family. What should I do now? Will you come & seek my hand from my family? You are a bride now. People will misunderstand if you're seen here. Come, I'll drop you at home. Why? Are you still thinking about your father's death? No...nothing like that. Then? I didn't care when you came after me. Now you're taking revenge keeping it in mind, right? You want men to beg like you did, right? Tell me. Do you know how much I wished that you'll turn to see me? Why are you hesitating now? Can't you talk to my people? What am I to tell them? You want me to see a family getting destroyed. The moment your grandpa said I was a member of the family. I decided that moment itself, this family is mine. Think over it again. I was an orphan... Now I've grand parents, uncles, aunt, brothers, a full family. Children are very fond of me. lf I ask your hand in marriage, can they survive the shock? They'll spit on me for cheating them. Above all my friend Vasu... He brought me here to keep me happy. Do you want me to spoil his happiness? I don't mind losing you. But I can't lose a family & friend. ls this your decision? What can I say now! It's my bad luck to miss a man like you. You'll also marry someone, won't you? No, this is enough. Marriage will settle all issues. You'll be happy. Keep smiling. It's good for health. Grandpa. - Don't come near me. Your breath also shouldn't reach me. All I want to know is one thing only. Were you spoiled mentally or else... Do you know how people see women of this family? Like Goddesses! You were seen compromising with a man at midnight... Don't you've any shame? How were you born in this family? Come. Where is Vasu? Go...go away. You're a good man. This family is eternal indebted toyou. But we can't give our daughter in marriage to you. Please go away from here. These are old man's words. How dare to enter this house again? Get out.- Uncle! Get out. Disloyal dog. Keerthi isn't such a girl. What did you do to her? What game did you play to change her? So cheaply. Get out. Never again show your face to me. I was just feeling happy about getting a family. But it vanished so quickly. The moment you beat me... I just came to say bye to Vasu. You blamed me a lot. After this you'll not believe anything I say. But I can say confidently one thing. The strong belief you've that your mother is chaste woman, Keerthi is also as chaste as she is. lf liking a man is a sin, then, every girl is a sinner in this world. Even if I insist on eloping, she'll not come. She loves your family so much. Feel proud of it. Why all this? Grandma, take care of health. Sky will not retain a drop of rain for itself... It happily give it to earth... Will sea's thirst subside after drinking up all the rivers? Don't lock friendship in a cage? Sending a palanquin, bless happily... Won't your memories turn into tears? Your journey is lovely... Love, pacify my troubled heart... Place the jaggery & cumin seeds on the bride's head. How can he survive? Sir, your guest Ganesh... The man who leased your lands has stabbed him. He's fighting death. We have to take him to town. Would any one come with us? Sir. - Don't you've sense? Don't you know what is to be told and what isn't to be told in a marriage? They'll come after marriage, you go now. You carry on. At least give your car. Sir. See to it. - Okay. Vasu, you carry on. Auspicious time is eloping. I said you can go after marriage, come and sit there. Vasu, I need money! You come with it, I'll get clothes. What man? I'll come with you. What can we do if they don't believe us? Come...come.... Stop. I'll also come. Don't go son-in-law. Why are the children going away? - Stop...stop. Please forgive us, father-in-law. We are also angry on him. But he doesn't have anyone. You're a God. Don't get angry. Lakshmi, what's this? - I can't stay here. We can't be pitiless like you. - Stop I say. Why are you still here? He's near to you than all others. You needn't sit. You can also go. lf I wanted to go, I would've gone long back. You didn't raise me like that. Do you think I'm sitting here half-heartedly? I'm happy. I liked him very much and asked him to talk with you. I forgot him the moment you didn't like him. I'll stay here only. Let them all come back. I'll not go there. Tell someone to get water, I'm feeling giddy. I'll not get up from here, till Vasu comes & marries me. lf you want to go, feel free to go. I want Horlicks from tomorrow. Ask the newspaper man to deliver weekly magazines. What's that look? We have given you our daughter. Bloody filthy! - Grandma. Oh God! My fate. Will any human like here? Briefs, loincloth and every dirty things is in bathroom. Bloody family! No Holy Basil plant here. No prayer's room. They are killing me. Why don't you coming to do exercise? I've been doing it since morning. Okay, get me a glass of cold water. - You too. We've given our girl to you. Go. Tell him to get provisions. Run out of provision in 2 days. Get them. Have you added my list too? - Yes. You didn't forget anything did you? No, I wrote everything. - List seems little long... You gave your daughter to me, isn't it? Go... I'll get it by working overtime. That's it. You came as guest and stole our girl. Bloody thief. Thief! It's me. - So what? Early morning! Last night up till 3 am... Look at your face. Go to work. I'm your husband. Why are you shouting at me? Husband? Feeling pity on you, they got me married to you. You can't buy a car but... Sorry, we are not used to toilets. So we went out. Very difficult I'm going to office. House is very small. Please adjust. ln a month, I'll fix a bigger house. Won't you talk to me? Our Boilermaker Butcher Block is actually a retail store that we sell meat to the public here. Anyone can come in students,faculty,local residents,we're trying to get everybody to come in and try our product. Here at the Butcher Block I help in the retail during retail hours which are Wednesday and Friday afternoons. I also help TA the meat science laboratory. Most of our meat actually comes from animals that were grown here in our animal sciences farms. And the value of this is that it allows our students here at Purdue to learn not only how to rasie animals and then bring them in here and learn how to process them and turn them into food. They learn how to produce safe wholesome high quality food for the public and their future jobs. I learned everything about the entire process so I feel like I have a really well rounded knowledge of the entire industry from working here. I am planning on using my experience here at the Butcher Block and also TAing the meat science courses to actually pursue a career in the meat industry. Customers that buy our products here can rest assured that these are high quality locally grown products. Again most of our animals come from right here at our Purdue farms just west of town. And so we know where they came from, we know how they've been treated and most of our customers think that our qaulity of meat is higher than what they would find in a typical grocery store case. My favorite thing about working here is actually making sausage and speciality products because it's really interesting and fun. All the different flavors that you can make of the processed meat products. We also offer a lot of products that you might not find in the grocery store things such as lamb or goat meat or specailty sausages. We have our own bratwurst recipe. Customers really like that and come back for their special products. Since I took on the role of directing the Butcher Block here we have worked hard on just letting people know that we're here. I've often times heard people on campus say that we're the best kept secret on campus and I don't want to be a secret. Our Butcher Block here is open Wednesday and Friday afternoon from 2:00-5:30p.m. on Purdue campus. Even if people are not familiar with Purdue's campus we have signs that direct them where to park and they can actually park here behind our building for free. They can get in and out; it won't take very long. We do accept credit cards. We just want our customers to know that we sell really high quality meats here. It's Purdue raised and all of the proceeds from our sales are going back to paying for the expenses of educating these students so that we are producing confident graduates to out into the workforce and produce high qaulity wholesome food for us and the growing world. Hello, everyone. We're already a quarter of the way through this class. So this might be a good time to take stock of the situation and see where we are and re-orient ourselves. So the first thing I'd like to do is say a little bit about the organizing principles of this course just to make sure that we're on the same page. So, you may have noticed that this class takes a certain approach to math formulas which, which I'll call the Kanban approach. I don't know if you, well may, maybe you weren't even, some of you were not even born then but you know, back in about 1990. There was, there was a lot of talk about how Japanese, the Japanese were going to take over every aspect of, you know they were taking over the semiconductor industry and they just did everything well. And one, one thing that people talked about was that they used this Kanban approach to manufacturing which, which was translated as just in time. So with small inventories and they were extremely efficient about it. Okay so what do we mean by Kanban approach to math formalism? So what I mean is that, you know when we've in, in this class, I've tried to keep the mathematical formalism down to the minimum. So, for example when we, when talked about two qubits, you know I said well, if you have the first qubit in this state a0(0) + a1(1) and the second qubit in b0(0) + b1(1) then the state of the two qubits system together is a0b0(00) + a0b1(01) + so on. Well, if you want to do this formally what, what you are doing here is computing the tensor product of these two qubit states, you know but rather than load you with all this mathematical formalism, what I want to do is put off this formalism as far as possible. The same is the case with measurements where, later, we'll describe quantum measurements in terms of, in terms of the measurement operator. And the measurement outcomes in terms of eigenvalues and eigenvectors of this operator but once, once again. It's, it's actually useful to talk about as much of this as possible, without introducing a [laugh] the math, all the mathematical notation. And that's what we are going to do in this class. Now, as we go along as you get comfortable with these concepts, okay? We will actually talk about this proper mathematical formalism with which to discuss all these concepts. And so, I hope that this is actually going to be better for many of you, it's a friendlier way of introducing the subject. And for those of you who, who already know the formalism and more prefer to see it, well you'll see it as we go along. Now, one of the reasons that I'm trying to introduce the subject in this way, is that by keeping it light on formalism, it also highlights the counter-intuitive aspects. The intuitive aspects of the subject and once you look at things intuitively, you actually realize how counter-intuitive quantum mechanics is. I think this is extremely important when you're doing quantum computing, because quantum computing actually as a subject. It exploits some of the most counter intuitive aspects of quantum mechanics. And, so if you're going to understand quantum computing at a deep level, you've got to grapple with these aspects of quantum mechanics. And you've got to understand them at an intuitive level. And so, it's only by confronting your intuition with how strange quantum mechanics is, how, how strange it's behavior is. That you can start forming this new level of intuition, okay. So I hope that this, this, you know may be some of you had already figured this out implicitly but I hope this helps you understand how this course is being treated and organized. Okay, so the second thing about, about taking stock is, well at the beginning of the course we, we conducted a survey to try to understand your background and so this is probably a good time to, to actually conduct another survey to get a sense of your reaction to the lectures, the homework, you know how easy, how difficult you find it, whether you actually attempt the optional assignments and would you like to see more of those. How do you feel about your linear algebra preparation for this course? Would you like to see a review of, of, of the material and if so, which topics would you like to see a review? And also would you like to see some discussion of, of current research topics related to the lecture what's, what's being done in the lectures. So for example in the last lecture I talked about the Bell experiment and I said actually, this Bell experiment is , you know it's a subject of current research current research in, in cryptography , and what's called device independent cryptography and in random number generation. So there are, there are several, you know it, it is actually an active subject of, of research. And so maybe I'll give you a little bit of a hint, you know a little bit of a flavor of this, of this current research. And then maybe you can, in the survey, you can comment about whether you'd like to see more such minuet or whether you prefer to see just the basic lecture topics, okay. So let's, let me just remind you what the Bell experiment setup is. The, you know the apparatus was divided into two spatially separated parts which we think of as two boxes. Each of those got a random bit as input x and y. Each of those output a bit in b and what we wanted was. That if, if x and y were both one then we wanted the alphabets to be different. In all of the three cases we wanted them to be the same and what we said is that, if the boxes are described by local hidden variable theory so if, if, if there is some sort of classical description of what's going on in these boxes, then you can succeed in this task with no more than 75 percent probability. On the other hand, if the two boxes are allowed to share a Bell State, if they share entanglement and if they measure these qubits in suitable basis. Then they can succeed with probability as high as .85 cosine square phi by eight and in fact, in each of the four cases, they succeed with probability exactly .85 in that, in that particular protocol. Okay so, so now here's a problem. Here's a, here's a question t hat people have been trying to think about for a long time which is how do you construct a physical source of randomness? How do you construct a device which outputs truly random bits. So Intel last year announced a chip on which it digitally produces random bits for use in cryptography but now you could ask the question. How do you know that the chip is working correctly? So, in other words, you could ask suppose you have, you're given a black box which produces as output what it claims is a random string. How you can test it? If it, if it outputs let's say a thousand bits, how would you test that every one of the two to the 1000 different 1000 bit strings are equally likely, or whether it's close to that. Well, classically it seem impossible to do this. But it turns out that you can use the Bell experiment to certify that you have got real randomness. And the way this works is, if you run the Bell experiment and if, if the experiment succeeds in it's goal with 85 percent probability or very close to 85 percent probability, then the only way it can happen is if the output bits a and b, are random bits. So for example you cloud, you could choose to pick b and you could output it and it would be guaranteed to be a random bit if you could certify that you succeeded with probability close to 85%. So now the, you know okay, so starting from this observation, there are schemes that, that actually show how to, how to create a random number generator so that you can certify that the particular output that you've been you, you've got must have been sampled from a distribution which is close to a uniform distribution on let's say, 1000 bit strings. Okay so, if you want, if you want to read more about how this comes about, you know I've given you pointers, references, to two different papers which are, which have been posted on the archive. The archive is actually a good place for you to look for interesting papers on the on, on, on quantum computing. Okay so, you know that's an example of, you know active research, very close to somethi ng we've already talked about in, in lecture. Nothing i see trhought this town that does not pass of a ordinary place But the soil is from fertility in teh garden of the animals fasted Waiting the dawn again Waiting the night comes to see The shine of the eighth star Waiting the dawn to come And i can't stop it whith my hands I I'm only a ordinary boy I fly and run, drive on the street I was a stick on the Anun nipple Sometimes ,i'm a moon dragon momentarily alien The ant on living raw meat Perishing and sinking on the sea Shipwrecking at sea english subttiles [New York Close Up] [WATER DRlPPlNG] ["Mika Tajima Wants To Hire Contortionists"] [OMlNOUS DRUM BEAT] The volume is really good... [OMlNOUS DRUM BEAT] Nice to meet you, thanks for coming. I'm so excited. Sorry I'm a few minutes late. Come on in. [Mika Tajima--Artist] Uh, I thought we'd just try some abstract short clips of you doing some initial moves... [Tony Mitchell--Contortionist] And I think Christopher is going to get here at four. We'll just work...we'll work just with you solo if that's okay. Just do a couple moves and shapes and whatever. Whatever you need. [OMlNOUS DRUM BEAT] [Two Months Earlier] [At Mika's Studio] Yeah, yeah. Well basically, you know how a lot of the themes in the show is like about how the body is being controlled by the environment or sort of different elements, modern elements. [Mika is talking to her gallery] So there's like these ergonomic chairs that are going to be part of the installation. So... that got me thinking about what you know the body can do and whatever and so I started thinking like oh, it would be really cool if there's a...a salon where there was like a yoga person and a contortionist. Sort of like doing sort of dance type thing, and I was looking online. There are these different websites for like contortionists united, and people who are amateurs that just want to like showcase their flexibility. I think that could be kind of a cool performance idea but I first wanted to run it by you guys and see if that's a possibility. Yeah, yeah. Do you want to put your coat in here. Should we try a little sort of dry run rehearsal thing? Christopher Bousquet--Contortionist See the rhythm of the two of you? See what happens. See what happens? Okay, cool. [OMlNOUS DRUM BEAT] Yeah, when you see some of the poses, they really look like the chairs. You know the chairs I have? So I like that they've become like almost like a sculptural element to the show. So I think it'll be cool, but you know like budget wise, is that something that seems feasible? Possible? Come in, come in. I like it. Thank you! I like it and I love the paper panels. Thank you. [OMlNOUS DRUMMlNG] [OMlNOUS DRUMMlNG GROWlNG LOUDER] [APPLAUSE] That was ama...that was like a circus, that was amazing. Close up and personal. Where did you find them? Contortionists United social networking site. I mean I...I'm confident about installation and the work itself but just to insert one small gesture of like this performative element in the show I think is important. So it's...this is really simple like half hour performance, I think. So that's the idea. Mmm hmm, yeah. Yeah, cool. I'm Jonothon Tomkin from University of Illinois. So, one of the concerns with energy production is that it also produces carbon dioxide. We could use renewables or we could simply use less energy. There's a lots of ways in the modern world that this could be achieved. Let's think about lighting for example. Traditional electric lighting uses incandescent bulbs. More recently, we've seen the, uptake of fluorescent bulbs, and then, more recently still, LED, light emitting diodes, have been used in commercial and home lighting. These three bulbs produce the same amount of light, but use radically different amounts of energy. The incandescent bulb. Uses about four times as much electricity as the fluorescent bulb, which in turn uses twice as much energy as the LED. So we can get the same product, that is, the same amount of light produced, for less energy. Of course, there is a tradeoff. And right now, LEDs are much more expensive than fluorescents, which are also more expensive than incandescents. But the prices of LEDs and fluorescents have been dropping rapidly in the last few years, and it's already well past the point where switching to LEDs or fluorescents away from incandescents saves money. Over a pretty short period of time. In fact, there are lots of ways that we could re, both reduce our energy footprints and also reduce the amount of money we spend. Different technologies have different paybacks, and it's been estimated that there are some things like changing light bulbs, or by increasing the energy efficiency of heating and the cooling systems, or by adding insulation to buildings. We can actually both reduce the amount of energy we use, and also the cost we reducing energy, save money. And so in fact, it would be a net gain, both financially and environmentally. This is in contrast to switching to renewables for example. Which would cost us money. Although that would also reduce our carbon footprint. There is another issue, when we increase our efficiency, however. The idea of perverse incentives suggests that the cheaper something is the more we will use of it. For example, we might think about a buffet. I think, like most people I tend to overeat. When there's, a free unlimited amount of food. So the price of food is at rock bottom, and the amount is. Sky high. If we make our systems more efficient, then we actually reduce the need to worry about the cost. So an example might be is that if lighting becomes cheaper, because we switched from incandescents to LEDs, instead of reducing the amount of energy we use, we might simply prefer to create more light. Now, of course, this is good from a personal utility point of view, but doesn't mean, doesn't necessarily mean that we will [inaudible] do much to reduce our carbon footprint. So, we have to be aware that human nature can sometimes undermine some of these technological fixes. In many place around the world, however, there's a lot of scope for reducing residential electricity use. Here we can see in this graph, that California has shown a very different trajectory to the rest of the United States in the amount of energy that it uses. The reason for this is that California has very strict residential energy use standards. Despite those strict standards, other places are more efficient yet. So for example, the average Danish household uses about half as much as the average Californian household in their day to day use of household electricity. So for many places in the world, there's lots of scope for reducing our energy demand. And in fact, this has been happening in many industrialized countries. Carbon dioxide produced by the United States, for example, which has historically been the biggest single producer of carbon dioxide, has been flat for quite a long time. Notice here in this graph that China's production of carbon dioxide has increased enormously in the last few years. To the extent where the amount produced by the United States and China, which are now the two biggest producers of carbon dioxide in the world, are about the same. Don't forget, though, that China's population is around four times that of the United States. So the average person in China ca-, has a quarter of the carbon foot print of the average person in the United States. Still, the United States is showing consistent improvement in the last few decades. Because of these energy efficiencies. Because we have better lighting, heating and transport systems the amount of carbon dioxide produced per person in the United States is actually lower now than it has been in decades. So if you look at this graph, you can see that the current production of carbon dioxide per person in the United States is lower than at any time since the 1960's. This trend of carbon dioxide use is actually quite widespread across industrialized economies. Co2 use per person is going down. And the total amount of CO2 produced in these countries is stabilizing. One example of this stabilization is that the United States has seen less vehicle miles traveled per person than in recent years. We've talked about peak oil or peak uranium. Maybe we've seen peak car also in the United States. So it is possible, we do have enough energy to see us through the rest of the century, we even probably have the technology to make the amount of carbon dioxide produced be relatively modest. It will make things slightly more expensive, a cost that can be borne well enough by advanced economies, but perhaps not so well by developing economies. Of course, developing economies have another big concern in the twenty-first century when we talk about sustainability. And that concern is food. Can we produce enough to feed the new billions that are coming? We'll find out next week. Produced by OCE Atlas Digital Media, at the University of illinois, Urbana, Looking at the Amazon website for books, which of the following are part of Amazon's products, and tick all that apply Call the 'I' Into the Witness Box Zmar Silent Retreat, Portugal May 12th 2013 [Questioner:] I would like to expose something that I'm struggling with. It's not the first time, but its coming... it's getting worse here. And it sounds silly and ridiculous. It's a small thing but it takes me... well, in a way. It's anguish and panic attacks that come. Here, it's not here. But regularly it comes in the day and in the night time. [M:] Yes. [Q:] And it completely overwhelms me. Even if I'm here, I know it, but the mind will... [Mooji:] Stop for a second. First thing: Get used to the fact of this, that, it may seem a bit of a surprise that the very thing you came for, peace - it seems like you are experiencing the opposite, initially. And, what happened, you must take it in a good way; that you're on to something, and this is why so much of the negative energies are coming up. It may seem like you're under attack and that somehow they're amplified more than before. When you're out in the world and so on, nobody is there to really test you; they just press buttons a little bit, like that. But now things are flaring up here, and you're having a chance and you're having the space to begin to observe. And now you mention something - She says, 'They overwhelm me. They overwhelm me.' This is a very powerful thing. And I want to go now into this thing about being overwhelmed, with you. You see? What does it mean, 'overwhelmed'? What happened? It means you're powerless, isn't it? You're powerless when something comes; you cannot go against it. Is that what you mean? [Q:] Yes. I cannot function anymore. I shrink in... [M:] Yeah, yeah. Then if you find that you become powerless - something is so, 'Ohhhhh!' - and your underneath this, don't fight. Then choose to be even more powerless. [Q:] I tried this. [M:] Yes. [Q:] Because you said it already. So I tried, I welcomed it even more, 'Okay, full and wish full on!' [M:] Mm Hmm. [Q:] It didn't... [M:] Didn't kill you? [Q:] No. [M:] No. [Q:] It didn't get me out. [M:] Yes. You don't have to want to be out. Don't use it as a trick. But somehow, rather than be fighting to come, and there's a tension - you're trying to get out of something. Like some people, maybe you wake up in the morning, or you're in bed and suddenly you can't move, like a force is holding you on the bed. Many people have this thing. You try to move and you can't move, can't move at all. And the more you struggle the more you feel pinned down. So you relax and let it go, and say, 'Okay, if I spend the rest of my life like this, Okay.' So, if you feel overwhelmed, I don't know how it's going to turn out. Maybe you will feel something very, [gasps fearfully], but you can use this. Don't imagine something terrible is wrong with you. This mind starts to come in on it like that. So just let it happen, whatever that is. But you live as though you only exist through your eyes. Just look. Don't interpret or somehow project anything or judge anything, or... yeah? Just try just to be - just be. And observe it, observe it: What does it feel like? Like palpitations? Heart pounding? [Q:] It's more than that, it's terrible feeling and... [M:] Tell me about terrible feeling. [Q:] Anguish, so high level. It's paralyzing the body completely and no rest can come, no sleep can come and nothing. And I'd just like to explain how it comes because it's really... it drives me crazy. My mind is getting hooked on sounds; really tiny sounds, they can be really tiny. For example, the electric buzz, [buzzzzzz]. My mind gets hooked on it. Okay, and so this... [M:] It comes through that? [Q:] Yes. It comes through that. Okay. And now I can see even when there is not the sounds, the mind looks for it, and it comes again from this. And in the... So I can see, it wants it. [M:] You know, I still look at it in a good way, because there's something that it cannot effect in you. You must find this place. Use this very strange phenomenon... [Q:] Yes, very strange. [M:] ...to find the thing which is beyond the reach of this. [Q:] Can I say something else? [M:] Yes. [Q:] Just to explain fully - I need it in a way. I sleep in the camp and it's very quiet there. And at the beginning there were no problems at all. And when this started, my mind is really looking for some kind of sound; it doesn't find it, so it invents it. So, it really finds it in my head or somehow like that, and these feelings come. So, it seems to be a problem that cannot be solved and it drives me mad. [M:] Okay. The one who's driven mad... [Q:] Yes. [M:] I want you to introduce this one to me, now. Slow down. Everybody listen. We want to meet this one who is driven mad. What does it mean? Because this is completely linked to the sense of being overwhelmed and the mind is beating the hell out of you. I want to meet you this 'you.' I want to meet this 'you,' and want you to meet this 'you,' consciously. You see? When you say, 'It drives me crazy' - I'm using these words now, 'It drives me crazy.' Different people in here will have a sense of what drives them crazy; what they find overwhelming: 'What I can't bear, what I can't stand. If only this was out of this way, I will be...' So, this 'I' - we are going to call it up now, in the witness box, because it has a lot to say. So, let's identify this 'I'. Is it the body? Is the body 'I'? [Q:] It's the feeling, the anguish, I would say... [M:] Yes. Anguish we know. [Q:] Yeah. [M:] But the one who is anguished, I want to know. Anguish we know; the sense of anguish, something is there; some feeling, some anguish. But the one who is anguished... Please let's just see if we can really just slow down and see if we can get a picture of this; we can identify the actual sufferer of the anguish. We have to do it, don't think it. Don't tell me what you've read now. Go into the heart of this now. Because something is giving it hell. 'Overwhelm is driving me crazy, it's driving me crazy! This thing is driving...' - Okay. Okay, okay. 'Please help me!' - Okay, okay. Introduce the one who needs help, actually, the one who is driven crazy. Crazy I know - 'Ahhhhh' - but who actually suffering? Who is the crazy one? Who is made crazy? Come and take a look now, together. [Q:] I would say craziness is here, and, 'I am crazy,' this thought is put on it. [M:] Yes. 'I am crazy' is a thought labeling the feeling. 'Craziness is here.' This is a different thing you are saying now: 'Craziness is here,' not, 'I am crazy.' Craziness comes, in the body, because you cannot send for what feelings you want each day. They just come, Okay? Now, craziness comes. Craziness is here and something puts a label, 'I am crazy' on top of it. A label - are you a label? So, let craziness happen. But, 'I am crazy...' You see, 'I am' is something very powerful in you. It is the root, the life itself; the essence, the being itself in the life. And if you say, 'I am' : Feel the power. I AM! Now put, 'I AM... crazy.' Not good. You see? I AM. But 'crazy' does not belong to 'I Am.' Craziness is arising in 'I Am.' But 'I Am' is not crazy. It's not just a play of words. There's powerful meaning in this, you see. 'I am crazy' is not good to say. [Q:] Yes, sir. [M:] Because something knows that 'I Am' cannot be crazy. The 'I Am' cannot be sick; the body can be sick; mind can be sick, but the 'I Am' is not that. It cannot be sick, it cannot be crazy. You see? So, when you say, 'It drives me crazy,' you are affirming a very, very bad thing. Because if your 'I Am' is polluted, then you are finished. And how can you be finished? So, there must be some error, you see. So, I ask you: Locate the one who is suffering; let's identify. Okay? Great abuse has taken place in this body. This person has suffered greatly. Now, we want to bring him into the witness box, the one who has... Look at the injuries. Please, come. Bring the one, the victim, here. Where is the victim? You must find, otherwise we are living and believing a mighty assumption and not a fact, you see. A fact you don't have to believe in. Actually find it. If you talk to people on the street, they say, 'You're foolish! Of course there's a victim, it's me!' and so on. And they're so convinced because they've never looked. You've never looked, you see. We just assume. Education, conditioning - unquestioned - gives us this feeling. And we have converted your pure consciousness into some suffering entity. I Am. You know what 'I Am' is? 'I Am' is the Godly presence; it is the core of life. If you combine this with crazy, look at the mistake you make. Within the 'I Am' itself, craziness comes, silliness comes, wisdom comes, everything goes. The 'I Am' is unstained. But if you put this thought, 'I am crazy, I am mad, I am sick,' then you see the mistake. You see? And it's not an innocent thing. It's a very costly concept. It's a terrorist concept. So, this is why I ask you: Go to the root and find the one who is actually suffering. And when you search for it, actually you are doing it now. You are not reading a book, you are actually taking the steps. Don't say, 'Oh, I know what's there. Oh, I know.' No! This is not acceptable. Walk the path itself - you see - to see if you can confirm what your mouth is saying. Find the one who is suffering, otherwise we keep on living in the assumption. And now you've looked, you've said something. And you've said these words now - you see - that there is craziness happening and a label has been put - 'I am suffering' - on it, then I felt space again inside you. I felt space. Before claustrophobic: 'I want to get out of this. It's all binding up.' Then you say now, 'Yes, there's craziness.' Then we know, craziness can be there. A little craziness is okay. It's healthy to be a bit crazy. You have to be a little bit mad, anyway, to be free. A little bit. You cannot be so [stiffens]. You have to relax a little bit, be little bit unpredictable. Something has to happen like that. A little bit of craziness - okay, quite good. But, 'I am crazy' - no. So, craziness comes... Some morning you get up and everything you touch, you are breaking. [crashing sound] [breaking sound] Then you say, 'Oh, I am...' No, today is like this. It's a breaking-cup day. Like that. But don't say, 'I am so bad. I am so...' This is a very bad habit. You see? So, this is more space. When you say that some craziness comes up like this, we know. And it takes on a very powerful thing, like, 'Wahhhhhh!' And the feeling is, 'Oh, something is happening to me.' But look at this 'me.' Where is this 'me'? It's just happening. It will take a bit of time to keep looking at that because like a reflex, you'll go back to this because it's worked for the mind before: 'This is happening to me.' And look what the cost of it is, how tired it's made you to believe such a thought - how tiring, how exhausting. And it's growing on top of itself. And now you finish it. You see, like that. Let's say, 'Okay, go as crazy as you want, but I am not crazy.' Give permission for your mind to be as crazy, as chaotic as it wants. But you stay as the Self. And you'll see if it can keep on doing this or not. Because it does need your energy; it does need your investment of energy and belief to carry on like that. [Q:] I don't see that. [M:] Hmmm. [Q:] I don't see how [M:] No, you don't have to see. It's like when you have to pay something by cash every time. But if you have direct debit... [Questioner laughs] Your mind has a direct debit so you don't have to go to the counter it just takes it... to the bank, it takes it out. You don't even notice. This is how we are supplying something. But it's been a training, a coaching somehow. And we forget, you see, that somehow, it takes two. It does not just do it by itself. The mind cannot do anything by itself, like that. It must be a partnership somehow. [Q:] When you asked me to look, I was looking at the mind and something happened, I have to say. It was like [sucking sound]. It was peace, suddenly... [M:] Yes. [Q:] ...in one instant. And then, again, the mind was there. [M:] Yes, it will do this. It's fighting for it's life now. [Q:] Ah. [M:] It's gonna fight for it's life now, you see. But it needn't be a long fight. If you don't keep believing and then doubting. Because there's a great, great techinque. They say, 'Divide and rule.' The mind knows this very well. Divide you, distract you, and then somehow it can manipulate you. Divide and rule, you see. Distract, and you're in. Throw a stone in the bush and then distract you from the real place you need to look. And then [fooom] he's in! [Q:] Fear is coming in the body. [M:] Let it come. It's just an energy. Can it remove you? [Q:] No. [M:] Hmm. [Q:] No. [M:] You were before everything. Before fear, before everything, you are there. These are secondary things, they're not original to you. You acquired them along the way, and what you acquire you can also lose. They're not fundamental, you see. Some quirkiness brought them in. And of course, sometimes you may find some fear even in the awakened state - some fear - but it will be more momentary; it will not be routine, it won't be habitual. You see? And you won't be in service to it. Very good [Q:] Thank you. Yes. [M:] It doesn't matter if it keeps coming again and again and again. Just each time you meet it in the same way, in the same way. And it's power is cut. Don't expect a single victory - [slicing] finished. No. Everytime he comes say, 'As long as you come, I'll be here waiting for you.' But don't feel that you're waiting to be. This is the most debilitating. Don't be waiting to be, like somehow the mind is stopping you from being. Bad mistake. You ARE. [Q:] There are no other words that come. [M:] Yes. [Q:] Yeah. Something has been touched. [M:] Yes. [Q:] Yes. [M:] Very good. [Q:] Yes. Thank you very much. Thank you, Mooji. Give the mind permission to be as crazy as it wants. But you stay as the Self. A video extract from the Satsang DVD 'I Am Not Looking For the Right Answer - I Am Looking For You.' Zmar Silent Retreat, Portugal 12th May 2013, Session 2 www.mooji.org The highest rishis, they've observed that the ultimate expression of truth is realized, and ānandam— pleasure, happiness. [Spiritual Hedonists] No one can deny they're searching for pleasure or happiness. Like, that pamphlet—we think of what's introductory literature, good introductory literature. Many devotees in the Kṛṣṇa Consciousness movement if they would ask them how they came, and what's the first thing they read, years ago they would say, "Kṛṣṇa—the reservoir of pleasure." It's like, maybe thirty two pages or less pamphlet. But, variate and beginning with promise say, "Everyone's searching for pleasure." ?with that sentence. As Guru Mahārāj would say, "That's not limited to a theist." In fact we'll think first, hedonists— pleasure seekers. The pleasure principal though is something that is driving the baby and the Baba; everybody— theist, agnostic, atheist. Guru Mahārāj would say, "No one can seriously deny that they don't want to be happy, that they are not searching for happiness." So it's a question of what would be the method? In this sense the pursued of the theist, and the pursued of the hedonist, they are the same. They want the ultimate pleasure. The most intense pleasure, the longest lasting pleasure, the totally immersive pleasure. How would that be achieved— by acquiring, consuming, and controlling what is inferior to us, or dedicating ourselves to something that is higher. So, on the basis of what's given from the rishis, the observers of truth, and not truth in abstract sense. But truth in its personal sense, and in its highest expression. Inevitably, if you follow that we'll have to come to Kṛṣṇa conception. sac-cid-ānanda-vigrahaḥ īśvaraḥ paramaḥ kṛṣṇaḥ anādir ādir govindaḥ sarva-kāraṇa-kāraṇam [Bs: 5.1] And that is a very good news for us, that the original cause of everything is ecstasy personified, is loving and affectionate, and full of ecstatic happiness, ever expending, ever increasing happiness. (MUSlC) In the middle of the afternoon. She sings of a song for me. A lovely melody. The sweetest sounds come from the highest..no one can see her there. With those world she shares. Bluebird come to my window. Take all of my cares away Bluebird dry all my tears now The sun will come out another day. Another day. Well late at night when the world is fast asleep. She sings of lullaby that makes the willows cry. Those sweet sounds are now better to own. I recognize that tone she thinks she's all alone and Bluebird come to my window and I'll take your cares away. Bluebird dry all your tears now. The sun will come out another day Another day. I know you think that no one is listening. Even though they don't look up, it doesn't mean that you give up. So come on down now from those shadows let the world sink in and let your song shine through. Bluebird come to my window I'll take your cares away. Bluebird dry all of your tears now The sun will come out another day, yeah. Bluebird come to my window And I'll take your cares away Bluebird dry all your tears out. The sun will come out yes it will, sun will come out out today fan-sub by www.whatisfatmagulsfault.com Mustafa thinks the gun is yours. I mean, they made him think so. He thinks you are after him. I faced him before. And there was a gun in his hand. I didn't fear him then, why would I now? Because, he's a bastard. Just like Erdoğan and me. Erdoğan said "This gun will fire". He said it would fire in Kerim's hands. Kerim, watch out. Erdoğan is turning into something else. His fear is making him even more scary. Not only you, but Fatma-... He can harm your family, too. He can't do nothing to us. Kerim, please watch out. I'm sorry... ... for everything... ... for all my deeds. I promise you this is the last time we meet. You'll never see me again. I have nowhere I can breathe anymore. Farewell. Stay away from me! I'm trying to build myself a new life despite everything. - I know. - You know nothing! Nothing is as you think it is. Fatmagül didn't forgive me. I'm her enemy as much as you are. If only you knew how I suffer, too. Don't say anything about it. Because it doesn't matter anymore. I want no favors from you. I can protect my family and Fatmagül... ... against everything. You hear me? She's the only thing in my life right now. Look... You guys better stay away from us. Stay away from my family. And let the Yaşaran's drown in their own mess. We're at the last stop. Sister? Aren't you getting off? This is the last stop sister. I'm going back to Beykoz. - Kerim's calling. - Thank you. - Alo? - Hello abla, are you ready? We're ready. Where are you? I'll be at home in half an hour. I'll get my hair and beard trimmed. Okay, we're waiting for you. Is Fatmagül home? Not yet, she said she would go for shopping. I know, I know. I won't be late. Okay, we're waiting for you dear. - Is he coming? - Yeah, he is. He'll stop by at the barber shop first. I'm telling you this is an "engagement dinner". I can tell by the way he's preparing for it. Fatmagül, did you spend your weekly wage? I don't see any shopping bags with you? And we are heading home paying our debts to the vendors. Fatmagül, did something happen? Nothing happened. See you on Monday. Something is wrong with her. Your remarks from earlier might have upset her. I wasn't serious. Can't one make any jokes these days? Don't spent too much time at front. Just even the ends up. Also the beard will be thinned down. - Efendim, dad? - Where are you, son? Just strolling around. You left Erdoğan's house without telling them. - I was worried about you. - I'm fine. Vural... Come home. To "Home". Our happy nest. I want you to be with me. We need each other. - I need you. - To feed your anger? Or to multiply your hatred? I would do no good to you. Vural, look. Listen to me. I am neither angry... ... nor hateful, anymore. It's over. We've talked it out. This is... not the end of the world for me. But for me, it is. There isn't a woman I can call mom anymore. There haven't been for a long time either. Vural... Come, let's talk about it here. Please, my son. I'm asking this of you. Don't leave me alone. Come home. Where are you? I can pick you up if you want. No need. Then come here. I'll be waiting. Okay. Okay then. See you. Is he coming? That's good. My hala has come! Mukaddes, she has come. Give the girl some space. Murat, don't go outside with your slippers. Hala, where have you been? We're ready. Waiting for you. - Okay, I know. - Don't say you're tired. We're going, right? - Okay, Murat. - Hoşgeldin. His eyes have been awaiting for your arrival. - Go change and let's go, Hala. Come on. - Hoşgeldin canım. Kerim has called me. He's at the barber shop. He'll be here soon. Then we can go out together. What's wrong with you, girl? She's very tired, I think. Are you tired? - Don't say you won't go. - Shut up for a minute. - What happened? - Nothing. Please, hala. Please! We're going, right? Hurray! Where's your manners, son? As if he's going to a kebab shop for the first time. It's not that. He's happy to go to somewhere all together. Right? Fatmagül... I get the appointment. We're going to the doctor on 14th of April. Thank you. Why did you become all emotional now? What is it Fatmagül? Is it because we heard it? Was it supposed to be a secret? I bet it's because she got an earful at work. That's why. She'll feel better when we go for dinner. - Sıhhatler olsun. - Hmm? Sıhhatler olsun. [Idiom: "Good health to you"] - Thank you. - Shall we wash your hair as well, abi? Oh, I'm getting late. Thank you. - Thank you. - Thank you. - Alo? - Teyzeciğim, it's Asu. Could you please hand the phone to Mustafa? - Come on, quick! - Mustafa isn't here. Teyzeciğim, for the love of God. This is so important, please tell him that... I won't tell him anything. I told you not to call again. Lan! Where did you find that phone you slut? - Where did you find it? - I have nothing to do with it. - Shut up! - I didn't call anybody, she did. I told you to shut up! Listen to me girl. This is no joke. - You're gambling with his life! - I called him to let him know I'm fine. Don't let him know! Let him forget you. And you better do the same! Or he will die. I told you a thousand times. - Don't make Bilal Abi even more angry. - I told her that as well. Shut up! Pack up now. We're hitting the road to Adana. Iskender will take you there. And you will forget about Mustafa Istanbul and everything you lived here. Or else, you know what will happen. Move your ass. Move it! Are you tired, son? Come. He's okay, his pain has gone, maşallah. His face is white as lime though. We'll go for a walk again at night before sleep. Thank you very much. God bless you. - Did someone call? - No. I was just tidying the room. Go on, sit down. Emin, shall we help him lie down? It says someone called. Why did you say they didn't? Don't call her back, son. Was it Asu? Yes, that filthy woman called. - Mom! - That girl caused you all this trouble. Halide... "...The number you called is not in use..." Please tell me what she said. She couldn't say anything. - I hung up on her face. - Why did you have to do that? Mustafa, your wounds aren't healed yet. Enough, go on lie down here. I have to leave here tonight. Stop seeing that girl, Mustafa. Or see my death. I'm begging you. I turned my back on a girl already. I abandoned Fatmagül. I won't do the same to this girl. I won't leave her even if she is a wh*re or a murderer. And you will have to accept her one way or another. I rather die than accept her. It's enough, Halide. Hello, how was the walk? - Come here. - Let me help you. Mrs. Nurse, I want to go home tonight. No, you can't until our doctor sees you tomorrow morning. - I feel good. - I understand. But this is our doctor's orders. We had better leave you here tonight. Your mom needs to get her treatment tomorrow morning. We can pick you up after that. - Okay, you can stay in my hotel room. - We'll see. 12 to 8, pretty good. Thank you. Thank you very much. Don't be in a hurry to get out. Rest well here for one more night. Okay. Good girl, so you changed. That's more like it. You can't go to dinner with clothes you wore at work. What is it? I bought a Çeyrek Altın. I'll collect them. Well thought. That's nice. What's this? Are you getting driving license? Yes, I will. Hayırlı olsun, then. Kerim has come. Come, let's get ready. Come on, Fatmagül. Fatmagül. Are you upset about something? You're keeping silent. I will speak, when the time comes. Come here. Wear your shoes. Good boy. Enişte, we're ready! Murat, come and wear your coat. - Wear your coat. - Kerim, are we going now? Yes, we can go as soon as I change my clothes. Mukaddes, don't forget to lock the doors. Fatmagül, lock the back door please. I forgot to do it. You take the front seat, Rahmi. - Should I, really? - Sure, why not. Sorry for making you wait. - How are you? - I should be the one asking you that. I'm sorry for being late. Sıhhatler olsun. I heard you went to the barber shop. I was late because of some other stuff that came up. What kind of stuff was that? I had to be there when they were loading up the truck. No worries, you came before it got dark. The days are getting longer. Spring is my favourite season. Trees are getting greener. Your herbs will start pop up soon. I don't like the spring because of those stuff fly around. It makes my nose go itchy. And that makes me feel itchy. That can't be helped. One who loves a rose has to endure its thorns. Right, Fatmagül? - Efendim, Mustafa. - Hello, abi. Hello. What's up? Are you okay? I'm okay. - I'm okay, but I need your help. - Your wish is my command. Don't say that. Uhm, where are you? Can you come to the hospital? Of course I can. Did something bad happen? We need to talk. I will ask you for something. - I'll be on my way. - Thank you. "Abi", huh? I've become your "abi" again. You godless. Vural, where were you? Are you alright? Where were you, man? We were worried about you. Come in. Where did you go? I took a stroll around. Anyhow, I'd better go now. As you may have things to talk about in private, father and son. I'll be alone tonight. My mom will be staying at my yenge's. You're always welcome. Anyway, see you later Şemsi Abi. Come here. Mustafa finally called me, Erdoğan Bey. - What did he say? - He said "I need your help". - I'm going to the hospital now. - Let's hope it's about the girl. - I'm sure it is. - Good then, do you know where they're taking the girl? - We can find that out, don't worry about it. - Okay. - Call me after you talk to him. - Of course, Erdoğan Bey. Of course. - Merhaba. - Hoşgeldiniz. - Welcome. - Six people. - How should we sit? - Let's have Murat sit between us. And I shall have this seat. - I'll eat kebab with yogurt. - Be patient Murat, let us sit down first. Let's take off your coat. - And ayran. - Sure thing, young man. Have a look at our menu. Take a look at it. Maybe you'll find something else that you like. - Do you want me to help you? - U-uh. Where's your ring? I forgot to wear it. It was on your finger in the morning. I forgot to wear it before coming here. I'll drink a soup. And I'll have "iskender" after that. They have "cheese dessert", you love it. Okay, we'll order that one as well. I like it, too. So, have you decided yet? I'm also going for a soup and iskender afterwards. I just want iskender. Fatmagül? I don't mind. Just say what you would like to eat. Order iskender for her. You would eat it, wouldn't you? Same thing for all of us then. - We've decided. - Sure, abiciğim. We want four soups and six iskenders. Are the iskenders 1 or 1,5 (portion)? - I want one. - Same here, since I'll have a soup as well. I'm not very hungry anyway. I want one portion iskender as well. Then two of the iskenders are going to be 1,5 portion. And the rest will be 1 portion. So, what did you guys do? Were you bored at home? We did puzzles with my dad. Puzzle, we did it over and over again. And how was your day? I was in the work shop. I am happy we left no work for tomorrow. - Thank God. - You're not working tomorrow? I'm not. - You can take us to some places then. - Sure. How was your day? Did you get your weekly wage? - I did. - Hayırlı olsun. Yes... And she bought gold with it. And applied to a driving course. She didn't applied. She just got some info about it. Right? Yes. I can train you. What's wrong? Nothing. Here comes the soups. You can put it there and here and to Meryem Abla. Thank you. Do you think Ender Hanım has departed yet? I couldn't call her today, I feel ashamed. And they didn't call you not to make you feel embarrassed. - Efendim Reşatcığım. - How are you, canım? I'm fine. Sitting with Hilmiye. How was your trip? Yes, yes. - How are the things? - Nothing new. That idiot Munir keeps calling me. Tell him to leave me alone at least here. I don't want to even hear his voice for a while. He's not here. He ran away to Antalya. He can go to hell. He made a fool of all of us. How could he be interested in a married woman? What a bastard. I'm still angry thinking about it. That douche bag. Let's not further talk about it. As this subject doesn't exclude you. What do you mean? What do I have to do with it? I mean, you are not that innocent. Actually, you're the last person who should talk about this. Perihan... Perihan please don't compare us with them. And you, please be more careful about your words with me. I can't believe you're defending your brother. I'm not defending anyone in any way. As noone seem to deserve that. It's very shameful and disgraceful. I agree. But you aren't as pure as snow either. So, don't pretend to be one. Let's just get these days over, quietly. Perihancığım. Okay, canım. Okay. Okay, I'm sorry. The kids are home. I'm hanging up. And Turaner Beys? - Not them. - Say hello. I'll call you later. - Hoşgeldiniz. - Mom. Your dad says hello. Did your parents depart? They did. And then we thought we'd come here to see you. - I'm so ashamed. - You did nothing wrong. Why don't you guys sit down? We'll go soon to meet friends. - I thought we'd eat together though. - Sure. I shall go downstairs and tell them to prepare the food accordingly. Mom, it's okay. We could eat out. Stay here for a bit.\She needs it. Sure. - Any news about Vural? - Yes, he talked to his father. He said he'd be home, but... To recover and collect yourself... ... I will let you go. But don't be harsh on yourself. Okay. Tell me where you're going. Who knows maybe... ... I can come visit you there. Okay. Dad... Good bye. Are you going like this? Without any luggage? Right... Luggage. Vural... The only thing that keeps me alive is your existence. You know that, right? Everything has a cure. Everything. I know, dad. You'll see how our garden will be in a month or two. So beautiful, so colorful! Beyhan Hanım will see what has become of her old dirty garden. Rahmi helped us a lot as well. - I helped them today. - That's nice. I spared the backside of the shed for planting tomatoes and pepper and... - Watermelon! - We can plant watermelon too, just for you. We made that house and garden look so beautiful. You'll see how they'll raise the rents now. - I don't think so. - You'll see. I'm telling you. Is there something bothering you? Did something bad happen at work? No. What's with the long face then? - We'll talk. - Shall we make my birthday party at school as well? You were born in August. Your school is closed at that time of year. But they celebrated Arda's birthday at the school. We can celebrate yours in the garden. We can decorate the backyard beautifully. Of course we can. - Which day of August? - 8th. My son is Leo. He's a lion. What is your zodiac sign, Kerim? - I don't know. - Ram. His zodiac sign is ram. - His birthday is so close. - When is it? - 14th of April. - Almost there. We can celebrate yours in the garden as well, Kerim. Fatmagül can make a delicious birthday pie for her husband. - I don't celebrate my birthday. - You will, this year. You two can celebrate it alone, if you wish. Abla, do we need to replenish those chemicals we bought for the garden? No, we have enough. This can wait. Why? Are you hiding something from us? No. Hi, Kristen. You asked for it. You should go to an English course instead of driving one. I mean it. You should set your priorities right. Where are you going? - To lavabo. - Murat, do you need to pee? - Want me to come with you? - No need. She isn't a kid. She can find her way. Okay then. So what does Kristen say? She's in here. We'll talk about the work tomorrow. Hayırlı olsun. - Did Fatmagül go to the toilet? - Yes. She wanted to go there alone. And I said okay. Vural. You don't need to go, Vural. I will go. I know how angry you're at me. I know how you suffer. You know at least this much. Good. I'm not going to defend myself. I'm not going to make up excuses, either. I did a mistake. I have to accept the consequences. And I will. I didn't know I'd been seeking happiness at the edge of a cliff. I've never been unhappier than I'm now. I'm ashamed to even say sorry... ... for disappointing you, for disgracing you. Farewell. Leman. I'm taking the car for now. I'll call you later. I can't forgive her, dad. You always forgave me. Even after the worst I did. But I can't. I will forget neither myself, nor my mom. I think about how I can hurt her even more. Get that thought out of your mind. You're not going anywhere. Everything has a solution. Everything's gonna be fine. I promise you. You made me worried. Are you okay? I'm okay. Then why is your pretty face pouting? I want to go home. Okay, dear. Good news. Kristen is in Istanbul. - They're going to talk business tomorrow. - That's good. - Why don't you go with him to meet Kristen? - Why would I go. You can come, Fatmagül. - You can see where I'll work as well. - No need. - I'll be working tomorrow, anyway. - I thought you didn't work on Sundays. Tomorrow I will. Kerim ask for the check and let us go home. Pardon, could you look over here. The check. Yeah, let's go home. His eyes getting smaller and smaller. I didn't know it was this serious. It is very serious. How do you know whether the girl is with those men now? As I said, she just disappeared. She would never leave me here otherwise. I'm sure something bad happened to her. Please, help me. Imagine what those men would do to a fragile woman. Her life maybe in danger right now. But those men are the scum of the earth, Mustafa. - They're dangerous. - As I said... .. I have to save Asu from their grubby hands. But it can be too late when I'm out of here. Help me, please! How can I deal with these kind of men? I might, if I had powerful people behind me. Don't even think about asking for Reşat Yaşaran's help. They won't know about this. He can't do anything, anyway. But, Erdoğan Yaşaran... He would help you. No... - Don't tell him about it, either. - You're asking me for help... ... and you don't like the solution that I found. You still don't know how powerful a man Erdoğan Yaşaran is. He doesn't show, but in reality he has much more power than his uncle. He has connections everywhere. You two don't seem to get along very well, huh? I don't know what it is between you... .. but Erdoğan Bey isn't a man who would refuse someone in need. He's the only one who can help you save her. If you want to save her... ... then we will ask him for help. There's no other way. - Erdoğan? - I'm home. - Efendim, mom? - What are you doing? I just got home, changing my clothes. What happened? Nothing. I've just come to take my medicines. Then I saw your car. Glad to see you're home. - Did you see Vural? - Yes, he's at his home. I left the son and father alone. - Was Leman home? - Yes, she was. Anyway, just leave them be for now. Selim and Meltem have just come to your yenge's house. - Okay. - We will dine together. - Join us after you change. - Nah, I'll eat here. What are you going to do here all alone? - I'm waiting for a call from work. - What an excuse. - Don't you have a cell phone? - There was a problem with loading of a party. - I will go right away when the phone comes. - You can go from there. Mom, that problem occurred because of me. I don't want Selim to know about it. You can go eat. Afiyet olsun. And don't give them anything away. Okay then. - See you. - See you, canım. We're back home finally. This is a walkthrough of how to start editing in a sandbox on Wikipedia. You can use a sandbox to experiment with wiki syntax, make practice edits, take notes and collect material, or draft an article that can later be moved into Wikipedia. To make a user sandbox, First you need to log in to your user account. Once you've logged in, click on "Sandbox" in the personal tools links at the top of the page. This will bring you to your default sandbox page, which is a subpage of your user page. In the edit window, you can begin composing your sandbox page. It will come preloaded with a bit of wikicode for a sandbox template, which you can leave there or delete. Once you've written a little bit of your sandbox article, you can press the show preview button beneath the edit window to see what the page will look like. Then, enter an edit summary in the field beneath the edit window to describe what you've done, and press Save page. You've started your sandbox article! You can always press edit to make more changes. And if you leave the sandbox template there, it has some useful tutorial links as well as a link for requesting a review of your sandbox draft for inclusion as a new Wikipedia article. Happy editing! "Hugs of Love" Newspaper Affiliated Experimental Elementary School of Taipei Municipal University of Education Students: 曾暐庭 張嘉育 賴筠蓁 鄧維倫 Teachers: 劉雅鳳 黃心怡 豐佳燕 Reason for publishing "Hugs of Love" Newspaper We found out that the newspapers nowadays are very negative, so we want to gather stories of love on the campus. Then we publish and distribute "Hugs of Love" Newspaper so everyone can read clean contents. We do not want four stories on one page of A4 paper We prefer two A4 or A3 sheets folded in half. We fold them together like newspapers And the cover... we can put the title "Hugs of Love" on the cover. Then we put the name of the author and some words to draw people's attention so that they will want to read the newspaper at first glance. We plan to put 1 story or 1 comic strip in between. That will make the newspaper more interesting to read. We think Teng and Chang are good at comics drawing, And...Lai and I are in charge of Sudoku and game design. Action~ Making posters to invite everyone to submit We plan to draw a comic to explain our intention. Since he is good at drawing comics, he is in charge of drawing the comics and I use the cut and paste method to complete the words below. Make "Hugs of Love" receiving box for collecting stories of love from the classmates Give classmates handmade "stories of love" cards to write stories Also, give stickers to encourage people to submit their stories ♪The submission window is complete!♪ A lot of people are submitting stories! I wrote the story of love! The newspapers is free to take, and we also give out the newspapers to our classmates ♫ Incoming the stories of love! ♫ The editing group is very busy They need to draw the comics, select the stories and key in! Finally, on October 7th, "Hugs of Love" Newspaper inaugural issue is published "Hugs of Love" Newspaper inaugural issue Headline of the Day Games & Jokes of the Day "Hugs of Love" Newspaper column The hot and instant newspaper processing and packaging We printed 50 copies of the first issue Teachers and classmates please read our newspaper... Our little school newspaper staffs are in action Everyone loved it, especially the stories of love and the jokes. There were people asking when the next one would be published. I think we did a good job (Are you happy?) Happy. I hope our classmates will like it. I think it is a good thing to do this project. Passing on newspapers is a good thing We use this opportunity to help many people to help others. "Hugs of Love" Newspaper ~Hope to pass on the stories of love to you~ ~May you have a wonderful day~ -Design For Change Taiwan- Okay, I fully intended to make a video and go to bed, like, three hours ago. But then the Internet happened. Specifically, the Maymay-related Internet. So, yeah, now it's like 2:30AM. And I'm still awake! Despite the fact that I only got four hours of sleep last night because I was up all night talking to Everett. This is actually a thing I kind of worry about, going to Santa Fe, is that if I decide to live on my own, I will never get any sleep and that will be a problem! I have a school schedule where I have to be somewhere in daytime. But anyway, we'll see. Hopefully I can work it out. Maybe I'll find a... cabinet I can lock the computer in after 10pm, or something. So yeah. What did I do today? I don't know. Bummed around in the morning, being really sleep-deprived. I think I helped Dakota talk through their thesis a little bit, and they and I had a Skype appointment with a counselor that I know back home who I think is really good. Just to, like talk through some stuff where we were like "We've been working on this problem, and tried a bunch of things, and none of them seem to work, and there's some block we can't get through on our own, and..." You know. Outside perspectives are nice - even if - I mean, more often than not therapists, much like tarot cards, just tell you stuff you already knew. But they can do that thing, where they tell you something you already know but then they look at you like you already know this, and you're like "Yeah, I know. I already know it. Okay, fine, point." So that happened, and then I went to the Center, and I think it was probably my last... my last volunteer shift because Kota and I are leaving for Oklahoma next week. We're going to do a campus visit, and then we're going to come back, and then we're going to go to New York, and then... they're going to go to Missouri, and then, yeah, we'll be gone pretty much all summer and probably moving. So, yeah, interestingly enough we also did the little... the nonmonogamy, "More than Two" poly discussion group. Excuse me. And it was just the two of us - I mean, the three of us, me and Dakota and the one person who always comes. And then, like a half an hour before it ended, this family showed up - a woman and her two partners, and like three of their five kids. It was really cool. It was just nice to have people come, and specifically to have people come sort of, in the vein of "I was really excited to find out this was happening, I've been feeling really isolated." And... You know, they were poly people. They had all the poly rhetoric, and... It's an interesting thing, right? Because I have a reasonable amount of critique of normative poly rhetoric. Cause I have critique about everything. But, I'm thinking about how it's different from... There's sort of a way in which, like... I have some critique of Social Justice as a scene, right? And in a way that - while I still care about justice for humans, I'm pretty... over the social aspect of it. Like, I just want to disengage from... I just want to disengage from that world. From interacting with those people. But... I don't have the same relationship to poly folks. They... they say stuff where I'm just like, headdesk. Right? Like, I just want to roll my eyes - the whole framing by which we're talking about this is... whatever. There's problems, and people apply it terribly. But, like... there's just something about being in a room with a family of people where the structure of that family is that there are three adults in it. Who love each other. It was really good for me to be around. And it kind of made me realize how much I miss that. Um, and... I don't know how to negotiate that. I... I want to engage with the politics around relationship structuring to some degree, because it's interesting to me and it's something I'm good at thinking about, and I want to engage in a critical way, because I'm a critical theorist! But, like... I also just want to be around nonmonogamous folks who are in nonmonogamous relationships. And I don't just want to be around... people who are not doing monogamy. Like, I want to be around people who are doing something else. I don't want monogamy in my space, fuck that shit. But it's not just a negation. I really want that kind of complexity of intimate structures in my space, in my life. And it doesn't need to come along with all of the poly rhetoric, but that is one way to find it. And I just... It just made me realize that I'm lonely for a community. And as much of a criticism I have of the idea that communities of identity - it's this thing: your community is not people you have stuff in common with, your community is people you have your life in common with. But... I don't know. I miss being around queer folks, I miss being around poly folks. I miss... Not just having other people who are challenging normativity - I mean, that's great, comrades in arms. I'm glad to have those people in my life. But also, people who are fucking living their lives, and living... It's not enough... it's not enough to just be the constant saying of "no", and the constant resisting. There also is the creating and the building of something new. And even though a lot of those new things that get created and built are sort of wobbly or still in beta, or still re-inscribing some of the shit from the dominant culture... It's still something. It's still, like, building blocks towards something meaningful. And... Sometimes I feel like my life lacks meaning in such a profound way. And sometimes it's really nice just to have the example of people in my space whose lives feel like they're filled with meaning. Even if I don't really get it? Or if their meaning isn't really one that I would want to try on. It's just a reminder that meaning is possible. I think I probably really need to get some sleep. Can you tell me what you know about the incident, m'am? Yes! Uh, there was a couple of arguing outside ..and, well, that's all I remember. Umm... Oh, oh, sorry! I just, umm.. ..I ,umm.. [sniffs] I just can't get your mouth right? Wha- Just, shh, shh, shh, shh, shh.. shut the fuck up for a second. Start drawing with your mouth closed. O.K. good. [sniffs] Umm. God, these fuckin' LlPS! Alright, new guy, this case is getting hotter by the minute. Let's see your notes here. O.K. yea, here. Alright, wha- What are these, drawings? Wha... Like, did you draw these? Yea, I mean like- Yourself? Like, yea. Whoa-ho-hoa! Wow, this is really go- Frankie, come here, you see this? Sssshhhiiiiii! Right? Like, I mean- O.K. seriously, wha- Hey hey, dr-draw me. Yea yea yea, draw the cheek. Make sure you get his, eh, his double chin thing. Hehe ...wait, what? Huh. What are you saying, I got a double chin thing? No, y-you, you got like- I don't have a fucking double chin thing, you piece of shit! I'll kill you! I'm sorry- [bickering] [laughs] [snorts] Hahaha! Are you heading straight home? No, I have a few things to take care of first. Sir? I'm going to let this city know I've returned. Where is it..? 8am, he says. So where is he? What if they start the feast without me? - Excuse me. - You want a room, right? - Exactly, I was- - Good, great, c'mon..! Right. This is it. Nice, huh? Roomy for the price, too. You know I'm a Royal Musician, don't you? So I understood. I'm the artistic type so I REALLY hate dirt. Like THlS for example. Dirt is SOOO dirty. I'll keep the room clean. See that you do. I'm more of a fighter than a talker, so just you do what you're told! - Sound good? - Of course. Make yourself at home. I've gotta go do some stuff. Yes, sir. Another court musician of all things, just like Dongju. Argh, I'm late! You... you gotta save me... Me? Please. You see someone go in there? - Someone? - In there. I saw him. What the..? That's MY house. Move it, turkey. I got your turkey right HERE... Turkey THlS! You two in it together, huh? Eek! Save me! Somebody! Unhand him. Whatever this is, it's his house. So hands off. ANOTHER turkey..! Rotten little..! You should get while the getting's good. Let's git. No.. don't... eek! Are you hurt, sir? Yeah, great, nothing wrong here. Whoa, that was REALLY something. You got a name? This the man they were chasing? It is. What are you up to exactly? Not much. Just me and his wife is all. Huh? Come again? So his wife wants a little on the side, nothing for him to worry about. Don't you think? I swear, he has NO clue what I'm saying... What? Jang Hijae is back? And in trouble the second he gets here? Yes. He had to buy his way out of a fix yet again. How did Lady Jang end up with such a pathetic brother? It's nothing to concern yourself with, sir. It works out better for us this way. Wouldn't it be worse if he tried to use Lady Jang's position to get ahead? Even so, we should find him a position where he can't do any harm. Yes, sir. Yeah, he's back today, Daddy. Yep! Uh-oh, now that the womanizer's back it'll be hard on poor Madam Yun. Yep. That's a fact. Now I got a friend here in Dosung, Daddy. Yep, yep, let's have him for a drinks. - I'll arrange it. - Yep, yep. Some body from next door was supposed to be-- are you recording this? Oh my God! [Laughter]--from next door was supposed to be painting the fence and he was supposed to be done yesterday my mom gave him 30 dollars-she gave him half and he was gonna smoke his weed or whatever and- uhm- yeah thats what--that's what happened he's gonna get his other 30 dollars today or whenever he's- he- uhm finishes painting the fence so he has to go a-a-a-all the way around (Can you hear her voice like...) Paint the fence and (I can't even do it) uhm- stuff, and... (I'm recording this Perri because you sometimes (go on these long rants about random things just like that (and they're funny.) These thing hanging up from the ceiling are blue and yellow and they alternate like yellow, blue; blue, yellow (Our school colors happen to be yellow and blue maybe (Or blue and gold I guess.) But the Conrad N Hilton Student Commons sign it is red and yellow, not blue and yellow (It's burgundy) Same difference. So, thats the end of my speech. Bye. [forced comical laugh] I'm just gonna sit here... [background music] Brad Haire: Welcome to In the Field. I'm Brad Haire with the University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. Here today with John Ruter. He's a Horticulture Breeder with the University of Georgia College of Ag and Environmental Sciences. Hey Dr. Ruter. John Ruter: How're you doing Brad? Haire: I'm doing good my friend. Camellias. Ruter: Yes sir? Haire: Camellias. People are used to seeing them in their landscapes, it's the flower that gives us bright blooms during late fall... Ruter: Right. Haire: ...early spring in Georgia. And, you've done your part to breed flowers for camellia, but there's also something else in camellias that you know about and you're also interested in. Tell me a little bit about that. Ruter: Yeah Brad, what we're really interested in is the oil that you get out of the seeds... Haire: Oil, yeah. Ruter: ...of a particular camellia. And the particular one we're using is Camellia oleifera. It grows in most of southern China. And the reason we are interested is one, a couple of reasons, one it comes from a hot humid climate very similar to South Georgia. So we feel this crop is going to be very well adapted from say the Coastal Plain region of North Carolina all the way to east Texas. But then the other thing is that the oil is very high in oleic acid. Oleic acid has been linked to a lot of healthy human traits. Haire: It's a healthy oil... Ruter: It is a very healthy oil... Haire: ...to cook with. Ruter: ...to cook with, absolutely. It's very similar to olive oil. It has a little higher smoke-out temperature than the olive oil does which is a benefit as well. Haire: Okay. Now recently, you said you've done something with the camellia that no one else has ever done in the United States before, what was that? Ruter: Yeah. As far as we know, this crop has never been produced and oil has never been crushed from these seeds in the western hemisphere that we're aware of. We're certain about the southeast United States. We've done this this past week. We're very excited to have the first cold-pressed camellia oil in the U.S. Haire: How did it feel? What did you find while you were doing that for the first time? Ruter: There are some things we've got to work out with the pressing and the temperature of the screw- press, various things like that. But, we got a very nice clear yellow oil out of that. Haire: Now, you said, where is this used more predominately? Is camellia oil commonly used anywhere? Ruter: It's used by 1/7th of the Chinese population in China, primarily in the southern part where the plants are native to. So that's a lot of population. Actually, the Chinese aren't producing enough to keep up with their own needs. So there is potential to export back to China as well as domestic consumption here as well. Haire: Gotcha. What are your future plans now as far as camellias in regard to oil production? Ruter: What we're trying to do now is make cultivar selections. We don't want to just have people growing them from seed because they get so much variation in them. So we want to grow clonely propagated plants. We're looking for ones that root well from cuttings, have disease and insect resistance, have regular yield and have high oleic acid content so there will be a good beneficial oil for us. Haire: Gotcha. Camellias, they're more than just the pretty flowers we see in our landscapes this time of year. There's oil in those camellias. Ruter: Absolutely! Haire: Dr. Ruter, I appreciate you telling me a little bit about it. Ruter: Thank you very much Brad. Haire: And until next, take care, give thanks and good luck. [background music] © 2011 University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Office of Communications and Technology Services In this segment we turn our attention to proofs of different sort called structured proofs. Structured proofs are similar to linear proofs and that they consist of sequencing of reasoning steps. However, they differ from linear proofs and that there is more structure. In particular in structured proofs, group of sentences can be grouped together into subproofs nested within outer super proofs. Here's an example. It resembles a linear proof except that we have grouped the sentences on line three through five into a subproof within our overall proof. The main benefit of structured proofs is that it allows to prove things that may not, cannot be proved using only ordinary rules of inference. In structured proofs, we can make assumptions within subproofs. We can prove conclusions from this assumptions and from those derivations we can derive implications outside of those subproofs. With our assumptions [inaudible] and our conclusions as consequence, Structured proof shown here illustrates this, in line three we begin a subproof with the assumption that P is true. Not premise of the overall problem. In a subproof we can make whatever assumptions that we like without contaminating our proof. From P we derive Q using the premise on line one and from that Q we prove R using the premise on line two. And that terminates the subproof. Finally from the subproof, we derive P implies R in the other proof. Given P, we can prove R and so we know P implies R. The rule used in this case is called Implication Introduction or [inaudible] for short. Cuz this example illustrates there are three basic operations involving creating, in creating substructure proofs, One making assumptions, Two using ordinary rules of inference to derive conclusions, and three using structure rules of inference to derive conclusions outside of sub-proofs. So we get each one of these operations in turn. And a structure proof is permissible to make an arbitrary assumption in any nested proof. The assumption us need be members of the initial premise. Note t hat such assumptions cannot be used directly outside of the subproof only as conditions in derived implications so that you do not contaminate the super proof or any unrelated subproofs. For example on the proof we just saw, we use this assumption operation in the nested subproof even though P was not among the given premises. An ordinary rule of inference applies through a particular subproof of the structured proof if and only if there's an instance of the rule in which all of the premises occur earlier in the subproof where in some super proof of that subproof. Importantly however, it's not permissible to use sentence, sentences in subproofs of that subproof or in other subproofs of its super proofs only the subproof itself and the super proofs of that subproof. For example, the structured proof we've been looking at so far is okay to apply Implication Elimination to one and three and its okay to use Implication Elimination on lines two and four. However, it's not acceptable to use a sentence from a nested subproof in applying an ordinary rule to inference to an outer proof as illustrated here. This sort of reasoning can be formulized with a new type of rule of inference. Like in ordinary rule of inference, a structured rule of inference is a patterned reasoning consisting of some premises and one or more conclusions. As before the premises and conclusions can be schemeless. However, the premises can also include conditions of the form phi proves psi as an example showing here. The rule in this case is called implication introduction. It does allows us to introduce new implications. Structured rule applies to a particular subproof of a structured proof if and only if there's an instance to that rule that satisfies the following conditions. A premise form phi proves psi is satisfied if and only if there's an earlier subproof within the current proof where phi is the only premise and psi is any conclusion. In other words, if the earlier subproof that psi follows from phi. Once again looking at our example we se e that there is an instance of implication introduction which I've written here over on the left and deriving line six from the subproof on lines three through five. This exercise test your grasp for structure proofs by asking you to prove result using implication introduction. Hello. My name is Merideth Jones and I'll be presenting a framework for co-teaching in San Marcos Consolidated ISD. So, welcome! I'm a former co-teacher and currently a trainer in inclusion, co-teaching, and collaboration. I've been in San Marcos providing professional development and coaching to special education teachers and classroom teacher partnerships. Our goal in this training is to adequately define co-teaching. I would like for you to leave with a true definition of co-teaching and the requirements of both teachers for optimum success. Secondly, identifying the roles and responsibilities of both partners. So, both adults are utilized effectively and efficiently. Lastly, we would like to explore the three most effective co-teaching models. This is focusing specifically on how to teach the content within classroom lessons. So, when you've completed this training, you will have clear expectation of your role, your partners role, either as a special educator or a classroom teacher, and you will be more knowledage to implement co-teaching in the classroom. [music playing] Let's first determine what co-teaching is by definition. Co-teaching is when two certified personnel, a special populations teacher and a general education teacher, share a classroom providing substantive instruction to a heterogeneous group of students. I'd like to highlight the word substantive. The expectation of co-teachers is to deliver content differently than a classroom with solely one teacher. So, how is this done? Well, there's background work. Co-teaching relies upon five principles to be successful. These five principles are to be identified with both partners. The first one is mutual respect. Each teacher brings skill and knowledge and expertise to the classroom and partnership. It's imperative to have a conversation with your partner to determine what you bring to the partnership. For example, as a special educator co-teaching a new subject, I contributed background in strategies, behavior management, and knowledge in learning disabilities. But my partner, who's been teaching science curriculum for years, knows the content better that I could ever. So, together we discussed our strengths and what we bring to our partnership in the classroom, and put those things together. The second one is parity. What I mean by parity is equality. Meaning both teachers are certified professionals. Yes, partners will differ in years of teaching, skills, age, how long you've been teaching at the current school. But one teacher does not have a position of authority over the other. This is really important to have this discussion with each other. Teachers have different roles. Each teacher strengthens the classroom. Co-teaching rests on specific mutual goals. An activity will be provided following this training to do, specifically, this. Talk about each persons goal for each other, their goal for the classroom, and their goal for their students. As a partnership, it is so important to have a vision. Without a vision, there is uncertainty in all the work that is required for a co-teacher partnership and the many aspects of the job. The fourth requisite is shared resources. Resources can mean many things. It can refer to materials, space, curriculum, ideas. It's all regarding the collaboration with one another in sharing these things so that you can come together as a partnership. Lastly, co-teaching assumes shared accountability. These are our children. Not yours. Not mine. But ours. It is both of our responsibility to instruct, assess, and monitor kids. We are collaborating together. So, if a lesson didn't go well, it's both of our jobs to reflect on how this went and act upon it. The classroom is our classroom, our lessons and our students. The co-teaching relationship rests upon these five important principles. Before entering the classroom, discuss the point to develop a joint understanding of these components. Often times a partnership will not get out on the right foot due to not talking about these five areas. They who have put out the peoples eyes reproach them of their blindness. John Milton - 1642 Good morning and welcome to Erin Mills Town Centre Three, Two, One, Take Two Good morning and welcome to Erin Mills Town Centre The home of the world's largest permanent point-of-purchase of video wall installation. My name is Kelvin Flook and I'm your video host all day here at the EMTV I wanna take this oportunity to extend a very special and warm welcome to the film crew from Necessary illusions We've got an excellent line-up of television programming for you today, so... Let's get on with it! So how long have they been working in this documentary? Gosh, they have been working on it... I don't know how long. But every country I show up they're always there. They're there, huh? They were in England and they were in Japan. All over the place. Geez... - I think they might have 500 hours worth of tape by now. - Wow... I bet they put together a real doozie when they're done, huh? I can't imagine who's going to want to hear somebody talking for an hour But I guess they know what they're doing - Where are y'all from? - Florida! - Florida? - Yeah! Gulf Coast! You all talk like a chorus We're making a film about Noam Chomsky Does anybody know who Noam Chomsky is? No! "Manufacturing Consent" "Noam Chomsky and the Media" Part One Thought Control in a Democratic Society Good afternoon and welcome to Wyoming talks My guest today is well know intellectual Noam Chomsky Thank you for being in our program today Very glad to be here I know, probably the main purpose for your trip to Wyoming, is to discuss thought control in a democratic society Say I'm just Jane, USA. And I say... Well, gee! This is a democratic society, what do you mean "thought control"? I make up my own mind. I create my own destiny. What would you say to her? Well, I would suggest that Jane take a close look at the way the media operate The way that public relations industry operates The extensive thinking that's been going on for a long, long period about The necessity for finding ways to marginalize and control the public in a democratic society But particularly look at the evidence that's been accumulated about the way the major media... The sort of agenda-setting media in the international press in the television and so on The way that they shape, control the kinds of opinions that appear The kinds of information that comes through the sources to which they go, and so on And I think that Jane will find surprising things about the democratic system Noam Chomsky - Thought Control in a Democratic System I'd like to welcome all of you to this lecture today Several years ago, Professor Chomsky was described in a New York Times Book Review as follows: "Judged in terms of the power, range, novelty and influence of his thought Noam Chomsky is arguably, the most important intellectual alive." Professor Noam Chomsky I gather there are some people out behind that blackness there But if I don't look you in the eye is because I don't see you all I see is the blackness Perhaps I oughta begin by reporting something that that's never read The line about the "arguably the most important intellectual in the world" and so on Comes from a publisher's blurb. And you always gotta watch those things. Because if you go back to the original you'll find that that sentence is actually there This is in The New York Times. But the next sentence is: "Since that's the case, how can he writes such terrible things about American foreign policy?" And they never quote that part But in fact if it wasn't for that second sentence, I would begin to think that I'm doing something wrong And I'm not joking about that It's true that the emperor doesn't have any clothes, but the emperor doesn't like to be told it And the emperor's lapdogs, like The New York Times are not going to enjoy the experience if you do Good evening, I'm Bill Moyers What's more dangerous? The big stick or the big lie? Governments have used both against their own people Tonight I'll be talking with a man who has been thinking about how we can see the developing lie He says that propaganda is to democracy what violence is to a dictatorship But he hasn't lost faith in the power of common people to speak up for the truth You have said that we live entangled in webs of endless deceit That we live in a highly indoctrinated society where elementary truths are easily buried Elementary truths such as... Such as the fact that we invaded South Vietnam Or the fact that we are standing in the way of significant, and have for years Of significant moves towards arms negotiation Or the fact that the military system is to a substantial extent, not totally But to a a substantial extent, a mechanism by which the general population Is compelled to provide a subsidy to high-technology industry Since they are not going to do it if you ask them to you have to deceive them into doing it There are many truths like that and we don't face them Do you believe in common sense? I mean... Absolutely. I believe in the carthesian common sense I think people have the capacities to see through the deceit in which they're ensnared. But they gotta make the effort. Seems a little incongruous to hear a man from the Ivory Tower, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology A scholar, a distinguished linguistics scholar Talk about common people with such appreciation I think that scholarship, at least the field I work in has the opposite consequences My own studies in language and human cognition demonstrate to me, at least What remarkable creativity ordinary people have The very fact that people talk to one another is a reflection, just in a normal way I don't mean any particularly fancy, reflects deep seeded features of human creativity Which in fact separate human beings from any other biological system we know Tonight: Scientists talk to the animals. But are they talking back? The Journal, with Barbara Frum and Mary Lou Findlay Communicating with animals is a serious scientific pursuit This is Nim Chimpsky Nim, jokingly named after the great linguistic Noam Chomsky was the great hope of animal communication in the 1970s For four years, Petitto and others coached him in sign language, but in the end they decided that it was a lost cause Nim could ask for things, but not much more I would have loved to have a conversation with Nim and understand how he looked at the universe He failed to communicate that information to me. And we gave him every opportunity Noam Chomsky, theorist of language and political activist, has had an extraordinary career I can think of none like it in recent american history and few anywhere, anytime He has literally transformed the subject of linguistics At the same time he's become one of the most consistent critics of power politics in all its protean guises Scholar and propagandist, his two careers apparently reinforce each other In 1957 he published his "Syntatic Structures", which began what has frequently been called The Chomskyan Revolution in Linguistics Like a latter-day Copernicus, Chomsky proposed a radically new way of looking at the theory of grammar Chomsky worked out formal rules of the universal grammar which generated the specific rules of actual and natural languages The general approach I'm taking seems to me rather simple-minded and unsophisticated But nevertheless correct Maybe I will use the blackboard... Later he came to argue that such systems are innate features of human beings They belong to the caracteristics of the species and have been, in effect Programmed into the genetic equipment of the mind, like the machine language in a computer One needn't to be interested in this question. Of course, I am intersted in it And the interesting question from this point of view would be what's the nature of the initial state? That is, what is human nature in this respect? That in turn... Explains... The... Astonishing You try the next one Fa... Cu... Li... Ty - Facility - Facility! That in turn explains the astonishing facility that children that have in learning the rules of natural language No matter how complicated, incredibly quickly, from what are imperfect and often degenerate samples Complain... Complicated. It's a complicated word. You know what complicated means? It means it's complicated The New York Review - Noam Chomsky - The case Against B. F. Skinner If in fact our minds are a blank slate and the experience wrote on them, we would be very impoverished creatures indeed So the obvious hypothesis is that our language is the result of the unfolding of a genetically determined program Well plainly, there are different languages. In fact the apparent variation of languages is quite superficial It's certain, as certain as anything is, is humans are not genetically programmed to learn one or another language So you bring up a japanese baby in Boston and it'll speak Boston English If you bring up my child in Japan and it'll speak japanese. From that it simply follows by logic that the basic structure of the languages must be essentially the same Our task as scientists is to try to determine exactly what those fundamental principles are That cause the knowledge of language to unfold in the manner which it does in particular circumstances And incidentally I think there is no doubt the same must be true of other aspects Of human intelligence and systems of understading And interpretation and moral and aesthetic judgement, and so on The implications of these views have washed over the fields of psychology, education Sociology, philosophy, literary criticism and logic In the fifties and sixties, the bridge between your theoretical work and your political work Seems to be the attack on behaviorism But now, behaviorism is no longer an issue, or so it seems So how does this leave the link between linguistics and politics? Well, I've always regarded the link... I've never really perceived much of a link, to tell you the truth Again, I'd be very pleased to be able to discover intellectually convincing connections Between my own anarchist convinctions on the one hand and what I think I can demonstrate Or at least begin to see about the nature of human intelligence on the other But I simply can't find intellectually satisfying connections betweens those two domains I can discover some tenuous points of contact Creativity is only possible within a system of rules The problem that I have and I do not agree completely with Mr. Chomsky Is when he places these constraints within the mind or within human nature I wonder if the system of regulation of constraints which makes a science possible cannot be found Outside the human mind in social structures in relations of production, in class struggles, etc If it is correct, as I believe it is, that a fundamentally element Of human nature is the need for creative work For creative inquiry, for free creation Without the arbitrary limiting effects of coercive institutions Then of course, it will follow, that a decent society should maximize The possibilities for this fundamental human characteristic to be realized A federated, decentralized, system of free associations Incorporating economic as well as social institutions would be what I refer to as anarcho-syndicalism And it seems to me that it is the appropriate form of social organization for an advanced technological Society, in which human beings do not have to be forced into positions of tools, of cogs in the machine Since the 1960s, Noam Chomsky has been the voice of a very characteristic brand of rationalist libertarian socialism He has attacked the abuses of power wherever he saw them He's made himself deeply unpopular by his criticism of american policy The subservience of inteligentsia, The degradation of Zionism The distortions in media and self-delusions of prevailing ideologies Under the liberal administrations of the 1960s, the club of academic intelectuals designed And implemented the Vietnam War and other similar, though smaller actions This particular community is a very relevant one to consider at a place like MlT Because of course you're all free to enter into this community and in fact, you're invited And encouraged to enter the community of technical intelligentsia, and weapons designers And counter-insurgency experts and pragmatic planners of an American empire Is one you have a great deal of inducement to become associated with The inducements in fact are very real They reward the power and affluence and prestige and authority... Jamie This came this the mail Be with you in a second Oh God, they've still got their cameras Ok We'll start In your essay "Language and Freedom", you write "Social action must be animated by a vision of a future society" I was wondering what vision of a future society animates you? Oh, I have my own ideas to what a future society should look like I've written about them, I mean I think we should, at the most general level We should be seeking out forms of authority and domination And challenging their legitimacy Now sometimes they are legitimate. There is, let's say, they're needed for survival So for example, I wouldn't suggest that during the Second World War the forms of authority We had a totalitarian society basically, and I thought there was some justification for that Under the wartime conditions. And there are other forms of... The relations between parents and children, for example, involve forms of coertion Which are sometimes justifiable But any form of coertion and control requires justification and most of them are completely unjustifiable Now, at various stages of human civilization it's been possible to challenge some of them But not others. Others are too deep-seated, or you don't see them, or whatever So at any particular point you try to detect those forms of authority and domination Which are subject to change and which do not have any legitimacy In fact often strike at fundamental human rights And your understanding of fundamental human nature and rights Well, what are the major things, say, today? There are some there are being addressed in a way The feminist movement is addressing some, the civil rights movement is addressing others The one major one that's not seriously addressed is the one which is really the core of the system Of domination, and that's private control over resources And that means an attack on the fundamental structure of State capitalism Now I think that's in order. That's not something far off in the future. Your life work The alphabet has only twenty-six letters With these twenty-six magic symbols, however, millions of words are written everyday Nowhere else are people so addicted to information and entertainment via the printed word Everyday the world comes thumping on the American doorstep And nothing that happens anywhere remains long a secret from the American newspaper reader It comes to us pretty casually that daily paper But behind its arrival on your doorstep is one of journalism's major stories How it got there There is a standard view about democratic societies and the role of the media within them It's expressed for example, by Supreme Court Justice Powell, when he spoke of the Crucial role of the media in affecting the societal purpose of the first ammendment Namely enabling the public to a certain meaningful control over the political process That kind of formulation expresses the understanding that democracy requires Free access to information and ideas and opinion And the same conceptions hold not with regard to the media, but with regard to Educational institutions, publishing, the intellectual community generally It is basic to the health of a democracy that no phase of government activity Escape the scrutiny of the press Here reporters are assigned to stories faithful not only to our nation but to all nations Congress, says the First Ammendment, shall pass no law abridging the freedom of the press And the chief executive himself throws open the doors of the White House to Journalists representing papers all shades of political opinion But it is worth bearing in mind that there is a contrary view And in fact the contrary view is very widely held and deeply rooted in our own civilization It goes back to the origins of modern democracy To the seventeenth-century English Revolution which was a complicated affair Like most popular revolutions, there was a struggle between Parliament representing Largely elements of the gentry and the merchants, and the royalists, representing other elite groups And they fought it out But, like many popular revolutions, there was also a lot of popular ferment going on That was opposed to all of them There were popular movements that were questioning everything The relation between master and servant The right of authority altogether. All kinds of things were being questioned There was a lot of radical publishing, the printing presses had just come into existence And this disturbed all the elites on both sides of the civil war So as one historian pointed out at the time, in 1660, he criticized the radical democrats The ones that were calling for what we would call democracy because They are making the people so curious and so arrogant that they will never find Humility enough to submit to a civil rule Underlying these doctrines which were very widely held Is a certain conception of democracy: It's a game for elites, it's not for the ignorant masses who have to be marginalized Diverted and controlled, of course, for their own good The same principles were upheld in the american colonies The dictum of the founding fathers of American democracy that "The people who own the country ought to govern it" Quoting John Jay Fire! Now, in modern times, for elites, this contrary view about the intellectual life And the media, and so on, this contrary view is in fact the standard one I think apart from rethorical flourishes From Washington DC, he's intellectual author and linguist, Professor Noam Chomsky Manufacturing Consent. What is that title meant to describe? Well the title is actually borrowed from a book by Walter Lippmann Written back around 1921, in which he described what he called the Manufacture of Consent As a revolution in the pratice of democracy, what it ammounts to is a technique of control And he said that this was useful and necessary because the common interests The general concerns of all people, elude the public The public just isn't up to dealing with them and they have to be What he called, the domain of a specialized class Notice that that's the opposite of the standard view about democracy There's a version of this expressed by the highly respected moralist And theologian Reinhold Niebuhr who's very influential on contemporary policy makers His view was that rationality belongs to the cool observer but because the stupidity of the average man He follows not reason but faith, and this naive faith requires necessary illusion And emotionally potent oversimplifications, which are provided by the myth-maker To keep the ordinary person on course It's not the case, as the naive might think, the indoctrination is inconsistent with democracy Rather as this whole line of thinkers observes It's the essence of democracy The point is that in a miltary State or a feudal State or what we would nowadays call A totalitarian state, it doesn't much matter what people think, because you've got A bludgeon over their head and you can control what they do But when the State loses the bludgeon, when it can't control people by force And when the voice of the people can be heard, you have this problem It may make people so curious and so arrogant that they don't have he humility To submit to a civil rule and therefore you have to control what people think And the standard way to do this is to resort to, what in more honest days Used to be called propaganda. Manufacture of consent. Creation of necessary illusions. Various ways of either marginalizing the general public Or reducing them to apathy in some fashion The oldest of two boys, Avram Noam Chomsky was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1928 As a jewish child, the anti-semitism of the time affected him Both parents taught hebrew and he became fascinated by literature Reading translations of French and Russian classics He also took an interest in a grammar book written by his father on hebrew of the middle ages He recalls a childhood absorbed in reading, curled up in a sofa Often borrowing up to twelve books at once from the library He is married to Carol and they have three children I don't like to impose on my wife and children a form of life that they certainly Haven't selected for themselves. Namely one of public exposure, exposure to public media That's their choice and I don't believe that they have themselves selected this I don't impose it on them. And I would like to protect them from it, frankly And second there's perhaps the pincipal point is that I'm rather against the idea Of the whole notion of developing public personalities who are treated as stars Of one kind or another where aspects of their personal life is supposed to have some signifcance and so on Take one, the reception room You said you're just like us, you went to school Got good grades and what made you start being critical and you know, seeing it different? What started the change? Well, you know, there are all kinds of personal factors in anybody's life I mean, first of all, don't forget I grew up in the Depression "Variety - Wall St. Lays an Egg" My parents actually happened to have jobs, which was kind of unusual They were hebrew school teachers, so sort of lower middle-class For them, everything revolved around being jewish, hebrew, palestine in those days, and so on And I grew up in the milieu So you know, I learned Hebrew and went to Hebrew school And became a Hebrew school teacher, went to Hebrew College Led youth groups, summer camps, hebrew camps, the whole business The branch of the Zionist movement that I was part of Was all involved in socialist bi-nationalism, arab-jewish cooperation, all sorts of nice stuff What did they think of you hopping on a train and going up to New York And hanging out in anarchist bookstores on Fourth Avenue, and talking to your working-class relatives there? They didn't mind... I mean, i don't want to totally trust my childhood memories, obviously But the family split up, like a lot of jewish families, it went on all sorts of directions There were sectors that were super orthodox There were ohter sectors that were very radical and very assimilated and working-class intellectuals And that's the sector that I naturally gravitated towards It was a very lively intellectual culture, for one thing it was a working class culture Had working class values, values of solidarity, socialist values, and so on There was a sense that somehow things were going to get better An institutional structure was around and a method of fighting And organizing, and of doing things, which had some hope I also had the advantage of having gone through an experimental progressive school To a Deweyite school which was quite good. Run by a university there You know, there was no such thing as competition there was no such thing as being a good student I mean literally the concept of being a good student didn't arise until I got to high school I went to the academic high school, and suddenly discovered I'm a good student And I hated high school cause I had to do all the things you have to do to get in college But until then it was a kind of a free, pretty open system And I don't know there are lots of other things about... Maybe I was just cantankerous As a historian I have read with interest and amazement your long review article of Gabriel Jackson's Spanish Civil War and that's a very respectable piece of history And I can appreciate how much work goes into that. When did you that? You know when I did that work?I did a work in the early 1940s when I was about twelve years old "Franco's Victory - 3 year old Spanish civil war comes to an end" The first article I wrote was right after the fall of Barcelona in the school newspaper It was a lament about the rise of fascism in 1939 I think one of the people who was the biggest influence in my life was an uncle Who had never gone past fourth grade He had a background in crime, then left-wing politics, and all sorts of things But he was a hunchback and as a result he could get a newstand in New York They had some program for people with physical disabilites Some of you are from New York, I guess. well, you know the 72nd street kiosk? - Yes! - That's where I got my political education On 72nd street there's a place where we come out of the subway and Everybody goes towards 72nd street and there were two newstands on that side which were doing fine And there's two newstands on the back. And nobody comes out of the back. And that's where his newstand was But it was a very lively place He was a very bright guy, it was the thirties and there were a lot of émigrés and so on A lot of people hanging around there And in the evening, specially, there was sort of a literary political salon A lot of guys hanging around and talking, and as a kid, like I was eleven, twelve years old My biggest excitement was to work at the newstand You write in Manufacturing Consent that it's the primary funcion of the mass media in the United States To mobilize public support for the special interests that dominate the government and the private sector What are those interests? Well, if you wanna understand the way any society works, ours or any other The first place to look is who makes, who is in a position To make the decisions that determine the way the society functions Societies differ, but in ours, the major decisions over what happens in the society Decision over investment, and production and distribution and so on, are in the hands of Relatively concentrated network of major corporations and conglomerates and investment forms and so on They're also the ones who staff the major executive positions in the government And they are the ones who own the media And they're the ones who have to be in a position to make the decisions They have an overwhelmingly dominant role in the way life happens What's done in the society. Within the economic system, by law and principle, they dominate The control over the resources and the need to satisfy their interests imposes Very sharp constraints on the political system and the ideological system When we talk about the manufacturing of consent, whose consent is being manufactured? To start with, we have two different groups, we can get into more detail But at the first level of approximation, there's two targets for propaganda One is what's sometimes called the political class There's maybe twenty percent of the population, which is relatively educated, more or less articulate They play some kind of role in the decision making They're supposed to sort of, participate in social life Either as managers or cultural managers, like say teachers, writers and so on They're supposed to vote They're supposed to play some role in the way economical, political and cultural life goes on Now, their consent is crucial. One group that has to be deeply indoctrinated. Then there's maybe eighty percent of the population Whose main function is to follow orders and not to think And not to pay attention to anything. And they're the ones that usually pay the costs Alright, Professor Chomsky. Noam You outlined a model. Filters that propaganda is sent through on its way to the public Can you briefly outline those? It's basically an institutional analysis of the major media. What we call a propaganda model. We're talking primarily about the national media Those media that sort of set a general agenda that others more or less adhere to To the extent they even pay much attention to national or international affairs Now the elite media are sort of the agenda-setting media. That means The New york Times The Washington Post, the major television channels, and so on. They set the general framework. The local media more or less adapt to their structure World news It's a Sound Bite that says there's a beach head I think that a serious-- This is the operative sound bite I think we may get out in time, we've got a minute for all the time so if that's... I love this sound bite And they do this in all sorts of ways: by selection of topics By distribution of concerns, by emphasis and framing of issues By filtering of information, by bounding of debate within certain limits Two and a half minutes to air Forty-five seconds now They determine, they select, they shape, they control, they restrict In order to serve the interests of dominant, elite groups in the society There is an unusual amount of attention focused today on the five nations of Central America This is Democracy's Diary. Here's for our instruction are triumphs and disasters The pattern of life's changing fabric. Here's great journalism. A revelation of the past, a guide to the present and a clue to the future Paper Tiger Television The New York Times is certainly the most important newspaper in the United States And one could argue the most important newspaper in the world The New York Times plays an enormous role in shaping the perception of the current world On the part of the politically active, educated classes Also The New York Times has a special role and I believe its editors probably feel They bear a heavy burden in the sense that The New York Times creates history What happened years ago may have a bearing on what happens tomorrow Millions of clippings are preserved in the Times library, all indexed for instant use A priceless archive of events and the men who make them That is, history is what appears in The New York Times' archives The place where people will go to find out what happened is The New York Times Therefore it's extremely important if history is going to be shaped in an appropriate way That certain things appears, certain things do not appear. Certain questions be asked. Other questions be ignored. And that issues be framed in a particular fashion. Now in whose interests is history being so shaped? Well I think that's not very difficult to answer The process by which people make up their minds on this Is a Much more mysterious process than you would ever guess, from reading Manufacturing Consent There's a saying about legislation, that legislation is like making sausage That the less you know about how it's done, the better for your appetite The same is true of this business. If you are in a conference in which decisions are being made On what to put on page one or whatnot, you would get, I think, the impression That important decisions were being made in a flippant and frivolous way But in fact, given the pressures of time, to try to get things out you resort to a kind of a short hand And you have to fill that paper up everyday It's curious in kind of a mirror-image way, that Professor Chomsky is in total accord with Reed Irvine Who at the right-wing end of the spectrum, says exaclty what Chomsky does About the insinuating influence of the press, of the big media, as "Agenda Setters" To use one of the greatest buzzwords at the time And, of course, Reed Irvine, sees this as a left-wing conspiracy Foisting liberal ideas in both domestic and foreign affairs on the American people But in both cases, I think its premise really is an insult to the intelligence of the people that consume news Now, to eliminate confusion, all of this has nothing to do with liberal or conservative bias According to the propaganda model, both liberal and conservative wings of the media Whatever those terms are supposed to mean, fall within the same framework of assumptions In fact if the system functions well, it ought to have a liberal bias or at least to appear to Because if it appears to have a liberal bias, that will serve to bound thought even more effectively In other words, if the press is indeed adversarial and liberal or all these bad things Then how can I go beyond it? They're already so extreme in their opposition to power That to go beyond it would be to take off from the planet, so therefore it must be that The presuppositions that are accepted in the liberal media are sacrosant Can't go beyond them In a well functioning system would in fact have a bias of that kind The media would then serve to say in effect: Thus far and no further We ask what you would expect of those media on just Relatively uncontroversial guided-free market assumptions? And when you look at them you find a number of major factors entering to determine what their products are These will be called the filters, so one of them for example, is ownership. Who owns them? The major agenda-setting media, after all, what are they? As institutions, in a society, what are they? Well, in the first place they are major corporations, in fact huge corporations Furthermore they're integrated with, and sometimes owned by, even larger corporations Conglomerates, so for example, by Westinghouse, GE, and so on What I wanted to know was how specifically the elites control the media, what I mean is... It's like asking: How do the elites control General Motors? Why isn't that a question? General Motors is a institutions of the elites. I mean they don't have to control it. They own it Except, I guess, at a certain level I think... I work with student press... So I know like, reporters and... Elites don't control the student press, but I'll tell you something You try in the student press to do anything that breaks out of conventions And you're going to have the whole business community around here down your neck And the university's gonna get threatened and you know... I mean, nobody's going to pay any attention to you, that's possible But if you get to the point when they don't stop paying attention to you The pressures will start coming because there are people with power There are people who own the country and they're not going to let the country get out of control What do you think about that? This is the old Kabal Theory that in somewhere there's a room with a baize-covered desk And there are a bunch of capitalists sitting around and they're pulling strings These rooms don't exist. I'd hate to tell Noam Chomsy this. You don't share that with him? I think it's the most absolutely rubbish I've ever heard. This is the current fashion in universities. It's patent nonsense and I think that it's nothing but a fashion It's a way that intellectuals have of feeling like a clergy I mean there has to be something wrong In North America there are: 7 major movie studios And more than: 1800 daily newspapers 11000 magazines 11000 radio stations 2000 TV stations 2500 book publishers 23 corporations own and control over 50% of the business in each medium In some cases they have a virtual monopoly They are: Bertelsmann Capital Cities/ABC Cox Communications CBS Buena Vista Films (Disney) Dow Jones Gannett General Eletric Paramount Communications Harcourt Brae Jovanovich Hearst Ingersoul International Thomson Knight Ridder Media News Group (Singleton) Newhouse News Corporation Ltd. (Murdoch) New York Times Reader's Digest Association Scripps-Howard Time Warner Times Mirror Tribune Company So what we have in the first place is major corporations which are parts of even bigger conglomerates Now, like any other corporation, they have a product which they sell to a market The market is advertisers. That is, other businesses. What keeps the media functioning is not the audience They make money from their advertisers. And remember we're talking about the elite media So they're trying to sell a good product, a product which raises advertising rates Ask your friends in the advertising industry. That means they want to adjust their audience to the more elite and affluent audience that raises advertising rates So what you have is institutions, corporations, big corporations That are selling relatively privileged audiences to other businesses Well, what point of view would you expect, to come out of this? I mean, without any further assumptions, what you predict is what comes out is a picture of the world, a perception of the world, that satisfies the needs And the interests and the perceptions of the sellers, the buyers and the product There are many other factors that press in the same direction if people try to enter the system who don't have that point of view They're likely to be excluded somewhere along the way After all no institution is going to happily design a mechanism to self-destruct It's not the way institutions function, so they all work to exclude or marginalize Or eliminate dissending voices or alternative perspectives and so on because they're dysfunctional They're dysfunctional to the institution itself Do you think you've escaped the ideological indoctrination Of the media an the society that you grew up in? - Do I? - Uh-huh Often not. I mean, when I look back and think of the things that I haven't done That I should've done, it's a... Not a pleasant experience So what's the story of the young Noam in the schoolyard? That was a personal thing for me, you know? Not to interest to anyone else, but I do remember... You drew certain conclusions from it? Well, yeah. It had a big influence on me. I remember when I was about seven, six, I guess... First grade... There was the standard fat kid that who everybody made fun of And I remember in the school yard, he was standing on a... Right outside the school classroom, a bunch of kids outside, taunting him and so on And one of the kids actually brought over his older brother so, like from third grade, instead of first grade... Big kid. He was gonna beat him up or something. And I remember going up to stand next to him Feeling somebody ought to help him and I did for a while and then I got scared and I went away And I was very much ashamed of it afterwards and sort of felt, you know, I'm not going to do that again That's a feeling that stuck with me. You should stick with the underdog. And the shame remained... Should have stayed there. You were already estabilished, you were professor at MlT, you made a reputation You had a terrific career ahead of you. You decided to become a political activist. Now, here's a classic case of somebody whom the instituion doesn't seem to have filtered I mean you were a good boy up until then, were you? Or you'd always been something of a rebel? Yeah, pretty much. I had been pretty much outside. You felt isolated. You felt out of sympathy with the prevailing currents of America life. But a lot of people do that. Suddenly in 1964 you decided: I have to do something about this. What made you do that? That was a very conscious decision and a very uncomfortable decision Because I knew what the consequences would be. I was in a very favorable position. I had the kind of work I liked, we had a lively exciting department, the field was going well. The personal life was fine, I was living in a nice place Children growing up, everything looked perfect and I knew I giving it up And at that time, remember, I was not just giving talks, I became involved about right away in resistance And I expected to spend years in jail and came really close to it In fact my wife went back to graduate school in part because we assumed She was going to have to support the children. These were the expectations. And I recognized that if I returned to these interests Which were the dominant interests of my own youth, life would become very uncomfortable Because I know that in the United States you don't get sent to psychiatrical prison And they don't send a death squad after you and so on But there are definite penalties for breaking the rules. So these were real decisions. And it simply seemed at that point that it was just hopelessly immoral not to The Newsreel I'm Noam Chomsky and I'm on the faculty here at MlT And I've been getting more and more heavily involved in anti-war activities for the last few years Beginning with writing articles and making speeches And speaking to congressmen and that sort of thing and gradually Getting involved more and more directly in resistance activites of various sorts I've come to the feeling myself that the most effective form of political action Is open to a responsible and concerned citizen at the moment is action that Really involves direct resistance, refusal to take part in what I think are war crimes To raise the domestic cost of American aggression overseas through non-participation And support for those who are refusing to take part In particular, a draft resistance throughout the country I think that we can see quite clearly some very, very serious defects And flaws in our society, and our level of culture, our institutions which are going to have to Be corrected by operating outside of the framework that's commonly accepted I think we are going to have to find new ways of political action "United States of America v. Noam Chomsky" "Front Mall - Pentagon" "Noam Chomsky" "(...) did refuse to move" "(...) Says White House Kept 'Enemy List' That (...)" "'Political Opponents' Senators - Birch Bayh (...)" "'Organizations' Black Panthers, Hughie Newton (...)" "'Media' Jack Anderson, columnist (...)" "Celebrities Carol Channing, actress (...)" "Academics Avram Noam Chomsky, professor of Modern Linguages, MlT (...)" I rejoice in your disposition to argue the Vietnam question specially When I recognize what an act of self-control this must involve - It does. It really does. - Sure - The kind if issue... - And you're doing very well, you're doing very well. Sometimes I lose my temper, but maybe not tonight Maybe not tonight. Because if you would I'd smash you in the goddamn face. You say in your book... It's a good reason to not losing my temper tonight You say the war is simply an obscenity, a depraved act by weak and miserable men Including all of us. Including myself. - Well then... - Including every... That's the next sentence. Same sentence. Yeah. Oh, sure, sure, sure. Sure. Because you count everybody in the company of the guilty. - I think that's true in this case. - Uh, ya, but... - You see one of the points I was trying... - This is in a sense it's a theological observation, isn't it? - No, I don't think so... - Because if someone points out if everyone's guilty of everything, then nobody's guilty of anything. No, I don't believe that. You see, I think the point I'm trying to make And I think ought to be made, is that the real, at least to me, I say this elsewhere in the book What seems to me a very, in a sense, terrifying aspect of our society and other societies is the equanimity and the detachment with which, sane, reasonable, sensible people can observe such events I think that's more terrifying than the occasional Hitler, LeMay or other that crops up These people would not be able to operate were it not for this apathy and equanimity And therefore I think it's in some sense the sane, reasonable and tolerant people who should... Who share a lot of very serious burden of guilt they very easily throw On the shoulders of others who seen more extreme and more violent Twelve million pounds of confetti dropped into New York City's so-called "Canyon of Heroes" Americans were officially welcoming the troops home from the Persian Gulf War So it worked out really great for us. I mean it just goes to show that we are a mighty nation. And we'll be there for no matter what comes along It's the strongest country in the world and you gotta be glad to live here So tell me what you feel about the media coverage of the war I guess it was good, it got to be a bit much after a while But it was good to know everything, you know? In the case of Vietnam you didn't really know a lot that was going on But here you were pretty much up to the moment on everything so I guess it was good to be informed For the first time because of technology, we had the ability to be live from many locations around the globe And because of the format, an all-news network, we can spend whatever time is necessary To bring the viewer the complete context of that day's portion of the story And by context, I mean the institutional memory that is critical to understand why and how And that's those who are analysts and do commentary, and those who can explain Slug that last piece, ITN - Israel Post War David Brinkley once said that you step in front of the camera And you get out of news business and enter show business But nonetheless, that should not, at any way subtract or obscure the need for the basic standards of good journalism Pat, hang tight, let me give you a lead for Salinger right now. Okay? President bush and Prime Minister Major have uh... have closed Or have almost rejected the Soviet peace talk... Peace efforts Ok... In Saudi Arabia the door is being left open Rick Salinger is standing by live in Riyadh with the latest All but closed Yeah. All but closed. Right. Accuracy, speed, a fair approach, honesty and integrity Within the reporter to try and bring the truth. Whatever the truth may be. Going to war is a serious business. In a totalitarian society The dictator just says we're going to war and everybody marches And with this weapon of human brotherhood in our hands We are seeing the war for men's minds, not as a battle of truth against lies But as a lasting alliance, pledged in faith with all those millions Driving forward to create the true new order The world order, of the people first. The people before all. In a democratic society, the theory is, that if the political leadership is committed to war They present reasons and they got a heavy burden of proof to meet Because a war is a very catastrophic affair as this one proved to be The role of the media at that point is to allow... Is to present the relevant background, for example, the possibilities of peaceful settlement Such as they may be, have to be presented, and then to present, to offer a form In fact encourage a form of debate over this very dread decision To go to war and in this case kill hundreds of thousands of people And leave countries wrecked and so on. that never happened. There was never... When I say never, I mean 99.9% of the discussion Excluded the option of a peaceful settlement In Washington's Office of War Information holds One of the most vital and constructive tasks of this war This is a people's war and to win it, the people ought to know as much about it as they can This office will do its best to tell the truth and nothing but the truth Both at home and abroad First weapon in this world wide strategy of truth is the great machine of information Represented by the free press, with its powers of molding public thought And leading public action, with all its life-lines For the exchange of new ideas between fighting nations, spread accross the Earth Everytime George Bush would appear and say "There will be no negotiations" There would be a hundred editorials the next day, lauding him for going the last mile for diplomacy If he said you can't reward an aggressor and instead of cracking up in ridicule The way people did in the civilized sectors of the world like the whole third world The media says "a man of fantastic principle" The invader of Panama, the only head of state, who stands condemned for agression in the world The guy who was head of the ClA during the Timor aggression He says aggressors can't be rewarded. The media just applauded. The motion picture industry with its worldwide organization of newsreel camera crews Invaluable for bringing into vivid focus the background drama and perspectives of the war Mobilized too in this all-out struggle for men's minds are the radio networks With all their experience in the swift reporting of great occasion and event From every strategic center and frontline stronghold Their reporters are sending back the lessons of new tactics, new ways of war The result was it's a media war. There's tremendous fakery all along the line. The UN is finally living up to its mission, you know "Wondrous sea of change", The New York Times told us The only woundrous sea change was that for once The United States didn't veto A security council resolution against aggression People don't want a war unless you have to have one And they would have known you don't have to have one Well, the media kept people from knowing that And that means we went to war in very much in the manner of a totalitarian state Thanks to the media subservience. That's the big story. "Mother of all parades" Remember I'm not talking about a small radio station in Laramie I'm talking about the national agenda-setting media If you're not a radio news show in Laramie, chances are very strong That you pick up what was on the Times that morning and you decide that's the news If fact if you follow the AP wires, you find that in the afternoon They send accross tomorrow's front page of the New York Times That's so that everybody knows what the news is And the perceptions, and the perspectives and so on are transmitted down and not to the precise detail But the general picture is pretty much transmitted elsewhere The foreign news comes here to the foreign news desk. The editor is Bob Hanley. Bob, I suppose you get more far more foreign news that you could possibly use in the paper Yes we do. We get a great deal more that we can accomodate in a day. And your job is to weed it out, I suppose This is the selection center as it were. And when I have selected it. I pass it accross the desk to one or the other sub-editors It comes back to me, and on this chart, I design the page That is page 1 and page 2 Fine, Bob. Thank you very much. Why do you want to make a film about media for? Well... - Such a nice, quiet town. - It's a beautiful town! Well, we're making a film about the mass media, so we thought what a good place to come You wanted to know where they got the name So maybe you can start by introducing yourself Yes I'm Bodhan Senkow i'm the Main Street manager And the executive director of the Media Business Authority And we are in Media, Dellaware County. In the southeastern part of Pennsylvanya Media is called "Everybody's Hometown" The motto was developed as a way to promote the community We're a very high promotion-conscious community When you walk through Media, you'll be treated very well And you'll find that people have taken the idea of being everybody's hometown to heart The local paper, the Talk of the Town... - The Town Talk. - You read that? Yes I read the Town Talk, yes What do you think is the difference between The Wall Street Journal and the Town Talk? Oh, well the Town Talk is completely local news and... It's fun it's nice to read It's interesting, you read about your neighbors and see what's going on in the school district and things like that We're in business to make bucks just like the big daily newspapers Just like the big radio stations, and we do quite well And rightfully so, because we work so very hard at it I just wanna show you a copy of the paper here, the way it is this week It's plastic-wrapped on all four sides. Weather-proof. And hung on everybody's front door And many times you'll find that this paper runs well over a hundred pages a week This particular edition, you have to remember there are five editions This happens to be the Central Dellaware County edition Which is the edition that covers Media, Pennsylvanya What you see here now is the advertising and composition department - Say hello, guys, will ya? - Hi! Hi, there. What we are doing now is we are putting red dots, green dots and yellow dots up on the map Wherever there's a store. Now the red dots are the stores that don't advertise with us at all The green ones are the ones that advertise with us every week And the yellow ones are the ones that would run sporadically We have computer printouts of everyone of these stores And what we do is we take the printouts of all the red dots Which are the bad guys, and our idea is, is to turn these red dots into yellow dots And turn the yellow dots into green dots and eventually make them all green dots So 100% of the stores, 100% of the merchants and the service people advertise in our newspaper every week That way we won't have any more red dots. I guess there will always be a few red dots. But I have high hopes there will be a lot more green dots than red ones when we are finished Hi, i'm Jim Morgan and I'm with the corporate relations department of the New York Times And I'm here to take you on a tour of the New York Times so, let's begin So, they're just taking audio in here. Yeah. They're taking audio in here. Audio. No cameras. No still. We went over this quite thoroughly, they don't even take a still camera in here. We're in the composing room, this is where the pages are composed, this is the typographical area What's the ratio of news to advertising? Sixty percent ads. This might seem big, but it is average, in fact below average. Our 60% might include on some days maybe twenty pages of classified advertising all left to itself Where the rest of the newspapers weighted much heavier news to advertising But the paper in its entirety everyday higher every day, large or small, is 60 ads, 40 news Well, that completes our tour of the New York Times and I hope you found it informative And I hope that you read the New York Times everyday of your life from now on And there are other media too, whose basic social role is quite different It's diversion. This is the real mass media. The kinds that are aimed at you know, Joe Six Pack... That kind. The purpose of those media is just to dull people's brains This is an oversimplification, but for the 80%, whatever they are The main thing for them it to divert them. To get them to watch National Football League And to worry about the, you know, another child with six heads Or whatever you pick up in the supermarket stands and so on Or look at the astrology. Or get involved in fundamentalist stuff. Just get them away, you know, get them away from things that matter And for that, it's important to reduce their capacity to think The sports section is handled in another special department The sports reporter must be a specialist in his knowloedge of sports He gets his story right at the sporting event and often sends it in to his paper play by play Take, say, sports. That's another crucial example of the indoctrination system, in my view. For one thing because it offers people something to pay attention to that's of no importance That keeps them from worrying about things that matter To their lives that they might have some idea on how to do something about it And in fact it's striking to see the intelligence that's used by ordinary people in sports You listen to radio stations, the people call in... They have the most exotic information And understanding about all kind of arcane issues. And the press undoubtedly does a lot with this. I remember in high school, already I was pretty old I suddently asked myself at some point, why do I care if my high school team wins the football game? I don't know anybody on the team It has nothing to do with me. Why am I cheering for my team? It doesn't make any sense. But the point is it does make sense. It's a way of building up irrational attitudes of submission to authority And group cohesion behind leadership elements In fact, it's training in irrational jingoism. That's also a feature of competitive sports I think if you look closely I think they have, tipically they do have functions And that's why energy is devoted to supporting them And creating a basis for them and advertisers are willing to pay for them and so on I'd like to ask you a question essentially about the methodology In studying the propaganda model and how would one go about doing that? Well, there are a number of ways to proceed One obvious way is to try to find more or less paired examples History doesn't offer true controlled experiments, but they often come pretty close So one can find atrocities or abuses of one sort that on one hand are committed by Official enemies and on the other hand are committed by friends and allies Or committed by the favored State itself, by The United States in the US case And the question is whether the media accepts the government framework Or whether they use the same agenda, the same set of questions The same criteria for dealing with the two cases that as any honest outside observer would do If you think America's involvement in the war in Southeast asia is over... Think again. The Khmer Rouge are the most genocidal people on the face of the Earth Peter Jennings reporting from the killing fields. Thursday The great act of genocide in the modern period is Pol Pot, 1975 through 1978. That atrocity... I think it'd be hard to find any example of a comparable outrage And outpouring of fury and so on and so forth. So that's one atrocity. Well it just happens that in that case history did set up a controlled experiment Have you ever heard a place called East timor? - Uh... Can't say that I have. - Where? - East Timor? - Nope. No, huh? Well it happens that right at that time there was another atrocity Very similar in character, but different in one respect. We were responsible for it. Not Pol Pot. Hello, I'm Louise Penney and this is "Radio Noon" If you've been listening to the program fairly regularly over the last few months You'll know East Timor is coming to the conversation more than once Particularly when we are talking about foreign aid and also the war And the new world order, people wonder why, if the UN were serious about the new world order No one is doing anything to help East Timor. The area was invaded by Indonesia in 1975. There are reports of atrocities in East Timorese people and yet Canada And other nations have consistently voted against UN resolutions to end the occupation Today we're going to take a closer look at East Timor, what's happened to it And why the international community is doing nothing to help One of the people who have been most active is Elaine Brière, a photojournalist from British Columbia She's the founder of the East Timor Alert Network and she joins me in studio now. Hello. Hi! One tragedy, compounding a tragedy is that A lot of people don't know much about East Timor. Where is it? East Timor is just north of Australia About 420 kilometers and it's right between the Indian and the Pacific Oceans Just south of East Timor is a deep-water sea lane, perfect for US submarines to pass through There's also huge oil reserves there One of the unique things about East Timor is that it's truly One of the last surviving ancient civilizations in that part of the world The timorese spoke 30 differente languages and dialects And that's a group of seven hundred thousand people Today less than 5% of the world's people live like the timorese, basically self-reliant They live really outside of the global economic system Small societies like the east timorese are much more democratic And much more egalitarian, and there's much more sharing of power and wealth Before the indonesians invaded, most people lived in small rural villages The old people in the village were like the university They passed on tribal wisdom from generation to generation Children grew up in a safe, stimulating, nurturing environment A year after I left East Timor I was appalled when I heard the indonesian had invaded They didn't want a small independent country setting an example for the region East Timor was a portuguese colony Indonesia had no claim to it and in fact stated that they had no claim to it During the period of colonization there was a good deal of politicization. Different groups developed A civil war broke out in August '75 It ended up in a victory for Fretilin, which was one of the groupings Described as Populist Catholic in character With some typical leftish rhetoric Indonesia at once started intervening What's the situation? When did the ships come in? They started arriving since Monday. Six, seven boats together very close to our border. They are not there just for fun, you know? They are preparing a massive operation. Something happened here last night that moved us very deeply It was so far outside our experience as Australians That we'll find it very difficult to convey to you, but we'll try Sitting on woven mats, under a thatched roof, in a hut with no walls Were the target of a barrage of questioning from men Who know they may die tomorrow And cannot understand why the rest of the world does not care That's all they want: for the United Nations to care about what is happening here The emotion here last night was so strong that we all three of us Thought we should be able to reach out into the warm night air and touch it Greg Shackleton at an unnammed village which we wil remember forever, in portuguese Timor Greg Shackelton, Gary Cunningham, Malcolm Rennie, Brian Peters, Tony Stewart Journalists slain the next day by Indonesian forces Ford and Kissinger visited Jakarta I think it was december 5th We know that they had requested that Indonesia delayed the invasion Until after they left because it would be too embarassing And within hours, I think, after they left, the invasion took place, on December 7th What happened on December 7th, 1975, is just one of the great evil deeds of history Early in the morning bombs began dropping on Dili The number of troops that invaded Dili that day almost outnumbered the entire population of the town And for two or three weeks, they just killed people. And when I heard "Fire!" I dived to the ground And felt bodies falling on me... Like leaves. Falling on me. And followed by screams, calls for mother, for wife. It was really terrible This council must consider Indonesian aggression against East timor, as the main issue of the discussion When the indonesians invaded, the UN reacted as it always does Calling for sanctions, condemnation and so on Various watered-down resolutions were passed But the US were very clearly not going to allow anything to work "The Department of State desired that the UN prove utterly ineffective in whatever measures it undertook This task was given to me, and I carried it forward with no inconsiderable success." Daniel Patrick Moynihan So the Timorese were fleeing into the jungles by the thousands By late 1977-78 Indonesia set up "receiving centers" for those timorese Who came out of the jungle waving white flags Those the indonesians thought were more educated or who were suspected of belonging to Fretilin or other opposition parties were immediately killed They took women aside and flew them off to Dili in helicopters for use by the indonesian soldiers They killed children and babies But in those days the main strategy and the main weapon was starvation By 1978 it was approaching really genocidal levels The church and other sources estimated around two hundred thousand people killed The U.S. backed it all the way. The U.S. provided 90% of the arms. Right after the invasion arms shipments were stepped up When the Indonesians actually began to run out of arms in 1978 The Carter administration moved in and increased arms sales And other western countries did the same Canada, England, Holland, everybody who could make a buck Was in there trying to make sure they could kill more timorese There was no western concern for issues of aggression, atrocities Human rights abuses, and so on if there's a profit to be made from it Nothing could show it more clearly than this case It wasn't that nobody had ever heard of East Timor, crucial to remember That there was plenty of coverage in the New York times and elsewhere before the invasion The reason was that there was concern at the time of the breakup With the portuguese empire and what that would mean There was a fear that it would lead to independence, russian influence or whatever After the indonesians invaded, the coverage dropped. there was some, but it was strictly From the point of view of the state department and indonesian generals Never a timorese refugee As the atrocities reached their maximum peak in 1978 When it was really becoming genocidal, coverage dropped to zero in the United States and Canada The two countries I've looked at closely. Literally dropped to zero. All this was going on at exactly the same time as the great outrage and protest over Cambodia The level of atrocities were comparable in relatively terms it was probably considerable higher in Timor It turns out right in Cambodia, the preceding years, 1973-1975 There was also a comparable atrocity for which we were responsible The major US attack against Cambodia. it started with the bombings in the early 1970s. They reached a peak in 1973, and they continued up to 1975 They were directed against inner Cambodia Very little is known about them because the media wanted it to be secret They knew what was going on they just didn't want to know what was happening The ClA estimates about six hundred thousand killed during That five year period which is mostly either U.S. bombing or a U.S. sponsored war So that's pretty signinficant killing. Also the conditions in which they left Cambodia. Were such that high US officials predicted that about a million people would die in the aftermath Just from hunger and disease because of the wreckage of the country There's also pretty good evidence from U.S. government sources and Scholarly sources that the intense bombardment was a significant force Maybe a critical force, in building up peasant support for the Khmer Rouge Who before that were a pretty marginal element Well that's just the wrong story After 1975, atrocities continued and that became the right story Because now they are being carried out by the bad guys Well it was bad now, in fact the current estimates are that... The ClA claimed fifty to a hundred thousand people killed And maybe another million or so died one way or another Michael Vickery is the one person who has given a really close detailed analysis His figure is maybe seven hundred fifty thousand deaths above the normal Others, like Ben Kiernan, suggest higher figures but so far Without a detailed analysis, anyway it was terrible. No doubt about it. Although the atrocities, the real atrocities, were bad enough They weren't quite good enough for the purposes needed Within a few weeks after the Khmer Rouge takeover the New York Times is already accusing it of genocide At that point maybe a couple hundred or maybe a few thousand people had been killed And from then on it was a drum beat, a chorus of genocide The big best-seller on Cambodia, on Pol Pot, is called "Murder in a Gentle Land" Up until April 19th, 1975, it was a gentle land of peaceful smiling people And after that some horrible holocaust took place Very quickly a figure of 2 million killed was hit upon In fact what was claimed was that Khmer Rouge boast of having killed 2 million people The facts are very dramatic. In the cases of atrocities committed by the official enemy. Extraordinary show of outrage, exaggeration, no evidence required Faked photographs are fine, anything goes Also a vast ammount of lying An ammount of lying that would have made Stalin cringe It was fraudulent. And we know that it was fraudulent by looking at The response to comparable atrocities for which the United States was responsible Early seventies Cambodia and Timor are too very closely paired examples Well, the media response was quite dramatic "The New York Times Index. 1975-1979. Timor" "Timor" 70 Column Inches "The New York Times Index. 1975-1979. Cambodia" Back in 1980 I taught a course at Tufts University Well, Chomsky came around to this class "Cambodia" 1175 Column Inches. - And he made a very powerful case That the press underplayed the fact that Indonesian government annexed This former portuguese colony in 1975 And that if you compare it for example with Cambodia, where there was an acreage of things That this was a communist atrocity whereas the other one was not a communist atrocity Well, I got quite interested in this and I went to talk to The then deputy foreign editor of the Times And I said "you know, we've had very poor coverage on this" And he said "you're absolutely right, there are a dozen atrocities Around the world that we don't cover this is one for various reasons" So I took it up. I was working as a reporter and writer for a small alternative radio program In upstate New York and we received audiotapes of interviews With Timorese leaders, and we were quite surprised given the level of American involvement, that there was not more coverage Indeed pratically any coverage, of the large-scale indonesian killing And the mainstream american media We formed a small group of people to try to monitor the situation And see what we could do over time to alert public opinion To what was actually happening in East Timor There were literally about half a dozen people who simply dedicated Themselves with great commitment in getting the story to break through And they reached a couple of people on congress. They got to me, for example I was able to testify at the UN and write some things And they kept at it, kept at it, kept at it Whatever is known about this subject mainly comes, essentially comes, from their work There's not much else I wrote first an editorial called "An Unjust War in the East Timor" It had a map and it said exactly what had happened We then ran a dozen other editorials on it. They were read, they were entered at the congressional record and several congressmen Them took up the cause and something was done in congress as a result of this The fact the editorial page of The New York Times on Christmas Eve Published that editorial put our work on a very different level And it gave a great deal of legitimacy to Something that we were trying to advance for a long time and that was the idea And the reality that a major tragedy was unfolding in East Timor If one takes literally the various theories that Professor Chomsky puts out One would feel that there is a tacit conspiracy between the estabilishment press and the government in Washington to focus on certain things and ignore the certain things So that if we broke the rules, we would instantly get a reaction, a sharp reaction From the overlords in Washington who would say "Hey, what are you doing? Speaking up on East Timor? We are trying to keep that quiet" We didn't hear a thing. What we did hear and this was quite interesting Is that there was a guy named Arnold Kohen, and he became a one-person lobby I appreciate the nice things that Karl Meyer said about me in his interview But I object the notion that a one-man lobby was formed or anything like that I think that if there weren't a large network composed of American Catholic Bishops Conference Composed of other church groups, composed of human rights groups Composed of simply concerned citizens and others and network of concern within the news media I think it would have been impossible to do anyting at all at anytime And it certainly would have been impossible to sustain things for as long as they have been sustained Professor Chomsky and a lot of people who engage in this kind of Press analysis have one thing in common. Most of them have never worked for a newspaper. Many of them know very little idea about how newspapers work When Chomsky came around, he had with him a file of all the coverage Of The New York Times, The Washington Post, and other papers of East Timor And he would go to the meticulous degree that, if, for example The London times had a piece on East Timor, and then it appeared in The New York Times That if a paragraph was cut out he'd compare and he'd say "Look, this key paragraph, right here at the end, which is really What tells the whole story that was left out of The New York Times version of the London Times thing" "Not fit to print" There was a story in the London times which was pretty accurate The New York Times revised it radically They didn't just leave a paragraph out, they revised it and gave it a totally different cast Actual Deletions "Not Fit to Print" "Timor nationalist leaders deny reports of atrocities" It was then picked up by Newsweek giving it the New York Times cast It ended up being a whitewash, whereas the original was an atrocity story So I said to Chomsky at the time, I said "Well it may be that you're misintrepreting ignorance, haste, deadline pressure, etc For some kind of effort to suppress an element of the story." He said "Well if it happened once or twice or three times I might Agree with you, but it happens a dozen times, mr. Meyer I think there's something else at work" And it's not a matter of happening one time, two times Five times, a hundred times. It happened all the time. I said, "Professor Chomsky, having been in this business It happens a dozen times. These are very imperfect institutions." When they did give coverage it was from the point of view of... It was a whitewash in the United States. Now, you know, that's not an error. That's systematic consistent behavior, in this case without even an exception This is a much more subtle process than You get in the kind of sledgehammer rhetoric of the people That make an A to B equation between what the government does What people think and what the newspapers say That sometimes what the Times does can make enormous difference And other times it has no influence whatsoever So one of the greatest tragedies of our age is still happening in East Timor The indonesians have killed up to a third of the population They're in concentration camps, they conduct large scale Military campaigns against the people who are resisting Campaigns with names like "Operation Erradicate" or "Operation Clean Sweep" Timorese women are subjected to a forced birth control program In addition of bringing in a constant stream of indonesian settlers to take over the land Whenever people are brave enough to take to the streets In demonstrations or show the least sign of resistance, they just massacre them It's sort of like if we allow Indonesia to continue To stay in East Timor, the international community They simply digest East timor and turn it into cash crop This is way beyond just demonstrating the subservience of the media power They have real complicity in genocide in this case The reason that the atrocities can go on is because nobody knows about them If anyone knew about them, there'd be protests and pressures to stop them So therefore by supressing the facts, the media are making a major Contribution to, probably, the worst act of genocide since the holocaust You say that what media do, is to ignore certain kinds of atrocities That are committed by us and our friends And to play up enormously atrocities that are committed by them and our enemies And you posit that there's a test of integrity and more honesty which is to have a kind of equality... - ...Of treatment of corpses... - Equality of principles. - And I mean that every dead person should be in principle equal to... - That's not what I say. - ...Every other dead person... - That's not what I say at all. Well, I'm glad that's not what you say because that's not what you do Of course that's not what I do In fact I say the opposite, what I say that we should be responsible for our own actions, primarily... Because your method is not only to ignore the corpses created by them But also to ignore the corpses that are created by neither side But which are irrelevant to your ideological agenda - That's totally untrue. - Well, let me give you an example... That one of your own causes that you take very seriously Is the cause of the palestinians, and the palestinian corpse weighs Very heavily on your conscience, yet a Kurdish corpse does not That's not true at all. I've been involved in Kurdish support groups for years That's absolutely false. Just ask the Kurdish. Ask the people who are involved in the... I mean you know they come to me I sign their petitions and so on and so forth In fact if you look at the things we've written, take a look at, say... I mean, I'm not Amnesty International, I can't do everything I'm a single person, but if you read, say, take a look, say At the book Edward Herman and I wrote on this topic In it, we discuss three kinds of atrocities, what we call "benign bloodbaths" Which nobody cares about, constructive bloodbaths, which are the ones we like And nefarious bloodbaths which are the ones that the bad guys do The principle that I think we ought to follow, is not the one that you stated It's a very simple ethical point: You're responsible for the predictable consequences of your actions You're not responsible for the predictable consequences of somebody else's actions Now the most important thing for me and for you Is to think about the consequences of your actions. What can you affect? These are the things to keep in mind, these are not just academic exercises We're not analysing the media on Mars, or in the eighteenth century, or something like that We're dealing with real human beings who are suffering and dying And being tortured and starving, because of policies that we are involved in We, as citizens of democratic societies, are directly involed in it Or responsible for, and what the media are doing Is ensuring that we do not act on our responsibilities And that the interests of power are served, not the needs of the suffering people And not even the needs of the american people who would be horrified If they realized the blood that's dripping from their hands because of The way they are allowing themselves to be deluded and manipulated by the system What about the third world? Well, despite everything And it's pretty ugly and awful, these struggles are not over The struggle for freedom and independence never is completely over Their courage, in fact, is really remarkable and amazing I've personally had the privilege, and it is a privilege Of witnessing it a few times in villages in Southeast Asia and Central America And recently in the occupied west bank. And it is astonishing to see. And it's always amazing, at least to me it's amazing, I cannot understand it It's also very moving and very inspiring and in fact it's kind of awe-inspiring They rely very crucially on a very slim margin for survival That's provided by dissidence and turbulence within the imperial societies And how large that margin is, is for us to determine End Part One Intermission Today's on the spot assignment we're gonna see just what's behind the making of movies The director and the crew are shooting a documentary film. Let's take a closer look. Bob, this word "documentary", what would you say is the difference Between, say, a documentary film, and a feature movie Well, there are many good differences, one would be length Generally speaking, documentaries are a good deal shorter than feature films Also, documentaries have something to say in the way of the message They are informational films Also another term that's used interchangeably with documentaries is the word "actuality". Actuality films Bob, is this the thing you hold up in front of the camera before each scene? This is a clapper board, yes. This identifies on the visual camera The scene number, the take number, and also, as you heard On the sound track, the editor back at the studio puts two pieces Of films together, matches where the clapper come together and there you are: in sync Before the break you were mentioning the media putting forth The information that the power elite want I'm not sure I understand how does the power elite do this And why do we stand for it? Why does it work so well? Ok, I think here we have to comment, there are really two questions here One is this picture of the media true? And then you have to look, at the evidence I've given you one example and that shouldn't convince anybody One has to look at a lot of evidence to see whether this is true I think anyone who investigates it will find out that the evidence To support it is simply overwhelming In fact it's probably one of the best supported conclusions in the social sciences But the other question is how does it work? I'm the media guy. What would you like? I got you an International Herald Tribune Anything in a western language. What have you got? - Financial times? - Financial times? Absolutely. That's the only paper that tells the truth You got the one where they've been debating back and forth? NRC Handelsblad By F. Bolkestein By Noam Chomsky By F. Bolkestein "Dutch Debate" Well, this evening's program is scheduled as a debate Which puzzled me all the way through. There are some problems. One problem is that no proposition has been set forth As I understand debate you're supposed to advocate something and oppose something Rather, more sensibly, a topic has been proposed for discussion The topic is the manufacture of consent It's somewhat unusual for a member on the government to debate with a professor in public It hasn't happened in Holland before. I don't think it's often happened elsewhere. Mr. Bolkestein, the floor is yours Now we all know, that the theory can never be estabilished merely by examples It can only be estabilished by showing some internal inherent logic Professor Chomsky has not done so Professor Chomsky He is quite right when he says you just can't pick examples You have to do them in a rational way. That's why we compared examples. The truth is that things are not as simple as Professor Chomsky mantains Another of Professor Chomsky's case studies concerns the treatment That Cambodia has received in the western press. Here he goes badly off the rails. We didn't discuss Cambodia. We compared Camboda with East Timor. Two very closely paired examples And we gave it approximately three hundred pages of detail covering this In The Political Economy of Human Rights, including a reference To every article we could discover about Cambodia Many western intellectuals do not like to face the facts And balk at the conclusions that any untutored person would draw Many people are very irritated by the fact we exposed The extraordinary deceit over Cambodia and paired it with the simultaneous Supression of the U.S. supported ongoing atrocities in Timor People don't like that For one thing we were challenging the right to lie in defense of the State For another thing we were exposing the apologetics and support for actual ongoing atrocities That doesn't make you popular Where did he learn about the atrocities in East Timor? Or in Central America? If not in the same free press, which he so derides? You'll find out where I learned about them by looking at my footnotes I learned about them in human rights reports, from church reports From refugee studies and extensively from the Australian press There was nothing from the American press because there was silence Chairman, this is an attempt at intellectual intimidation These are the ways of the bully Professor Chomsky uses the oldest debating trick on record He erects a man of straw and procedes to hack away at him Professor Chomsky calls this the manufacture of consent I call it the creation of consensus In Holland we call it Grondslag, which means "foundation" Professor Chomsky thinks it is deceitful, but it's not In a representative democracy, it means winning people for one's point of view But I do not think that Professor Chomsky believes in representative democracy I think he believes in direct democracy, with Rosa Luxemburg He longs for the creative, spontaneous, self-correcting force of mass action That is the vision of the anarchist. It is also a boy's dream. Those who believe in democracy and freedom have a serious task ahead of them What they should be doing, in my view, is dedicating their efforts to helping The despised common people to struggle for their rights And to realize the democratic goals that constantly surface throughout history They should be serving not power and privilege, but rather their victims Freedom and democracy are by now not merely values to be treasured They are quite possibly the prerequisitie to survival It's a conspiracy theory pure and simple. It's not borne out by the facts. - Ah, Mr. Chairman... - Yes? I have to go to Amsterdam. If you'll excuse me, I'm leaving One thing is sure: that consent has not been manufactured tonight There's nothing more remote from what I'm discussing Or from what we've been discussing than a conspiracy theory "'The Dreamer' wins debate with 'the cinic'" If I give an analysis of, say, the economic system And I point out that General Motors tries to maximize profit and market share That's not a conspiracy theory, that's an institutional analysis There's nothing to do with conspiracies And that's precisely the sense in which we're talking about the media The phrase "conspiracy theory" is one of those that's constantly Brought up and I think its effect is simply to discourage institutional analysis You think there's a connection somehow About what the government wants us to know and what the media tell us? It's not communism, but I think to a certain point it is sensitized They don't always tell... I guess, John, they don't always tell the truth the way it goes, huh? You got that right Do you think the information you're getting from this newspaper is biased in anyway? Oh, yeah I think by large it's well done. You get both sides of the stories. You get the liberal side and the conservative side, so to speak I don't think you get a balanced picture because they only have Twenty seconds, thirty seconds per news item and whatever And they're gonna pick out the highlight, and every network is going to Cover the same highlight and that's all you're going to see You get what they want you to hear You think they are biased in some way there? Nah! Here we go! See you later! Is it possible for the lights to get a little brighter so I can see somebody out there? For the last hour and forty-one minutes you've been whining about How the elite and how the government have been using thought control To keep radicals like yourself out of the public limelight You're here, I don't see any ClA men waiting to drag you off You were in the paper, that's where everyone heard you were coming from In the paper. And I'm sure they are going to publish your comments in the paper. In a lot of countries, you'd have been shot for what you have done today So what are you whining about? We are allowing you to speak and... - ...I don't see any thought control. - Fine. First of all I haven't said one word about my being kept out of the limelight The way it works here is quite different I don't think you heard what I was saying, but the way it works here Is that there is a system of shaping, control and so on Which gives a certain perception of the world. I gave one example. I'll give you sources where you can find thousands of others And it has nothing to do with me It has to do with marginalizing the public and ensuring they don't get in The way of elites who are supposed to run things without interference In a review of The Chomsky Reader it was written that "As he's been forced to the margins, he's become strident and rigid" Do you feel this characterization of your later writing accurate And you've been a victim of this, sort of process you've been describing? The business about being forced to... Other people have to judge about the stridency, I don't believe it. But anyway, that's for other people to judge However, the matter of being forced to the margins is a matter of fact And the fact is the opposite to what is claimed The fact is it's much easier to gain access even to major media now than it was twenty years ago You've dealt in such unpopular truths And have been such a lonely figure as a consequence of that Do you ever regret either that you took the stand you took Having written the things you've written, or that we'd listened to you earlier? I don't. There are particular things which I would do differently Because you think about things, you do them differently But in general, I would say I do not regret it... Do you like being controversial? No, it's a nuisance Because this mass medium pays little attention to the views of dissenters Not just Noam Chomsky, but most dissenters do not get much of a hearing in this medium No. In fact that's, again, completely understandable They wouldn't be performing their societal function if they allowed favored truths to be challenged Now, notice that's not true when I cross the border anywhere So that I've had easy access to the media in just about every other country in the world There's a number of reasons for that One reason is I'm primarily talking about the United States and it's much less threatening Your view there is that the militarization of the American economy Essentially has come about because there are not other means of controlling the American population In a democratic society, I mean, it may be paradoxical But the freer the society is, the more it's necessary To resort to devices like induced fear "Deliver Us From Evil" "The Guardian" Ok, I'll go along with that. Arguably, he is the most important intellectual alive today. And if my program can give him five hundred thousand people listening Or three quarters of a million people listening, I'll be delighted Ok, Professor, in your own time Wartime planners understood that actual war aims should not be revealed... A part of the reason why the media in Canada and Belgium and so on Are more open is that it just doesn't matter that much what people think It matters very much what the politically articulated sectors of the population Those narrow minorities think and do in the United States Because of its overwhelming dominance on the world scene But of course that's also a reason for wanting to work here We might call the fifth freedom. The freedom to rob, exploit, and dominate And to curb mischief by any feasible means Cut! That's conclude. Not include. The United States is ideologically narrower in general of other countries Furthermore, the structure of the american media it is such as To pretty much eliminate critical discussion Our guests are as far apart on the Contra question as American intellectuals can be... Now if we had the slightest concern with democracy which we do not In our foreign affairs and never have, we would turn to countries Where we have influence, like El Salvador Now in El Salvedor they don't call the Archbishop bad names What they do is murder him. They do not censor the press. They wipe the press out, they sent the army to blow up the church radio station The editor of the independent news was found in a ditch, mutilated and cut to pieces with a machete - Don't... Don't... - May I continue? I did not interrupt you. - Don't you want to put a time value on anything you say? - Excuse me, that was 19-- - Or do you want to lie systematically on television? - I'm talking about 198-- - You are a systematic liar. - Did these things happen or didn't they? - These things did not happen in the context of which you suggest at all. - Really? You are a phony, mister, and it's time that the people read you correctly Well, it's clear why you want to divert me from the discussion No, it's not. It's beacuse we get tired of rubbish Let's continue with... Except we can't. I'm afraid we are out of time. We thank you both, John Silber and Noam Chomsky Yeah, ok "Winning Lottery Numbers" Last time you were here, you spoke about How when you go overseas you are given access to the mass media But here that doesn't seem to be the case Has that changed at all? Have you ever been invited to appear on the "Nightline" or "Brinkley"? Yes. I have, a couple times, been invited to speak on "Nightline" I couldn't do it, I had another talk and something or other And to tell you the honest truth, I don't really care very much FAlR, the media monitoring group published a very interesting study of Nightline It shows that their conception and spectrum of opinion is ridiculously narrow At least by European or world standards FAlR (Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting) studied 865 NlGHTLlNE programs Of 1530 U.S. guests: 92% were white 89% were male 80% were professionals Government officials Or corporate representatives Let me tell you a personal experience. I happened to be in Madison, Wisconsin On a listener-supported radio station, a community radio station, a very good one I was having interviews with the news director I've been on the program dozens of times, usually by telephone And he's very good, he gets all sorts of people and he started the interview By playing for me a tape of an interview that he had just had And had broadcast with the guy who was some mucky-muck in Nightline I think his name is Jeff Greenfield, or some such name... Does that name mean anything? I'm Jeff Greenfield for "Nightline" in New York. What about just in the selection of guests to analyze things? Why is Noam Chomsky never on Nightline? I couldn't begin to tell you He's one of the leading intellectuals in the entire world I have no idea. I mean, I can make some guesses. He may be one of the leading intellectuals who Can't talk on television, you know, that's a standard that's very important. To us. If you got a 22 minute show, and the guy takes 5 minutes to warm up I don't know whether Chomsky does or not. He's out! One of the reasons why Nightline has the usual suspects Is one of the things you have to do when you book a show is know That the person can make the point within the framework of television And if people don't like that, they should understand it's about As sensible to book somebody who will take eight minutes To give an answer as it is to book someone who doesn't speak english But in the normal given flow, that's another culture-bound thing We gotta have english-speaking people. We also need concision So, Greenfield, or whatever his name is, hit the nail on the head The US media are alone in it that you must meet the condition of concision You gotta say things between two comercials. Or in six hundred words. And that's a very important fact. Because the beauty of concision Saying a couple of sentences between two commercials The beauty of that is you can only repeat conventional thoughts I was reading Chomsky twenty years ago. I think his a notion... Doesn't he have a... Didn't he co-author a new book called The Engineering of Consent Or The Manufacturing of Consent? I mean, some of that stuff, to me looks like it's from Neptune This is the first time the Neptune system has been seen clearly by human eyes These pictures taken only hours ago by Voyager 2 are its latest contribution He's perfectly entitled to say I'm seeing it through a prism, too But my view of that, of his notions about the limits of debate in this country, is absolutely wacko Suppose I get up on Nightline, say, given whatever it is, two minutes And I say Ghadaffi is a terrorist, Khomeini is a murderer, you know, etc, etc The russians invaded Afghanistan, all this sort of stuff I don't need any evidence. Everybody just nods. On the other hand, suppose you say something that just isn't regurgitating conventional pieties Suppose you say something that's the least bit unexpected. Or controversial. Suppose you say... The biggest international terror operations that are known are the ones that are run out of Washington Or suppose you say what happened in the 1980s is the US government was driven underground Suppose I say the United States is invading South Vietnam, as it was The best political leaders are the ones who are lazy and corrupt If the Nuremberg laws were applied then every post-war American president would have been hanged The bible is probably the most genocidal book in our total canon Education is a system of imposed ignorance There's no more morality in world affairs, fundamentally Than there was at the time of Genghis Khan, they're just different There are just different factors to be conerned with Noam Chomsky, thank you People will quite reasonably expect to know what you mean Why did you say that? I never heard that before. If you said that you'd better have a reason You'd better have some evidence In fact you'd better have a lot of evidence because that's pretty startling comment You can't give evidence if you're stuck with concision That's the genius of this structural constraint. And in my view if people like Say "Nightline", "MacNeil/Lehrer" and so on, were smarter If they were better propagandists, they would let dissidents on Let them on more, in fact. The reason is: They would sound like they're from Neptune Then comes our special conversation on the middle east crisis; Tonight's with the activist, writer and professor Noam Chomsky Again, there has been an offer on the table, which we rejected, an Iraqi offer last April... Ok. I have to... ...Eliminate their chemical and other unconventional arsenals if Israel were to simultaneously do the same ...have to end you there But I think that should be pursued as well Sorry to interrupt you. I have to end it there. That's the end of our time. Professor Noam Chomsky, thank you very much for joining us AT&T has supported the MacNeil/Lehrer NewsHour since 1983 Because quality information and quality communications is our idea of a good connection AT&T, the right choice Okay, can you give us a half a second for a two-shot, that's all Then we can do anything after that Thank you Yeah, what about the a... Well, I better go up, Mark I think there's some stuff hanging around there... The idea of this is that it's just a shot where I'm seeing talking to you And you're seen listening to me. I'll ask you though If you don't speak to me or move your lips, so that I can be seen To be asking you a question, the reason is the shot is simply this... I'm used to it... Ok. Then talk to me and I'll keep going. The reason for the shot and I'll Explain it through because I usually find that's the easiest way to do it The reason for the shot is I need a shot where you're sitting and seen Listening to me while I'm asking you a question, we can use The shot to introduce you, explain who you are, and explain how it fits Into the piece I'm doing. But if you don't speak to me I can also use... Got it? Ok. Thanks for your time. Righto! If there is a narrower range of opinion, in the United States And it is harder to express a variety of different opinions Why do you live in the US? Well, first of all it's my country and secondly, it's in many ways I've said before, it's the freest country in the world There's more possibilities for change here than in any other country I know Again, comparatively speaking, it's the country where the State is probably most restricted But isn't it what you should be looking at, comparatively, rather than... - Yes, I do. - ...Than in absolute terms... - Of course. - But you don't give that impression. Well, maybe I don't give that impression, but I certainly say it often enough What I've said over and over again, and I've been saying it all tonight I've written it a million times, is that the United States is a very free society It's also a very rich society Of course the United States is a scandal from the point of view of its wealth Given the natural advantages the United States has In terms of resources and lack of enemies and so on The United States should have a level of health and welfare and so on That's an order of magnitude beyond anybody else in the world. We don't. The United States is last among twenty industrializes societies in infant mortality That's a scandal of American Capitalism. And it ends up being a very free society. Which does a lot of rotten things in the world. Ok? There's no contradiction there. Greece was a free society by the standards of the Athens It was also a vicious society from the point of view of its imperial behavior There's virtually no correlation between the, maybe none Between the internal freedom of the society and its external behavior You start your line of discussion At a moment that it is historically useful for you - That's why I say, you pick the beginning... - The grand act of the post-war world is... Is that the communist imperialists, by the use of terrorism By depravation of freedom, have contributed to the continuing bloodshed And the sad thing about it, is not only the bloodshed But the fact that they seem to dispossess you of the power of rational observation - May I say something? - Sure. I think that's about five percent true And about... Or maybe ten percent true. It certainly is true... Why do you give that? - May I complete a sentence? - Sure. It's perfectly true that there were areas of the world, in particular Eastern Europe Where Stalinist imperialism very brutally took control And still maintains control, but there are also very vast areas of the world Where we are doing the same thing. And there's quite an interplay in the Cold War... Well, you see the... What you just described is a, I believe, a mythology About the Cold War, which might have been tenable ten years ago - But which is quite inconsistent with the contemporary scholarship... - Ask a Czech. Ask a Guatemalan. Ask a Dominican. Ask a resident of the Dominican Republic - You don't... - Ask a person from South Vietnam, ask a Thai... Obviously if you can't distinguish between the nature of our venture in Guatemala And the nature of the venture of the Soviet Union in Prague... - What is the difference? Explain that to me. - Then we have a real difficulty... - Explain it to me. - Sorry... What about making the media more responsible and democratic? Well, there are very narrow limits to that It's kind of like asking how do we make corporations more democratic Well, the only way to do that is get rid of them If you have concentrated power, you can... I don't wanna say you can do nothing like the Church can show up At the stockholder's meeting and start screaming about not investing In South Africa and sometimes that has marginal effects I don't want to say that it has no effects, but you can't really affect the structure of power Because to do that it would be a social revolution And unless you're ready for a social revolution, that is Power is going to be somewhere else. The media are gonna have their present structure And they're gonna represent their present interests That's not to say one should not try to do things It makes sense to try to push the limits of a system It takes only one or two people that think they have integrity as journalists To give you some good press You see, that's important and that goes back to something that came up before Things are complex, it's not monolithic The mass media themselves are complicated institutions with internal contradictions So on the one hand there's the commitment to indoctrination and control But on the other hand there's the sense of professional integrity She works alone, as her own boss. Writing newspaper columns And producing radio commentaries for a hodgepodge of small clients accross the country The so-called leather-lunged Texan has been firing questions At our chief executives for almost forty years And many a young man in this country is being desillusioned totally about their government these days Well, this is a question that you very properly bring to the attention of the nation It's not that we haven't been holding press conferences. I was just waiting for Sarah to come back Mr. President, that's very nice of you and I appreciate it Sir, I wanted to call your attention to a real problem we've got in this country today Those unique and often terrifying McClendon questions reflect her desire to dig out information Sir, I wanna ask you, and your new man, what he feels the public... With enough know-how and persistence, she usually gets her man What would you do if you were in a situation where You tried to be an honest reporter and you're worried sick about your country And you saw how sick it was, and you're facing this weak White House And weak congress as a reporter, what would you do? I think there are a lot of reporters that do a very good job In fact I have a lot of friends in the press who I think do a terrific job... I know they are, but, I mean, they want to but waht would you do... First of all you have to understand what the system is And smart reporters do understand what it is You have to understand what the pressures are, what the commitments are What the barriers are and what the openings are. Like right after the Iran-Contra hearings... A lot of good reporters understood, well, things are going to be a little more open for a couple of months So you could ram through stories they couldn't even talk about before - And after Watergate. - And the same after watergate. And then it closes up again and so on Most people, I imagine, simply internalize the values. That's the easiest way. And the most succesful way. You just internalize the values And then you regard yourself... in a way correctly, as acting perfectly freely Alright, let's get to the White House now, where I think veteran correspondent Frank Sesno can tell us a little about self-censorship That inertial guidance system is always going on, isn't it? Is there any formal censorship there? Well, there's no self-censorship, but if someone tells me something I'm going to pass it on. Unless it's a particular and compelling reason not to. I can't deny I wouldn't like to have acceess to the Oval Office And all the same maps and charts and graphs that the president's looking at But that's not possible. It's not realistic and probably not even desirable. - Hello. - Hi, how are ya? Fine. Do you want to sit down there, please? Welcome, to Holland. I'll introduce you first in a few lines: Professor Chomsky, Noam Chomsky, is now sixty, and he's by and large The most controversial intellectual in America It's kind of a platitude - but that's what they always label him Chomsky has been called the Einstein of Modern Linguistics The New York Times has said he's arguably the most important intellectual alive today But his presence here has sparked a protest This book has poisoned the world and all lies in there And as Vietmanese people, we come here to burn the book Vietnam! Vietnam! He said that in Vietnam there's no violation of human rights And no crimes in Cambodia. It is wrong. Chomsky's using his profession He's using that to poison the world, and we come here to protest that I don't mind the denounciations, frankly. I mind the lies. Intellectuals are very good at lying. They're professionals at it. Villification is a wonderful technique There's no way of responding them. If someone calls you a anti-semite What can you say? I'm not an anti-semite? Somebody says you're a racist, a nazi or something, you always lose The person that throws the mud always wins. Because of responding to such charges. Professor Chomsky seems to believe that the people he criticizes Fall into one of two classes: liars or dupes Consider what happens when I discuss the case of Robert Faurisson Let me recall the facts... Let's not go into details, please The details happen to be important - Yes, but I have only one question on the Faurisson question. - Do the facts matter or don't they matter? - Of course they do. - Well, let me tell you what the facts are. Faurisson says that the massacre of the jews and the holocaust is a historic lie Now this is an important one. It has a lot to do with the topic. Your views are extremely controversial and perhaps one of the things That has been most controversial and most strongly criticized for Was your defense of French intellectual who was suspended from his university post For contending that there were no Nazi death camps in World War II My name is Robert Faurisson. I am sixty. I'm a university professor at Lyon, France Behind me, you may see the courthouse of Paris. The Palais du Justice. In this place, I was convicted, many times, at the beginning of the eighties I was charged by nine associations, mostly jewish associations, for inciting hatred Racial hatred. For racial difamation. For damage by falsifing story. Professor Chomsky and a number of other intellectuals signed a petition In which Faurisson is called a respected professor of literature Who merely tried to make his findings public Perhaps we can start with just the story of a Robert Faurisson And... your involvement More than five hundred peoples signed. Maybe six hundred. Mostly universitarian scholars And what happened to the other four hundred and ninety-nine of them? How come we only hear about Chomsky's signature? Well, I think it's beacuse Chomsky has in himself a political power I signed the petition. Calling on a tribunal to defend his civil rights. At that point the french press, which apparently has no conception Of freedom of speech, concluded that since I had called for his Civil rights I had therefore been defending his thesis. Faurisson then published a book in which he tried to prove Nazi gas chambers never existed What we deny is that there was an extermination program And an extermination actually. Specially in gas chambers or gas vans. The book contains a preface written by Professor Chomsky In which he calls for Faurisson "a relatively apolitical sort of liberal" A communist is a man, a jew is a man, a Nazi is a man, I am a man Are you a nazi? I am not a nazi How would you describe yourself, politically? Nothing The preface that you wrote, where... No, that's not the preface that I wrote because I never wrote a preface And you know that I never wrote a preface Yeah, yeah... Vidal Naquet... He's referring to a statement of mine on civil liberties Which was added to a book in which Faurisson... Excuse me - You're a linguist! - Yes! And the language you use has a meaning! That's right. And The language I use... And when you describe someone as an apolitical liberal or someone Whose views can be dignified by the words, findings or conclusions That is a judgement, and that is a favorable judgement of his views! On the contrary... May I continue with the facts? Yes you can continue with the facts for hours, but I mean there are a few facts that... yeah, ok Let's get the so-called preface I was then asked by the person who organized this petition To write a statement on freedom of speech Just banal comments about freedom of sppech pointing out the difference Between defending a person's right to express his views and defending The views expressed. So I did that, I wrote a rather banal statement Called "Some Elementary Remarks on Freedom of Expression" And I told him "Do what you like with it" So Pierre produced a book which all the arguments Of Faurisson were to be put in front of the court And we thought wise to use the text of Noam Chomsky as a kind of warning A foreword, to say that it was a matter of freedom of expression Freedom of thought, freedom of research Why did you try at the last moment to get back from... That's the one thing I'm sorry about. That's the one,,, - But that's the real, that's the real important thing... - No, it's not. - Of course. - What? The fact that I tried to retract it? Because with that you said it was wrong of you to do it No, I didn't. See, in fact take a look at what I... I wrote a letter which was then publicized in which I said: Look, things have reached the point where the French intellectual Community simply is incapable of understanding the issues At this point it's just going to confuse matters even more If my comments on freedom of speech happened to be attached to this book Which I didn't know existed, so just to clarify things about them, just separated them In retrospect, I think I probably shouldn't have done that I should have just said "Fine! let that appear. Because it ought to appear." Apart from that, I regard this as not only trivial But as compared to other positions I've taken on freedom of speech, invisible I do not think that the State ought to have the right to determine Historical truth and punish people who deviate from it I'm not willing to give the State that right even if they happen to call the... But are you denying that gas chambers ever existed? Of course not. But I'm saying if you believe in freedom of speech You believe in freedom of speech for views you don't like Goebbels was in favor of freedom of speech for the views he liked Alright? So was Stalin. If you're in favor of freedom of speech That means you're in favor of freedom of speech precisely for views you despise Otherwise you're not in favor of freedom of speech There's two positions you can have on freedom of speech: You can decide which position you want With regard to my defense of the utterly offensive The people who express utterly offensive views, I haven't the slightest doubt That every comissar says you're defending that person's views No, I'm not. I'm defending his right to express them. The difference is crucial and the difference has been understood Outside of fascist circles since the eighteenth century Is there anything like objectivity, scientific objectivity, reality? - As a scientist, where do you stand on this point? - I'm not saying I defend the views. If somebody publishes a scientific article which I disagree with I do not say the State should put him in jail. Right? Alright, but you don't have to support him right away - I don't support him. - Say "I just support him for the sake of everybody saying whatever they want". Oh yeah, but... Fine. Suppose this guy is taken to court and charged with falsification. Then I'm going to defend him even though I disagree with him - But he wasn't taken to court. - Oh, you're wrong. But when did you try to write the support? I mean... When he was brought to court And in fact the only support that I gave him was To say he has a right to freedom of speech. Period. There's no doubt in my mind that the example that I gave about The story about the holocaust that did not exist, is very, very typical - How much of the... - I'll give you another example about the Middle East. How much of the american press believes that Faurisson has anything to say? Or any press? How much of the press in France... - Since I followed... - What percentage would you say? - I'll tell you. - Is it higher than zero? Have you seen anything in any newspaper, or in any journal Saying that this man is anything other than a lunatic? - I'll try to answer. - Ok. - I think I just followed the case. - That's a simple question. I followed the case five or six years ago and I happened to see That Noam Chomsky was in for strong criticism even from some Of his supporters for doing something that could be interpreted Only in terms of a campaign against Israel Going back years I'm absolutely certain that I've taken far more Extreme positions on people who deny the holocaust then you have For example, you go back to my earliest articles, and you'll find that I say that even to enter into the arena of debate on the question Of whether the nazis carried out such atrocities is already to lose one's humanity So I don't think you ought to discuss the issue if you want to know my opinion But if anybody wants to refute Faurisson There's certainly no difficulty in doing so I'm not interested in freedom of speech and all that I have to win, and that's the question. And I shall win. Cut It is a poor service to the memory of the victims of the Holocaust to adopt a central doctrine of their murderers Noam Chomsky I'm just an ordinary mom who just thinks in terms of "I just don't want to some day be holding my grandchildren And watching something horrible happen and feel like I didn't do anything" And it's obvious what you're doing. And my question is on a practical level Where do you see the most practical place to put your energy? Tonight I feel in overwhelm, like I feel it's too big It's too much, to even make a dent in? The way things change is because lots of people are working all the time They're working in their communities And working in their workplace, wherever they happen to be And they're building up the basis for popular movements, which are going to make changes That's the way that everything ever happened in history Whether it was the end of slavery, or whether it was democratic revolutions Or anything you want, you name it. That's the way it worked. You get a very false picture of this from the history books In the history books there's a couple of leaders George Washington, Martin Luther King, or whatever. And I don't wanna say that those people are unimportant like Martin Luther King was certainly important But he was not the civil rights movement Martin Luther King can appear in the history books because lots of people Whose names you'll never know, and whose names are all forgotten And who may have been killed and so on, were working down on the south When you have activists, and people concerned and people Devoting themselves and dedicating themselves to social change Or issues or whatever, then, people like me can appear And we can appear to be prominent But that's only because somebody else is doing the work My work, whether it's giving hundreds of talks a year Or spending twenty hours of week writing letters or writing books Is not directed to intellectuals and politicians It's directed to what are called "ordinary people" And what I expect from them is in fact exactly what they are That they should try to understand the world and act in accordance with their decent impulses And that they should try to improve the world, and many people are willing to do that But they have to understand, in fact as far as I can see it, in these things I feel that I'm simply helping people develop a course of intellectual self-defense What did you mean by that? What would such a course be? I don't mean "go to school", cause you're not going to get it there It means you have to develop an independent mind. And work on it. That's an extremely hard thing to do alone The beauty of our system is that it isolates everybody Each person is sitting alone, in front of the tube, you know? It's very hard to have ideas or thoughts under those circumstances You can't fight the world alone. Some people can, but it's pretty rare. The way to do it is through organization. So courses of intellectual self-defense will have to be In the context of political and other organization And it makes sense, I think to look at what the institutions are trying to do And to take that almost as a key What they are trying to do is what we are trying to combat If they're trying to keep people isolated, and separate And so on, well we'll try to do the opposite We'll try to bring them together. So in your local community You want to have sources of alternative action People with paralell concerns, maybe differently focused, but at the core, sort of similar values And a similar interest to helping people defend themselves against External power, and taking control of their lives... Reaching out your hand to people that need it That's a common array of concerns. You can learn about your own values And you can figure out how to defend yourself and so on, in conjunction with others Are there one or two publications that I, as an average person A biologist, can read to bypass this filter of our press? If you ask; "What media can I turn to to get the right answers?" First of all, I wouldn't tell you that. Because I don't think there's an answer. The right answers are what you decide are the right answers Maybe everything I'm telling is wrong. Ok? Could perfectly well be. I'm not God. But that's only for you to figure out. I can tell you what I think happens to be more or less right But there isn't any reason why you should pay attention to it What impact do you feel alternative media is currently having or could potentially have? I'm actually a little more interested in its potential And just to define my terms. By alternative media, I'm referring to... Media that are or could be citizen-controlled as opposed to state or corporate-controlled You know that's what kept people together To the extent that people are able to do something constructive It's because they have some way of interacting I've always felt it would be a very positive thing And it should be pushed as far as it could go I think it's going to have a very hard time There's just such a concentration of resources and power that alternative media While extremely important, are going to have quite a battle It's true there are things which are small successes but it's because People have been just willing to put in incredible effort I'd say, take Z Magazine. That's a national magazine which literally has a staff of two And no resources Tell us a little about Z Magazine, what it is and what makes it different - Go on. - Go ahead. Thank you. We just wanted to do a magazine that would address all the sides of political life Economics, race, gender, authority, political relations And we wanted to do it in a way that would incorporate an attention to How to not only understand what's going on but how to make things better What to aim to makes toward and to provide at the same time humor Culture, a kind of a magazine that people can relate to And could get a lot out of it and can participate in And what we wanted to do, which we didn't think was provided By the existing magazines was to give it a real activist slant So that it could be very useful to the variety of movements in the country And we just felt there wasn't a magazine that reflected that That inspired people and that gave people a sort of strategy And perhaps even a vision of how things could be better Z Magazine is one of over five thousand alternative publications distributed locally, regionally or nationally throughout North America each year South End Press has sort of made it. That is, they're surviving. It's a small collective, again, with no resources And they put out a lot of books, including a lot of good books But for a South End book to get reviewed is almost impossible Editorially and business-wise we make decisions based on politics That no corporate publisher can really advocate because of their ties to Corporate America We can solicit manuscripts based on what we feel is the relevance for the movement And we can make our business decisions based on whether we feel people can afford our books Whether we feel that a book might not make that much money But it needs to be out there and maybe there is a thousand people who would buy it And those are criteria that we feel are very precious in this day of corporate mergers Likewise, our structure about sharing work and continuing our training process As long as we are at the Press. There are losses there in terms of productivity But in terms of empowerment, all of us are then able to say, "My perspective is different from yours." Then all of our intelligence gets used in making those decisions and not just whoever happens To have done it the longest or whoever happens to have graduated From the best schools in order to be the best editor making All the decisions and only using his or her intelligence Listener-supported radio in the United States has undergone a remarkable growth in the last decade It's perhaps the fastest growing alternative media There are many reasons for this. First and foremost it's enormously economical. And it reaches communities that have not been served by community radio before And in Boulder, particular, we see, with someone like Noam Chomsky Who's been there, I believe three times in the last six years He has a tremendous audience and KGNU is partly responsible for that Because we play his tapes on a regular basis, we play his lectures And his interviews, so when he does come to Boulder And people hear what he has to say, they're able to tune in It's not something exotic or esoteric that he is talking about It's material that they are very familiar with And he's noted this, incidentally... If there's a listener-supported radio station, it means that people can get daily Every day, a different way of looking at the world Not just what the corporate media want you to see. But a different picture. A different understanding. Not only can you hear it, but participate in it. You can add your own thoughts, you know? You can learn something and so on. Well, that's the way people become human That's the way you become human participants in a social and political system Hello, I'm Ed Robinson, and this is Non-Corporate News What is Non-Corporate News and why is it necessary? I didn't want just to show another film at a library or something I wanted to make my own statement. I thought it would be more fun to do And perhaps I'd get other people involved in a project Besides showing a film, we can make a film or a video The local cable stations looked up to three communities: Lynn, Swampcott and Salem So it's thirty thousand people or thirty thousand homes, I'm not sure but I'm sure a lot of people will see it and it will be the kind of people that don't go out to see a film. I'll go right into their houses so if they're flipping through their channels they might be able to get a completely new idea of the world Non Corporate News is produced by volunteers through one of two thousand community and public access TV channels in Canada and The United States So there's kind of networks of co-operation that develop Which, I mean, like here for example is a collection of stuff from a friend of mine in Los Angeles who does careful monitoring of the whole press in Los Angeles and a lot of the British press he reads And... Selections... i don't have to read the, you know the moview reviews, local gossip or this kind of stuff but I get the occasional nugget that sneaks through And you find, if you carefully, and intelligently and predictably review a wide range of press, well there are a fair number of people that do this and we exchange information We wrote whis two-volume work which we saw one another for a couple of weeks just when we were getting started But then we wrote two volumes, essentially, without seeing one another just by phone, by mail and exchanging manuscripts But this takes a lot of communication by mail My Chomsky file is a couple of feet thick The end result is you do have access to resources in a way which I doubt that any national intelligence agency can duplicate Let alone on scolarhip So there are ways of compensating for the absence of resources People can do things Like for example I found out about the arms flow to Iran by reading transcripts of the BBC. And by reading interviews somewhere with an Israely ambassador in one city and reading something else in the Israeli press, you know? Ok, the information is there. But it's there to a fanatic Now somebody who wants to spend a substantial part of their time and energy exploring it, and comparing today's lies with yesterday's leaks and so on... That's a research job And, you know, it just doesn't make any sense to ask the general population to dedicate themselves to this task on every issue I'm not given to false modesty, there's things that I can do and I can do them reasonably well, including analysis, and, you know study, research. I mean, I know how to do that sort of thing and I think I have a reasonable understanding of the way the world works as much as anyone can. And that turns out to be a very useful resource for people who are doing active organizing, trying to engage themselves in a way which will make a little bit of a better world And if you can help in those things and participate and that's well uh... You know? That's rewarding I wonder if you can envision a time when people like myself, uh again, the naive people of this world can again take pride in the United States? And is that even a healthy wish now? Because it may be this hunger for pride in our country that makes us more easily manipulated by the powers that you talk about I think you first have to ask what do you mean by your country Now, if you mean by the country, the government I don't think you can proud of it and I don't think you can ever be proud of it Or could be proud of any government. Not our government And you shouldn't be. States are violent institutions They, the government of any country, including ours, represents some sort of domestic power structure and it's usually violent States are violent to the extent that they're powerful, that's roughly accurate Look at american history, it's nothing to write home about You know, why are we here? We're here because say some ten million native americans were wiped out. That's not very pretty Until the 1960s it was still cowboys and indians And the 1970s, for the first time, really, it became possible even for scholarship to try to deal with the facts as they were For example, to deal with the fact that the native american population was far higher than had been claimed Millions higher, maybe ten million higher than it had been claimed And they had an advanced civilization and there was something akin to genocide took place. Now, we went through two hundred years of our history without facing it, in fact One of the effects of the 1960s is that it's possible to at least begin to think about the facts. Well, that's an advance Do you think that this activism twenty years ago has made a difference somehow in the way our society operates now? It has not changed the institutions in the way they function But it has led to significant cultural changes Now remember these movements of the sixties expanded in the seventies and expanded further in the eighties and they reached into other parts of the society and different issues. These... That was the agenda of the people who designed the fiscal cliff: okay, well, we'll set up a crisis, and at the end of 2012 we'll come in with these changes. And that might be, for example, curtailing the cost-of-living adjustments in Social Security, raising the age of eligibility for Medicare, any number of things which in effect would cut benefits, or, in the case of what I just said about Medicare, basically a partial privatization, forcing people to rely on private insurance for a couple of extra years. So that's what was being held in reserve for the post-election period. And the danger remains is that at the end of this Congress we'll have in the last few days some concession on the Republican side on the tax issues, and the Democratic leadership will come in and say, and specifically the White House will come in and say, well, now we've got what we want on taxes; we need to make a concession on Medicare and Medicaid. I think Social Security's been taken off the table for the moment. We may have won that battle. But I'm still concerned that what may happen to our very important health insurance programs, totally unnecessarily, will be kind of folded in as a kind of necessary concession at the end [crosstalk] JAY: Well, we're going to talk more about this part in part two of this series of interviews. But in the article you wrote, you talk about the CBO revising its own forecasts. And what was that about? GALBRAlTH: That has to do with these longer-term deficit forecasts, which have been part of the climate of preoccupation with the deficit, the national debt, all along. And one of the ironies of the situation we're in now is that the fiscal cliff is actually a reduction in deficits, and the same people who were telling us that we need to be frightened about the long-term deficit are telling us that we need to be frightened about too small a short-term deficit [incompr.] could easily understand why for the larger public this is just a tiny bit confusing. But those long-term CBO forecasts of very rapidly rising national debt, very rapidly rising deficits, rest on a couple of very doubtful assumptions. One is that health-care costs will continue to rise more rapidly than every other cost in the economy forever--can't happen and won't happen, but that's--you can build a computer forecast that makes it happen, in which it happens. And the other is that the interest rate that the federal government pays on its public debt will be raised by the Federal Reserve, let's say, four years from now, to a point where it's higher than the growth rate of total output, the growth rate of income, and then that interest burden compounds, the interest payments compound as a share of GDP and go up very rapidly after that. If you stretch out that forecast long enough, you can get a debt-to-GDP ratio as high as you like in a computer projection. But once again, it will not happen in real life. It's not consistent with the way an actual economy is going to function. JAY: So, again, an artificial sense of urgency being created. GALBRAlTH: An artificial sense of urgency about events that are 30 or 40 years off. It's a very strange situation. And we have obvious pressing problems--unemployment, foreclosures, energy, climate change. We have clear things that should be at the top of our priorities. And instead you have this preoccupation, obsessive preoccupation with computer projections which are easily--let's say, easily rebutted and which in any event, you know, are making statements about events that are highly conjectural and very far in the future. JAY: Okay. In part two of this series of interviews, we're going to ask: is there a looming crisis with Social Security and Medicare and Medicaid? So please join us for part two of our interview with James Galbraith on The Real News Network. Don't forget, we're in our year-end fundraising campaign. There's a Donate button over here--every dollar you donate gets matched with another dollar until we reach $100,000, and if you don't click on that, we can't do this. So far in this course we have looked at a number of ways of solving planning problems efficiently. That is, we have assumed that we were giving a planning problem. But a planning problem is a very specific artifact. And to get to this artifact requires a lot of work. So we have a lot of problems we need to solve before we can start planning and that's what we will look at now briefly. The first problem that we need to solve before we can do any planning is the knowledge engineering problem. One thing we have learned on this course is what the planner takes as input, namely a planning problem consisting of an initial state, a goal, and a set of operators that we can use to move through the state space. And for a planner to use this as input, all this needs to be represented in a formal language, such as PDDL. Knowledge engineering is really everything that we need to do to get from the first informal problem description to this formal representation that we can give to a planner. And this involves the problem of problem formulation that I've already talked about when I've introduced you to the missionaries and cannibals problem. And problem formulation is really vital for the efficiency with which we can do problem solving. If the operators we choose to represent contain too much detail then the state space can explode exponentially and we cannot solve problems anymore. But that is only one of the concerns during knowledge engineering. There are others like how adequate is the knowledge we have represented or how easy will it be to maintain in the future? There are now tools that we can use to perform the knowledge engineering for planning domains. And these tools support one or more phases of knowledge representation as shown here. The first phase that we need to go through is the requirements specification. This is where we talk to domain experts and try to find out what they expect from the system that we will build as a result of this process. Then the second phase is knowledge modelling where we take the knowledge that we have extracted from the experts in the first phase and built a formal model but a fomal model that the experts can still understand and critique. So it needs to be fairly high level. Then we can do a model analysis, which involves verification and validation, finding out whether the model is adequate and captures all the knowledge that we need. Then we can deploy the model, which means we have to export our domain specification in a language and formalism that a planner can understand. This is then followed by plan synthesis which is essentially what we've looked at in this course. And finally we can do plan analysis and post design which is we look at the generated plans, go back to the experts and show them is this really what you wanted. Are these plans useful to you? What criteria do we have to assess these plans? And overall this is an iterative process, so that means we can go back to any phase at any time and start over again to improve the model. As you can see, knowledge engineering for planning domains is anything but trivial. But there is an alternative approach to doing all this manually, and that is to try to learn planning domain model-[SOUND] The basic idea here is, that you build a system that can observe what is going on in a specific domain. And derive operator descriptions, that describe how the state of the world as changes, as the system sees it. This has been done recently for the game of Freecell, where a system observed the game playing for a while and then came up with a formal system of operators that described how to play this game. One of the problems that keeps coming up during knowledge engineering for reasoning about actions and change is The Frame Problem. An to explain this to you I need to go back in time a little. Back when people were first looking at planing problems in the '60, a very popular field in [UNKNOWN] AI and in which a lot of progress was being made was automated[UNKNOWN] imprving. So one of the earliest approaches to solving planning problems, then, was to transform a planning problem into a theory improving problem. And doing that involves writing a set of logical axioms that represent what changes in the world when an action happens. There were, of course, axioms expressing the preconditions of an operator, and there were axioms expressing the effects of an operator. But it turned out for a theorem improver to work you also have to write down explicitly what doesn't work when an action is executed. And in fact, the list of things that don't change when an action is executed, is much longer than the list of things that do change. So the problem was, that we needed to represent a long list of facts that are not changed by an action. And the frame problem in general, then, is to construct a formal framework for the reasoning about actions and change in which the non-effects of actions do not have to be enumerated explicitly. The formal framework that was used originally was first order logic, and using theorem proving as the problem solving technique. And the specific set of relations and functions that were used to represent operators in first order logic, are known as the situation calculus. Now, there are a number of ways in which the frame problem can be approached and the first one was to ask the question whether we can use a different style of representation so we don't use the situation calculus but we use a different way of encoding the same knowledge in first-order logic so we keep the formalism. And while there has been some progress with this approach. The problem of enumerating non effective actions explicitly did remain in some way or other. The second approach, then, was to use a different logical formalism. So, instead of first order logic. We may be able to use a more complicated formalism that can encode the knowledge better. And 1 good candidate was always non monotonic logic. And again there has been some progress in that area. But theory improves for non-monotonic logic are not very efficient. And the third approach was to simply write a procedure that generates the right conclusions, in our case plans, because its solution is built into the procedure. And that third approach is basically what we've been following on this course. But you should be aware of the frame problem which has to do with the representation of non-effects of actions. What is the Higgs? Since 1964 we've had this idea proposed by Englert, Brout and Higgs that empty space is like a medium and as particles travel through this medium some of them interact with it, some of them don't interact with it. The ones that do interact with this medium, they acquire masses, and the ones that pass through it without interacting, those are massless particles. Let me give you an analogy: imagine an infinite field of snow extending thoughout all of space, flat, featureless, going in all directions, maybe the middle of Siberia. Now imagine that you're trying to cross this field of snow. So maybe you're a skier, and you skim across the top, that's like a particle that does not interact with the Higgs field, it does not sink into the snow, it goes very fast. That's like a particle with no mass travelling at the speed of light. But maybe you've only got snow shoes, in that case you sink into the Higgs snow field, you've got less speed that the skier, less that the speed of light. That's like a particle with mass, because you are connecting, interacting, with that Higgs snow field. And then finally if you've just got boots on, then you you sink deeply into the snow, you go very very slowly, and that's like a particle with a big mass. So, think of this Higgs field as being like this universal field of snow. Now, where does the Higgs boson come in? We all know what snow is made out of, right. It's made out of snow flakes. In the same way this universal Higgs snow field, is made up out of little quanta, those quanta are like snowflakes, that's what we call the Higgs boson. The Higgs boson has this job of giving masses to all the other elementary particles. If you look at the basic equations of the Standard Model, as written on my T-shirt, they're very symmetric, that way in which all the different particles appear is the same. At least on the top two lines there is nothing to distinguish particles that have different masses for example. But this symmetry has to be broken, electrons are lighter than muons, the top quark is much much heavier than the quarks that make up everyday nuclei. So, the top two lines, the symmetric lines, cannot be all there is, there has to be something to discriminate, distinguish, between the different types of particle. And that's the job of the Higgs boson, that's the job of the two bottom lines. Depending on how those different types of quark or the electron and muon, depending on how they connect to that Higgs field, that Higgs boson, we believe they get different masses. The symmetry between these particles is broken. (music) My father lived and breathed baseball. It was in 1948 that he was signed by the Dodgers, and it was right after Jackie Robinson was signed, and he became the first black catcher in the major leagues. He had his accident in 1958. He was in a car accident. He basically gave up. My father always credited his physical therapist as the person who helped to motivate him and give him back his will to live. So, Cal State University Northridge, our physical therapy program has a 20 year relationship with the Campanella family. Over the years, Cal State University Northridge has had about 40 students receive scholarships from the Roy and Roxie Campanella Foundation. Then in 2010, the Dodgers Dream Foundation stepped up and said that they would like to join forces with the Campanella Foundation to continue providing scholarships to our physical therapy students every year. And one student is selected to spend spring training working with the trainers and with the physical therapists for the Dodgers. It's a pretty unique experience. I think there are maybe one or two other programs nationally that have a situation like this. So, we're really proud of this relationship that we have with the Dodgers. I was the first Dodgers-CSUN intern, and I'm about a year and a half out of that now. And I'm currently working at an outpatient orthopedic clinic in Sherman Oaks. I am a graduate of the Cal State Northridge physical therapy program. And I was the second intern for this Dodgers internship, and I'm still on board with the Dodgers. There are not a lot of physical therapists in major-league baseball to start with and to have Cal State Northridge provide us with this opportunity, you know, it's just kind of a dream job to be able to step into it. Obviously, the connection with Los Angeles and Cal State Northridge has been a strong one for a lot of years, and I don't think it's coincidence. I think a lot of great people come out of Cal State Northridge and have an impact in their professions. I feel like I'm in a very good spot in life, professionally and just life itself, and I owe a lot of that to CSUN. It is very hard for me to express what this means to our family and what it would have been to my dad and my mother. My father bled Dodger blue. To know that this organization that he so loved, this organization that also so loved him back is now supporting a program to be able to continue his legacy in terms of helping students who are becoming physical therapists would mean the world to them. The answer is the first two. The first one is checking the signature. We're checking the signature here by decrypting using the public key that verifies that this message was created by someone who knows the private key so we verify the signature, and you might think that would be enough. We verify the signature, we obtain the public key, and we obtain the value that we need to produce our Diffie-Hellman key. The reason that's not enough is because we're also worried about replay attacks, and that's why we need to do the second check. We're going to recompute this hash. Note that the hash is one way. We can't use the hash to learn the key, but we can compute the key like this for the client and then check that the key and the hash matches that. By computing the hash, we know that there is no replay attack because these values are fresh. If there was a replay attack and a different hash value was replayed, then this hash wouldn't match, so we need both of those. The third check doesn't make sense, and this uses Yc as well as Xs, which is the secret value of the server. If that was revealed, that would break the protocol. I'm very happy to be here because I've known TED for several years. TED has always been a great source of inspiration for me. I first came across TED watching a video of Ken Robinson. So to talk today, just after Ken Robinson, is a real honor for me. So Ken Robinson was just saying, during his talk, that for him, creativity means having new ideas that bring added value. Michel Coster who is the Head of entrepreneurship at EM Lyon has described entrepreneurship as creating richness from imagination. So upon reflection, we can see entrepreneurship is a form of creativity. Could you raise your hand if you have ever created a business, or if you're in the process of creating one? Oh! Wow, impressive! But you are not exactly representative of the proportion of people who have set up a business on a national scale, that is, in France. In France, the proportion of adults who are in the process of setting up or who have already set up their own business is 6%. It's not a lot. This figure of 6% makes us 56th out of the 59 countries in the study. Very low. So why are we so bad at entrepreneurship? Well, Grenoble School of Management which conducted this research tried to figure out what was holding each country back, and the strengths and weaknesses of each one. And for France, they found something very distinctive, something very characteristic of France. And this is an enormous fear of failure. So where does this fear of failure come from? Well, it comes for the most part from our education. Because in our education, there's something, there's a particular lesson, a rule that we have been taught, that has been drummed into us so much, that it has become deep-rooted deep down inside us. And this rule is that mistakes are not allowed. Of course, mistakes aren't allowed because if you make a mistake, it must be that either you haven't understood the topic or that you have understood it, but you weren't concentrating hard enough. Either explanation is completely unacceptable, we all agree on this. Well, actually, I don't entirely agree with that. What I would like to suggest is that I first explain to you I came upon this little discovery, of this characteristic of our French education, and secondly, I would like to explain the four consequences of this rule. And you will very quickly see why this rule is actually very harmful. As Thomas was saying a minute ago, I had the opportunity to live in Asia for eight years with my family, that is, my husband and my two daughters. My daughters were very young when we left, so they started their school careers in Asia, in international schools. There they are, above, in Shanghai in their uniform for the British School. Next in the uniform they wore for school in Hong Kong, And then on the right, with no uniform, at their school in Tokyo. In Asia, my daughters were always very enthusiastic about school, about the learning process, and teaching. For them, learning was always something to be enjoyed. In fact, you can see them here working at home for the second night in a row, on a project about Cambodia that they had decided to make, to share with their classmates. Then, in 2010, we were asked to come back to France. In September 2010, for the first time, my daughters went to a French school. From that moment on, little by little, their enthusiasm for school began to dwindle. They started to complain, they started to be less keen to go to school, they were even afraid to go to school, and they even started thinking that two-day weekends are too short. And then, one day my eldest, who was nine last year came home from school, collapsed onto the sofa, and she said to me, "Mum, I'm tired." "Getting tired at the age of nine, that's too bad," I thought, but she said, "No Mum, I'm tired of being scared of making a mistake." As a mother, and I'm sure it would have been the same for any of you, that upset me, but at the same time, it reminded me actually, of the rule that had been passed on to me when I was little. That rule which is so important in French education, "Mistakes are not allowed." As I was saying earlier, I see four consequences to this rule which mean that this rule is really very harmful to our children. The first of these consequences is intolerance. If I show you this sign with my hand what number do you see? Good! Right answer. In France. But wrong answer in China. This sign means eight in China. Here you can see two different styles of handwriting: on the right is the Anglo-Saxon handwriting that my daughters learned to read and write with, on the left, the French handwriting that you all know. My youngest daughter is called Inès. When she arrived in France last year, she was in the class CE1, and she started to write her name with the Anglo-Saxon handwriting, as it was the only one she knew. Some of my close family members told her, and her school teacher too, told her that she was writing her name badly, that she was wrong. Her teacher made her write lines of "I" s in the French style so that she could eventually write her name correctly. So far, I can accept that. The problem was when my daughter said to me recently, "But I didn't use to write my name normally." It's that word "normally" which I find really unacceptable. Because we're all agreed that: OK, in France we have decided on a certain number of conventions, and in France we apply those conventions. So far, so good. However, what we must teach our children is that in the world there are as many conventions as there are cultures, and that if it's normal in France to write from left to right and horizontally, in Japan it is completely normal to write from right to left and vertically. That doesn't mean any one convention should be favored over another. The second consequence of this rule, "Mistakes are not allowed," is that it causes very low self-esteem. I would like you to just reach into your memory bank, and in your memory bank try to pick out a memory of a bad homework you did, a bad dictation exercise, a bad maths test. Try to remember what you felt at that moment, how you felt when you were given back your bad piece of work when you saw the grade, all the marks in red, and that you even had to take it home to your parents. Remind yourself of what you felt at that moment, maybe injustice, but undoubtedly anger, disappointment, and in the end, a very bad image of yourself. My daughter then, as I was saying a minute ago, Inès, who I told you about, went back to the CE1 class. She started doing dictation exercises in French only she had never done them in French because she had always studied in English. So for her, dictation, French spelling, etc., was all new to her. Of course, the first few of them went quite catastrophically. in fact not just the first few, but all the rest, too. In fact we, as parents, gave her a hard time about her failures, about her bad grades, and her school teacher was hard on her, too. She made her do lines of words, lines of spellings, and corrections. My daughter was simply convinced that she was rubbish at dictation exercises in French, and that it wasn't even worth trying to change things, she was just rubbish, and that was that. Then, recently, she talked about it with a friend of ours who told her, "It's quite strange really, because before you had very good grades in your English dictation exercises. So I don't understand why you have this problem now." Actually, my daughter started to reflect, and she realized that yes, actually, she had already been capable of getting good grades, and she had already been able to work on it. So having thought about it, maybe she was capable of doing well after all. So she set to work. The next week she started working on her words and on spelling, she came back with a 16/20 in her French dictation exercise. And very recently, and this happened a very short while ago, you can see the date of this work is October, 17, she came home with her first 20/20 in dictation. What our friend did was not sorcery, it was not magic. What our friend did was instead of focusing on our daughter's failures, she quite simply drew her attention to her successes and her strengths. That's how, little by little, she changed her perception of herself, and we succeeded in seeing this result. The third consequence, in my opinion, of this rule, "Mistakes are not allowed," is a lack of autonomy when faced with a problem. I'm an educational engineer, an analytical engineer. In my ten years in the industry, I have had the opportunity to work on Japanese quality management techniques and in particular, as you can see here, Jidoka. Toyota worked on a quality management technique using a car assembly production line. In Jidoka, there is an aspect that I like very much, which is to say that the operators in an assembly line instead of giving them an inspector at the end of the chain to say yes or no, the car is acceptable or not, it's each worker in the chain, in his or her post, who has the responsibility to inspect himself or herself. They do the inspection themselves, if they find a mistake, if they come across a mistake, they can even stop the chain by pulling on a little thread to fix their mistakes, so they don't pass on products to their neighbor which are not conform. What is the link between the workers at Toyota and children in education? In fact, your child in education is in exactly the same position as the production line worker. Today, what we do is we put an inspector at the end of the line. We make sure there is always an adult: a schoolteacher, a parent. It's this adult who checks the work. In fact when the child works and tries not to make mistakes, he's not doing it for himself, but to please the adult, he does it to avoid disappointing the adult, to avoid being told off by the adult. I've brought in a photo of an educational tool that my daughters used in their classes in Tokyo, which a very simple mathematics tool. It's a set of little cards with equations on them. The children pull out an equation, calculate their answer, and all they have to do to check the answer is turn over the card. Maybe the child has got it wrong, maybe they'll see that they've actually made a mistake so they will re-do that question, but in any case, the feeling they have at that moment, maybe a little low self-esteem, but nothing compared to what they might feel if it was an adult telling them, "You've gone wrong here, and it's me who will give you the answer." I think that is what we must teach our children. Our children must become independent in this regard. They must be capable of detecting their mistakes on their own. We don't want them to become adults who are always relying on somebody else to know if their work is good or not. The final consequence is, in my opinion, a lack of perseverance. When I came back from Asia last year, I had a plan to open an international school to share with other children what my daughters had experienced abroad. For a year, I worked at getting sponsorship, approval, authorization from the Council, recruiting teachers, recruiting families, ordering materials, initiating communication-public relations. I even had three t-shirts made. I turned my daughters into sandwich-boards, with the logo of the school on the front, around which I had printed, "Opening in September 2011." But in June 2011, the owner of the building I was going to rent simply announced that he didn't want to let out the building anymore. So the new school year of 2011 simply fell through. But from this first failure, I learned lots of lessons, particularly, with regard to my work ethic, planning objectives, timetabling, communication. Now I'm setting out on a new project, and applying those lessons that I've learned from this first failure. There's a saying which I like very much by Winston Churchill who said, "Success is going from failure to failure without losing one's enthusiasm." That's what we need to teach our children today. That's what we want for the adults they are to become. So that they are able to move forward, to make mistakes, to live with those mistakes, but to carry on going. "He who does nothing, never puts a foot wrong," is what we always say. It's true that if we forbid children to make mistakes, they have no choice but not to start anything new. What I wanted to say is that the children who we have around us today are the society of tomorrow. If we want tomorrow's society to be made up of adults who want to move forward, who want to start new things, who won't be afraid of taking risks, who won't be afraid of failure, and of other people watching, it's time to change our message. That's why I propose to you from today onwards, to enter into a new era. An era which will end the ban on mistakes, where we will give to our children the right to make mistakes. Thank you. (Applause) The flood's too big, mom. Then make it small. Focus on my voice. Pretend that's an island out in the ocean. Can you see it? I see it. My son was is the bus. He saw what Clark did. You have to keep this side of yourself a secret. What was I suppose to do? Just let him die? Maybe. I have so many questions. Where do I come from? You just have to decide what kind of man you wanna grow up to be, Clark. Whoever that man is, he's gonna change the world. [dramatic music playing] My father believed that if the world found out who I really was, it'll reject me. He was convinced that the world wasn't ready. What do you think? Piss off! And don't come back! Enoght! Why did I marry you? Bastard! Bastard! I'll show you! That's all! This was the last time! I hate you..hate you.. I don't want to see your face anymore! Scoundrel! What a scoundrel! That's all, darling.. Honey.. I was joking.. Darling!.. What a nice fellow! Good morning!=) Professor Steven Smith: O.K., today, what a joy. What a joy! We start Hobbes. And he is one of the great treats. Thomas Hobbes was the author of the first and, I believe, undoubtedly the greatest, work of political theory written in the English language. He was a master of English style and prose, and his work ranks among the very greatest in this or any other language. Leviathan is to prose what Milton's Paradise Lost is to epic poetry. Think about that. Hobbes was in many ways a perfect foil for Machiavelli. He played the part of Doctor Watson to Machiavelli's Sherlock Holmes. Hobbes, in other words, carried out what Machiavelli had helped him make possible. Machiavelli, you remember, claimed to have discovered a new continent, new modes and orders. It was Hobbes who helped to make this new continent habitable. Machiavelli, you might say, cleared the brush. He was the Lewis and Clarke or the Columbus. Hobbes built the houses and institutions. Hobbes provided us with the definitive language in which even today we continue to speak about the modern state. However, and this is what I want to emphasize throughout our reading of Hobbes, he has always been something of a paradox to his readers. On the one hand, you will find Hobbes the most articulate defender of political absolutism. Hobbes in the Hobbesian doctrine of sovereignty, or the Hobbesian sovereign, to have a complete monopoly of power within his given territory. In fact, the famous frontispiece of the book, which is reproduced in your edition, although it is not altogether very clear. It is not a very good reproduction, the famous frontispiece to the original 1651 edition of Leviathan depicts the Leviathan, depicts the state, the sovereign, holding a sword in one hand and the scepter in the other, and the various institutions of the civilian and churchly ecclesiastical authority on each side. The sovereign holds total power over all the institutions of civilian and ecclesiastical life, holding sway over a kind of peaceable kingdom. Add to this, to the doctrine of indivisible sovereign power, Hobbes' insistence that the sovereign exercise complete control over the churches, over the university curricula, and over what books and opinions can be read and taught. He seems to be the perfect model of absolutism and of absolute government. You have to consider also the following. Hobbes insists on the fundamental equality of human beings, who he says are endowed with certain natural and inalienable rights. He maintains the state is a product of a covenant or a compact, a contract of a sort, between individuals, and that the sovereign owes his authority to the will or the consent of those he governs, and finally that the sovereign is authorized only to protect the interests of the governed by maintaining civil peace and security. From this point of view, it would seem that Hobbes helps to establish the language of what we might think of as the liberal opposition to absolutism. And this paradox was noted even in Hobbes' own time. Was he a defender of royalism and the power of the king, or was he a defender or an opponent of royalism? I mean, in many ways, to be sure, Hobbes was a product of his time, and what else could he be? But Hobbes lived at a time when the modern system of European states, even as we understand them today, was just beginning to emerge. Three years before the publication of Leviathan, 1651, the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia, famous peace treaty, brought an end to more than a century of religious war that had been ignited by the Protestant Reformation. The Treaty of Westphalia officially put an end to the 30 Years War, but more than that it ratified two decisive features that would be given powerful expression by Hobbes. First, the Treaty declared that the individual sovereign state would henceforth become the highest level of authority; you might say, putting an end once and for all to the universalist claims of the Holy Roman Empire. Each state was to be sovereign and to have its own authority. And secondly, that the head of each state would have the right to determine the religion of the state, again thus putting an end to the claims of a single universalist church. This is what the Treaty of Westphalia put into practice and, among other things, what Hobbes attempted to express in theory in his book: the autonomy and authority of the sovereign and the sovereign's power to establish what religious doctrine or what, even more broadly, what opinions are to be taught and held within a community, within a state. Who was Hobbes? Let me say a word about him. Hobbes was born in 1588, the year that the English naval forces drove back the invasion of the famous Spanish Armada. He grew up in the waning years, the last years, of the Elizabethan era, and he was a boy when Shakespeare's most famous plays were first performed. Hobbes, like many of you, was a gifted student, and he went to college. His father, who was a local pastor from the southwest of England, sent him to Oxford, although he went at the age of 14. And after he graduated, he entered the service of an aristocratic family, the Cavandish family, where he became a private tutor to their son. His first book was a translation of Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War, which he completed in 1629; Thucydides, the great historian of the Peloponnesian War, who we mentioned before when we talked about Plato. Hobbes was a gifted classical scholar. He spent a considerable amount of time on the European continent with his young tutee, Mr. Cavandish. And while he spent time in Europe, he met Galileo and Rene Descartes. It was during the 1640s, the period that initiated the great civil wars in England, and the execution of the king, Charles I, that Hobbes left England to live in France, while the fighting went on. He left England with many of the royal families, the aristocratic families, who were threatened by the republican armies organized by Cromwell and that had executed the King. In fact, the three justices, the three judges, who were in charge of the judicial trial of Charles I, King Charles, the one who lost his head, those three judges later found a home where? In New Haven. They came to New Haven, the three judges, Judge Whaley, Goff, and Dixwell. Does that sound familiar? Yes. New Haven was in part started by, founded by, members of the, you might say, the republican opposition to royalty and to the English king. And any way, Hobbes, however, was deeply distressed by the outbreak of war, and he spent a great deal of time reflecting on the causes of war and political disorder. His first treatise, a book called De Cive, or De Cive, depending on how you pronounce it, On the Citizen, was published in 1642, and it was a kind of draft version of Leviathan that was published almost a decade later, again in 1651. Hobbes returned to England the same year of the book's publication, and spent most of the rest of his long life, Leviathan was written well into his 60s. He was 63 when it was published. He spent the rest of his long life working on scientific and political problems. He wrote a history of the English Civil Wars, called Behemoth, which remains a classic of the analysis of the causes of social conflict. And as if this were not enough, near the very end of his life, he returned to his classical studies translating all of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey. He died in 1679 at the age of 91. From the various portraits and descriptions of Hobbes, we can tell he was a man of considerable charm, and I wish that in the book we had had his picture, a reproduction of his portrait, on it. But I just want to read one brief passage from his biographer, a man named John Aubrey, who knew him. It was written during Hobbes' lifetime. Aubrey wrote about Hobbes: "He had a good eye and that of hazel color, which was full of life and spirit, even to the last. When he was earnest in discourse, these shone, as it were, a bright- as if a bright live coal within it. He had two kinds of looks. When he laughed, was witty, in a merry humor, one could scarce sees his eyes, and by and by, when he was serious and positive, he opened his eyes round. He was six foot high and something better." So that was very tall in the seventeenth century. "He was six foot high and very better. He had read much, if one considers his long life, but his contemplation was much more than his reading. He was want to say that if he had read as much as other men, he should have known no more than other men." So his point was he had read a lot, but what was most important was his thinking. If he had read as much, he would know as little. Gives you a little sense of Hobbes' spirit, his humor, the wry wit that becomes apparent on almost every page of this book, but you have to be a careful reader. Hobbes was deeply controversial, as you might suspect, during his lifetime. Leviathan was excoriated by almost every reader of the text. To the churchmen, he was a godless atheist. To the republicans, he was tainted with monarchy, or monarchism. And to the monarchists, he was a dangerous skeptic and free thinker. Hobbes, again, along with Machiavelli, was one of the great architects of the modern state. And to some degree, he even seems to speak, he seems even more characteristically modern than Machiavelli. I mean, consider just some of the following. Machiavelli speaks of the prince, while Hobbes speaks of the sovereign, that is a kind of impersonal or in Hobbes' language, artificial power created out of a contract. Hobbes' method seems scientific. It seems formal and analytical in contrast to Machiavelli's combination of historical commentary and reflection drawn from personal experience. While Hobbes, excuse me, while Machiavelli often spoke of the sublime cruelty of men like Scipio and Hannibal, Hobbes speaks the more pedestrian language, the language of power-politics, where the goal is not glory and honor, but self-preservation. And Machiavelli's emphasis upon arms is considerably attenuated by Hobbes' emphasis on laws. Hobbes, in other words, tried to render acceptable, tried to render palatable, what Machiavelli had done by providing a more precise and more legal and institutional framework for the modern state. So let's think a little bit about what it was that Hobbes was attempting to accomplish. Hobbes, like Machiavelli, was an innovator, and he was self-consciously aware of his innovations. And like Machiavelli, who said in the fifteenth chapter of The Prince that he would be the first to examine the effectual truth of things, as opposed to the imaginings of them, Hobbes wrote that civil science, that is what he called political science, civil science, was no older than my book De Cive. Modern political science, he said, began with this book of 1642. What did he think of as his novelty? What was new? What was revolutionary about, or innovative, about Hobbes' political science? Hobbes clearly saw himself, in many respects, as founding a political science modeled along that of the early founders of the scientific revolution. Galileo, I have already indicated that Hobbes had met, William Harvey, Rene Descartes; a handful of others who were part of what we think of as the modern scientific revolutionaries. And like these other revolutionaries who had overthrown, you might say, the Aristotelian paradigm in natural science, Hobbes set out to undermine the authority of Aristotle in civil science, in political and moral science. Hobbes set himself up as the great anti-Aristotle, the great opposition to Aristotle. Consider just the following passage from Leviathan with one of my favorite titles from the book, a chapter called "Of Darkness from Vain Philosophy and Fabulous Traditions." In that chapter, chapter 46, Hobbes writes: "There is nothing so absurd that the old philosophers have not some of them maintained. And I believe that scarce anything could be more absurdly said in natural philosophy than that which is now called Aristotle's Metaphysics, nor more repugnant to government than much that he had said in his Politics, nor more ignorantly than a great part of his Ethics." So there, you see Hobbes laying down a challenge. What was it that he claimed to find so absurd, repugnant and ignorant in Aristotle? Why did he--what did he--what was he trying to un-throne, dethrone in Aristotle? Hobbes is typically concerned with the foundations of this new science, getting the building blocks right from the beginning. The opening chapters of Leviathan, which I have only assigned a few, but the opening chapters present a kind of political physics where human beings are reduced to body and the body is further reduced to so much matter and motion. Human beings can be reduced to their movable parts much like a machine. "What is life?" he asks, rhetorically in the introduction. "What is life but a motion of the limbs? What is the heart but a spring, or reason but a means of calculating pleasures and pains." He sets out to give a deliberately and thoroughly materialistic and non-teleological physics of human nature. In fact, a French disciple of Hobbes in the next century, a man named La Mettrie, wrote a treatise very much following in the lines of Hobbes called L'Homme Machine, or literally, Man a Machine. This is the way Hobbes' new science of politics appears to begin, and that new beginning is intended to offer in many ways a comprehensive alternative to Aristotle's physics, or Aristotle's politics. Aristotle, remember, argues that all action is goal-directed, is goal-oriented. All actions aim at preservation or change, at making something better or preventing it from becoming worse. Hobbes believed, on the other hand, that the overriding human fact, the overriding motivation of human behavior, is largely negative, not the desire to do good, but the desire to avoid some evil. Aristotle, for Hobbes, had simply seen the world through the wrong end of the telescope. For Aristotle, human beings have a goal or a telos, which is to live a life in community with others for the sake of human flourishing. But for Hobbes, we enter into society not in order to fulfill or perfect our rational nature, but rather to avoid the greatest evil, namely death or fear of death, at the hands of others. Politics, for him, is less a matter of prudential decisions of better and worse, than it is, you might say, an existential decision of choosing life or death. For Hobbes, in many ways, as for Machiavelli, it is the extreme situation of life and death, of chaos and war, that come to serve as the norm for politics and political decision-making, fundamental alternative or challenge to Aristotle. And furthermore, Hobbes not only criticized, you might say, the foundations, the motivational and psychological foundations, of Aristotle's theory of politics and human nature, he blamed the influence of Aristotle for much of the civil conflict of his age. Aristotle, who was increasingly being embraced by civic republicans in England of his time had been brought up, according to Hobbes, on Aristotle's teaching that man is by nature a political animal. This was, again, the thesis of the classical republicans according to which we are only fully human, or we only become fully human, when we are engaged in political life, in ruling ourselves by laws of our own making. This was a doctrine that Hobbes attributes to many of the teaching, much of the teaching at the universities of his age. And it is precisely this desire to be self-governing, you might say to rule directly, to have a direct part in political rule, that Hobbes saw as one of the great root causes of civil war. And his answer to Aristotle and to the classical republicans of his age, was his famous doctrine of what we might call "indirect government," or what perhaps would be more familiar to us by the term "representative government." The sovereign is not, for Hobbes, the people or some faction of the people ruling directly in their collective capacity. The sovereign is, for Hobbes, the artificially reconstructed will of the people in the person of their representative. The sovereign representative acts, you might say, like a filter for the wills and passions of the people. The sovereign is not the direct expression of my will or your will, but rather an abstraction from my natural desire to rule myself. In other words, instead of seeking to participate directly in political rule, Hobbes wants us to abstain from politics by agreeing to be ruled by this artificial man, as he calls it, this artificial person or representative that he gives the name "the sovereign." "For by art", he says in the introduction, "For by art is created that great Leviathan called a commonwealth or a state, which is but an artificial man, though of greater stature and strength than the natural for whose protection and defense it was intended." The sovereign, he says, or Leviathan, this great artificial man, the sovereign is something more like what we would call today an office, rather than a person, as when we speak of the executive as an office. And it is simply the person who inhabits the office, although that might be somewhat questionable in some of our recent executive decisions. But for Hobbes, Hobbes creates this office of a political called the sovereign. Now, his language in that sentence that I just read from the introduction, "For by art", again, "is created that great Leviathan called a commonwealth or a state." When Hobbes uses the term "art" there, "For by art is created," that term is deeply revealing of his purpose. Again, for Aristotle, by contrast, art presupposes nature. Or in other words, nature precedes art. Nature supplies the standards, the materials, the models, for all the later arts, the city being by nature, man by nature, nature provides the standard. Nature precedes art and human artifice or human making. But for Hobbes, think of this by contrast, art does not so much imitate nature, rather art can create a new kind of nature, an artificial nature, an artificial person, as it were. Through art, again, is created the great Leviathan. Through art properly understood and by "art," of course, I mean something like human making, human ingenuity, human artfulness, through art we can begin not just to imitate, but we can transform nature, make it into something of our own choosing. "Art" here is not to be understood also as the antithesis of science, as when we speak of the arts and the sciences. Rather, science is the highest form of art. Science is the highest kind of human making. Science, or what Hobbes simply calls by the name "reason," is simply the fullest expression of human artfulness. "Reason," he says in chapter 5, "reason is not a sense and memory born with us, reason is not born with us, nor gotten by experience only," he says, "but is attained by industry, first in the act imposing of names and secondly, by getting a good and orderly method." Think of those terms. "Reason," and again, he uses this synonymously with other terms, like science or art, is not simply born with us. It is not simply a genetic endowment, nor is it simply the product of experience, which Hobbes calls by the name "prudence." But rather reason, he says, is attained by industry, by work, and it is developed first, he says, by the imposing of names on things, the correct names on things, and second by getting a good and orderly method of study. Reason consists in the imposition of a method for the conquest of nature. By science, Hobbes tells us, he means the knowledge of consequences, and especially, he goes on to say, "when we see how anything comes about, upon what causes and by what manner, when like causes come into our power, we can see how to make it produce like effect." We can see how to make it produce like effects. Reason, science, art is the capacity to transform nature by making it, imposing on it, a method that will produce like effects after similar consequences. There is, in other words, a kind of a radically transformative view of reason and knowledge and science, political science, civil science, running throughout Hobbes' work. Reason is not about simple observation, but rather, it is about making, production, or as he says, "making like consequences produce the desired effects." We can have a science of politics, Hobbes believes. We can have a civil science, because politics is a matter of human making, of human doing, of human goings on. We can know the political world. We can create a science of politics because we make it. It is something constructed by us. Hobbes' goal here, as it were, is to liberate knowledge, to liberate science from subservience or dependence upon nature or by chance, by fortuna, by turning science into a tool for remaking nature to fit our needs, to impose our needs or satisfy our needs through our science. Art, and especially the political art, is a matter of reordering nature, even human nature, first according to Hobbes, by resolving it into its most elementary units, and then by reconstructing it so that it will produce the desired results, much like a physicist in a laboratory might. This is Hobbes' answer to Machiavelli's famous call in chapter 25 to master fortuna, to master chance or luck, fortune. But you might say, Hobbes goes further than Machiavelli. Machiavelli said in that famous chapter 25, that the prince, if he is lucky, will master fortuna about half the time, only about 50% of the time. The rest of human action, the rest of statecraft, will be really left to chance, luck, contingency, circumstances. Hobbes believes that armed with the proper method, with the proper art, or scientific doctrine, that we might eventually become the masters and possessors of nature. And I use that term "masters and possessors of nature," a term not of Hobbes' making, but of Descartes from the sixth part of the Discourse on Method, because I think it perfectly expresses Hobbes' aspirations, not only to create a science of politics, but to create a kind of immortal commonwealth, which is based on science and therefore based on the proper civil science, and therefore will be impervious to fluctuation, decay, and war and conflict, which all other previous societies have experienced. You can begin to see, in other words, in Hobbes' brief introduction to his book, as well as the opening chapters, you can really see the immensely transformative and really revolutionary spirit underlying this amazing, amazing book. So where do we go from here? We turn from methodology and science to politics. What is Hobbes' great question? What was important when reading, starting out with a new book, asking yourself, what question is the author trying to answer? What is the question? And it is not always easy to answer, because sometimes they do not always make their deepest or most fundamental questions altogether clear. In the case of Leviathan, I would suggest to you, Hobbes' central question is, what makes authority possible? What is the source of authority? And you might say, what renders it legitimate? Maybe the question is, what makes legitimate authority possible? This is still a huge question for us when we think about nation building and building new states, how to create a legitimate authority. Obviously, there is a tremendous issue with this in Iraq today. People there and here struggle with what would constitute a legitimate authority. Perhaps we should airlift copies of Leviathan to them, because that is the issue that Hobbes is fundamentally concerned with. His question goes further. How can individuals who are biologically autonomous, who judge and see matters very differently from one another, who can never be sure whether they trust one another, how can such individuals accept a common authority? And, again, that is not just what constitutes authority, but what makes authority legitimate. That remains not only the fundamental question for Hobbes, but for the entire, at least for the entire social contract tradition that he helped to establish. You might say, of course the question, what renders authority legitimate, is only possible, or is only raised when authority is in question. That is to say, when the rules governing authority have broken down in times of crisis, and that was certainly true in Hobbes' time, a time of civil war and crisis. What renders authority legitimate or respectable? And to answer that question, Hobbes tells a story. He tells a story about something he calls "the state of nature," a term he did not invent, but with which his name will always and forever be associated, the idea of the state of nature. "The state of nature" is not a gift of grace or a state of grace from which we have fallen, as in the biblical account of Eden, nor is the state of nature a political condition, as maintained in some sense by Aristotle, when he says the polis is by nature. The state of nature for Hobbes is a condition of conflict and war. And by a "state of nature" he means, or by a state of war, he means a condition where there is no recognized authority in his language to keep us in awe, no authority to awe us. Such a condition, a state of war, may mean a condition of open warfare, but not necessarily. It can signify battle, but Hobbes says it can also signify the will to contend, simply the desire or the will to engage in conflict, renders something like a state of nature. A state of war can include, in other words, what we might call a "cold war," two hostile sides looking at each other across a barrier of some type, not clear or not certain what the other will do. So the state of nature is not necessarily a condition of actual fighting, but what he calls a "known disposition to fight." If you are known or believed to be willing to fight, you are in a state of war. It is a condition for Hobbes of maximum insecurity where in his famous formula "life is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short." Perhaps he should have said fortunately short. This is the natural condition, the state of nature, the state of war that Hobbes attributes to, again, the fundamental fact of human nature. Now, his claim that the state of nature is the condition that we are naturally--the state of war, rather, is a condition that we are naturally in, is to say, among other things, that nature does not unite us in peace, in harmony, in friendship, or in solidarity. If nature is a norm, it does not, again, mandate or incline us to peace, friendship and solidarity with others. Only human art or science or art, human contrivance, can bring about peace. Conflict and war are primary. Peace is derivative. In other words, for Hobbes, authority and relations of authority do not arise naturally among us, but are rather, again, like civil science itself, the product of contrivance or art. So the question for us remains, which deeply challenged readers in Hobbes' own time, what makes Hobbes' story, as I am calling it, his story about the state of nature being a condition of war, what makes it plausible? What makes it believable as an account of, again, the condition we are naturally in? Why should we believe Hobbes' story and not some other story? I just want to say a word about that before closing. From one point of view, reading Hobbes, his account of the state of nature seems to derive from his physics of motion and rest, in the opening chapters of Leviathan. He begins the work, you remember, with an account of human nature, account of human psychology, as a product of sense and experience. We are bodies in motion, and who cannot help but obey the law or the physics of attraction and repulsion. We are bodies in constant motion. He seems, in other words, to have a kind of materialistic psychology in which human behavior exhibits the same, as it were, mechanical tendencies as billiard balls that can be understood as obeying, again, geometric or causal processes of cause and effect. Right? The state of nature is not seen by him as an actual historical condition in some ways, although he occasionally will refer to what we might think of as anthropological evidence to support his views on the state of nature. But the state of nature, for him, is rather a kind of thought experiment after the manner of experimental science. It is a kind of thought experiment. It consists of taking human beings who are members of families, of estates, of kingdoms, and so on, dissolving these social relations into their fundamental units, namely the abstract individuals, and then imagining, again, in the manner of a chemist or a physicist, how these basic units would hypothetically interact with one another, again almost like the properties of chemical substances in some ways. How would we behave in this kind of thought experiment? That would be one way of reading that Hobbes seems to, wants us to think about the state of nature as akin to a scientific experiment. Hobbes is the, again, the great founder of what we might call, among others, is the experimental method in social and political science. And there is a reason, perhaps a reason for this, too. And I will end just on this note. When Hobbes was a young man, he worked as a private secretary for a short time, a private secretary to another very famous Englishman by the name of Francis Bacon, the great founder of what we think of as the experimental method, the method of trial and error, of experience and experiment, and arguably Hobbes was influenced in many ways by Bacon's own philosophy of experience and experiment. And Hobbes took Bacon's method in some ways applying it to politics, tried to imagine, again, the natural condition of human beings, and what we are by nature, by a process of abstraction, and abstracting all of the relations and properties that we have acquired over history, through custom, through experience, stripping those away like the layers of an onion, and putting us almost, as it were, in an experimental test tube or under a microscope, seeing how we would under those conditions react and behave with one another. I will leave it at that, although I will start next week by showing how that view of Hobbes is only at best partially correct. So anyway, have a wonderful weekend with your parents here, and I will see you next week. As I lay me down Heaven hear me now I am lost without a cause After giving it my all Winter storms have come And darkened my sun After all that I've been through Who on earth can I turn to? I look to you I look to you After all my strength is gone In you I can be strong I look to you I look to you Yeah! And when melodies are gone In you I hear a song I look to you oooooooh About to lose my breath There's no more fighting left Sinking to rise no more Searching for that open door And every road that I've taken Ummmhhh Lead to my regret And I don't know if I'm gonna make it Nothing to do but lift my head I look to you I look to you Yeah! After all my strength is gone In you I can be strong I look to you I look to you Oh Yeah! And when melodies are gone In you I hear a song I look to you My levee's have broken, my walls have come trembling down on me The rain is falling, defeat is calling I need you to set me free Take me far away from the battle I need you ... to shine on me I look to you I look to you After all my strength is gone In you I can be strong I look to you I look to you Yeah! And when melodies are gone In you I hear a song I look to you I look to you oooooooh I look to you † ♥ Subtiltles by Douglas A. Gómez Duarte ♥ † Here, we have another equation, and it looks like a situation in which we might want to start out by distributing on either side. However, there's something else that we can start out doing, that might actually make things easier for us in the end. If I want you to start out by doing some operation to both sides of the equation, what do you think the best choice for that would be? Just fill in what step you think we should take first in these two boxes. Sims Part II - Electromagnetic Induction A current in a straight wire casts an encircling magnetic field. Changes in the magnetic field will induce a current in the nearby induction loop and an AM meter detects the induced current. The current in the main wire is under your control. Can you create a constant current in the loop? Howdy ya'll, my name is Joe Hills and like all the great ones do I'm recording in Nashville Tennessee what we have here is a new Super Hostile map by a feller named Vechs uh... you can find it on the Minecraft Forum uh... this map is called "Legendary" it's number 7 in the series uh... apparently, we need to find and complete a Victory Monument not use dyes for wool and uh... he would like us to die in a fire "Do not try to fish in the SMP water pillar." oh, the water pillar I guess is yeah, to help uh... fellers in SMP spawn properly we're currently in "Humble Start" many areas and environments similar to Kaizo Caverns we'll see what else is in here ok, looks like a bunch of thanks and credits in here "This map contains 150% moar signs." I'm assuming that his previous maps "Guess what's in the chest." pants, bread, torches well, I'm not gonna use them torches just yet because I'm worried that if I do I will die in the lava "No harvestable blocks yet... "can't think of any way across... guess you have to go "to the creepy tunnel on the left" "I thought this was obvious but you can break "blocks, take torches, do whatever." "This is survival." ok "don't expect a bucket anytime soon." I can do that well, this is quite a structure I gotta say uh... walking through here "Idiot Test" well, I'm assuming that if I fall in there I will be trapped and die so... hmm... let's see what my other options are I'm gonna go back through here and uh... well, looks like I'm gonna have to try and jump this practice my platforming skills a bit there we go, there's number 2 three "I'm gonna hate these things" I'm guessing that's a spider web woah, skelly um... well, that's the end of me there gotta respawn and give it another go and that that is why I did not carry the torches with me well, that's the wrong chamber as well so I'm just gonna go through here got a zombie, uh... up that way really hoping to get this done before the sun sets because that's just gonna be all matters of creatures coming after me then gonna punch this skeleton to death I guess or die in a cobweb, whichever ok, now this is where I'm starting to wish I'd brought them torches uh... but it's better to scout out these things a little bit first so, we got this central shaft here whole bunch of spider webs uh... wow, that I hear spiders so there's probably a spider spawner around here now, on his website well, which is actually the Minecraft Forum uh, Vechs said "This map is so difficult, "you will never beat it. "You will have heard of people "claiming they have beaten it "but you will never actually know that person "you will only know for that know that person." so, let's see how well, that's the way I came in might as well clear these webs out ah, there's a spider right there so, presumably he's coming in from some sort of spawning, uh... spawning, uh, box. spawner or whatever you call it let's go ahead and try and kill him so I can see well, this is not going well fortunately, his buddy is staying well, that was only so much I could hope for and there seems to be quite a few of them so, maybe if I trick him into staying up there I'll move around this corner here, that might do 2 spiders down this is looking to be the way to go right here well, plenty of lava, very nicely lit this is much better than Kaizo Caverns another map Vechs did uh, in terms of lighting well, let's see what we got over here that's just a closed off area this is just dark don't really... yeah, this area is just to spawn monsters according to that sign it's fine as is their way it's just natural for them to do that, so... ok, usually when Vechs has a puzzle like this, well when I say a puzzle I mean, uh... pressure plates, some of them do nothing and others create massive chain reactions, explosions uh... it's always a bit hard to say what it's gonna be though, he does enjoy giving people a false sense of security by having some of them do nothing and some of them blow everything to hell so, let's see what we got up here "Nah, I was just messing with you" according to the sign ok, so none of them actually were a trap which is good to know well, we got some zombies this way but I'm gonna head on up here "There it is. You are almost there!" ok, I have made it ah, that seems to be a skeleton and plenty of other things that want to kill me, too well, that was a good try time to respawn having scouted that out I'm gonna go ahead and end this first video and just make sure that all my technical components were in place and we will pick this up again in the second It has been a long time since I've seen you last. I've been so absent after leaving you here with a person. Please, forgive me. No. Isn't that part of our precious connection? You've come at the right time. That young man has just come back a while ago. Is that so? What are you thinking so much about? -Master... -Take a seat. It has been a long time. [Cha Chun-Soo] Master. Those events, they happened six years ago, right? Yes. It has already been six years. Now that I think about it, it was just around this time of the year. That time, I was lucky enough to drag you out of the river. How is he? He's still alive! It's very weak, but his pulse is still beating. Alright! Let's move him! Let's go. Go and bring me wild chrysanthemums and wormwoods immediately! And prepare medicine to lower his fever! Now! Yes! So. How is your health? As you can see, I'm just fine. It has been six years already. Still, you should be careful. Once you're hurt to a great degree, the body doesn't completely get better that easily. I've spent some money and brought some medicine, so you should drink it. Yes, I'll remember that. Thank you, Master. From what I've heard, as soon as you started walking, you went out searching for that child? But, seeing that you're all alone, I guess you still haven't found her yet. I have asked someone to look after Dong-Yi. I thought all I had to do was to find that person, but, that person has disappeared, too. Are you talking about that gisaeng whom you left that child with? Yes. If she knew I was alive, she'd have left a message for me. I don't think she would've thought I'd survive after what happened. Will you continue to... ...search for that child? What are you saying? She may no longer be living in this world. Have you never thought about that possibility? Master. I have told you so. -The fate of that child was... -No. I do not believe in such things as fate. Listen here! She was young and a child. She was stronger in spirit than anybody else. I don't think she would lose to such thing as fate. So, she must be alive. Dong-Yi is... That child is... She must be alive! I was happy to have fought together with you... In the better world next time, let's meet again. When will you be coming to get me? After three nights? Or four nights? I think it may take a little longer than that... That's alright. You can take as much time as you like. But, you must really come and get me! Alright, Dong-Yi. I promise I'll come get you. I am sorry to be so late, Dong-Yi... Is that why you're so angry at me? Is that why you've hidden yourself somewhere? Where are you, Dong-Yi? Where could you be living right now, Dong-Yi? Technical evolution of Wikipedia by Brion Vibber - Former CTO of Wikipedia Good evening, everyone. It's my pleasure to present to you, Brion Vibber. For years, he's worked at the Wikimedia Foundation as their chief technical officer. and I'm very happy, that Lu [the German translator] could come. He runs Esperantoland.org. I'll give the floor to Brion. Wikipedia: is there anyone who doesn't know about Wikipedia? So, a bit of Wikipedia history and mostly about the technical aspect of multilingual support. Originally when the Wikipedia was founded, it was only in English. Now something which is nice and easy about English is that it doesn't have any accented characters. But of course, an important problem with that is that the American programmers, like myself, don't know much about problems concerning letters and writing systems in other languages, and because of that, a lot of software and websites don't handle languages well, except those from Western Europe. Many are interested in supporting other languages, so we can take all human knowledge to everyone on earth. So, it would be good to support other languages, but that didn't work well at first. I set up many websites for Wikipedia in many languages, several dozen languages, in fact. But many of them were totally messed up, for example the Japanese Wikipedia. Now, it can be written well. It has many characters. It looks good and one can read and write. Everything works well now. But originally, it looked very similar to that. It remained an important problem for many languages: Japanese, Chinese, Russian, Hebrew, etc. Many of them didn't work at all. At one time, Polish even set up its own website for its wiki, which supported Eastern European letters well, but still not Japanese nor Russian, etc. At that time, I started to get to know Wikipedia through Esperanto. I was a university student and I learned French at a normal course. But I became interested in other languages, and I taught myself Esperanto online and through books, etc. On my computer and online, it was very interesting, and the Esperanto Wikipedia was founded by our dear Chuck. At that time, we still had a messed up character set, well for Esperanto, which has accented characters. That way it has an accent on the letters. But, for it to be written on the webpage, you had to write using the "x system". So, "cx" changes to "ĉ", etc. It looks really ugly. To make it more beautiful and show it the way it should be, I added Unicode support. Unicode is a system to encode characters for every language in the world: from Egyptian hieroglyphics to modern Japanese and Korean as well as many symbols in one system, which can include all of them. So that, we don't need a separate Polish system for Eastern Europe, and French for Western Europe, etc. We can have just one system, one program, one website for every language. With that worldwide system, it was started in computers already 20 years ago, but in 2001 or 2002, when we founded Wikipedia, Unicode was still "new" online, so it was difficult to use it in "American" programs. You had to kind of study how UTF8 works to put Unicode in a web page. But, I was able to study it a bit, and I added support to Wikipedia's original software. I gave it a converter from the "sx" to the correct "ŝ", etc. But I found that it's not just for Esperanto. It can work for other languages as well. For example Russian, Japanese and Polish can work with Unicode. Unfortunately, it was a bit more complicated, because at that time we also upgraded to new Wikipedia software, which was completely different from the original. It was better, but it still didn't support Unicode. Of course, it was created by Western Europeans and Americans, and it didn't know there were other languages other than in Western Europe and North America which have other letters. So, that's why it was necessary to add Unicode support three times. Originally for the Esperanto Wikipedia. The second time for the new system, which was originally created for the English Wikipedia and didn't need Unicode. And again when we completely changed the software to speed it up, but then it was completed the third time. In 2002 and 2003, we tried to start new Wikipedias in many languages. We reacquired Polish and were able to better unite it with the other languages. For example, one language can link to a page about the same thing in another language. Now with the same system for everything, one can do that. It's better to combine the groups in their own language. Similarly, there were other problems for the languages in the program online. It was somewhat problematic, that the traditional American programmers and often even the Western Europeans created their own programs only in English. It was a problem when someone didn't know English or didn't know it well or just wanted to use a system in their own language. Because of that, we also had to add a system to translate messages from the websites, so everyone can understand it in their own language. For example, we can see ... Article, Discussion, History, Delete "Article", "Talk", "Edit", "History", only in English. It's not very good, though generally one understands English. So, we created a map between the messages and a short description about every message. When we have something larger, long messages, and there are sentences and paragraphs, etc. It's a bit more complicated than simple words. That's why we give a name for every message. In the program, it doesn't have an English sentence, it just has a name which is "login-message" or the like. In a file with the map for each individual language, is the name and the message. The message can be translated into every language. Similar systems are used in many programs of various kinds, but what is most different about the Wikipedia system, is that one can also change that message. If I want to change that sentence a bit, so that my Wikipedia can have a standard or rule how one writes an article or choose administrators, etc. It can be different in the Wikipedia system. One can ... I'm not logged in, so I can't ... but the website administrators can use the wiki to change their own messages. [Unfortunately then, my camera stopped working.] Consider a phonic sample that resembles the kind of questions that the U.S. Anti-trust authorities often have to consider. So suppose there is a market with two firms. And let's assume that it's a simple linear symmetric case. In which, the aggregate demand function is this linear one. And remember, q. It knows the total amount produced. And the firms have. Marginal cost equals to mu for both firms. The simple case that we have been looking at to really get intuition for the oligopoly. Now, this is the initial state of the market. And then the question is, what happens, to efficiency, to dead weight loss, if the firms. Merge. What happens to[UNKNOWN]. These very important[UNKNOWN] because in more realistic and more complicated examples, in order to decide whether or not they approve a merger of two firms. They have to decide, they have to measure wether these good or bad for consumers, and they're going to look at things like what is a change in such a surplus, a change in effeicincy, the change in consumer circles. So let's play with this case. So we're going to do here what happens before, and here what happens after. And remember this is going to be the case of when they act together some monopolies. This is going to be the case in which they act together as an olgiopoly. Not together, solve it separately, competing in parallel as ologopolistic firms. Now we know what happens in this case in oligopoly, that each firm ends up producing a quantity, p max minus mu divided by 3m. That the price in the market ends up being 1/3 p max, plus 2/3 mu. We solved that before. And, that the dead weight loss, ends up being p max minus mu, squared over 9 m. I'm just copying from our notes, what we, you have done before. Now let's think about what happens in the monopoly case. The problem of the firm, is that, when they merge together, is to decide how much to produce together, in total. Given that they face this demand function. And since the marginal cost per unit is constant. We don't have to worry about how much is produced by the all factory of firm one. Of the all technology of firm two. The constant cost per unit produces mu is the same. So it's going to maximize where q greater than or equal to 0. Q times p max minus mq minus mu q. Total revenue minus total cost, we know that this is going to look at the marginal revenue of that equals marginal cost. And that this going to be equal to p max minus 2mq equals[UNKNOWN]. Which implies that the quantity in the monopoly case is going to be equal to p max minus[UNKNOWN] divided by 2m. So we already get the first insight when we compare the total quantity of the oligopoly's going to be this, which is going to be two thirds of this quantity divided by m is going to be greater than the quantity of the monopoly. So notice that the quantity of the oligopoly's greater than the quantity of monopolist, we can also easily Compute the price by substituting back in the interest of[UNKNOWN] to be, int he case of the monopolist. So price of the monopolist is going to be equal to 1 half of p max. Plus 1/2 of mu, so not surprising, given that the quantity of the monopoly is less. We have that the price of the monopoly is, is greater than the price of the oligopoly case. And finally we can compute the dead weight loss. You see this, of the monopoly case. You see the same tricks as we had used before. This is going to be equal to 1/2. The, the price of the monopolies minus the price, at the competitive[INAUDlBLE] location of the[INAUDlBLE] location, times the quantity of the monopolies. Minus the quantity that is optimal or the quantity delivered by the equivalant, of[INAUDlBLE] has behaved, competitively. And if you do[INAUDlBLE] the algebra, you get that this is 1 divided by 8m p max minus mui squared. Okay? So, what do we have? We have that, if you move from oligopoly to monopoly. You increase the dead weight loss. Surprisingly, not by as much as you would expect in the case of. Two firms. An oligopoly with two firms is no monopolies, but it goes up, nevertheless. So it's not good, for efficiency. In 2008, Papuan Governor Barnabas Suebu inaugurated 26,000 hectares of palm plantation, an investment of PT Tandan Saita Papua (Rajawali Group) in East Arso, Jayapura. When the company began operation in the same year the land release forms were yet to be signed by the tribal leaders. What Mama Kasmira Wants My job is 'dongkelan', I clear forests and bushes for palm plantations During the daytime, that is the work I do On February 24, 2010, eight tribal leaders from Yeti, Kriku and Suskun signed the land release forms to PT. Tandan Sawita Papua. The compensation for the use of 18,337 hectares of lands was Rp 7 billion or Rp 348,000 per hectare The tribal leaders signed the land release forms quietly and led the companies into our village When I asked them, 'where does this company come from?' The village elders said, 'you're just a woman, you are not allowed to be involved in this matter This is men's business. The men gave the company permission to operate When you get married, you'll also get a portion of the palm plantation' Before the company came, I farmed cocoa The community here farmed sago and sold it in the markets I used to live in the Waris village where I farmed cocoa, while those who farm sago lived in the Hampas Village Cocoa is more beneficial. We can harvest it ourselves When I die, my children and grand children can still harvest too That's not the case with palm plantation We get paid every Saturday fortnight I wait for the truck like usual We then wait for the foreman in the office The company assistants come in with the money They pass the money to the foreman who calls our names to get the cash My dream is to have my children go to school and become good employees, and take care of me Now I'm living a tough life. My little kid comes with me to work That's why they need to go to school and do well That's all I wish for Just for my children to be good people Don't be like us, your parents, who struggle for work They have to be good people so that they can take care of me when I'm old I have to take the youngest kid to work I work only for my two children Here's the reaction for the sulfonation of benzene. So over here we have benzene, and to that we add some sulfuric acid. And so we would form benzene sulfonic acid and also water as a byproduct. Since this reaction is at equilibrium, we can shift the equilibrium by using the different concentrations of sulfuric acid. If we use concentrated sulfuric acid, we would of course shift the equilibrium to the right to make it more benzene sulfonic acid. If we use more dilute sulfuric acid, so we have more water here, that would shift the equilibrium to the left. And so the fact that this is a reversible reaction is sometimes used in synthesis problems. So let's take a look at the mechanism to put an SO3H group onto our benzene ring. And so here I have two molecules of sulfuric acid. And one of these molecules is going to function as an acid and one of these is going to function as a base actually. So I'm going to say the one on the right is going to function as an acid. It's going to donate a proton. And the molecule on the left is going to function as a base and accept a proton. So if this lone pair of electrons accepts a proton, takes that proton, that would leave these electrons behind on to that oxygen. So let's go ahead and show the result of that acid base reaction. So we have sulfur double bonded to an oxygen. We have an OH group over here on the left. And then over here on the right, we've now protonated this oxygen over here on the right. So it actually has a plus 1 formal charge now. So if you follow those electrons, these electrons right in here are going to form this bond and give us a plus 1 formal charge on that oxygen. So for the other sulfuric acid molecule, the one that functioned as an acid here, it's going to lose a proton. So we're going to be left with the conjugate base, which is HSO4 minus-- so over here we would have HSO4 minus the negative 1 charge on our oxygen, our OH over here. And so if we follow those electrons, I'm just going to go ahead and make them red. So these electrons right in here are going to come off onto this oxygen, giving us HSO4 minus. So let's go back to the protonated version of sulfuric acid over here. And we can see that there is a water molecule hiding over here that is a very good leaving group. So this is a similar mechanism in that respect to what we saw in the last video for the mechanism on nitration. And so we have water, which is a good leaving group. And so we can have these electrons move in here, which would kick these electrons off onto the oxygen. And of course, now we have H2O as our leaving group. So over here on the right, water's going to come off like that. And once again, we can follow some electrons. I can say that these electrons in here in blue come off onto the oxygen giving us water. And if we think about what else is formed-- so we still have sulfur double bonded to an oxygen and sulfur double bonded to another oxygen. And now actually, we're going to have sulfur double bonded to the third oxygen here. And this third oxygen still has a hydrogen on it. It still has a lone pair of electrons, and it has a plus 1 formal charge on it now. So let's go ahead and follow those electrons. So I'm going to make these in green here. I'm going to say those electrons in green move in here to form a pi bond like that between the sulfur and the oxygen. And so this is really a protonated version of the sulfur trioxide molecule, or SO3. And the sulfur is actually the electrophilic part of this ion. And it's not immediately obvious looking at how I've drawn it here. But if we think about the oxygen being more electronegative than the sulfur, we could think about a resonant structure for this where the electrons in green come back onto the oxygen. And therefore, that's taking a bond away from that sulfur. And so we could draw it like this, where we have the oxygen now having two lone pairs of electrons. And since I took a bond away from that sulfur, that sulfur now has a plus 1 formal charge on it like that. So this is a little bit more obvious that the sulfur is the electrophilic portion. So this is now our electrophile. The sulfur is the one that is electron deficient. And so you could think about this version on the left, or you could think about this version on the right. It doesn't really matter which one you think about. The sulfur is electron deficient in both of those resonant structures. OK. So I'm actually going to use the version on the right here. So I'm actually going to redraw this protonated version of SO3 for the next part of our mechanism. So that's where the protonated version of SO3 reacts with our benzene ring. And so I'm going to go ahead and draw my benzene ring right here. And I'm just going to redraw that protonated form. So here we have our protonated form of sulfur trioxide. And once again, we know that the sulfur is the electrophilic portion of that ion. So we're going to have the pi electrons function as a nucleophile. And that nucleophile is going to attack our electrophile. So that's the sulfur, which would kick these electrons in here back off onto our oxygen. So if we show the results of that nucleophilic attack-- so we would have these pi electrons in our ring. We would have a hydrogen on our ring. And now we would have a bond to our sulfur. The sulfur is double bonded to some oxygens. And there's also an OH over here on the right like that. So let's once again follow our electrons. These pi electrons in magenta function as a nucleophile and form a bond between that carbon and that sulfur. Taking a bond away from this carbon, of course, means that carbon gets a plus 1 formal charge. And so that is the cation that results. Now, I could draw two more resonance structures for this cation, and we've seen how to do that in some of the earlier videos. And so just to save time, I'm not going to draw those resonant structures. But this, of course, is going to represent our sigma complex. And so the next step in electrophilic aromatic substitution is deprotonation of your sigma complex. And so you could think about this water molecule functioning as a base. So this lone pair of electrons coming along and taking that proton, leaving these electrons behind to move in here to reform your benzene ring. And so let's go ahead and show the result of that. So we would reform our aromatic ring here like that. And now we would, of course, have SO3H as our group coming off of our benzene ring. And so we're done with our reaction. If we show those electrons, I'm going to go ahead and make those blue. So I'm saying these electrons in blue here move in here to reform your benzene ring, to form benzene sulfonic acid as your product. Now, I showed the water molecule functioning as a base, take away that proton. Sometimes you'll see textbooks-- if I go up here-- showing the HSO4 minus anion functioning as a base to take that proton away to regenerate your sulfuric acid catalyst, if you will. So that's just something to think about. Water is probably a little bit better based than HSO4 minus. So that's why I've shown that in this example. But this reaction is very dependent upon the conditions of the reaction. And so let's say you were to do this reaction by adding some more sulfur trioxide in. So instead of the protonated version of sulfur trioxide being generated from the sulfuric acid molecules itself, you could go ahead and start the reaction with some more sulfur trioxide. So let me just go ahead and show the sulfur trioxide molecule. So I'm showing it double bonded to all of these oxygens here. And if you add that to some sulfuric acid, the sulfuric acid would, of course, donate a proton to the sulfur trioxide. So let's go ahead and show that as our first step here. So this lone pair of electrons is going to pick up this proton from sulfuric acid, leaving these electrons behind on that oxygen. And so we can show this acid base reaction where the sulfur trioxide is now protonated. So we now have a protonated version of sulfur trioxide like that. So once again, following our electrons, these electrons right in here-- I'm showing those taking this proton for our protonated version of sulfur trioxide. And that would of course form HSO4 minus as our conjugate base to sulfuric acid. And then you could think about this now reacting in our mechanism exactly how we've shown it up here. So it doesn't really matter how you get your protonated sulfur trioxide. This is just another way to do it. And if you start with some sulfur trioxide already present, you're pretty much going to shift the equilibrium all the way to the right. And so let's go ahead and show that real fast here. So we have-- we're just going to react benzene with sulfuric acid. But this time, we're going to add in some sulfur trioxide as well. So we have SO3 and we have H2SO4 as our catalyst to produce the protonated SO3. And that adds on to your benzene ring to form benzene sulfonic acid as your product. So once again, the addition of the extra SO3 means that you would form a higher yield of your product here. Now, in the mechanism that I've shown you, I've showed you the protonated SO3 functioning as your electrophile. But the sulfonating agent might just be SO3 on its own and not protonated SO3, depending on different reaction conditions. And so you'll see different mechanisms for sulfonations in different textbooks. And so obviously, you should use the one that your professor wants you to use on any exam. And I've just shown you one or two examples in this video. -Hey! Hey, Banana! Hey, Banana, hey! -Are you talking to me? -Duh. Of course he's talking to you. -Because you're a banana, remember? -Oh, totally. I forgot. -A banana that's forgetting she's a banana? That's bananas! [laughs] -Orange, they're not really fruit. -What? You mean they're vegetables? -No. I mean they're not real. Look at their skin. It's all shiny. They're obviously plastic. -I think you mean "spastic." [laughs] -And then Stacey was like, "OMG, your boyfriend is a total zucchini-head." -OMG, like, what did you do? -I reacted like any real fruit would, because I'm a real fruit. -So am I. -We are real fruits. -Did everyone hear? We're real fruits. -More like "fo-real." [laughs] -Do you know how many calories are in one orange? -Probably like, too many to count. -Correct. -Hey! Hey, fake banana! -How many times do I have to tell you? I'm a real banana. -Sorry, it must've "slipped" my mind. [laughs] -Ugh! This orange is starting to get on my nerves. -Uh-- unless real fruits don't have nerves. -Right, in which case, forget everything I just said. -Fake banana, hey, fake banana! -What do you want? -Orange you glad I said "banana"? [laughs] -No. Not at all, actually. -Hey! Hey, fake fruits! Hey! -(all) What?! -Fruit flies. -Ah! No! Flies! Ugh, stay away! -Ah! Oh no! Please stop. -Yeah, we're, like, uh, totally totally scared of fruit flies. -[woodenly]: Stop it, stop. Oh. [fruit flies cough] -Whoa! They're dropping like flies! [laughs] -Yeah, because... that's what flies do. -Because they are real flies and we are real fruits grown from real plants. -Yeah, manufacturing plants. [laughs] -[scoffs] Just ignore him. Winners like us don't have time for losers like him. -You guys win? I thought you tie. -Tie? -Yeah, it says right there. "Made in Thailand." Get it? You tie. [laughs] -Stacey, your stamp is showing. -OMG, OMG! -Stace, get it together. You're totally letting us down. [pop!, others scream] -Whoa! Talk about an eye sore. [laughs] -These things happen to real fruits. -Uh-huh, they totally do. -I, too, am a real fruit. [pop!, others scream] -Nah, I think you guys are just trying to save face. [laughs] -[groans] -Hey look, I'm a fake fruit cyclops, too. Grr! [laughs] -I am not gonna tell you again. We are real! -Oh, well, I guess you're not "real" scared of what day it is, then, huh? -And what day would that be? -Recycling day. [all scream] Ugh! Talk about taking out the trash. [laughs] Hmm... you look familiar. -I can't believe we were recycled into a pig. -Do you know how many calories are in a pig? -I guess you must've had some "plastic" surgery. [laughs] -[groans] -Hey! Hey, Fake N' Bacon. Hey, Fake N' Bacon, hey. -What?! -Hammer! [shattering] Ugh! Talk about plastic explosives. [laughs] -[beeping]: Hey! Did someone say "plastic explosives"? -Uh-oh. -[groans] Why is everything always exploding? Captioned by SpongeSebastian -Hey, I've got a new contest for all you fruity fans out there! Just go to my Facebook page and check out my ten new shirt designs. Vote for your favorite one and you'll automatically be entered to win the ultimate Annoying Orange prize, worth over $300! It includes my new Kitchen Crew collectable toys, a T-shirt, an iPod Touch, and my game Kitchen Carnage. Alright, our last session here is on machining economics. Why? Well, because machining is so darned expensive! It's slow, and has a lot of labor costs. And, generally it is the most expensive process. We waste a lot of material also, right? Especially grinding. Grinding is kind of the extreme of machining - it is the slowest of the slow. And it's really labor intensive generally. But you get the best finish and the best tolerances and that's of course the plus side of machining. So let's look at the notes here. Machining adds significant costs. Remember we waste a lot of direct material - it could be a third or a half of the material that gets machined away, or more. Direct labor is increased because there is a lot of labor - the cycle time is just a lot longer than it is for other processes. As far as indirect costs, if that's based on the labor hours, than it will be high. But just the equipment, well, it's probably not more expensive than other processes in terms of equipment. The machines themselves are expensive, but it's probably not more than other processes. The real problem is the direct material and the labor costs. So, of course there is the advantage that there is not much lead time required. That's the flexibiity of machinng - that's really one of it's great characteristics. I was sent some problems by one of the viewers out there. I believe his name is Cortaggio or Cortajio, I apologize. I'm sure I'm mispronouncing it. But they are really interesting problems. What's interesting about them is that they don't involve super-fancy mathematics. They just involve an elegant way to apply fairly simple mathematics. So, without me talking too much about the problems, let's try to solve one of them. Actually, I don't know where I'm going to categorize this. Either in algebra or in the brain-teaser playlist, or maybe both. So, an officer on horseback starts at the back of a column of marching soldiers and rides to the front of the column. Then turns around and rides to the rear of the column. If the rider travels three times as fast as the column moves, and the column is 100 meters long -- OK, I think we have enough information to start drawing this. Let me draw the column of soldiers. I'll just draw this as a big fat line. So, that's the column of soldiers. I'm about to cough. Excuse me. I've learned not to cough directly in the microphone. Don't want blow your speakers out. So that's the column of soldiers right there. And the problem tells us that it's 100 meters long. So this distance right here is 100 meters. And it's moving with some velocity. Let's say, to the right. So I'm going to just call it, it's moving with some velocity, v. We'll have to stay abstract there because it doesn't tell us the velocity. And then we have, what is this, the officer. Is that what they...right. I wanted to make sure I wasn't giving the incorrect title. So, an officer on horseback stars at the back of a column. So he starts here. He's on his horse. He's on his horse. That's my rendition of the horse for these purposes, it has an officer on on the back. And he is going to, while the whole column is going forward with the velocity, v, he's going to go to the front of it. Obviously he can go faster because he's on a horse. And then he's going to go to the back and they want to know how far did this whole column move. And how fast is he going? Let's see, if the rider travels 3 times as fast as the column, if the column is this traveling with the velocity v, he's going to be traveling with the velocity of 3v. So let's think about two things. Let's think about the time it takes him to go to the front of the column, and the time it takes to go back. So let's say t1 is equal to time to front. And then t2 would be time to back. There might be other ways to solve this, but this is the way that's jumping out into my brain. So let's figure out what the time to the front of the column is. So, over some period of time -- so, how far is the column going to move over to t1? The column is going to move, well, actually, let me write a little formula here. Although I'm sure you know this formula. Distance is equal to rate times time. Right? So, over time 1, how far does the column move? It's going to move v. v times time 1. And how far is this guy going to move? Well, we're saying over time, when he moves to the front of the column. So, this whole column is moving to the right. And at the same time, this guy's moving to the right faster. So at the end of time 1, which I've defined as the time it takes him to get to the front, what's true about the officer on the horseback? He will have had to travel 100 meters further than the column, right? In order to catch up to the front of the column, he would have had to go 100 meters further than the column. So, the distance that the column travels, plus 100 meters is going to be the distance that the officer travels in the same amount of time. And what's the distance that he travels in that same amount of time? Well, distance is equal to rate, 3v, times time, t1. Time to the front. So this is a relationship between velocity and the time to the front. And let's see if we can simplify this a little bit. So, if we subtract v t1 from both sides, we get 100 is equal to 3v t1 minus v t1, that's 2v t1, and divide both sides by 2, you get 50. v t1 is equal to 50. The velocity of this column of soldiers times the time it takes this officer to get to the front is equal to 50. Well, that doesn't solve our problem yet. We want to know how far does the column move? We have two variables with one equation. Not helpful yet. Let's see if t2 can help us a little bit? All right. I'll switch colors to ease the monotony. Time to back. So, now we're in the opposite situation, where the guy's gotten here. He turns around. I'd argue, immediately. He turns around immediately. And he goes back. With the velocity of 3v. So, my question to you as he starts out here, and relative to him, he's going this direction at a velocity of 3v. And the back of the column is moving towards him with the velocity of v, right? So if you think about it, the back of the column is going to be approaching the rider with the velocity of 4v. When you have two velocities that are moving in opposite directions -- if I move in this direction, at 60 miles per hour, and you're moving in that direction at 60 miles per hour. Relative to me, if I assume that I'm stationary, you would look like you're coming at me at 120 miles per hour. So that same idea -- this officer is going to be approaching the end of the column, the back of the column, with the velocity of 4v. So how long does it take them to get to the back? Well, let's see. His velocity is 4v. I'll do that in green. So his velocity is 4v. That's how fast he's approaching the back of the column. And it's going to take him time 2, times time 2. And his distance, he's going to travel 100 meters, because that's the length of the column. Is equal to 100. And let's see, if we divide both sides of this by 4, we got velocity times time 2 is equal to 25. And, once again, we have 1 equation with two unknowns. It doesn't help a lot. Let's review the problem again to see if somehow we can use this information and this information to solve what they're asking for. So, they want to know how far does the column move by the time the officer arrives back at the rear of the column. So, they want to know how far did this whole thing move over the entire time of this problem happening? What was the entire time? It was t1 plus t2. That's the entire time. t1 to go to the front, and then t2 to go back to the back. So how far did the column move? Well, the column, distance is equal to rate times time. So the column will move its distance -- is equal to the column's rate, velocity. And then what's the time that this whole little problem occurs on? Well t1 is how long it takes the officer to get to the front. Plus t2. So this is what we're solving for. This is what we need to know. We need to know the distance traveled by the column. And, once again, we have all these variables. But maybe we can do something interesting. Let's look at this. So what is -- so if we just distribute this, we have distance is equal to v times t1 plus v times t2. And do we know what these things are? Well, sure. We were able to kind of stumble our way into into what these values are. And that's what's interesting about this problem. We never figured out v. We never figured out t1 or t2. But we can figure out this whole thing. Because v times t1 -- they tell us, is 50. So we can substitute it back here. So the distance is equal to 50. Plus, what's v times t2? Well, we solved it here when we figured out how long it would take to go back to the front of the column. So that's 25. So that, we'll put over here. So the total distance that the column traveled is 50 plus 25 meters, or 75 meters. And this is a neat problem, because they didn't tell us how fast the column is actually going. They're just saying it's v. They just said that the officer is going 3 times as fast, but we don't know absolute velocities. But we were still able to figure out, even without even knowing the absolute times, we were still able to figure out the total distance that the column travelled. Anyway, I hope you enjoyed that. And if you did, you can thank Cortagio for the problem. After you've turned down your proposal- -I was turned down too! Turned down...? You did!? Are you sure they're couple? Something tells me that. What a baseless claim is that!? Tangled-Up-Love I hate to tell you this but- -your proposal raise my courage. So I asked her to go with me- -but failed... Last Episode Sorry to hear that. Love, Friends She has a boyfriend. THE TRUTH OF RENJI It's almost 3months. ...I know. I'll tell them about us tomorrow. FlRST CHALLENGE! If you hadn't girlfriend that's fine, right!? I'm not like you, so I don't think so. Really? Anyway, I want you to know- I- -I'm a virgin. FAlLURE Don't miss next time. That's tough. Satoshi seriously loves you. Renji... SECOND CHALLENGE! Are you serious? Shall we stop? FAlLURE I've never heard of that! You liar! It's true! She told me. Who is it? Don't ask me! Alright. I'll ask her. Just a second. To tell the truth- -the boyfriend was- -me! I'm sorry! I'm so sorry! That can't be. I wasn't brave enough to tell you! I'm really sorry! I can't believe it. I'll call her anyway. Stop it! NO! PLEASE! How come? Do you think I accept your request!? I- -broke up with her this morning! THE TRUTH OF RENJI PART2 Why don't you tell them Renji? Masahito proposed me after Satoshi. Sorry. It was beyond my expectations. I'm disappointed at you. Dldn't you moved by Satoshi's proposal? Hey... Do you love... No! That's not the point! Look at Satoshi! I can't believe why you're being so coward. That's it. I guess we came to the end. THE END I just hadn't courage to tell you about us. That's why she broke up with me. Then- -you mean she has no boyfriend now? That's right. You guys... If I propose now... That's no use! I succeeded to tell you now. So, I'm sure she'll come back to me! First come, first served. You guys are loser!! What the hell? Give it back! Give up! And think twice! Of course- I'll throw mine too! Here I go! MY CELLPHONE!! Me too! MY CELLPHONE!! RENJI / KENJI MAEKAWA SATOSHI / YUYA OHTSUKA GOU / DAlCHI NAKADA MASAHlTO / TATSUYA OHTSUKA SAKURA / MAYA HAYASHI Tangled-Up-Love The End Hi I'm German and I bet you a pencil that after your name comes your last name. "Embarrassment" Hey! you look different today. You did something to yourself, I don't know but you look different. I like it!. Embarrassment! We all have those moments when we just want to disappear. When you want to swallowed by earth. Kinda like. OK! don't look at me!, don't look at me!. And it's normal to be embarrassed. It's something with what you have to learn how to live with. From something so simple like tripping and falling in public. Until something like this happens to you: Ok take care!. See you tomorrow, bye! Hit the damn glass!. Someone should put a sing in that glass that says: "Careful, giant glass.. BlTCH." I wanna congratulate those people who clean the windows in malls. Excellent job. Another huge embarrassment is going to your girlfriend's home, and your in-laws being there Ok, that entire process already is embarrassing. But there's one moment in particular that is more embarrassing. And it's to want to use the bathroom. After holding it for 2 hours. Just so you don't have to ask to use the bathroom. You can't hold it anymore and you ask. They let you use the bathroom, everything goes well. But with your bad luck, The bathroom's just by the living room. Living room where the entire family is sitting. Oh god, it's huge. It's like a submarine. Oh my god. Ready. Awkwaaard. I don't know if it has happened to you. But it's something that happens to me a lot. Saying hello. When you say hi to someone you don't know, you never know how to. And it's embarrassing to be left with your hand like this, When the other person has their hand like this. Hey! what's up!. Oh, sorry. And it's even worse if you greet like this, and the other person hugs you, and your hand ends up in their crotch. When you're over the saying hi part, and you have to talk to the person, it can be worse. It's a bit embarrassing if something like this happens: Hi, what's up. Fine thanks, you're Fernando's friend, right? Yeah, he's my friend. Ok cool. Yeah. Look, a dog. It has.. It has hair. Yeah. It's a dog.. a hairy dog. Ok, I'm leaving, take care, bye!. Not having a subject to talk about with a person is horrible. It can be only 5 seconds where nobody talks. But they're the longest 5 seconds in history. Well. We all have guilty pleasures. And when it's about music, people tend to judge a lot. And that's why it's so embarrassing when things like this happen: GAY!!. I mean. It's horrible!. And it's worse when you're the one who comes in. The same thing happened to me once but when I entered the room, I found my buddy kissing someone. The awkward thing was that that other person was my other best guy friend. Anyway. It's always good to be with your friends. You have a great time with your friends. You always laugh. You're happy. And you try to make them laugh as well. Cheer up the moment, tell a joke. But damn it, it's so embarrassing when this happens: Me, me, I have another joke. Ok, go. What did Terminator say to the guy who fixed his computer? I don't know. He said, "Instala vista baby". Because Terminator always says.. Ok, shut up. Well, there are things you don't do, to avoid embarrassment. Like me for example. If I'm in the bus and I'm cold because cold air is coming in from the window. Do you know what I do? Nothing. I suffer through it. What happens if I stand up, I try to close the window, and I can't? Everyone sitting in the bus will think I'm a weak loser. Ok, most of the embarrassing things that happen to us, happen when you're a kid. From your mother yelling at you in public and everyone's looking. You failed again in school?! Your only obligation is to study, your only obligation. Mommy we're at the supermarket and everybody's looking. So now I can't yell at you in public!. You're my son and I yell at you wherever I want!. To walk in on your parents when they're.. you know. Mommy can you tell me a story?, I can't sl.. Mom? Dad?. What are you doing?!. THAT is embarrassing. But it can be worse. Mom?. Neighbor?!. Question!. What's the biggest embarrassing moment you've been through?. Once I stepped on dog poop, I didn't notice and I entered the classroom. The entire class noticed it smelled like poop, and when they asked, Who smells like shit?!. The entire class pointed at me. It was beautiful. Anyways. And this was this weeks video, if you liked it please click thumbs up down here. And if you share this video on Facebook and Twitter, I would really appreciate it. And I lost my voice. If you liked this video don't forget to subscribe, I upload videos every friday. You can also click in the notification up here that says Previous Video, to watch last week's video. Don't forget to follow me on my beautiful Facebook. This Facebook. And my stupid and sensual Twitter. Exactly this one. A Psychological hug and see you next friday. And if you're watching from Japan. Friday. Bye bye!. Pssss What? I forgot the text Let's review what happened in the last video because, in general, it's just kind of confusing and it's always good to see it a second time. And then we can think a little bit about how these market dynamics could be manipulated so that you don't have the Chinese currency getting more expensive. So in the last video, we started off with an exchange rate of 10 Yuan per (US) dollar. We saw that this manufacturer over here in China had to sell his goods for the equivalent of 10 Yuan in order for him to make a profit; and that this guy in United States had to sell his goods abroad -- or we'll say in China -- for the equivalent of $1. Now this exchange rate, this price was $1, one US dollar in the United States. And at this exchange rate, this guy had to sell his cola for 10 Yuan so that he could get his dollar. So we kind of just drew it out. And we said at that price -- So for 10 Yuan -- which was $1 -- at $1, there was demand for 100 dolls in the United States. So we saw this dynamic. He would ship 100 dolls to the United States; and then the United States would ship him back $100. He would sell those dolls for essentially $1 each; he would get back $100. On the other side of the equation, the cola manufacturer if he were to sell it for 10 Yuan in China, there's demand for 50 cans of soda. So he would send 50 cans of soda to China; and they would send him 10 Yuan for each can: 500 Yuan. Now, what happened in that situation is that the Chinese manufacturer had 1,000 Yuan that he needs to convert into dollars -- into $100 preferably -- if that exchange rate were fixed. The American manufacturer -- and let's say that these are the only two actors in our scenario -- has 500 Yuan that he needs to convert into $50. So if we just look over here, here's someone who wants to convert (into) 1,000 Yuan. He wants to convert (his dollars) into 1,000 Yuan. Let me be very careful. He wants to convert his $100 into 1,000 Yuan, if the currency were to be held constant. But there's only 500 Yuan being offered in the market. So he was going to have to offer more dollars per Yuan than he would if there were more Yuan in the market. Now you can look at it from the other side. This American manufacturer has 500 Yuan from his sales in China. He wants to convert it -- if the currency was pegged -- into $50. But maybe he could do better than $50 here. And as we can see, there's more demand to convert the Yuan than there is to convert the dollars. He wants to buy $50 using Yuan. This guy wants to sell $100 (to convert it) into Yuan. So if you look over here, the supply of dollars is much greater than the demand for dollars. And you know in anything, if the supply of apples is greater than the demand for apples then the price of apples would go down. And the opposite is happening here with the Yuan. The demand for Yuan -- this is the demand -- is much greater than the supply of Yuan. And we know that when the demand is greater than the supply, the price needs to go up. And so we saw a scenario where the price of the dollar will go down in terms of Yuan. Now all that means is if you were having to give 10 Yuan per dollar, now you're going to have to give fewer Yuan per dollar. The price of the Yuan would go down. If the price of apples in Yuan goes down, instead of offering 10 Yuan per apple, you'd probably offer 8 Yuan per apple. So we see the exact same thing for the price of the dollar. But that's equivalent to saying the price of a Yuan goes up. Now we said eventually -- and I'm just making this number up -- it's hard to predict what the actual settling price would be -- we eventually get to 8 Yuan per dollar. And then we said, at that exchange (rate) -- and actually I'm going to change the numbers a little bit, just to make it a little bit cleaner -- at that exchange rate -- at 8 Yuan per dollar -- these 10-Yuan dolls would now cost $1.25. And let's say that at $1.25, in the United States, there is demand for 60 dolls. (I'm changing the numbers a little bit from the last video just to make the numbers work out a little bit better.) So you can just ignore the numbers from the last video. And remember, the old demand, when the 10-Yuan dolls were only $1 -- (WRlTING) so the old demand was 100 dolls -- So it makes sense -- If dolls are $1, people are going to have more of them. If dolls go up to $1.25, the demand will go down -- and let's say it'll go down to 60 dolls. Now on the other side of the equation, the $1 can of soda at 8 Yuan per dollar will now sell in China for 8 Yuan. And remember what the old price was. The old price in China -- where the currency rate was 10 to 1 -- was 10 Yuan. So the price -- let me write it here -- the price of the cola went from 10 Yuan down to 8 Yuan. So the demand, now that the cola is cheaper in China, the demand went up. And I'll change this number too, so don't do the 80 cans. We'll say that the demand in China went from 50 cans -- we saw that up here -- he had to ship 50 cans when it cost 10 Yuan per can -- So it went from 50 cans up to -- (WRlTING) maybe I should make it go up the demand went from 50 up to, let's say, 75 cans. I'm using these numbers because it's going to lead to cleaner numbers. So now what is the actual scenario? In the last video I said work it out yourself, but I realize the more concrete examples of this (I can give you), the more it will kind of sink into your brain. So now what is the trade balance going on? So going from China, (WRlTING) China -- and then you have the US Over here we're going to be shipping only 60 dolls. And then the U.S. is going to ship back 60 times $1.25. That is $75, right? $1.25 for 60 dolls means you're going to get $75. So 75 US dollars are going to go back to China. So that's due to the dolls. And now let's think about what's going to happen due to the soda. We are going to have -- 75 cans of soda are going to be shipped to China. And then China is going to send back 75 cans at 8 Yuan per can. 75 times 8 is -- it's 600. So for the 75 cans, he is going to get back 600 Yuan. So now what's happening? The Chinese manufacturer -- over here on the left -- wants or needs to convert $75 into -- if we assume that the currency is now 8, and he says, well, I'll just get it at the market rate -- into roughly 600 Yuan. 75 times 8 is 600. 8 Yuan per dollar. And then the U.S. manufacturer wants to convert-- He's got 600 Yuan from his sale of soda, into -- and, if he assumes he can get kind of the last market rate, 600 divided by 8 is into $75. So what just happened here? Now the supply of dollars is equal to the demand for dollars. And also, the supply of Yuan right over here is equal to the demand for Yuan. So now, depending on how you view it, we're sending the same dollar value to the US as we're sending back to China; or we're sending the same Yuan value to the US as we're sending back to China and the currency is now in balance. It really shouldn't shift. So I really wanted to go through this example again to show you that when you have freely floating currencies, eventually, one currency should get more -- if there is a trade imbalance, one currency would become more expensive than the other until the demand equalizes in both countries -- so that you eventually do have a trade balance. Hopefully that doesn't confuse you too much. In the next video, we'll talk about how a government -- and we'll talk about the Chinese Central Bank in particular could intervene so that this doesn't happen so that they can always ship more to the US than the US ships to China. Copying is not theft. Copying is not theft. Stealing a thing leaves one less left Copying it makes one thing more; that's what copying's for. Copying is not theft If I copy yours you have it too One for me and one for you That's what copies can do If I steal your bicycle you have to take the bus, but if I just copy it there's one for each of us! Making more of a thing, that is what we call "copying" Sharing ideas with everyone That's why copying is FUN Besides unlocking our body's resilience, the mind can also unleash superhuman speed. We instinctively call on that power when the brain spots a hazard too deadly to confront. Rather than face it, we push our bodies to the limit to escape. A wild fire blasts through the Southern California Hills at terrifying speed. Caught in its path a policeman accelerates faster than a race horse. That life-saving burst of power is from inside. >> Strong winds have sent flames racing up tender dry hillsides today. >> 4,000 acres have now burned... Officer Dan Perkins is trying to reach residents trapped by the approaching forest fire. >> It was pretty hectic. There was a lot of fire and smoke. Visibility was pretty low. >> I'm on the approach road now. I'm going to try to get through to them. Trees were falling partway in the roadway, on fire. And you know, fences were on fire. The house that they were at wasn't on fire yet but it was going to be soon. As it gets closer, Dan's body goes on alert. The fire could erupt at any moment. >> Folks, get in your cars and follow me out. Quickly! Quickly! They started to go to their cars and that's when the firestorm came over us. It was, you know, 60-70 feet above me when it blew over. I thought that was it, I thought I was gonna die. An exploding fireball can outpace an Olympic sprinter and normally would engulf Officer Perkins. But his heightened state of alert triggers a powerful biochemical reaction. Adrenaline sends his body into overdrive, cutting loose strength he didn't know he had. Adrenaline is a very neat hormone. You focus, it heightens all senses from your hearing, your smell, your thought processes so that you can be very focused to get out of a dangerous situation. As Dan senses danger, the disaster center in his brain jump starts his body and he runs for his life. That instant response triggers a series of critical reactions. Just above Dan's kidneys, glands inject the hormone adrenaline into his bloodstream. The adrenaline boosts his heart rate. Blood now races to his muscles quickly. Adrenaline signals his liver to flood the body with glucose, blood sugar for fuel. But even that won't save him. What really kick starts Dan's sprint for safety is instant energy. It's there in our muscles, stored for just such emergencies. The human body has a great resource in that it stores energy in preparation for emergency situations. And it's kind of like a high energy battery. It just stores this energy and so when you need to you have this quick burst and you utilize that energy, it is called ATP. ATP, Adenosine Triphoshate, is the energy molecule that keeps us alive. ATP fuels our muscles. It can be made by burning glucose or fat. We store an emergency reserve of ATP in our muscles, available for instant action. Turbocharging us on demand. For a few seconds, the energy burst turns Dan into a skilled sprinter. The hundred meter sprint. The ultimate test of human speed. The even lasts less than ten seconds. Time enough for a well-trained runner to call on a surge of high energy ATP. For four precious seconds, his body accelerates at the maximum. Consuming it's emergency ATP supply. Now, peak performance is done. For the last 40 meters, the runner is actually slowing down. Then with the race over, the body can stop. Dan's ATP battery needs to get him out of danger and to his car 60 meters away. I didn't even think about what I was going to do, where I was going to go. I just turned and ran. I don't think I've run faster in my life. For a few key seconds, Dan has pushed his body to its limits. Just long enough to keep him alive. Once I backed out, that's when I realized what just happened. I was just shocked and then I realized I had to go back in. With the firestorm passed, Dan returns to rescue the eight survivors who had huddled in a swimming pool. By saving his own life, Dan Perkins was able to rescue eight others. He was later decorated for valor. At the moment, we should have a country concerned with justice .... a just state. What I mean is, it needs to be just above all and deal equally with all members of the population. Once equality and justice are achieved, we can have elections to choose whether we want a religious state or not and see what the outcome of these elections will be. During a group trip to Budapest Hermel from Nantes (Fr) became friend with Ophélie, the Wallisian. Both are students. She is in prépa littéraire, he studies at Sciences Po [France top universities] Soon he shows a deep interest for her culture by learning her native language [translation] Wallisian is easy to speak but some words are very difficult. You have to practice everyday because it's not like European languages. "It really surprised me, and somehow touched me to see that in metropolitan France, there are still some people interested in the cultures of overseas territories. We often chat together, I correct his mistakes or give him some advice" But for Hermel, such a passion soon became a research topic. Willing to go beyond books, he met Wallisians in France in order to understand their migration from the Polynesian Triangle to France "I really wanted to understand why they had left their island and get beyond all those stereotypes - there are a lot of stereotypes about Oceania - such as about the vahinés, the so-called "island mentality" or the ferocious cannibal warriors... Such clichés inherited from 18th century still prevail nowadays. Today's the day. Hermel has finished his 120-pages research paper and is going to defend it in front of his professors. "Have a seat" "How do they build their new identity in France what is it to be Wallisian or Futunan in France in 2013 ?" I admit it's a topic that has not been discussed previously in France It's unique and could prove useful for your future career" Indeed, it's time for Hermel to think about his future. In June [2013] he will assist French Senator for Wallis and Futuna A way to apply his academic knowledge in real work settings. Later he would like to specialize in anthropology of Oceania. >>: If you've ever used one of these GPS range finders, you're going to absolutely love it! But you know what? life's too complicated. Who needs another device? GolfLogix has put that into your Smartphone. Over 25,000 golf courses and their distances in beautiful crystal-clear color pictures and aerial photographs of every hole on the world's best selling Smartphones, including iPhone, Blackberry and many others. Like most of you, I've got my Smartphone with me at all times. No matter where I go or what golf course I'm on, I just go to the GolfLogix app, open it and I'm ready to play. No carrying an extra device, no cables, no connecting to a computer, no hassles! Worried about battery life? No worries. GolfLogix has bundled the best Smartphone accessories in a kit that includes a battery booster with 30 hours of additional battery life. 30 hours! Play a couple of rounds, surf the web, watch some movies, it's no problem! With GolfLogix you get pictures of each hole, target distances, automatic scoring and stat tracking, 30-hour battery booster, a suction cup mount, carrying case and a one-year all access to over 25,000 golf courses. All of this and it's a fraction of the cost of other GPS and range finders. Some of those cost up to $500. But, with GolfLogix on your Smartphone, you get a whole lot more for a whole lot less. GolfGPS.com GolfLogix for your Smartphone. It makes everything else obsolete. Get it out of here. Available at all pro shops, fine golf retailers. Or call the number on your screen or log on to GolfGPS.com right now for the GolfLogix GPS Smartphone kit for only three payments of just $49.95. Get 25,000 courses on your own Smartphone with GolfLogix. Hi folks. This is Matt Jackson again and so now let's take a look at Mixed Strategy Nash Equilibrium in practice and try and understand a little bit about what it should tell us about what we should expect to see. So let's start with situation of soccer penalty kick. Kicks, and this is a quite natural application of mixed strategy equilibria because they're ubiquitous in sports and competitive games, so situations where it actually pays to be unpredictable. So, by not knowing what the other, the opposition is going to do. It makes it a little more difficult to for you to pick it up the most strategy in these games where one player wins and the other player looses. And, in particular in soccer penalty kicks, were, looking at a situation where a kicker has to try and kick the ball into a goal, the goalie can try to move to deflect the ball, and this happens very quickly, so it's essentially a simultaneous move game. The kicker is choosing to go either in, in their simplified version say to, to the right or the left. The goalie is then gonna dive to the, to one side or the other side and try to deflect the ball and if the goalie, guesses correctly and ends up in the same. Direction as the, the kicker, then they have a high chance of, higher chance of saving it. If they go in the opposite direction, they have a lower chance of saving it. Okay, so, how, how are equilibria going to adjust to the skills of the players? So, let's suppose, for instance, as a kicker That I might be biased. I might be able to kick the ball more accurately in one direction than the other. So if you ask me to kick it towards the left side of the goal, it might be that I hit there very accurately. If you tell me I have to kick it towards the right side of the goal, it could be that I'm less accurate. And I have a higher chance of just missing the goal altogether. So is the equilibrium going to change when we change one of the players, in terms of their skills. So let's have a, a, a peek at this. Should a kicker who kicks penalty kicks, worse to the right than the left, kick more often to the left than the right? So, if I, if I'm worse in kicking towards the right, does that mean that I should kick in the opposite direction more often? Well that's have a peak. So, let's start with just a simple version just to get, our ideas fixed, so imagine that the, setting is one where the kicker and the goalie, if they, so let's have the kicker on this side. so the kicker is the role player, the goalie is the column player and if they end up kicking, if the kicker goes left and the goalie also happens to go to the left, then the goalie saves. And the goalie gets a payoff of one. The kicker gets a payoff of zero, if instead we're in a situation where say the kicker goes left and the goalie goes right, then the kicker scores and gets a path of one, and, and so forth. Okay. So this is just a simple variation on matching pennies, and in this situation, what's the equilibrium going to be. The equilibrium's gonna be quite simple. It's just going to be that the kicker randomizes equally between left and right. The goal randomizes between left and right. Each person has a probability of half to win from kicking to the left or right, Goalie to the left or right. So it's a very simple game, and we're have a good idea of how to solve that one. Okay, so now what're we gonna do? Let's change things and now we've got a kicker that sometimes misses when they go to the right. So imparticular if the goalie happens to go to the left. And the goals wide open to the right. The kicker scores 75% of the time, but actually misses completely 25% of the time. Okay, so this is the, a, a kicker who's still . does well if, if they go left and the goalie goes to the opposite direction. But now they have a lower probability of winning when their kicking right and they have a wide open goal. Okay, so how should this adjust, whats, what Should the new equilibrium look like? So let's suppose let's first of all try and keep the kicker indifferent. So let's think of the goalie going left with probabili ty P, right with probability one - P. For the kicker to be indifferent what has to be true? Well what's their payoff if they go left? Their payoff to going left. Left is just one x one - P. There kick-off, there payoff to going right is .75 x P. These two things have to be equal, in order to have this, thee kicker being different. So what do we end up with? We end up with .75P is equal to one - P. so we end up with, one = 1.75p. or p is = to one over 1.75. Which is = to, four over seven. Okay? So that tells us that the. Goalie should be going left with probability four-sevenths, and right with probability three-sevenths. Okay? So we know what the goalie's supposed to be doing, so, so now the fact that we changed, the goalie's payoffs haven't changed, but the fact that we changed the kicker's payoffs, meant that the goalie actually had to adjust. Right? So even though the goalie's payoffs haven't changed at all in this game, the new equilibrium has a different set of, of probabilities for the goalie in order to keep the kicker at different now. Okay? So now let's, let's see what the kicker's going to do. So how are we see what's so, so let's suppose that the kicker goes left with probability q, right with probability one - q, and let's solve for q. Well, for the goalie to be indifferent, what is their payoff if they go left? If they're going left, they're getting and they're getting a q probability that they match. So they get q + 0.25(1 - q) if they go left. If they go right instead what are they getting? They're just getting one minus q. Right? So these two things have to be equal so we end up with, q = .75 * (one - q). So q / (one - q) = .75. What does this tell us about q? It tells us that q = three-sevenths. Okay, so what's going to happen, when we work out this? We get three-sevenths for the probability that the kicker's going to go left. And four-sevenths for the probability that the kicker is going to go right. So overall what do we have now? We have the strategies looking like this as we made this adjustment. And we notice two sort of interesting things about this. one is that the goali e's pay-offs didn't change, but they still had to adjust their strategies. And the second is that the kicker is actually kicking more often to the weaker side, right? So the, the, the right foot got worse than it was before and they are actually going in that direction more often. and why is that? It's because the kicker, the, the goalie has also made an adjustment in this game. And so, the, the comparative statics in mixed strategy Nash equilibria are actually quite subtle, and somewhat counter intuitive in terms of what you might expect you're, you're, you get a bias so that this becomes a weaker direction, and the equilibrium adjusts. So that the player goes in that direction more often. So, let's have a, a look just through the intuition here. Again the goalie strategy must have the goalie indifferent and so when we went through those payoffs, the kicker, the goalie goes left more often than right, and the kicker, actually, so sorry there's a type here. The kicker, actually goes right More frequently, right, goes right with probability now four-sevenths, so they've increased their probability on that. And when we end up, what we see is the goalie's strategy is adjusting, but we also see that the kicker adjusts to kicking more toward their weak side. so the, the goalie now actually has a slight advantage. So if you go through and calculate the probability that the goalie's going to win, they're going to win four-sevenths, so the time in this, in this match. And, and we can think what would happen if the goalie Actually just stayed with our old strategy of still going 50, 50. Then the kicker could always go left, and win one-half the time instead of three-sevenths. So the, the fact that the goalie has to make an adjustment is because they have to de, defend more to the left side to defer cuz now the, the, the kickers has a, a better Chance of winning on that side. So the goalie goes more in that direction. That pushes the kicker towards their weaker side. In order to make sure that the goalie is willing to go to the left side with higher frequen cy. So, by adjusting to strategy to keep the kicker indifferent the goalie takes advantage of the kicker's weak right kick and wins more often. Often. Okay, so just in terms of summary and, and mixed strategy in soccer penalty kicks, in general. Players must be indifferent between the things that they're randomizing over. that produces very interesting and subtle Comparative statics. and you know there, there's a question that might come up in your mind, do people really do this? I mean, this is fairly complicated, right? So the, you know, 50-50 we can figure out one we get these, to these games where a player has an advantage The advantage one way or another, then the actual mixture becomes fairly complicated. And it's not so obvious that players will actually do that. so we'll, we'll take a look at that and see if, if this actually bears out in, in practice. Let's talk about being a discovery writer verses an outliner. Okay? Discovery writers and outliners. This is kind of getting into the idea of - Um, I'll preface this with the concept of Lesson 2, I want to teach you today. Lesson 1, this is a about skill. Lesson 2, is about tools. Again, not the band. I guess the band doesn't have an 's', so that's kind of a lame pun. You'll get used to those. Tools. Different writers write differently, and aside from a few general principles, there is no one way you have to do this. Okay? Now for the class I'm going to put certain restrictions on you. To try force you to use certain tools to see if they work for you. At the end of the class you may very well decide that these tools don't work for you, and discard them. By tools I mean methods of writing. Has anyone ever had a teacher or a book you've read on writing tell you that you have to have an outline. Occasionally you'll get these. Have you ever read one that says you can never have an outline? I think 'On Writing' by Stephen King says never to use one. This is because people who write these books, or do these - sometimes they're great writers - 'On Writing' by Stephen King is brilliant. It's wonderful, and Stephen King's a great writer. However, he says don't use a writing group and he says don't use an outline. Well those are tools that he uses. Different writers can use different tools and there's no one way to write a book. And this is best manifest by the idea of discovery writers versus outliners. Because it's pretty stark. And I've found over the years that a lot of people fall into one of these two camps. And they're kind of mutually exclusive. Discovery writers. Discovery writers are those writers who work best when they don't have a lot of structure. This means that if they're forced to write an outline ahead of time, what happens to discovery writers is that they tend to get bored with that book by the time they're done with the outline. Because they feel like they've just already done it, and so they want to move onto something else. Or they fell like they're really constricted and the characters have no life because their lives are determined for them ahead of time. George R.R. Martin is a discovery writer. If you can't tell by how long it takes you to write books. George R.R. Martin is a discovery writer. He uses the term 'gardener'. Which is a great term for a discovery writer. Discovery writers are those who tend to grow their story. Now we're not talking about this 'muse' mumbo jumbo over here. Discovery writers are those - they're still going to work on their stories everyday. It's not going to be about inspiration as much as - well, inspiration is important. But inspiration, the real inspiration comes through lots of hard work and sweat and then finally something clicks. If that makes sense. Inspiration is not staring at a wall until something clicks. Inspiration is sitting and working until something clicks. And so discovery writers do work best without an outline. Okay? On the other side, we have what we call 'outliners'. George R.R. Martin again calls these 'architects', which is a wonderful term. Um, I don't know if I spelled that right. Um, that's why I have spell check, and copy editors. Um, so outliners. Outliners are those who if they sit down to write a book, and there's just an empty open vastness in front of them. They have no idea where to go. And don't ever get going. Outliners work best when they know what their goal is. They say, "Oh, I am shooting for this specific type of story." "And if I take this story, and break it down into its components, then I have this step, this step and this step..." And they essentially are building a story through the small pieces, the small steps. It's kind of the engineer way to write a book. And outliners will therefore build an outline for themselves. An outline is not like, heading one, sub-heading B, yada, yada. An outline is a sequence of events that you're using as a guide, a map to write your book. Okay? Architects tend to have pretty explosive endings that come together really well. And if you think that books you've read that have really zinger endings, the authors were probably architects. Orson Scott Card is a famous architect. Okay? And he tends to do a lot of outlining for his books. Spends months outlining and then he says he sits down and writes the book in a couple of weeks because he's done so much pre-writing. Another friend of mine, Kevin J. Anderson is a heavy outliner. In fact the way he writes his books is he writes a very in depth outline. Almost as a story proposal or pitch. He's famous enough, and has enough publishing history that he doesn't need to write proposals for his books. And he'll say "Hey, I want to write about this," and they'll let him and they'll give him money. But instead he does these big proposals because it helps him write the book and then when he sits down to write his book, he like takes each sentence in the proposal. It doesn't look like an outline. I've seen them and they're just like long, you know, long proposals in prose form. But he takes each sentence and kind of expands that. And takes the next sentence and expands that and turns it into a book that way. He's also famous for writing with dictations. He actually goes out hiking, takes his his headset and dictates a scene and then has someone transcribe it and then he edits it on page. So, a lot of people kind of fall into one of these camps - a lot of people will be in between, but you'll be surprised how many people tend to fall into one of these camps. The thing about it is, you really don't know for sure which one of these you are, or in which situations which will be better for you, until you try them both out. In this class you can do one or the other, but if you're going to be an outliner, you've got one week to make your outline. And that should be enough, okay? Let's talk about the the foibles and follies of these two types of writers. Discovery writers - this isn't one hundred percent - but discovery writers tend to like to revise a lot. They like to get it just right before they move on. And so you'll find that discovery writers, what they'll do is they'll write a chapter and they'll be like "Okay, that's pretty good." They'll do a couple of drafts on it and then they'll write the next chapter and explore where their characters are going and they'll be like "Oh, now I know better where my book is going." So then they'll go back and re-write the first chapter a couple of times, and they'll they re-write the second chapter a couple of times, and then they'll write the third chapter and be like "Oh, I've discovered where my book's going now." And then they'll jump back and start over again with chapter one and do this over and over and over again. If any of you have written chapter one of your book, like, twelve times, then this might be a problem you're falling... I see someone laughing. You get it, yeah. Then this might be your problem. Discovery writers generally need that kind of kick to the head to keep going. They need to learn to just keep going, because what a discovery type writer is really doing is writing a really long outline for their book. And then you start over after you've finished it. Your revision will usually be pretty dramatic, because then you'll know where your book's going and you'll be able to write it through and fix it really well. So discovery writers need to keep going, most of the time. Ah, the other thing discovery writers have a problem with is endings. Because they don't know where they're going. Discovery writers tend to get to like, the 90% mark of their book and be like, okay, I guess it ends. This works ok in literary fiction where the 'I Guess it Ends' ending is kind of like the main ending that people do. "And then it ended." But it doesn't work so well in popular fiction where people actually want, you know, resolution. And these sorts of things. And so, discovery writers need to learn how to write endings, and usually what they need to do is finish their book, give it to people, and brainstorm that ending, so that when they do their second draft, they can point toward that ending more. I see you nodding a lot, are you a discovery writer? [unintelligible] On the other side, over here, outliners. Outliners have something they call "Worldbuilder's Disease", a lot of times. Worldbuilder's Disease is, you love building a setting and tweaking it and coming up with the perfect world that you're going to write and so you spend twenty years writing the perfect world and never actually get around to writing your book. This is a big problem with architects. Another big problem with architects is that they tend to, like... rip through a first draft and be like, ok, that's ok, and then just throw it aside and start on something new. This is what I did... Yeah, you ask why I wrote 13 books before I sold one and, I finished one and "Hey, that was fun, I'll do another one." And then immediately was more excited about the next project than this project. The "I'm excited about the next thing" tends to be a bit of an outliner/archtect thing, though it [unintelligible]. The thing is, you probably have attributes of both of these. Depending on what you're doing. And you probably use different aspects of these for different parts of your writing. During my history as a writer I found that I can use both tools for different situations. I tend to architect my worlds and my settings and discovery write my characters. Works very well for me. Helps me keep my characters a little bit fresh. It helps me keep them alive, rather than feel like their life is written out them, but also lets me have [unintelligible]. The problem with doing this means that my characters have line-item veto over the outline. And so, I often have to stop and, because I am an architect, I can't just let them run wild as a lot of discovery writers would do. I have to stop and say "Ok, they wouldn't do that, I have to rebuild my outline." And so I have to go back to the outlining stage several times during the writing of the book. [10:24] OMG, have you seen what Miley did today? Shut up! Donate all your money I need it for Miley. It's all because of her dad She got so gross and so sad. How did this beautiful girl turn into this thing? Hi, I'm Sarah McLachlan. How do groups get anything done? Right? How do you organize a group of individuals so that the output of the group is something coherent and of lasting value, instead of just being chaos? And the economic framing of that problem is called coordination costs. And a coordination cost is essentially all of the financial or institutional difficulties in arranging group output. And we've had a classic answer for coordination costs, which is, if you want to coordinate the work of a group of people, you start an institution, right? You raise some resources. You found something. It can be private or public. It can be for profit or not profit. It can be large or small. But you get these resources together. You found an institution, and you use the institution to coordinate the activities of the group. More recently, because the cost of letting groups communicate with each other has fallen through the floor -- and communication costs are one of the big inputs to coordination -- there has been a second answer, which is to put the cooperation into the infrastructure, to design systems that coordinate the output of the group as a by-product of the operating of the system, without regard to institutional models. So, that's what I want to talk about today. I'm going to illustrate it with some fairly concrete examples, but always pointing to the broader themes. So, I'm going to start by trying to answer a question that I know each of you will have asked yourself at some point or other, and which the Internet is purpose-built to answer, which is, where can I get a picture of a roller-skating mermaid? So, in New York City, on the first Saturday of every summer, Coney Island, our local, charmingly run-down amusement park, hosts the Mermaid Parade. It's an amateur parade; people come from all over the city; people get all dressed up. Some people get less dressed up. Young and old, dancing in the streets. Colorful characters, and a good time is had by all. And what I want to call your attention to is not the Mermaid Parade itself, charming though it is, but rather to these photos. I didn't take them. How did I get them? And the answer is: I got them from Flickr. Flickr is a photo-sharing service that allows people to take photos, upload them, share them over the Web and so forth. Recently, Flickr has added an additional function called tagging. Tagging was pioneered by Delicious and Joshua Schachter. Delicious is a social bookmarking service. Tagging is a cooperative infrastructure answer to classification. Right? If I had given this talk last year, I couldn't do what I just did, because I couldn't have found those photos. But instead of saying, we need to hire a professional class of librarians to organize these photos once they're uploaded, Flickr simply turned over to the users the ability to characterize the photos. So, I was able to go in and draw down photos that had been tagged "Mermaid Parade." There were 3,100 photos taken by 118 photographers, all aggregated and then put under this nice, neat name, shown in reverse chronological order. And I was then able to go and retrieve them to give you that little slideshow. Now, what hard problem is being solved here? And it's -- in the most schematic possible view, it's a coordination problem, right? There are a large number of people on the Internet, a very small fraction of them have photos of the Mermaid Parade. How do we get those people together to contribute that work? The classic answer is to form an institution, right? To draw those people into some prearranged structure that has explicit goals. And I want to call your attention to some of the side effects of going the institutional route. First of all, when you form an institution, you take on a management problem, right? No good just hiring employees, you also have to hire other employees to manage those employees and to enforce the goals of the institution and so forth. Secondly, you have to bring structure into place. Right? You have to have economic structure. You have to have legal structure. You have to have physical structure. And that creates additional costs. Third, forming an institution is inherently exclusionary. You notice we haven't got everybody who has a photo. You can't hire everyone in a company, right? You can't recruit everyone into a governmental organization. You have to exclude some people. And fourth, as a result of that exclusion, you end up with a professional class. Look at the change here. We've gone from people with photos to photographers. Right? We've created a professional class of photographers whose goal is to go out and photograph the Mermaid Parade, or whatever else they're sent out to photograph. When you build cooperation into the infrastructure, which is the Flickr answer, you can leave the people where they are and you take the problem to the individuals, rather than moving the individuals to the problem. You arrange the coordination in the group, and by doing that you get the same outcome, without the institutional difficulties. You lose the institutional imperative. You lose the right to shape people's work when it's volunteer effort, but you also shed the institutional cost, which gives you greater flexibility. What Flickr does is it replaces planning with coordination. And this is a general aspect of these cooperative systems. Right. You'll have experienced this in your life whenever you bought your first mobile phone, and you stopped making plans. You just said, "I'll call you when I get there." "Call me when you get off work." Right? That is a point-to-point replacement of coordination with planning. Right. We're now able to do that kind of thing with groups. To say instead of, we must make an advance plan, we must have a five-year projection of where the Wikipedia is going to be, or whatever, you can just say, let's coordinate the group effort, and let's deal with it as we go, because we're now well-enough coordinated that we don't have to take on the problems of deciding in advance what to do. So here's another example. This one's somewhat more somber. These are photos on Flickr tagged "Iraq." And everything that was hard about the coordination cost with the Mermaid Parade is even harder here. There are more pictures. There are more photographers. It's taken over a wider geographic area. The photos are spread out over a longer period of time. And worst of all, that figure at the bottom, approximately ten photos per photographer, is a lie. It's mathematically true, but it doesn't really talk about anything important -- because in these systems, the average isn't really what matters. What matters is this. This is a graph of photographs tagged Iraq as taken by the 529 photographers who contributed the 5,445 photos. And it's ranked in order of number of photos taken per photographer. You can see here, over at the end, our most prolific photographer has taken around 350 photos, and you can see there's a few people who have taken hundreds of photos. Then there's dozens of people who've taken dozens of photos. And by the time we get around here, we get ten or fewer photos, and then there's this long, flat tail. And by the time you get to the middle, you've got hundreds of people who have contributed only one photo each. This is called a power-law distribution. It appears often in unconstrained social systems where people are allowed to contribute as much or as little as they like -- this is often what you get. Right? The math behind the power-law distribution is that whatever's in the nth position is doing about one-nth of whatever's being measured, relative to the person in the first position. So, we'd expect the tenth most prolific photographer to have contributed about a tenth of the photos, and the hundredth most prolific photographer to have contributed only about a hundred as many photos as the most prolific photographer did. So, the head of the curve can be sharper or flatter. But that basic math accounts both for the steep slope and for the long, flat tail. And curiously, in these systems, as they grow larger, the systems don't converge; they diverge more. In bigger systems, the head gets bigger and the tail gets longer, so the imbalance increases. You can see the curve is obviously heavily left-weighted. Here's how heavily: if you take the top 10 percent of photographers contributing to this system, they account for three quarters of the photos taken -- just the top 10 percent most prolific photographers. If you go down to five percent, you're still accounting for 60 percent of the photos. If you go down to one percent, exclude 99 percent of the group effort, you're still accounting for almost a quarter of the photos. And because of this left weighting, the average is actually here, way to the left. And that sounds strange to our ears, but what ends up happening is that 80 percent of the contributors have contributed a below-average amount. That sounds strange because we expect average and middle to be about the same, but they're not at all. This is the math underlying the 80/20 rule. Right? Whenever you hear anybody talking about the 80/20 rule, this is what's going on. Right? 20 percent of the merchandise accounts for 80 percent of the revenue, 20 percent of the users use 80 percent of the resources -- this is the shape people are talking about when that happens. Institutions only have two tools: carrots and sticks. And the 80 percent zone is a no-carrot and no-stick zone. The costs of running the institution mean that you cannot take on the work of those people easily in an institutional frame. The institutional model always pushes leftwards, treating these people as employees. The institutional response is, I can get 75 percent of the value for 10 percent of the hires -- great, that's what I'll do. The cooperative infrastructure model says, why do you want to give up a quarter of the value? If your system is designed so that you have to give up a quarter of the value, re-engineer the system. Don't take on the cost that prevents you from getting to the contributions of these people. Build the system so that anybody can contribute at any amount. So the coordination response asks not, how are these people as employees, but rather, what is their contribution like? Right? We have over here Psycho Milt, a Flickr user, who has contributed one, and only one, photo titled "Iraq." And here's the photo. Right. Labeled, "Bad Day at Work." Right? So the question is, do you want that photo? Yes or no. The question is not, is Psycho Milt a good employee? And the tension here is between institution as enabler and institution as obstacle. When you're dealing with the left-hand edge of one of these distributions, when you're dealing with the people who spend a lot of time producing a lot of the material you want, that's an institution-as-enabler world. You can hire those people as employees, you can coordinate their work and you can get some output. But when you're down here, where the Psycho Milts of the world are adding one photo at a time, that's institution as obstacle. Institutions hate being told they're obstacles. One of the first things that happens when you institutionalize a problem is that the first goal of the institution immediately shifts from whatever the nominal goal was to self-preservation. And the actual goal of the institution goes to two through n. Right? So, when institutions are told they are obstacles, and that there are other ways of coordinating the value, they go through something a little bit like the Kubler-Ross stages -- (Laughter) -- of reaction, being told you have a fatal illness: denial, anger, bargaining, acceptance. Most of the cooperative systems we've seen haven't been around long enough to have gotten to the acceptance phase. Many, many institutions are still in denial, but we're seeing recently a lot of both anger and bargaining. There's a wonderful, small example going on right now. In France, a bus company is suing people for forming a carpool, right, because the fact that they have coordinated themselves to create cooperative value is depriving them of revenue. You can follow this in the Guardian. It's actually quite entertaining. The bigger question is, what do you do about the value down here? Right? How do you capture that? And institutions, as I've said, are prevented from capturing that. Steve Ballmer, now CEO of Microsoft, was criticizing Linux a couple of years ago, and he said, "Oh, this business of thousands of programmers contributing to Linux, this is a myth. We've looked at who's contributed to Linux, and most of the patches have been produced by programmers who've only done one thing." Right? You can hear this distribution under that complaint. And you can see why, from Ballmer's point of view, that's a bad idea, right? We hired this programmer, he came in, he drank our Cokes and played Foosball for three years and he had one idea. (Laughter) Right? Bad hire. Right? (Laughter) The Psycho Milt question is, was it a good idea? What if it was a security patch? What if it was a security patch for a buffer overflow exploit, of which Windows has not some, [but] several? Do you want that patch, right? The fact that a single programmer can, without having to move into a professional relation to an institution, improve Linux once and never be seen from again, should terrify Ballmer. Because this kind of value is unreachable in classic institutional frameworks, but is part of cooperative systems of open-source software, of file sharing, of the Wikipedia. I've used a lot of examples from Flickr, but there are actually stories about this from all over. Meetup, a service founded so that users could find people in their local area who share their interests and affinities and actually have a real-world meeting offline in a cafe or a pub or what have you. When Scott Heiferman founded Meetup, he thought it would be used for, you know, train spotters and cat fanciers -- classic affinity groups. The inventors don't know what the invention is. Number one group on Meetup right now, most chapters in most cities with most members, most active? Stay-at-home moms. Right? In the suburbanized, dual-income United States, stay-at-home moms are actually missing the social infrastructure that comes from extended family and local, small-scale neighborhoods. So they're reinventing it, using these tools. Meetup is the platform, but the value here is in social infrastructure. If you want to know what technology is going to change the world, don't pay attention to 13-year-old boys -- pay attention to young mothers, because they have got not an ounce of support for technology that doesn't materially make their lives better. This is so much more important than Xbox, but it's a lot less glitzy. I think this is a revolution. I think that this is a really profound change in the way human affairs are arranged. And I use that word advisedly. It's a revolution in that it's a change in equilibrium. It's a whole new way of doing things, which includes new downsides. In the United States right now, a woman named Judith Miller is in jail for not having given to a Federal Grand Jury her sources -- she's a reporter for the New York Times -- her sources, in a very abstract and hard-to-follow case. And journalists are in the street rallying to improve the shield laws. The shield laws are our laws -- pretty much a patchwork of state laws -- that prevent a journalist from having to betray a source. This is happening, however, against the background of the rise of Web logging. Web logging is a classic example of mass amateurization. It has de-professionalized publishing. Want to publish globally anything you think today? It is a one-button operation that you can do for free. That has sent the professional class of publishing down into the ranks of mass amateurization. And so the shield law, as much as we want it -- we want a professional class of truth-tellers -- it is becoming increasingly incoherent, because the institution is becoming incoherent. There are people in the States right now tying themselves into knots, trying to figure out whether or not bloggers are journalists. And the answer to that question is, it doesn't matter, because that's not the right question. Journalism was an answer to an even more important question, which is, how will society be informed? How will they share ideas and opinions? And if there is an answer to that that happens outside the professional framework of journalism, it makes no sense to take a professional metaphor and apply it to this distributed class. So as much as we want the shield laws, the background -- the institution to which they were attached -- is becoming incoherent. Here's another example. Pro-ana, the pro-ana groups. These are groups of teenage girls who have taken on Web logs, bulletin boards, other kinds of cooperative infrastructure, and have used it to set up support groups for remaining anorexic by choice. They post pictures of thin models, which they call "thinspiration." They have little slogans, like "Salvation through Starvation." They even have Lance Armstrong-style bracelets, these red bracelets, which signify, in the small group, I am trying to maintain my eating disorder. They trade tips, like, if you feel like eating something, clean a toilet or the litter box. The feeling will pass. We're used to support groups being beneficial. We have an attitude that support groups are inherently beneficial. But it turns out that the logic of the support group is value neutral. A support group is simply a small group that wants to maintain a way of living in the context of a larger group. Now, when the larger group is a bunch of drunks, and the small group wants to stay sober, then we think, that's a great support group. But when the small group is teenage girls who want to stay anorexic by choice, then we're horrified. What's happened is that the normative goals of the support groups that we're used to, came from the institutions that were framing them, and not from the infrastructure. Once the infrastructure becomes generically available, the logic of the support group has been revealed to be accessible to anyone, including people pursuing these kinds of goals. So, there are significant downsides to these changes as well as upsides. And of course, in the current environment, one need allude only lightly to the work of non-state actors trying to influence global affairs, and taking advantage of these. This is a social map of the hijackers and their associates who perpetrated the 9/11 attack. It was produced by analyzing their communications patterns using a lot of these tools. And doubtless the intelligence communities of the world are doing the same work today for the attacks of last week. Now, this is the part of the talk where I tell you what's going to come as a result of all of this, but I'm running out of time, which is good, because I don't know. (Laughter) Right. As with the printing press, if it's really a revolution, it doesn't take us from Point A to Point B. It takes us from Point A to chaos. The printing press precipitated 200 years of chaos, moving from a world where the Catholic Church was the sort of organizing political force to the Treaty of Westphalia, when we finally knew what the new unit was: the nation state. Now, I'm not predicting 200 years of chaos as a result of this. 50. 50 years in which loosely coordinated groups are going to be given increasingly high leverage, and the more those groups forego traditional institutional imperatives -- like deciding in advance what's going to happen, or the profit motive -- the more leverage they'll get. And institutions are going to come under an increasing degree of pressure, and the more rigidly managed, and the more they rely on information monopolies, the greater the pressure is going to be. And that's going to happen one arena at a time, one institution at a time. The forces are general, but the results are going to be specific. And so the point here is not, "This is wonderful," or "We're going to see a transition from only institutions to only cooperative framework." It's going to be much more complicated than that. But the point is that it's going to be a massive readjustment. And since we can see it in advance and know it's coming, my argument is essentially: we might as well get good at it. Thank you very much. (Applause) [S1E22 - 'Monkey Business' - Feb. 24, 2013 - Oscars ed.] Hello, and welcome to today's 'Monkey Business.' This is 'Monkey Business' for February 24, 2013. And, Marcel will be doing the main segment on awards show, the Oscars, but let's have a quick look at some tech news. Video game company Sony Computer Entertainment officially announces that the PlayStation 4, or PS4, will be available later this year. The company [Sony Computer Entertainment] is a subsidiary of multinational corporation Sony (SNE) [ADR]. And Sergey Brin, co-founder of search giant Google (GOOG), was spotted sashaying around the New York City [New York, U.S.] subway a few episodes ago, wearing a prototype for Google's augmented-reality specs project, [the final product to be called] Google Glass; that clip here [MB S1E15]. Various media outlets report that the Google Glass specs are now a go and will hit store shelves in late 2013. Finally, the 'Wall Street Journal' reports that retailer Best Buy (BBY) is launching a two-week promotion offering a $100 [one hundred U.S. dollar] discount on the purchase of touchscreen laptops running Windows 8, the most recent Windows operating system, produced by Microsoft (MSFT). For more on any of these stories, just browse the links in the infobox. And now, over to Marcel, for Nearly News. Take it away, Marcel. I was going to do a little fly-by over Hollywood's awards show, the Oscars, broadcasting on February 24, 2013, but evidently I've arrived a little early. [Marcel on red carpet, hours before awards show begins.] 'ello. I have arrived. I can do an autograph, there's no line. Yet. Hello. [Marcel is back in his plane.] So, instead, I'm enjoying zipping around off the coast of Los Angeles, California [U.S.], enjoying fair weather. We can talk about Oscar-ish things, instead. In the meantime, we have a quick treat for fans of 'The Hobbit.' The fantasy film ['The Hobbit'] was well on the way to earning a billion dollars at the box office; that clip [MB S1E15] is here, somewhere. Just look. [Shown: MB S1E15 clip] Fans of epic fantasy stories have also taken to 'Game of Thrones' in a huge way - it broadcasts in more than 60 countries, and has the dubious honor of being the most-pirated show of 2012. Broadcaster HBO has licensed several companies to produce merchandise based on the wildly popular fantasy program, including action figures, replica weapons and armor, and bobblehead dolls. Fans of the show can even guzzle a line of beers, [which were] based on the series. The first in the line of beers, the Iron Throne Blonde Ale, will hit shelves in March 2013. The program even inspired fashion designer Helmut Lang [2012 collection], as he chucked models down the runway in enough boots, leggings, leather and light armor to fill a kingdom-ful of taverns, castles and creepy forests. [Marcel is shown in winter background, in mock "Game of Thrones" cameo] Raaaargh! Oh. I forgot my sword. Sptoo, sptoo. [Spitting out strands of fur or hair from his costume, which have gotten into his mouth.] What is this? Yak hair? Sptoo, sptoo, sptoo... Ah, but the most frenzied of fans, [Segment interruption - example of a frenzied fan, shown in battle gear in a supermarket aisle.] what can they do once they've stocked up on replica armor, action figures, and looked into ordering a case of magical beer, and had a 'Game of Thrones' fashion show in the front yard, [Another frenzied fan interrupts the segment, with a scene at a barbeque.] and are busily tapping their toes, waiting impatiently for the trailer for the latest season of 'Game of Thrones' to appear? Well, if they have one moment, in between wringing their hands, storming their living room and having season one (S1) marathons with their equally-smitten throners, they can watch the debut trailer for the current season, right here, voilà. [Clip onscreen, 'Game of Thrones,' Season Three trailer, clicks through to full trailer at official 'Game of Thrones' channel.] [Marcel suddenly remembers this segment is about the Oscars.] Ah, yes, the Oscars. We were talking about the Oscars, weren't we? So, okay, with a bit of movie magic, I snap my fingers...and... voilà. [Marcel shown in red carpet-style tableau.] Here I am. The annual awards show [formally rebranded as 'The Oscars' or 'the Oscars' in 2013; formerly known as the Academy Awards in prior years, and informally, as the Oscars] is a magnet for advertisers, since it delivers views on the scale of music awards show, the Grammys, and sports event, the Super Bowl - our Super Bowl special is right here. [Clip shown onscreen: MB S1E18] Then, we have the Oscars. 'Ad Age' reports that broadcaster ABC - owned by entertainment company The Walt Disney Company (DlS) - is picking up between $1.65 million and $1.8 million [U.S. dollars] for a 30-second spot in this year's broadcast, according to media buyers. Search engine giant Google (GOOG) is making a play for viewers online during commercials [as a TV break, or watching coverage on laptops at home, or on mobile devices], with a one-stop-shop covering everything Oscars, and there'll be several live streams or live-blog and live-tweet pajama parties, for techies and social media fans. Links to a few of these in the infobox. [To someone offscreen.] What? What do you mean, I can't park the plane using a [parking] meter? Bah, that's ridiculous. Ah, well, back to the plane. It's nicer there, anyway. Less traffic. Now, where were we...Ah, yes. If we follow the money - outside of ad spots or studio spends on promo to plug their Oscar-nominated products - there's still a lot of it flowing around the glitzy awards show. And almost $50,000 [U.S. dollars] of it lands in swag bags [this year], did you know? [Valuation is per bag, value of goods or services included, as reported by Oscars gift bag organizer/promoter.] With a slate of several nominees for all kinds of categories - Best Actor, Best Costume Design, Best Director - well, there can be but one winner for each, and not everyone will go home happy... ...except for EVERYONE, because Oscar nominees are all going home with a bag of goodies valued at nearly $50,000 [fifty thousand] U.S. dollars [approx. $47,802]. It [the Oscars 2013 goodie bag] includes everything from a $4 [U.S.] dollar bottle of Windex cleaner, to a $5,000 [U.S.] dollar 'vampire facelift' - don't ask me, I'm naturally beautiful - to a $12,000 [U.S.] dollar vacation in an Australian resort. So - no crying allowed. If anyone doesn't want their goodie bag, I'm happy to make a pit stop. Just throw it up here. Throw. Throw. And that's today's 'Monkey Business.' Take care, folks, it's Oscar night out there. Five years ago, I experienced a bit of what it must have been like to be Alice in Wonderland. Penn State asked me, a communications teacher, to teach a communications class for engineering students. And I was scared. (Laughter) Really scared. Scared of these students with their big brains and their big books and their big, unfamiliar words. But as these conversations unfolded, I experienced what Alice must have when she went down that rabbit hole and saw that door to a whole new world. That's just how I felt as I had those conversations with the students. I was amazed at the ideas that they had, and I wanted others to experience this wonderland as well. And I believe the key to opening that door is great communication. We desperately need great communication from our scientists and engineers in order to change the world. Our scientists and engineers are the ones that are tackling our grandest challenges, from energy to environment to health care, among others, and if we don't know about it and understand it, then the work isn't done, and I believe it's our responsibility as non-scientists to have these interactions. But these great conversations can't occur if our scientists and engineers don't invite us in to see their wonderland. So scientists and engineers, please, talk nerdy to us. I want to share a few keys on how you can do that to make sure that we can see that your science is sexy and that your engineering is engaging. First question to answer for us: so what? Tell us why your science is relevant to us. Don't just tell me that you study trabeculae, but tell me that you study trabeculae, which is the mesh-like structure of our bones because it's important to understanding and treating osteoporosis. And when you're describing your science, beware of jargon. Jargon is a barrier to our understanding of your ideas. Sure, you can say "spatial and temporal," but why not just say "space and time," which is so much more accessible to us? And making your ideas accessible is not the same as dumbing it down. Instead, as Einstein said, make everything as simple as possible, but no simpler. You can clearly communicate your science without compromising the ideas. A few things to consider are having examples, stories and analogies. Those are ways to engage and excite us about your content. And when presenting your work, drop the bullet points. Have you ever wondered why they're called bullet points? (Laughter) What do bullets do? Bullets kill, and they will kill your presentation. A slide like this is not only boring, but it relies too much on the language area of our brain, and causes us to become overwhelmed. Instead, this example slide by Genevieve Brown is much more effective. It's showing that the special structure of trabeculae are so strong that they actually inspired the unique design of the Eiffel Tower. And the trick here is to use a single, readable sentence that the audience can key into if they get a bit lost, and then provide visuals which appeal to our other senses and create a deeper sense of understanding of what's being described. So I think these are just a few keys that can help the rest of us to open that door and see the wonderland that is science and engineering. And because the engineers that I've worked with have taught me to become really in touch with my inner nerd, I want to summarize with an equation. (Laughter) Take your science, subtract your bullet points and your jargon, divide by relevance, meaning share what's relevant to the audience, and multiply it by the passion that you have for this incredible work that you're doing, and that is going to equal incredible interactions that are full of understanding. And so, scientists and engineers, when you've solved this equation, by all means, talk nerdy to me. (Laughter) Thank you. (Applause) But it's good, you know. It's also good that ... that she is not so ... that the whole NN movement is not so exploited. Therefore, there's still some mystery about it. There is a lot of ignorance about it, of course. There is still enough of maneuver space to talk about the movement, and to talk about the impact. And it's time to do some serious theory about it. It's really time... That's why I have said before, it's time to commercialize NN. This is paradoxical. But it's time to come out with a huge "NN museum", with books, with CD-ROMs, other digital material. It's time to put her in a proper position. Now it's not time for NN anymore. But it's time to put her in an appropriate museum or gallery as a permanent stuff. [music] One of the great things about UNL's MBA program is the fact that it's not a cut-throat environment. It's a tight-knit, team-based, collaborative environment where everybody is in it to help each other learn. It's flexible and I can decide if I want to take a class on campus or off campus. Having a family, taking the classes online lets me have more flexibility. But I also like being able to come to campus and meet people and network and get to know my professors better. One of the things that drew me towards UNL's MBA program were the really well credentialed, experienced faculty members, as well as the facilities. The MBA lounge is great. There's a lot of value for your money. One of the benefits of the UNL MBA program is that the faculty members have great global experiences. What I noticed when I first came to the university for my MBA program is that employers have such a great relationship with the university that they're coming here to find their new employees. Well, I chose the UNL MBA program for a few reasons. But probably the biggest one is because my family's from Nebraska so there are a lot of Husker traditions. [game play by play] I decided on the UNL MBA program because my undergraduate degree was in ballet and I wanted to work in arts administration and so I figured if I got the business degree it would make me more marketable. Coming from outside the business community, when I entered into the MBA program, my professor just made me feel very welcome and the other students were very collaborative and made me feel like I fit within the program. I think the best example for a collaborative environment is the Union Pacific marketing class, where you get to collaborate with your classmates, folks from Union Pacific and the professors as well. Faculty, the staff and students, everybody is really watching out for everybody's success. And it's just a really positive environment. Working in any kind of department, doing research would be a great opportunity to try something new and just really take a lot of the concepts I was learning in classes and apply them in a real-life setting. Everything I'm learning is directly applicable to my career. UNL's a great school. There's a great culture and vibe to it. And it's just a fun place to be. [music] Welcome to our first review, and today we'll take a look at the new Razer Kraken Pro headset. Now here you can see how it was in the package. So let's take a look at it. Here is written: "optimized weight, for extended wear, fully retractable microphone and powerful drivers and sound isolation for highest quality gaming audio. It is compatible with smartphones and all other kind of electronic device, that got that 3.5mm audio jack. On the back, you can see the headset again, it has stereo 2.0 sound and it was set by Razer in the headset class "expert" so not the best but the middle class. So let's get on with it. First open that thing. Here we have a small picture of the headset, and back there is written:"Congratulations, there is no turning back". A beautiful card made of cardboard. So then we have a Razer sticker which is actually with every Razer product. And here's this little Quick Start Guide Manual in that stands, device layout, so what is included, how to use the headset and how to register it. Let's put that aside as well and then I'll start here to continue unpacking. There is written:"Welcome to the cult of Razer" On the back, we only got irrevelant informations, and here we have again the Razer Logo So continue unpacking that. As you can see, the headset is wrapped in plastic. Let's take that out. I was not able to pack the headset again perfectly, but I think it should be enough. Here we have first the headset itself with a 2m cable with pink and green badges, so microphone and audio, here with such an adapter. Put that one also aside. Here we got the Headset with the 1m cable and that 3.5mm audio jack. And then we come to the headset itself, up here is the written Razer logo From the processing perspective, I can say there are no looking threads from the seams and it's all clean processed, as you would expect that from Razer. The only thing is, i don't know if you hear that, it makes a little squeaking noise when you bend it. But I think, that wont be a problem, because you got the headset only on your head. Here you can change the size and you also got an indication of what size is now set. That's very useful, because you can find out what size fits best for you. Then I come over to the microphone, which is hidden here in the left earcup, you can pull it out easily. And as you can see, you can bend it forth and back like you want it. This is pretty handy. Because you can align it so that it makes no noise when you exhale So it's perfectly adaptable to any head shape and breath direction. Just put the microphone back inside To the microphone quality, I can say it's actually quite good. Here is a link at the top left, where you can listen to Paul's mic test recording with the headset. Let's go to the earcup size, as I can tell, they are a bit too small. I do not know if it should be like that or not, they could only be a bit larger, because the ears do not fit in completely. They are only a little bit surrounded by the earcups. So for example people with giant jug ears: will have the Problem, that their ears are too huge to be fully sourounded by the earcups. So at last I come to the Audio quality The Headset's sound is made for Gaming, so if you only want to listen to music with them, you should rather buy Music Headphones, because the Headset stresses more the Mids and Lows, than the Highs, but if you want to use them for gaming, they are perfect, because if you shoot for example in COD, the sound is very nice, you've got a rich bass and it makes Gaming totally different, you can feel the Game, it's such a clear and really nice sound. You will hear much more details I would say you can compare the audio with that from the Razer Electra (if you know them), and the microphone is some kind of the Razer Carcharias, so both Audio and Mic are very good. By the smell of the Product, because some product materials smell some kind of weird, I can say that the synthetic leather up hear and also the synthetic leather earcups only smelled a little bit the first two hours, but after that the smell was gone. So that's it with that Review, do not forget to watch the Microphone test, if you liked that video check out our channel and givet hat video a like and a favorite. If you got any questions, leave them in the comments down below and I will try to answer all of them. So see you next time. After years of lethargy lustrum of reluctance and decades of mediatic submission a new bizarre civil society rebelling against the numbness of the urban proletariat and the academy indulgence bored with alienating speeches and purely factual messages embarrassed by the omnipresent police and political surveillance, and scared against the various stimulus inherent to any dissidence criminalization this new civil society as we said taking advantage of the push of the new spring and the triumphal unprecedented by the Maghreb barbarian tribes, decides to lay siege to moral relativism of these machinists times manipulated by unseen economic macro powers. Their weapons shine in front of former rebel methods instead of smoke of the guns. replacing the sacred silence that precedes the explosion of the car bomb the human tide taking the squares waves peaceful rags of virtual attacks and esoteric telepathy among other revolutionary offenses and strategies such Reiki transcendential meditation inline skating courses or the free verse cultivation their codenames leave the paradigms of formerly insurgent and adhere themselves to forgotten examples at ground called *(¿pebrella?), aubergine, gorse, rosemary honey, jujube and passionately discuss the suitability of frying the clear water of the rocks or the future of starch in "paella" they want to absorb any possible enemy and make it another abbreviation of its ethical potential in view of the tourist apocalypse that awaits us all they are students and artists they are hackers and activists, they're squatters and beggars, but there are also shepherds, stonecutters, housekeepers, borderers, trappers, purgers and muleeters, great-grandparents and demigods, almost all unemployed or enslaved until a new centennial retirement. guides them a single cry but their dialect still too primeval to reproduce by diegetic means. "serious stuff is happening here" "we aren'y a few enlightened" "we are many" "from home to the streets" "and now from streets to infinity" "it's so difficult to organize an assembly like this people is working hard on it thank them really the way it's going on sick of this obsessive pacifism violence belongs to the legitimate repertoire of our options which i'n not ashamed to say which I'm proud to confess the kings of Barcelona working-gun best terrorist of working class have abolished the sweat, fists raised, the threat of the gallows, the hymns the siege to disparagement and murder on-site to transform, hide, destabilize, avoid nomenclature and run away from manifests and to circumvent programs. Anonymity excites them and the computational eden only leaves a bitter aftertaste on credit cards how will History of Utopia judge them? as ungrateful? as failed burgeois? as pioner princes of the last naturist revolt? as fanatics of sharing the good of others? as citizens spoilt by their grandparents? as pleasing life-giving? Future can only be a collateral subplot of our filmography so, for them for us, for the next generations cause this is no longer thought and it's very serious living I don't know it's very serious do not to think about people will come and what will we leave them and what will we tell them? that we did nothing? at least we will stand here till Sunday and we will see what What is this observer ? The inner eye that sees not through a lens but sees as pure perception which include the seeing that happens through the lens of this eye ? What I'm speaking about is VERY simple. Don't get lost in the words. You're seeing everything. Whatever you perceive cannot exist apart from you. Please hear this in its total simplicity. There is nothing metaphysical about what I'm speaking. Whatever you can perceive, whether it is thoughts or feelings, time, space, relationship, all these depend on you to perceive them. This perceiving ability is very subtle. I'll give you an example : it is said that of all that is elementally perceivable, all the objects in the world, all that is perceivable through the senses, it is said that the most subtle is space and yet, you can perceive space also. Therefore, whatever you are as the perceiving power is even more subtle than space. I am not advising you to do anything, I'm only pointing to your innate ability not only in the elemental world, but also in the world of feelings and thought. You are there as the perceiver of all of that. Your ability to discern is equality precise. You know the difference between imagination and actuality. You know the regions of time. You are the perceiver of all of this manifestation in all of his aspects. Who are you ? Where, precisely, are you ? Think and feel... contemplate... now ! Because many ideas and concepts have been put on top of this simple power. You join so many qualities to your innocence and many of them are to do with the body. You think you're a women or a men because you have a male or a female body, you believe yourself to be the daughter of someone, the husband or the wife of someone, yes, but all of this is in the manifestation. The pure observing of this is genderless cannot be described. It's like space, pure and infinite. I'm not asking you to get rid of anything just be aware of what is in front of you. Everything is in front. All the ideas you have about your self are on the screen of consciousness. You are the witness of these images. You're even the witness of the screen. But somehow we remain unaware of our awareness, because we are identifying with so many other elements. You're not COMPELLED to identify. It was a growing habit. This is not a blame. It was actually unavoidable but now you're being asked to see from the deepest place within yourself to recognize this. Not to create. If you were asked to create, you may fail but you're being pointed to see that which is EVER constant it can not even be developed because it's ever perfect. Perfect beyond even the concept of perfection. So we don't have to even use this word. Hi, I'm Will Kahn-Greene. I work on Python Miro Community and that is what this talk is about. There are three parts. It'll be exciting. So part one. Python Miro Community is a web site. Thats the URL. The URLs all at the end of the talk as well. It runs on Miro Community. Miro Community is written in Django. It's released under AGPL. It's developed by the Participatory Culture Foundation which is a non-profit focused on building infrastructure for Open Video. Python Miro Community is an instance of Miro Community. It's an index of Python-related video, regardless of where it is on the internet. So there's stuff from blip.tv, there's stuff from youtube, vimeo, variety of other places. It has videos such as confrence videos, like this one. Python user group video from like ChiPy, PyAtlanta and BostonPy. It's got screencasts and all kind of other stuff. Video is really important. It's a fantastic resouce for education, evangelizing and dialog. The sessions that you're doing today, yesterday and the day before-- putting those in video allows them to live beyond PyCon. And this is seriously fantastic! Python Miro Community tries to make this Python-related video findable and accessible to everybody. So instead of doing a Google search, where you find all this other stuff, You can go to Python Miro Community, and... that's the next slide.... There are 550 videos. It gets around 150 visitors a day. It does a great job of making videos findable. So you can go to Python Miro Community, You can look at specific conferences. You can do a search by speaker, like David Beazley. You can do searches on specific python libraries. You can search by topics, like scaling. But there's still a lot of stuff we can do with accessibility. I received a Python Software Foundation grant to continue working on Python Miro Community and improve it through 2011. So I'm really psyched about that and thank you so much! So now part two. There is another system called Universal Subtitles. Universal Subtitles is a Participatory Culture Foundation project. Funded in part by Mozilla. And it's a website and system for captioning and subtitling videos, regardless of where they are on the Internet. Captioning and subtitling video is really important. it makes it accessible to larger groups of people. And also people who are hard of hearing. So guess what? Look, notes... I connected a video on PMC to the Universal Subtitles project. I had the presentor called Carl Meyer, who's around here somewhere, do the transcription. It works. We now have a video transcribed. Then some more people started translating it into Russian and Romanian. Did I talk to fast? I was slow to click the button. Here it comes... Those are subtitles in various languages. And now I lost my place. Ok, this year's videos are on the way to blip right now. And in a week or two, they will be over on the PMC site. With subtitling option enabled for all of them. What I'm hoping is if you gave a talk, when you see this go try and transcribe your video. You know what you said, so you can sit there and listen to it and type the text in and hit save. And i think that's it for me. Yeah, so the future is we're planning to roll out Universal Subtitles support across initially just the PyCon 2011 videos but eventually across all the videos on the site that are subtitleable. And like Carl said, if you presented please subtitle your stuff. And subtitling your stuff makes your talk available to many many many more people. it's hugely important. And then here the URLs, if you have any questions about Python Miro Community, Universal Subtitles, or other things just see me, I'm floating around. That's it! >> [sound] Welcome to Foundation. Today we're talking to John Ham, founder and CEO of Ustream. Let's talk to him. [sound] So I'm really excited to do this interview. I think you have one of the most fascinating stories out of pretty much anyone that, that I've spoken to. >> Sure. >> But let's start at the very beginning. >> Okay. >> Where did where'd you grow up? >> So I grew up in southern California. >> I was, born in Torrance. And how, how much do you wanna... >> I mean, just, just, like, yeah. The background, like, where, where, you went to school. Like, was it Orange County or LA, or... >> So, my father moved us out to Riverside, California. >> Mm hm. >> Which is the inland empire. >> Mm hm. >> And back then, it was like, in the 80s. And the inland empire's nowhere near built up as it is today. So there was a lot of orange groves and, and, and, and cow pastures and things like that. >> And, >> Hm. You know, I guess, you know, my folks came to the US in the 70s. >> Mm hm. >> So I'm a second generation Korean American. And, you know, I grew up in Riverside, and graduated high school from Riverside Poly High School. >> What year was that? >> 1996. >> '96, that's one year after me. That's [inaudible]. >> Oh really? Yeah, that's great. >> And, were you into computers back then? >> I, I wasn't into computers in the sense of, like, some of, you know, entrepreneurs that code, and, and that kinda stuff. I was a big gamer though. Like, I loved Nintendo, and, you know, I'd played all the games, and [inaudible] ad nauseum. >> Favorite Nintendo game? >> I would say Contra. >> Contra, really? >> Contra or Meteoroid. Up, up, down, down, left right, left right. [inaudible]. >> Ba start, yeah. Ba Select Start [inaudible], yeah. [inaudible] two player? >> That's right. >> Yeah. So Contra was awesome.... Zelda? >> Played Zelda. >> Everyone loves Zelda. I mean, I still play every Zelda that [inaudible]. >> Yea I love Zelda. >> Yea, I will buy a new Nintendo Console just to play Zelda. Like if the new Nintendo comes out, I'll be like let's see if there's any good games, but if Zelda hits, I'm going out and buying it. >> Now as the games go through these product cycles like, they get so much more elaborate right. They take advantage of all the new technology. >> Right. >> Like, I also played Street Fighter and at some point like, the Street Fighter games got just so like, to like a whole other level with the Marvel characters coming in, and so it like lost me. I was into the like simple ... >> Thank you. >> But with like Zelda, is it, kept, you know, the franchise kept going on. Is it the same for you? >> Different than this. >> You know, I mean, it's, it's, it's hard because there is the music that plays. >> Mm-hm. >> And that brings back some much. >> Okay, that's like it. >> And there's like, you know, every time you get a new, expand your like your, like your health you get an extra heart container. >> Mm-hm. >> Like [inaudible] all those basic concepts are the same. >> Are the same. >> And are the same characters obviously. So that's all there. It's just the worlds different. But, yeah, it's still there. Because, you know, they use bombs for certain things and boomerangs [laugh] and all that stuff and we've added like fishing and things like that but. >> So the music is nostalgic to you. >> Oh absolutely. I mean the second it starts playing I'm, I'm hooked. >> I'm in. >> I could see that. So you went to college. >> Yeah, I went to, I chose West Point, which is the United Stated Military Academy ... >> Uh-huh. >> I don't how familiar you are with West Point but thefederal government has service academies, like one for the army, and one for the navy, and one for the airforce and coast guard, et cetera. And, for me, you know, I was eighteen, in SoCal, you know, obviosly in my senior year in high school and I got into UC schools and I got into Stanford. And the service academies. Ultimately I chose West Point. My personal reasons for that first and foremost it's a great school. Like, you can leverage the school and the brand really to, to kind of go anywhere you want in your life and that was important. I was thinking do I want to go into medicine or do I want to go into law? Like there is a period in my life where I was thinking I want to go to grad school and go into law or go to grad school and do medicine. >> The second reason why I chose West Point was it offered you know more than a education so there's a lot of military training that goes on and that appealed to me. >> Right. >> So like I grew up playing with G.I. Joe and stuff like that and so like that whole concept. >> Is your family military? >> Not at all. >> Not at all? Okay. Were they supportive of this? Were they. >> So no military background. That's an interesting question. Like my parents were concerned that. >> Mm-hm. Because I talked. >> My parents about the military at some point. >> Yeah. >> My dad spent some time, in the army and so he was, he was, he. >> Oh really? I did't know, hm. >> He was all about it. But I ended up not going. But I was curious. I'm always curious to see. >> Mm-hm. >> Because it always goes one of two ways almost. >> Yeah. I agree with you there. You know, my parent's view was they were concerned because it's their, obviously, thier son. >> Right. >> And there's always a change you can go in harms way. But the would support me with whatever decision I made as long as my reasons for the decision were like sound. >> Mm-hm. >> And the. >> The third reason why I went was like West Point's a full scholarship and your parents don't have to pay for college and at the time like my parents who were pay for my older sisters private schooling and medicine schooling and stuff and so I said, look you know, I got my college covered. >> Yeah. >> You don't have to worry about me. So. >> Yeah. That's, that's actually a big reason I was gonna do it too. >> Yeah. >> Because my parents didn't have the money to pay for, for college and so, yeah, I woulda. >> And looking back, like I'm 33 now and I've been out of West Point for eleven years. I actually hope. >> That aspect, like, I weighed it more, right? In terms of values. I'd [inaudible], like, the fact that I did something early on to help my folks. >> Mm hm. >> So those are my reasons I went. And, you know... >> So what'd you end up studying in school? Did you do the computer route, or you still just, did you major in something else? >> I chose aerospace engineering. Now, I did take a lot of iii... >> Mm hm. >> Courses. And some coding courses, the old language, Beta. But conceptually ... >> It's, like... >> Right. >> ... The structure of it, And I was science versus humanities, like I knew that about myself growing up. Loved math, loved physics, chemistry, anything to with like, numbers or concepts and stuff. That I can cummulate an understanding of over time that would help, ya know, help understand the would about me and stuff. So. >> I majored in Aerospace Engineering. Fascinating major. Understand like how planes work and fluid dynamics and stuff. I loved it. >> Mm-hm. >> It was a tough major for sure. [laugh] ... >> Mm-hm. >>, And then another decision we make at the academy all graduates choose a branch of service cause when you graduate you service five years. >> Mm-hm. >> And some branches are like infantry and you're going to be on the ground with the troops. Aviation. You'll be piloting or co-piloting. Utility aircraft, combat aircraft, armor will be, you know, in a tank with other tanks. And four person tank team and an M1 Abrama, and etcetera. And, I chose. >> Finance as my branch of service. >> It seems like the, the more chill, laid back, [inaudible]. >> It is. >> [laugh], [inaudible]. >> You're, [inaudible] totally right, it is. >> I was like, hm, iii... >> Tanks... >> [inaudible] ground, like, flying [inaudible], or finance. >> Yeah, you're right. >> Or Quickbooks. >> You're totally right. The spectrum is, like, infantry ranger, and finance is the other [inaudible]. For me, I knew that. >> I would eventually go into business. >> Mm hm. >> So, it made sense for me. And you're still serving your country. >> Absolutely. >> There's some fascinating aspects to financing the military. I'll just share one. >> Mm hm. >> People like, people like, like to hear this interesting. There's a concept of [inaudible] payment. >> Which is, I think after the Vietnam War, the US military realized that there's an aspect to civil relations as the world progresses. For example, let's say tanks roll over a local farmer's fields. In the past, let's say they just continue, and the farmer would be upset. >> Right. >> Sometimes. >> Like you've just. >> Devastated. >> Devastated my whole life, you know? >> Yeah, right. >> But now there's this concept of [inaudible] payment where the local commander can stop, call in legal and finance, do assessment fair market value, and pay USD to the farmer. >> Huh. >> And so there's gonna be property damage, private property damage, things like that, that occur throughout the beginning to an end of any kind of conflict and the finance core. Of the army is involved in these kind of things. And the, the, the dollar number [inaudible] payments that happen are staggering. So, people that end up, you know. >> Having certain affect because of a conflict get compensated. >> Huh. That's real interested. >> Yeah. >> That's crazy. I had no idea [inaudible]. >> Most people's. Yeah. And that's like. >> Crazy. >> Yeah. It's great to be involved and support that stuff. >> Yeah. So, starting your first business. >> Yeah. >> Did you, were you still in the military or what? >> How did this all come to be? >> So, you know, before you [inaudible]? I've been, you know, you look back at our life and. >> You get self reflective like I've definitely been entrepreneurial. >> Mm-hm. >>, This is a common thread by the way. >> Yeah. >> Most people that you talk to they're like well I did have that you know. >> [laugh] >> Tech based like a lemonade stand or like something that's like you know. >> [laugh]. Go bo-bo ordering your lemonade [inaudible]. I love it. >> Yeah exactly. >> Ordering your lemonade as you pull up in the neighbor I love it. >> Yeah. So you yeah, sorry I didn't mean to interrupt you but looking back you'd always seen the, the pattern through your life or wanting to try other things? >> Yeah totally, totally. >> And yeah, I mean, I started like, to go back that far a neighborhood dog walking service. >> Nice. >> When I was seven. >> You know, sure they had a story like I wanted a dirt bike but my parents would not buy me a dirt bike because it's dangerous. >> Mm-hm. >> And like I really wanted the dirt bike and so. >> I realized I'm gonna try to make money first time in my life. >> Mm-hm. >> [inaudible]. And I came up with the concept like people have dogs. And the [sound] only thing I could do as a seven year old kid is mainly walk these. So like I sent flyers out. I was a little kid, right? And I sent them to all these homes and I was learning like. >> Count idea turned into, you know, action which turns into results. >> Yeah, it's amazing how much you pick up, dealing with customers, collecting payment like all that stuff when you're little kids and things sink in. >> That's just a simple answer, but I've like thinks like that instill got larger as like the time line went on. And then. You're right, to some extent that, while I was in active [sound] duty. >> In the military the same three founders that started Ustream started another service that is really similar but is more around photos than live streaming video. >> Mm-hm. >> And, 9/111 had occured and we got orders to and I went over seas to Korea for a year and because of that, we couldn't continue managing the full time day to day operations of that company. >> Mm-hm. >> So it just, it, it stalled. But we always wanted. >> To do it we always believed in the concept. >> And this was you and how many other co-founders? >> So I have two other co-founders. >> Okay. >> A gentlemen by the name of Brad Huntstable and a gentlemen by the name of Dr. [inaudible]. So it's the three of us and we started Youstream five years ago, and even before that, we'd worked on this company before as a founding team, and from that experience, we one, knew we all liked each other. Like generally like liked each other, and we still like each other which is [inaudible]. >> True we compliment in each other. So, very different that three hours. And, and. >> [inaudible] how do the division split up? Or was, was I mean. >> Yeah. >> [inaudible] you [inaudible] more the idea, finance as business guy. And one was the developer. >> [inaudible]. You are pretty much. >> Yeah. >> Getting yourself. Dr. Fair is a C T O. Tech guy. >> Mm-hm. >> Always was. And. >> [inaudible]. >> Is our tech guy. And then, I am. >> The, I would say like you said, the idea, analytical, finance driver. >> Mm-hm. >> And brad is idea as well, but great on the business side. Relational. >> Hm >> And keen sense about people instincts and things like that. >> Mm-hm >> So we really compliment each other I think, really well. So. >> Cool, so when did this actually kick off though? I mean, you had this photo sharing service or photo site. >> Mm-hm >> When did it occur to you that like. >> You know, it's time to do video and, and that live is going to be an important aspect. >> Yeah. >> Because, at the time, Ustream had just launched, right? They were out for like a year or something like that. >> That's right. >> And so, but they, they weren't doing in the realm of live. >> Mm-hm. >> They were more about, you know, [laugh] a cat doing crazy stuff of off a diving board. Which is awesome. I love those videos. >> Yeah. >> But it, it definitely didn't have that feel of like I'm gonna turn it on and have this live conversation with other people. [sound] ... >> No. >> Did you, how did you come up with that, that concept? >> Sure. So, I think it all [inaudible]. >> Stars with the pain for a customer, you know, slash consumer, the market, And for us, we had... >> Solving a problem... >> Solving a problem. We had been living a problem in our everyday lives. And it didn't come to the forefront of our consciousness, Until one day, like, we just said, wait a second. Why isn't there. This thing that would allow anyone to go live onto the internet which is increasingly becoming just an amazing network and because the internet is interactive as a medium, every device is got the qwerty keyboard and the mouse, and the touchscreen and stuff, it's much more interactive, you can go live and live videos one to many. One broadcaster many viewers and then the chat or other things. Could be the many. >> Interaction to the [inaudible]. >> Mm hm. >> And then the second ensuing dialogue from that was, like, wait. Society has [inaudible] many organization. Whether it's like a CEO and 10,000 employees, or it's like a. >> You know, celebrity and millions of fans [inaudible]. >> News broadcasts or whatever... >> News broadcasts... >> Yeah. >> [inaudible] many. And if we had this thing, I bet other people would wanna use it too. And it came from the fact that, because myself and Brad served five years in the US Army as officers. >> While the U.S. Was at war with Iraq we noticed that the service men and women that were deployed and stationed overseas had limited time, and they had loved ones stateside. And so you got someone that's far away with limited time. >> Right. >> All their families and friends are stateside. So how do you connect with those people? An like, instead of phone and instant messengers. Like at the time, like, I think Skype was gaining ... >> Hm-mm. >> Early popularity I would say. At the time was, people perceived those communication tools as, like, one to one or few to few or. >> One person at a time kind of tools into place. >> Right. Oh, I see where your going with this. With a unlimited time they can say, okay, I'm going to make this phone call. >> That's right. >> And I'm going to make this phone call, and I'm going to make this phone call. And you only have 30 minutes to do all this. It's, it's probably next to impossible to pull that off. >> There's one other nuance which is with people that are in harms way that could be their last time that they attempt to communicate and that's a pinpoint that obviously hits home. So, for all those reasons we realize like, a great idea. >> Want to do this, and we felt it was substantive enough that like if it was executed well, that other people would use it. >> That's awesome. That's such a really cool place to come from. >> In building a, a new startup, you know? >> Yeah. >> I meet with a lot of new entrepreneurs and, and the, the ones that I most enjoy meeting with are the ones that, you know, are really passionate about an idea because they're trying to solve a problem. >> Sadly there some that are just in it for you know, how to make a quick buck or how to do it and it's cool to see that this is the origins of this idea. That's pretty awesome. >> So how did you go, I mean you got this idea. >> Yeah. >> And you're like. >> We gotta build this video. And I haven't done a lot of video on the internet over the years, through podcasting, and you name it. It's always been a pain in the ass. Like, just to figure out, you know. I wouldn't even know... >> [inaudible]. >> I have, you know, [inaudible] now my new company. I wouldn't even know where to begin when it comes to, like figuring out streaming and buffering, and overseas, and low bandwidth and high bandwidth. And, like, how did you go about tackling, you know, probably what was an unknown space to you. Like... >> Yeah. >> Did you just. Is that when you're tech guy's [inaudible], say, hey, research this. We gotta figure this out or, like. So I think we addressed those problems along the way and for us because of this idea and the fact that we wanted to do it we started an action thread that continues today. >> And the first version of the site was mocked up in Microsoft Word. And the drawing tools were actually pretty robust. And [laugh] ... >> I've never heard anyone ever say that about Word. But that's awesome. >> You can do some pretty awesome ... >> That's amazing. >> Yeah, and that's how, you know, I guess early, things were, and from there it just was, you know, next step, and improve, and in terms of some of the video. >> Challenges that we ascribe. I look at it like this. I think first of all, the environment for video is changing a lot in terms of connected cameras, connectivity, and connected [inaudible]. So the fact that Apple, who has more cash than the US Government right now, [inaudible]. >> This is friggin' insane. >> Decided on their flagship mobile device. Arguably. To put two connected cameras, one in the front, one in the back, implicitly says [inaudible], in terms of utility and unit cost, and cost of the device, and where the optics are. And, I think the connected camera. >> Is really proliferating into the hands of consumers. These cameras are in the cell phones, they're in the PCs, they're in the tablets, they're in the televisions. They're in dedicated wi-fi cameras that you can... >> Yeah. I mean, that, that totally makes sense. I mean, you probably saw, [inaudible], that wasn't happening four year, five years ago, though. >> They just started... >> There were back, back cameras, but not front facing cameras at that time. >> Well, not in the cell phones, but you could walk into a Best Buy... >> Mm hm. >> Back in 2006, and see a laptop on a kiosk... >> With, with a key, yeah. >> With the little camera at the top. >> Right. >> Only one model out of, like. >> All the models would have it. And then the second part was connectivity and like, we saw that, look, you know, connectivity is, you know, going to get better over time, and can't stop progress, infrastructure, investments today ... >> Right. You're just going to make it a bet. You're saying like ... >> Yeah, making it a bet. >> In six months, gonna be better than it was six months ago, and it's going to better in six months after that, right? >> And then there's all the issues with that. And then, we saw that there would be more screens, because we did have, you know, I lived in Asia for a year, so, Asia, some would say, as an. >> Environment. The state of the environment and some of these ways are quote unquote little further ahead. So in terms of connected screens we saw that there'd be more connected screens with that. >> So you validated the, the, the marketplace. I mean thatt. >> The marketplace. >> But how about the technology to build it on the back end? >> Yeah. >> Like, you know, how do you figure out, you know, whether to go with flash or like how the streaming servers work, like? >> Okay. So scaling, to just get right to your question which is the back end infrastructure. >> Yeah. >> [inaudible]. >> For a open largest scale live video service. It has to do with a few things. Let's scale it all the way down to a single server. Whether it looks like a blade or a tower, whatever. Processor RAM storage, The limited resources typically were configured by the CDNs to be a broadcast model. So you've got broadcast instances in fewer connections, and so there'd be few broadcast intances and many viewer connections. And so if you tried to send to any of the CDNs 1,000 live channels that only have one or two viewers, they'd say. >> Doesn't make sense for economics. Doesn't make sense for the configuration of how our servers are. Like it's not working for our model. Well, for us we said our, our media servers will have to have many broadcast instances and many viewer connections so that millions of people could go live and have all different viewership patterns and be trending you know in Twitter, being shared on Facebook or whatever. So let'sl start with one viewer and we want to be able to scale them to like a 1000 viewers. >> Right. >> Whatever. >> Snoop Dog goes live. >> Snoop Dog goes live. >> [inaudible] my mom. >> Why? >> Yeah. >> [inaudible] [laugh] And so like the configuration of a single box in that sense was different. And then we knew we needed to be agnostic. We needed to work with flash, right? Front and the back. And we needed to work with [inaudible]. The whole video. Landscape, as you know, is fragmented. And there's some big pieces being moved by the largest companies. And so, for us, it's important that we could be compatible across all of these protocols, all these [inaudible], all these formats. So we built a very robust. Real time transcoding layer. In real time in transcoding, are oxymoronic, to some extent.'Cause as you do more transcoding, often times, you trade off real time. But, we optimize the transcoding for real time, 'cause we're [inaudible]. So like, that, in itself, is really an amazing IP. >> That's kind of your secret sauce then for to get this to work properly. The video is freakin' ... >> It's one of our secret sauces. >> There's a whole patent portfolio to protect that. Four and a half years ago that we set up with you know, a friend of mine up West. So, like. That is important, you know. And then you have the media servers and. >> The unique part. I mean just talk about the back end, right? >> Yeah. I mean it's fascinating. >> High level [inaudible]. Live is extremely peaking and when you've got all these channels [sound] that are all doing different patterns, you've got go normalized [sound] steady stay load and then you've got these huge spikes and so you've got to be able to manage your own infrastructure [inaudible] cap [inaudible] and to your own boxes and you got the colors and you got the pop, you know, pops and all that stuff domestically internationally. >> But you need to be able to tap into the external scale that exists out there. You know, CDNs or local machines. You know, there are different tactics. >> Right. >> So, we're partners with I would say the major CDNs you know, and if ever like you go live and your, your ship goes really high a percentage could be on our boxes. It could be on. >> Three different [inaudible] boxes. >> Mm. >> And all that's being optimized with performance cost and scale in mind. So, what's really important is performance. >> We've actully spent a good, I would say decent amount of capital to make sure that our boxes are you know, the latest and, and also be redundant. So there's a lot of redundancy. Our brand promise is the most high profile live events. [laugh] We want to make sure that they go off without a hitch so we've spent and invested there. The cost, it's obviously an important part of scaling any kind of video company is the cost. And so routing the streams and the viewers. >> Yes this is. If understanding what our unit cost is throughout the entire, flow path. >> And then obviously the scale and so like there's, that just high level but there's a lot more to the back end. >> So how do you go out and, and raise money for something like this? Like, you, you had this idea. You had a plan on how to start to put it together. Did you start building before you raised money? >> Yes. So we started building and we funded it out of our own pockets and then it got to a point where you're like, okay. >> Pockets are getting a little low. >> Pockets are getting a little low. >> And then the other, we're like do we go Angel or do we go BC? >> Mm-hm. >> And, we decided to go. Angel. And we raised 1.7 from, like. >> At once you have 30 to 40 angel investors. >> Right. >> Which was a, task in itself. And then, we did our series A and that was led by, DCM. That was 11.1 million round and [inaudible] Adventures came in and participated in that. >> And your big cost here is, obviously, employees. But also band width? Is band width a, a big factor in, in how much you? >> As in why you raised that much money? >> I would actually say. [sound] ... >> That there's a stereotype, probably for people that aren't in the video space, created by YouTube back in the day, where they were just burning [inaudible]. >> Right. >> [inaudible], read the reports. Millions of dollars paid per month to... >> Yeah. >> [inaudible], bandwidth is very costly. And it is a large percentage. [inaudible], you know, a percentage category of. [inaudible]. But I think the economics are at a point where you can scale a video service and the economics aren't going to be prohibitive for scaling the business model or. >> Uh-huh. The surveys. And so, yes, like when you go and you raise capital you say this is how much we need. Use of proceeds are going to be this. That's a part of it. But it wasn't the main part of it. >> But that's gottten better over time. >> It's gotten a lot better over time. >> I remember when we were first starte doing, there were vision three shows. I mean. Gosh I don't remember what it was but I'm thinking we were spending around 30 grand a month in band width. >> Hm. >> Maybe a little bit more. I mean it was pretty insane. >> Yeah. >> And that was like donations, like a couple of the shows. I know, that's fallen down quite a bit. >> Yeah. >> And it's down a little more manageable but it's still a significant chunk of, of a cash that goes out to pay that bill every month through those CDNs. >> But the majority for us is actually not on the CDNs. >> Oh, right. >> This is important. >> Right. Cause you use a lot of money there. >> That's right. >> So, video ads. >> Eh, eh so when you are trying to figure out you are launching the service your are crawling like crazy. Because I mean, [sound] I have seen almost all the major celebrities at one point or another have been streaming on your service.sss Everyone knows your brand as a, as a live streaming service. [sound] when, when do you start thinking about monetizing it? [sound] Like what, what point in time where you a couple of years in when you like, okay we got to figure out how to splice some video ads or what was a, what was your thinking there? >> I think, somewhere its a lot of the thought leadership. >> That the entrepreneurs in the valley are aware of. When you're in growth mode, user experience gets weighted, like, right? >> You mean you're putting more focus on building up the sites? >> That's right. >> And the product. >> And no ads, it's all about the user experience. >> No ads, it's all about trying to add as many users per month as you possibly can. >> Many users, repeat, you know, all those engagement metrics. [laugh] And then, Advertising arts in [inaudible], I think in a lot of ways are, there ways, elegant ways to do it so where it's not so much. But it's kind of user expense in the end you can argue. Less fantastic ads mostly, right. But and so the decision to do that was one we thought, one. We're reaching a certain critical mass level in terms of like the traffic and the impressions and all that stuff. And two, the growth pattern looks strong. >> And so like, if the growth pattern did not look strong, like we would not try to focus on monetizing anything. >> Hm-mm. >> Because you really don't anything at that point. So, 2009 for us was a really solid year of growth. You look bad at all the KPl's. Unique visitor, unique viewer, you know, active broadcaster. And like the metrics are, are shrunk. And so we decided why don't we start to think about how this thing monetizes. And one really important point is ... >> Live content, I think, performs really well for advertising. If you think about live ads in television. The Super Bowl ads, you know. The ads for American Idol, the CPMs [inaudible] the highest. >> Well. Life content. Whether it's on the internet, the engagements high [inaudible]. People will watch pre-rolls. And when they watch pre-rolls the abandon rate's really low. And so I mean that's just performance. It's an add acid, as you know. Madison's got a lot of familiarity with and inventory with, and so like. >> As long as the, the users are conditioned across the greater internet, and the video space, that pretty well, and pretty well was our, I would say that a pretty common ad format with online video... >> Mm hm, sure. >> If you go to any of these services, and you know. Sometimes [inaudible] frequency cap, or whatever. >> Right. >> And so that was really interesting. And, we inflected [inaudible]. So for a unit of video, the amount that comes in on the revenue side is greater than. >> The cost side, which is great. And that was a huge milestone for us. >> That's awesome. >> Yeah. >> At what point did you cross over to that? >> It's been over a year now. Speaker That's great. >> It is. >> That's a huge milestone because if you don't inflect unit economics in video the more you scale the more you burn. >> Right. >> But if you inflect it the more you scale the more you earn. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. >> Yeah. That's great. So, where do you. >> You know I want to dive into some of the management issues of growing a team. Yeah lets actually start with that. So, you know how big is the team right now at East dreams. >> So, we've shared, we're about 150 people. >> 150 people. So you started off with just the three of you. Right? >> Three of us. >> How? What are? For other entrepreneurs that are out there watching this video, you know that, that may have a small team, that are continuing to, to expand and grind. I know that. I've run into a whole slew of issues that dig as you've got to 40, 50, 60 people, you know, and more ... >> What was some of the challenges that you had in, in growing a team? >> I love that question. >> Thank you for asking. No. So here's how I thought about it. >> Right. >> I think it starts with the factoid that we've all heard that one person can effectively directly manage let's say like four to eight people, right? We've all heard those stats. So when you start, I kinda look at it like three phases. There's the founder phase, the employee phase, and then the management phase. >> Because founders are managers in the early days and your gonna hire typically employees before you build out a robust management layer. >> Absolutely. >> And your starting to get to the organizational ratios where like, you know, lets add, you know, five more employees and team members and then it gets to a point where, you know, there's three of us and there's like three x eight, 24 And so, like. We had another person and we're now starting to get to the point where we're not going to be effectively manage these many direct reports so we now need to create another organizational layer, keeping in mind of managing all the other healthy ratios like you want one Q/A person to like this many engineers, or you want one product person to this many engineers and like, there's all those ratios and so like you're scaling this organization And then I think you get to the point where. You think about the management layer. And I wanted to, as well as my founders, be a live video company that took the effort first to build out a very strong management layer.'Cause obviously, to scale the company, like, you've gotta, gotta, gotta do that. And, One BC that I really respect took me out to lunch and he talked about [inaudible]. You're gonna like this, okay? And he showed a lot of really anecdotal points which was like, you know, we've heard this from people like, the box of chocolates, right. And that basically you never know what your going to get. Which speaks to the reality that it's about percentages and averages when you think about managing a population or a team of people. And, so, you have got to have those realistic expectations so you walk in to this process Setup mentally [sound], [sound] in line with what you're about to do. And the way that we thought about it was: people are going to stay, people are going to come, people are going to stay, and people are going to go. And as long as we manage those ratios. In like our average of recruiting and retaining were healthy that we could get to the team. So, there will be some tumultuousness and turnover but we were going to work through that and get you to the team. We always said the word the team, like the group of people that we got along with great that all the skills complimented. Like you could look around the room and see great finance person like, point A to point B in scale. Great you know, HR, great legal, great product, great. Great tech end sales marketing [inaudible] content, whatever, international. Like, you looked across all the functional aspects, and you had got to a place where, like, you felt that we all were. Getting along and the communication was good and all that stuff. And between now and between some point like we could, we could sail. And We went through that. We are now at the point where we can look around the room, I just took the whole time to an off-site in Sonoma this past week for two nights and three days. It was awesome! >> We had a ton of fun. But I think everyone agreed. Like, the team had really gotten together. And, and to be quite honest, it's not without the tumultousness. Like, I'm not gonna say that there's this utopia out there, and, like we didn't have... >> Right. >> Our set of issues that I think most companies face. So we did. >> Let's, let's talk about, one of the most difficult things that you have to do. As a founder and that's, you know, edit your team over time. So you know you have someone you're working with that you realize not a good fit. What's been your process, what is that, how do you handle someone you bring in that. >> You know, your not completely happy with. They're kinda of. I think that there's. In my mind there's a handful of employees that. There's some that you'll bring that it's very clear that this is just not working out, and the person needs to go. And that's, that's just a done deal, right. You just like say " Hey it's better for you, we should move on" and you part ways, right. Then you have your rock stars that you do everything and anything to keep. Right? >> Yeah. >> And then there's this group in the middle, that, that, are these employees that, you know Are not performing at their peak, they're just kind of you know, they're not horrible employees but they're just not quite the right fit. What's been your process. >> How do you deal with an employee like that? You try and mentor them? And coach them? Do you? Like, what's your process for, for making sure that all of a sudden you don't wake up one day, and you're like, wow. I'm surrounded by a bunch of people that are, you know, C and D grade players that shouldn't be at my company. >> Right. Insightful question. That's very granular. I first think it's really important. Because you're talking about people. And you want to be extremely respectful and extremely... [inaudible] prudent whenever you deal with the people issues, right. That's just like I think going about it with a lot of respect for people and stuff. So I don't take these issues lightly at all. In fact they're the ones that cause me to get more involved about it. So I think the number one thing is what is the reason? So if you are going to think about a particular person, [sound] in certain, a certain category. Like, what is the reason? And I think its the management leadership's responsibility to bring clarity to an organization. And the more you can outline, [sound] the more it becomes clear to what the reason is. If we haven't done our part of it to frame things up, for whatever reason we have just been busy or our personalities aren't such to lay things out clearly. Then it's actually on us. >> I think that it's leadership and the management's responsibility to bring clarity to the organization. >> Hm-mm. >> And once that clarity is there almost everything relative to that I think becomes a little more straightforward. So let's say in the case that there was. And whatever the reason is, I tend to want to, give people, an opportunity to succeed. If there is a bias between, you know, acting, lets say early to, to, To have someone move on. So I tend to want to recast someone. You know, sit down and talk to them. Where do you want to go with your career? Is there training or, you know, some development that can really happen here? For whatever. Like, all these discussions. >> And I think just from talking to people and being pretty clear about things it's the what you should do come out from that. >> Yeah. This is one of the biggest challenges I think that. The entrepreneur is growing a team and organization at the phase. I feel like you know, I've done a bunch of these interviews and one of the things that, you know, Jack Dorsey I had him on the first episode, he talked about one of the most important things that in the mistakes that he made at Twitter was not editing the team, is the way he put it. And, he felt as though the wrong people stuck around for too long, right? And, I think that it's really difficult because when you look at, you know, you're right but you have to treat people with dignity and respect you know, that's a very important thing to do. Especially when they're parting ways because not only does it impact, you know, what they're go out and, and [inaudible]. >> With and, and how they're gonna, you know, talk about your organization. >> That's right. >> But also the whole group of friends that they had at the company, right? And so that leaves a lasting impression on those people as well. >> Uh-huh. >> And, you know, other people are going to become jade if you deal with someone in the wrong way, right? That's an issue. But then there's also this other. So the flip side of that. >> That's right. >> Is just keeping around, you know, whoever talent trying to recast them when there isn't necessarily a good fit and I think that in my mind and I don't know the right answer here. >> There's no. That's adjustment. >> There's no right answer. >> Yeah, there's no right answer. >> In my mind there's something to be said about. >> The kind of Steve Jobs mentality where he comes and says you're not doing your shed you're fuckin out of here. You know, and I just that's it and they move on and they execute and you know. >> I think in my mind that's part of a leader bringing clarity to a situation and so the example that you said Steve has got a clear mind obviously he's coming in he's making a call sending clear signals to that entire organization. >> Right, right. >> I guess that's a good point. Like he, he would be very clear about why that wasn't working out and, and [inaudible] going to get to fill that role. >> Look out. Anyway let's just, I don't even know if this is even entertaining for people to watch. >> [laugh] >> But it's something always fascinating, something to do. >> [laugh] >> To do with these people like human resources and employee issues. So one thing I always like to end on. Well, first I, actually the thing I really want to end on is you know, I'm really curious about your future and where you see video going online? You know, live video streaming, interaction with the fans and audience like what's next for you guys? >> Video bragging or. >> [inaudible] live interactive video with Ustream. >> Just like your, your like let's [inaudible], give me your kinda vision of where you wanna see video go just broadly in the next three to five years and that could be for, for Ustream as well. >> Yeah. All right. So I'll share some broad thoughts and then Ustream thoughts. >> [inaudible]. >> When I think video broadly I think kinda there's content, mass media, [inaudible] media, personal media. >> Mm-hm. >> Then there's connections, which is like the video conferencing, the video calling. With the connection between two people is the value proposition versus the content of it's consume. The vision where I am excited about Ustream because I like to tell a story that I think best illustrates what Ustream is about. Everything that we do is about helping mankind share life moments. And I step back and tell how we have. >> Evolved in that regard a lot over time. And the tools that we use to share live moments, have, have evolved a lot over time. And I'll take you back to an early and funny and simple example, alright? Let's say the caveman or women, who, or women, who started the fire, let's say. [inaudible] friction, some spark flame, excited. Ensuing emotion of excitement and wanting to share. And the only tool at that time was through the voice and sound waves, and limited reach, and, not really effective and efficient. Maybe frustrating... >> Wasn't viral, [inaudible]. >> It wasn't viral. >> [inaudible]. >> Wow. [laugh] [inaudible] this to get out. >> Yeah. Fast forward in time to the Roman empire and we now build a tool called the stadium colliseum that allows 80,000 people to all congregate same place same point in time to watch the same thing in the sand pit doing better, reach is a little better, still inefficient. Guy in the way back, myopic, can't see, can't hear. Someone outside that wants in but the seats are full, limited reach. Fast foward in time to televsion, this network allows us to share a live moment with hundreds of millions of people nationally, regionally. Landing, landing on the moon and watching that live. There are. >> Hundreds of millions of people like tuned in to watch that moment live. The reality of it is reach is still limited and then you've got people golfing couldn't watch it live. People on the plane couln't watch it live. >> Third world countries. >> Third world countries. Grocery shopping. If you weren't in front of your television you couldn't watch it live, right? And reach is still limited, and still I think inefficent because you have all these people watching something that can't interact. They're just sitting there literally just, just watching but they can't interact with the hundreds of millions of other people that are watching this to. Well, fast forward to present time, this thing, this network called the internet has penetrated our. >> Commercial buildings. It has penetrated our residential buildings. And it has penetrated our pocket. It is now with us all the time, and that, with UStream, anyone anywhere can grab any device, press a button, share that live moment visually with everyone, everywhere. Reach is no longer limited because you're always connected. The total addressable audience for any said live content goes up in orders of magnitude this planet has never seen before. So if I grab this and I went live, and this [inaudible] was interesting enough for. >> Right, as fascinating. >> You know. >> [inaudible] yeah. >> To watch it live, right? >> Right, right. >> People could though, you know? >> Right. >> And DVRs and time shifted TV that's solves a certain problem, but watching live too is a certain problem itself and then I think the part that I'm really excited about is the interactivity. >> Mm-hm. >> Because all of our products have social interactivity built into'em so the many to the one can interact and then all the people watching can interact and I think that interactivity is really rich. >> Mm-hm. >> There's a lot of stuff that we can do with it. So that's what I'm excited about in terms of, you know, the, the, the vision and everything we do at the company is about. >> Helping mankind share these live moments. >> I think that's, that the barrier to entry has just in the last, you know, five years even, has just dropped dramatically. >> I agree. >> Like, I mean, the fact that you even have a phone in your hand that's capable of doing that is just amazing. You know, I, I. >> Mm-hm. >> It just seems like yesterday I was on some really crap, playing some crappy bowling game [laugh] on like my Sprint like nasty little phone that I had to download the Zap and it was. >> [inaudible] >> Yeah. But it's extremely powerful. The fact that you could take something. >> Especially with all those other networks out there and amplify the amount of people. I mean, if you sit there, you go live and that gives you a certain amount of people. If you tweet that out it reaches a great amount of people. They reach you a greater amount of people. It's like these amplification. >> Amplification. >> Yeah. It's insane. >> Yeah. >> Well, that's awesome. Well, thank you for being on the show. >> Hey, thanks for having me. >> Yeah. Appreciate it it's been fascinating to be listening to your background and, and I think everyone out there would agree that you've done some great things especially for the troops. And we all appreciate that. >> Okay. Thank you. >> Take care. >> Hey, thanks for having me. >> Yeah. [sound] Hello! I'm Shelley. I have a question for all of you: deaf, hard or hearing, hearing and parents of deaf children. Did you know that we moved to a new office? We have a new office with a room for all of you! I want you all to feel excited about the future. We want your feedback. We have 5 workshop ideas Read all 5 and then decide which one you like best We want you to vote! We want to focus on what all of you want not focus on something that you don't want that would be a waste of time and energy! We want to focus our time and energy on what you want. Please take the time to vote on the 5 topics. Ask all your friends and family to vote too! Have you seen our new office? Stop by and come see it! The address is 2333 W. Whitendale Ave. Visalia, Ca 93277 Don't forget to vote! Thank - You just got an e-mail from a coach who asked how she can delete students from her data. And so, I thought rather than writing just her back, I would make a video that anyone could look at to understand how to delete students from your class. So you might want to delete students if, let's say, a student was in your class, and then that student moved away. And you no longer want to be their coach. Or you might want to delete a class list if, maybe, your students from 2011 - 2012 have now moved on to new teachers, and you no longer want to track them any more. You still can, but you don't have to. And I'm going to show you how to get rid of them. To be clear, you're not deleting their Khan Academy accounts. They can still log in to the Khan Academy site and use it. You're just no longer their coach. So here's how it works. I click on 'Coach' on the upper right-hand corner of the screen over here when I was logged into my account. And then I clicked on 'Manage Students' right here right below the word 'Coach." And I can see all of my students. And if I wanted to delete the student from my list, I can do that by clicking on this X next to the student's name. And, what I can do, is just click right here on the X. And if I'd like to stop coaching this student, I can click'Okay," and the student will no longer be in my list. If I'd like to delete a class list, what I can do is go over here to my class list - and let's say I no longer want to have the class list called "Geometry," I'm not teaching geometry" anymore - or I'm teaching a new cohort of students in geometry this year, and I want them to be my geometry students - what I can do is just go over to the word "geometry" here, I go straight across to this X, I click on it, and I no longer have the geometry class list. Alright, let's see how all these concepts are connected. Biological Relatives share Traits and DNA. And Biological Relatives and Traits can be organized, information about those can be organized using Pedigrees. Now there are three main types of Inheritance Patterns we covered for our Pedigrees. There's the Autosomal Inheritance Pattern, which is characterized by Alleles on Autosomes. There's the Sex linked pattern, which are characterized by Alleles on the Sex Chromosomes. And, then there's the Maternal Inheritance Pattern, characterized by Alleles on the Mitochondrial Chromosome. And, you can learn more about all these Chromosomes, if you need refresher, back in LESSON 2. Let's come back over here to Traits and Alleles. We see that there are two words going towards Traits and Alleles. One is the composite of observable Traits, the other is the specific composition of Alleles. So we know that the Phenotype describes what Traits you have, and your Genotype describes your Allelic combination. The Genotype determines your Phenotype. Your Genetype can also be Homozygous, to have the same Alleles or Heterozygous, to have different Alleles. But either way there are two main types of Alleles that we covered. There are Recessive Alleles, which are masked by Dominant Alleles. We could also speak from the perspective of Dominant Allele and say that it masks the Recessive Allele. Now all of these Alleles on DNA. The DNA must be duplicated before Cell Division and there are two main types of Cell Division. There's Mitosis and there's Meiosis. Mitosis results in All non Gamete cells. Whereas Meiosis results in Gametes, the sex cells that have 23 Chromosomes instead of the 46 that result after Mitosis. Now Meiosis increases Genetic Variability, through Chromosome Recombination and Independent Assortment. But this Genetic Variability can be diminished by Incest, or Inbreeding. Together, the Genetic Variability through Chromosome Recombination essentially mixes and matches the Alleles that create our Traits. [UNKNOWN] more about Alleles in LESSONS 3 and 4 if you want to go back and get a refresher. And of course pretty soon, we're going to learn about how these Alleles arise in the first place from Mutations and LESSON 6. The 8.2 update will introduce a lot of new features and changes to players; the developers will add five new American tanks and three premium vehicles. 4 maps will be remade to match new standards; draw distance will also be improved as well as optimization for different computer systems. We'll tell you about this and lots of other features in this video. The biggest change is the addition of new American combat vehicles. The new branch begins at the tier 6 and tier 7 light tanks: the T21 (Tee twenty one) and the T71 (Tee seventy one). The next tanks in that branch are the medium tanks; the T69 (Tee sixty nine) and the T54E1 (Tee fifty four E one) and the top tier vehicle in this branch is the heavy tank; the T57 Heavy (Tee fifty seven Heavy) Starting with the T71, all tanks in this branch will have a distinctive feature, an automatic loader. These are dynamic, but poorly armored combat vehicles, so their gameplay is very similar to the gameplay of the French vehicles. To get some more detailed information, check "New American Tanks in the 8.2 update". Four maps will be remade for the new render system. Prokhorovka now has more rugged terrain. There are a lot of new hills and potholes in the middle of the map. Now it's really hard to move in these places, but it's easier to hide a lower tier of tank now. You should be extremely careful in these places, because the terrain can destroy your tracks really easily. Besides the terrain changes, the alley is also changed. The density of bushes on it is now a lot lower. The island that opened for players after the physics release was remade: now there is cover and a way to get there from the side of the mountain. Village wasn't changed, but the mountain now has a more gentle downward slope. Erlenberg has fewer changes. Some rocks on the mountains and a house in the field was added. The visual outlook of the map was improved; lightning was remade and the landscape has more routes. The map has such small amount of changes because Erlenberg was changed recently, so there is no need to change it again so soon. Ruinberg now totally matches its name. The city is more destroyed. There are ruins instead of buildings, that cover vehicles from artillery. Alley also has a lower density of cover. *Tip: When you play on "Redshire", you won't see all the changes. But if you are attentive, you may see that the mountain is gentler now. If you climb to the top of it, you will see that there is no cover or rocks here. There is less cover now. You drive to the river and "Oh!" you've lost your track. Be careful, there's a cliff! If you drive down the river, you will see that the hill is rockier, so it provides better cover from SPGs now. The second mountain is steeper, so you can get to the top faster. The terrain is familiar, but it looks to be a little newer. Oh, and the hills over there became steeper as well. So you won't hide there from SPGs and enemies can shoot you from behind cover easier. So be careful! Yes, these four maps were not completely changed like Abbey or Lakeville; but they look a lot better and the gameplay is more interesting due to the physics. There will be a new premium tank in the 8.2 update. The "TOG 2" (Tee O Gee two) is a tier 6 British heavy tank. It has a large amount of hit points and an accurate gun with a high rate of fire, but it's slow, has a giant silhouette and poor armor. The AT-15A (A Tee fifteen A) is a tier 7 British tank destroyer. Its perfect frontal armor and accurate gun with a great rate of fire are the advantages of this tank. But its low maximum speed gives this vehicle a single purpose. When the AT-15A is the top tier vehicle in a battle, it can be compared to the T95 (Tee ninety five) as it can easily assault or defend an entire flank. The FCM 50(t) (F C M fifty Tee) is a tier 8 French heavy tank. This vehicle has an amazing maximum speed, its rate is 50 km/h. Its powerful engine lets you move at this speed constantly. Besides that, the FCM 50(t) has a gun with a high rate of fire and average penetration. Its cons are poor armor, giant silhouette and small alpha damage. The characteristics of this vehicle are pretty similar to the medium tank. Medium tank tactics are the most useful for this vehicle. For more detailed information about the new premium vehicles, you can watch "New premium tanks in the 8.2 update!" And now let's talk about the small changes. Draw range of landscape and objects was increased from 1000 to 1400 meters for maximum graphic quality. This means that from now on, players who select this quality will see the fog of war beyond the horizon and they will be able to see the entire map. The developers also improved rendering performance of trees and vegetation; this should reduce fps drops in sniper mode or when someone has a large amount of vegetation on the screen. The addition into the game mechanics is that fallen tree can cover your tank with its upper branches. The module repair indicator was added to the battle interface. You can watch how long the repair will take in real time. There are some changes in the tank research tree. If you use FULL HD all tanks will be smaller. In addition, if you haven't got money or experience, a tip will show you how many credits or experience points you need to earn. Furthermore, some new achievements were added. They are awarded without a grade and can be earned several times by several players in a battle. "Lucky" is awarded if you witness the destruction of an enemy vehicle by an enemy team player within 10 meters. To earn the "Cool-Headed" medal you must survive at least 10 ricochets and non-penetrations in a row from enemy players. "Spartan" can be earned if your vehicle has less than 10% hit points, and you get a ricochet or non-penetration from an enemy round. You have to stay alive to earn this medal. "Ranger" is awarded for destroying all enemy light tanks. But the enemy should have at least 3 light vehicles. The medal called "Patton Valley" is also new. It's awarded for the destruction of 100 M46 Patton (M forty six Patton) or M48A1 (M forty eight A one) tanks. The 8.2 update brings a lot of new features into the game and fixes a few issues. In the next update you will see the Chinese vehicles. But we hope that right now you'll have something to do. Good luck on the battlefield and see you next time! � Gentlemen, thank you both for joining us here tonight. We have a lot of folks who've been waiting all day to talk to you, so I want to get right to it. Governor Romney, as you know, you won the coin toss, so the first question will go to you. And I want to turn to a first-time voter, Jeremy Epstein, who has a question for you. QUESTlON: Mr. President, Governor Romney, as a 20-year-old college student, all I hear from professors, neighbors and others is that when I graduate, I will have little chance to get employment. What can you say to reassure me, but more importantly my parents, that I will be able to sufficiently support myself after I graduate? ROMNEY: Thank you, Jeremy. I appreciate your — your question, and thank you for being here this evening and to all of those from Nassau County that have come, thank you for your time. Thank you to Hofstra University and to Candy Crowley for organizing and leading this — this event. Thank you, Mr. President, also for being part of this — this debate. Your question — your question is one that's being asked by college kids all over this country. I was in Pennsylvania with someone who had just graduated — this was in Philadelphia — and she said, "I've got my degree. I can't find a job. I've got three part- time jobs. They're just barely enough to pay for my food and pay for an apartment. I can't begin to pay back my student loans." So what we have to do is two things. We have to make sure that we make it easier for kids to afford college. ROMNEY: And also make sure that when they get out of college, there's a job. When I was governor of Massachusetts, to get a high school degree, you had to pass an exam. If you graduated in the top quarter of your airlines, we gave you a John and Abigail Adams scholarship, four years tuition free in the college of your choice in Massachusetts, it's a public institution. I want to make sure we keep our Pell grant program growing. We're also going to have our loan program, so that people are able to afford school. But the key thing is to make sure you can get a job when you get out of school. And what's happened over the last four years has been very, very hard for America's young people. I want you to be able to get a job. I know what it takes to get this economy going. With half of college kids graduating this year without a college — excuse me, without a job. And without a college level job, that's just unacceptable. And likewise you've got more and more debt on your back. So more debt and less jobs. I'm going to change that. I know what it takes to create good jobs again. I know what it takes to make sure that you have the kind of opportunity you deserve. And kids across this country are going to recognize, we're bringing back an economy. It's not going to be like the last four years. The middle-class has been crushed over the last four years, and jobs have been too scarce. I know what it takes to bring them back, and I'm going to do that, and make sure that when you graduate — when do you graduate? QUESTlON: 2014. ROMNEY: 2014. When you come out in 2014, I presume I'm going to be president. I'm going to make sure you get a job. Thanks Jeremy. Yeah, you bet. CROWLEY: Mr. President? OBAMA: Jeremy, first of all, your future is bright. And the fact that you're making an investment in higher education is critical. Not just to you, but to the entire nation. Now, the most important thing we can do is to make sure that we are creating jobs in this country. But not just jobs, good paying jobs. Ones that can support a family. OBAMA: And what I want to do, is build on the five million jobs that we've created over the last 30 months in the private sector alone. And there are a bunch of things we can do to make sure your future is bright. Number one, I want to build manufacturing jobs in this country again. Now when Governor Romney said we should let Detroit go bankrupt. I said we're going to bet on American workers and the American auto industry and it's come surging back. I want to do that in industries, not just in Detroit, but all across the country and that means we change our tax code so we're giving incentives to companies that are investing here in the United States and creating jobs here. It also means we're helping them and small businesses to export all around the world to new markets. Number two, we've got to make sure that we have the best education system in the world. And the fact that you're going to college is great, but I want everybody to get a great education and we've worked hard to make sure that student loans are available for folks like you, but I also want to make sure that community colleges are offering slots for workers to get retrained for the jobs that are out there right now and the jobs of the future. Number three, we've got to control our own energy. Now, not only oil and natural gas, which we've been investing in; but also, we've got to make sure we're building the energy source of the future, not just thinking about next year, but ten years from now, 20 years from now. That's why we've invested in solar and wind and biofuels, energy efficient cars. We've got to reduce our deficit, but we've got to do it in a balanced way. Asking the wealthy to pay a little bit more along with cuts so that we can invest in education like yours. And let's take the money that we've been spending on war over the last decade to rebuild America, roads, bridges schools. We do those things, not only is your future going to be bright but America's future is going to bright as well. CROWLEY: Let me ask you for more immediate answer and begin with Mr. Romney just quickly what — what can you do? We're looking at a situation where 40 percent of the unemployed have been unemployed have been unemployed for six months or more. They don't have the two years that Jeremy has. What about those long term unemployed who need a job right now? ROMNEY: Well what you're seeing in this country is 23 million people struggling to find a job. And a lot of them, as you say, Candy, have been out of work for a long, long, long time. The president's policies have been exercised over the last four years and they haven't put Americans back to work. We have fewer people working today than we had when the president took office. If the — the unemployment rate was 7.8 percent when he took office, it's 7.8 percent now. But if you calculated that unemployment rate, taking back the people who dropped out of the workforce, it would be 10.7 percent. We have not made the progress we need to make to put people back to work. That's why I put out a five-point plan that gets America 12 million new jobs in four years and rising take-home pay. It's going to help Jeremy get a job when he comes out of school. It's going to help people across the country that are unemployed right now. And one thing that the president said, which I want to make sure that we understand, he said that I said we should take Detroit bankrupt. And that's right. My plan was to have the company go through bankruptcy like 7-Eleven did and Macy's and Condell (ph) Airlines and come out stronger. And I know he keeps saying, you want to take Detroit bankrupt. Well, the president took Detroit bankrupt. You took General Motors bankrupt. You took Chrysler bankrupt. So when you say that I wanted to take the auto industry bankrupt, you actually did. And I think it's important to know that that was a process that was necessary to get those companies back on their feet, so they could start hiring more people. That was precisely what I recommended and ultimately what happened. CROWLEY: Let me give the president a chance. Go ahead. OBAMA: Candy, what Governor Romney said just isn't true. He wanted to take them into bankruptcy without providing them any way to stay open. And we would have lost a million jobs. And that — don't take my word for it, take the executives at GM and Chrysler, some of whom are Republicans, may even support Governor Romney. But they'll tell you his prescription wasn't going to work. And Governor Romney's says he's got a five-point plan? Governor Romney doesn't have a five-point plan. He has a one-point plan. And that plan is to make sure that folks at the top play by a different set of rules. That's been his philosophy in the private sector, that's been his philosophy as governor, that's been his philosophy as a presidential candidate. You can make a lot of money and pay lower tax rates than somebody who makes a lot less. You can ship jobs overseas and get tax breaks for it. You can invest in a company, bankrupt it, lay off the workers, strip away their pensions, and you still make money. That's exactly the philosophy that we've seen in place for the last decade. That's what's been squeezing middle class families. And we have fought back for four years to get out of that mess. The last thing we need to do is to go back to the very same policies that got us there. CROWLEY: Mr. President, the next question is going to be for you here. And, Mr. Romney — Governor Romney — there'll be plenty of chances here to go on, but I want to... ROMNEY: That — that Detroit — that Detroit answer... CROWLEY: We have all these folks. ROMNEY: ... that Detroit answer... CROWLEY: I will let you absolutely... ROMNEY: ... and the rest of the answer, way off the mark. CROWLEY: OK. Will — will — you certainly will have lots of time here coming up. Because I want to move you on to something that's sort of connected to cars here, and — and go over. And we want to get a question from Phillip Tricolla. QUESTlON: Your energy secretary, Steven Chu, has now been on record three times stating it's not policy of his department to help lower gas prices. Do you agree with Secretary Chu that this is not the job of the Energy Department? OBAMA: The most important thing we can do is to make sure we control our own energy. So here's what I've done since I've been president. We have increased oil production to the highest levels in 16 years. Natural gas production is the highest it's been in decades. We have seen increases in coal production and coal employment. But what I've also said is we can't just produce traditional source of energy. We've also got to look to the future. That's why we doubled fuel efficiency standards on cars. That means that in the middle of the next decade, any car you buy, you're going to end up going twice as far on a gallon of gas. That's why we doubled clean — clean energy production like wind and solar and biofuels. And all these things have contributed to us lowering our oil imports to the lowest levels in 16 years. Now, I want to build on that. And that means, yes, we still continue to open up new areas for drilling. We continue to make it a priority for us to go after natural gas. We've got potentially 600,000 jobs and 100 years worth of energy right beneath our feet with natural gas. And we can do it in an environmentally sound way. But we've also got to continue to figure out how we have efficiency energy, because ultimately that's how we're going to reduce demand and that's what's going to keep gas prices lower. Now, Governor Romney will say he's got an all-of-the-above plan, but basically his plan is to let the oil companies write the energy policies. So he's got the oil and gas part, but he doesn't have the clean energy part. And if we are only thinking about tomorrow or the next day and not thinking about 10 years from now, we're not going to control our own economic future. Because China, Germany, they're making these investments. And I'm not going to cede those jobs of the future to those countries. I expect those new energy sources to be built right here in the United States. That's going to help Jeremy get a job. It's also going to make sure that you're not paying as much for gas. CROWLEY: Governor, on the subject of gas prices? ROMNEY: Well, let's look at the president's policies, all right, as opposed to the rhetoric, because we've had four years of policies being played out. And the president's right in terms of the additional oil production, but none of it came on federal land. As a matter of fact, oil production is down 14 percent this year on federal land, and gas production was down 9 percent. Why? Because the president cut in half the number of licenses and permits for drilling on federal lands, and in federal waters. So where'd the increase come from? Well a lot of it came from the Bakken Range in North Dakota. What was his participation there? The administration brought a criminal action against the people drilling up there for oil, this massive new resource we have. And what was the cost? 20 or 25 birds were killed and brought out a migratory bird act to go after them on a criminal basis. Look, I want to make sure we use our oil, our coal, our gas, our nuclear, our renewables. I believe very much in our renewable capabilities; ethanol, wind, solar will be an important part of our energy mix. But what we don't need is to have the president keeping us from taking advantage of oil, coal and gas. This has not been Mr. Oil, or Mr. Gas, or Mr. Coal. Talk to the people that are working in those industries. I was in coal country. People grabbed my arms and said, "Please save my job." The head of the EPA said, "You can't build a coal plant. You'll virtually — it's virtually impossible given our regulations." When the president ran for office, he said if you build a coal plant, you can go ahead, but you'll go bankrupt. That's not the right course for America. Let's take advantage of the energy resources we have, as well as the energy sources for the future. And if we do that, if we do what I'm planning on doing, which is getting us energy independent, North America energy independence within eight years, you're going to see manufacturing jobs come back. Because our energy is low cost, that are already beginning to come back because of our abundant energy. I'll get America and North America energy independent. I'll do it by more drilling, more permits and licenses. We're going to bring that pipeline in from Canada. How in the world the president said no to that pipeline? I will never know. This is about bringing good jobs back for the middle class of America, and that's what I'm going to do. CROWLEY: Mr. President, let me just see if I can move you to the gist of this question, which is, are we looking at the new normal? I can tell you that tomorrow morning, a lot of people in Hempstead will wake up and fill up and they will find that the price of gas is over $4 a gallon. Is it within the purview of the government to bring those prices down, or are we looking at the new normal? OBAMA: Candy, there's no doubt that world demand's gone up, but our production is going up, and we're using oil more efficiently. And very little of what Governor Romney just said is true. We've opened up public lands. We're actually drilling more on public lands than in the previous administration and my — the previous president was an oil man. And natural gas isn't just appearing magically. We're encouraging it and working with the industry. And when I hear Governor Romney say he's a big coal guy, I mean, keep in mind, when — Governor, when you were governor of Massachusetts, you stood in front of a coal plant and pointed at it and said, "This plant kills," and took great pride in shutting it down. And now suddenly you're a big champion of coal. So what I've tried to do is be consistent. With respect to something like coal, we made the largest investment in clean coal technology, to make sure that even as we're producing more coal, we're producing it cleaner and smarter. Same thing with oil, same thing with natural gas. And the proof is our oil imports are down to the lowest levels in 20 years. Oil production is up, natural gas production is up, and, most importantly, we're also starting to build cars that are more efficient. And that's creating jobs. That means those cars can be exported, "cause that's the demand around the world, and it also means that it'll save money in your pocketbook. OBAMA: That's the strategy you need, an all-of-the-above strategy, and that's what we're going to do in the next four years. ROMNEY: But that's not what you've done in the last four years. That's the problem. In the last four years, you cut permits and licenses on federal land and federal waters in half. OBAMA: Not true, Governor Romney. ROMNEY: So how much did you cut (inaudible)? OBAMA: Not true. ROMNEY: How much did you cut them by, then? OBAMA: Governor, we have actually produced more oil - ROMNEY: No, no. How much did you cut licenses and permits on federal land and federal waters? OBAMA: Governor Romney, here's what we did. There were a whole bunch of oil companies. (CROSSTALK) ROMNEY: No, no, I had a question and the question was how much did you cut them by? OBAMA: You want me to answer a question - ROMNEY: How much did you cut them by? OBAMA: I'm happy to answer the question. ROMNEY: All right. And it is - OBAMA: Here's what happened. You had a whole bunch of oil companies who had leases on public lands that they weren't using. So what we said was you can't just sit on this for 10, 20, 30 years, decide when you want to drill, when you want to produce, when it's most profitable for you. These are public lands. So if you want to drill on public lands, you use it or you lose it. ROMNEY: OK, (inaudible) - OBAMA: And so what we did was take away those leases. And we are now reletting them so that we can actually make a profit. ROMNEY: And production on private — on government land - OBAMA: Production is up. ROMNEY: — is down. OBAMA: No, it isn't. ROMNEY: Production on government land of oil is down 14 percent. OBAMA: Governor - ROMNEY: And production on gas - (CROSSTALK) OBAMA: It's just not true. ROMNEY: It's absolutely true. Look, there's no question but the people recognize that we have not produced more (inaudible) on federal lands and in federal waters. And coal, coal production is not up; coal jobs are not up. I was just at a coal facility, where some 1,200 people lost their jobs. The right course for America is to have a true all-of-the-above policy. I don't think anyone really believes that you're a person who's going to be pushing for oil and gas and coal. You'll get your chance in a moment. I'm still speaking. OBAMA: Well - ROMNEY: And the answer is I don't believe people think that's the case - OBAMA: — (inaudible). ROMNEY: That wasn't the question. OBAMA: OK. ROMNEY: That was a statement. I don't think the American people believe that. I will fight for oil, coal and natural gas. And the proof, the proof of whether a strategy is working or not is what the price is that you're paying at the pump. If you're paying less than you paid a year or two ago, why, then, the strategy is working. But you're paying more. When the president took office, the price of gasoline here in Nassau County was about $1.86 a gallon. Now, it's $4.00 a gallon. The price of electricity is up. If the president's energy policies are working, you're going to see the cost of energy come down. I will fight to create more energy in this country, to get America energy secure. And part of that is bringing in a pipeline of oil from Canada, taking advantage of the oil and coal we have here, drilling offshore in Alaska, drilling offshore in Virginia where the people want it. Those things will get us the energy we need. CROWLEY: Mr. President, could you address, because we did finally get to gas prices here, could you address what the governor said, which is if your energy policy was working, the price of gasoline would not be $4 a gallon here. Is that true? OBAMA: Well, think about what the governor — think about what the governor just said. He said when I took office, the price of gasoline was $1.80, $1.86. Why is that? Because the economy was on the verge of collapse, because we were about to go through the worst recession since the Great Depression, as a consequence of some of the same policies that Governor Romney's now promoting. So, it's conceivable that Governor Romney could bring down gas prices because with his policies, we might be back in that same mess. What I want to do is to create an economy that is strong, and at the same time produce energy. And with respect to this pipeline that Governor Romney keeps on talking about, we've — we've built enough pipeline to wrap around the entire earth once. So, I'm all for pipelines. I'm all for oil production. What I'm not for is us ignoring the other half of the equation. So, for example, on wind energy, when Governor Romney says "these are imaginary jobs." When you've got thousands of people right now in Iowa, right now in Colorado, who are working, creating wind power with good-paying manufacturing jobs, and the Republican senator in that — in Iowa is all for it, providing tax breaks (ph) to help this work and Governor Romney says I'm opposed. I'd get rid of it. That's not an energy strategy for the future. And we need to win that future. And I intend to win it as President of the United States. CROWLEY: I got to — I got to move you on - ROMNEY: He gets the first - CROWLEY: — and the next question - ROMNEY: He actually got - CROWLEY: — for you - ROMNEY: He actually got the first question. So I get the last question — last answer - CROWLEY: (Inaudible) in the follow up, it doesn't quite work like that. But I'm going to give you a chance here. I promise you, I'm going to. And the next question is for you. So if you want to, you know, continue on — but I don't want to leave all - ROMNEY: Candy, Candy - CROWLEY: — sitting here - ROMNEY: Candy, I don't have a policy of stopping wind jobs in Iowa and that — they're not phantom jobs. They're real jobs. CROWLEY: OK. ROMNEY: I appreciate wind jobs in Iowa and across our country. I appreciate the jobs in coal and oil and gas. I'm going to make sure - CROWLEY: OK. ROMNEY: — we're taking advantage of our energy resources. We'll bring back manufacturing to America. We're going to get through a very aggressive energy policy, 31/2 million more jobs in this country. It's critical to our future. OBAMA: Candy, it's not going to - CROWLEY: We're going to move you along - OBAMA: Used to being interrupted. CROWLEY: We're going to move you both along to taxes over here and all these folks that have been waiting. Governor, this question is for you. It comes from Mary Follano — Follano, sorry. ROMNEY: Hi, Mary. QUESTlON: Governor Romney, you have stated that if you're elected president, you would plan to reduce the tax rates for all the tax brackets and that you would work with the Congress to eliminate some deductions in order to make up for the loss in revenue. Concerning the — these various deductions, the mortgage deductions, the charitable deductions, the child tax credit and also the — oh, what's that other credit? I forgot. OBAMA: You're doing great. QUESTlON: Oh, I remember. The education credits, which are important to me, because I have children in college. What would be your position on those things, which are important to the middle class? ROMNEY: Thank you very much. And let me tell you, you're absolutely right about part of that, which is I want to bring the rates down, I want to simplify the tax code, and I want to get middle- income taxpayers to have lower taxes. And the reason I want middle-income taxpayers to have lower taxes is because middle-income taxpayers have been buried over the past four years. You've seen, as middle-income people in this country, incomes go down $4,300 a family, even as gasoline prices have gone up $2,000. Health insurance premiums, up $2,500. Food prices up. Utility prices up. The middle-income families in America have been crushed over the last four years. So I want to get some relief to middle-income families. That's part — that's part one. Now, how about deductions? "Cause I'm going to bring rates down across the board for everybody, but I'm going to limit deductions and exemptions and credits, particularly for people at the high end, because I am not going to have people at the high end pay less than they're paying now. The top 5 percent of taxpayers will continue to pay 60 percent of the income tax the nation collects. So that'll stay the same. Middle-income people are going to get a tax break. And so, in terms of bringing down deductions, one way of doing that would be say everybody gets — I'll pick a number — $25,000 of deductions and credits, and you can decide which ones to use. Your home mortgage interest deduction, charity, child tax credit, and so forth, you can use those as part of filling that bucket, if you will, of deductions. But your rate comes down and the burden also comes down on you for one more reason, and that is every middle-income taxpayer no longer will pay any tax on interest, dividends or capital gains. No tax on your savings. That makes life a lot easier. If you're getting interest from a bank, if you're getting a statement from a mutual fund or any other kind of investment you have, you don't have to worry about filing taxes on that, because there'll be no taxes for anybody making $200,000.00 per year and less, on your interest, dividends and capital gains. Why am I lowering taxes on the middle-class? Because under the last four years, they've been buried. And I want to help people in the middle-class. And I will not — I will not under any circumstances, reduce the share that's being paid by the highest income taxpayers. And I will not, under any circumstances increase taxes on the middle-class. The president's spending, the president's borrowing will cost this nation to have to raise taxes on the American people. Not just at the high end. A recent study has shown the people in the middle-class will see $4,000.00 per year in higher taxes as a result of the spending and borrowing of this administration. I will not let that happen. I want to get us on track to a balanced budget, and I'm going to reduce the tax burden on middle income families. And what's that going to do? It's going to help those families, and it's going to create incentives to start growing jobs again in this country. CROWLEY: Thanks, Governor. OBAMA: My philosophy on taxes has been simple. And that is, I want to give middle-class families and folks who are striving to get into the middle-class some relief. Because they have been hit hard over the last decade. Over the last 15, over the last 20 years. So four years ago I stood on a stage just like this one. Actually it was a town hall, and I said I would cut taxes for middle- class families, and that's what I've done, by $3,600.00. I said I would cut taxes for small businesses, who are the drivers and engines of growth. And we've cut them 18 times. And I want to continue those tax cuts for middle-class families, and for small business. But what I've also said is, if we're serious about reducing the deficit, if this is genuinely a moral obligation to the next generation, then in addition to some tough spending cuts, we've also got to make sure that the wealthy do a little bit more. So what I've said is, your first $250,000.00 worth of income, no change. And that means 98 percent of American families, 97 percent of small businesses, they will not see a tax increase. I'm ready to sign that bill right now. The only reason it's not happening is because Governor Romney's allies in Congress have held the 98 percent hostage because they want tax breaks for the top 2 percent. But what I've also says is for above $250,000, we can go back to the tax rates we had when Bill Clinton was president. We created 23 million new jobs. That's part of what took us from deficits to surplus. It will be good for our economy and it will be good for job creation. Now, Governor Romney has a different philosophy. He was on 60 Minutes just two weeks ago and he was asked: Is it fair for somebody like you, making $20 million a year, to pay a lower tax rate than a nurse or a bus driver, somebody making $50,000 year? And he said, "Yes, I think that's fair." Not only that, he said, "I think that's what grows the economy." Well, I fundamentally disagree with that. I think what grows the economy is when you get that tax credit that we put in place for your kids going to college. I think that grows the economy. I think what grows the economy is when we make sure small businesses are getting a tax credit for hiring veterans who fought for our country. That grows our economy. So we just have a different theory. And when Governor Romney stands here, after a year of campaigning, when during a Republican primary he stood on stage and said "I'm going to give tax cuts" — he didn't say tax rate cuts, he said "tax cuts to everybody," including the top 1 percent, you should believe him because that's been his history. And that's exactly the kind of top-down economics that is not going to work if we want a strong middle class and an economy that's striving for everybody. CROWLEY: Governor Romney, I'm sure you've got a reply there. (LAUGHTER) ROMNEY: You're absolutely right. You heard what I said about my tax plan. The top 5 percent will continue to pay 60 percent, as they do today. I'm not looking to cut taxes for wealthy people. I am looking to cut taxes for middle-income people. And why do I want to bring rates down, and at the same time lower exemptions and deductions, particularly for people at the high end? Because if you bring rates down, it makes it easier for small business to keep more of their capital and hire people. And for me, this is about jobs. I want to get America's economy going again. Fifty-four percent of America's workers work in businesses that are taxed as individuals. So when you bring those rates down, those small businesses are able to keep more money and hire more people. For me, I look at what's happened in the last four years and say this has been a disappointment. We can do better than this. We don't have to settle for, how many months, 43 months with unemployment above 8 percent, 23 million Americans struggling to find a good job right now. There are 3.5 million more women living in poverty today than when the president took office. We don't have to live like this. We can get this economy going again. My five-point plan does it. Energy independence for North America in five years. Opening up more trade, particularly in Latin America. Cracking down on China when they cheat. Getting us to a balanced budget. Fixing our training programs for our workers. And finally, championing small business. I want to make small businesses grow and thrive. I know how to make that happen. I spent my life in the private sector. I know why jobs come and why they go. And they're going now because of the policies of this administration. CROWLEY: Governor, let me ask the president something about what you just said. The governor says that he is not going to allow the top 5 percent, believe is what he said, to have a tax cut, that it will all even out, that what he wants to do is give that tax cut to the middle class. Settled? OBAMA: No, it's not settled. Look, the cost of lowering rates for everybody across the board, 20 percent. Along with what he also wants to do in terms of eliminating the estate tax, along what he wants to do in terms of corporates, changes in the tax code, it costs about $5 trillion. Governor Romney then also wants to spend $2 trillion on additional military programs even though the military's not asking for them. That's $7 trillion. He also wants to continue the Bush tax cuts for the wealthiest Americans. That's another trillion dollars — that's $8 trillion. Now, what he says is he's going to make sure that this doesn't add to the deficit and he's going to cut middleclass taxes. But when he's asked, how are you going to do it, which deductions, which loopholes are you going to close? He can't tell you. The — the fact that he only has to pay 14 percent on his taxes when a lot of you are paying much higher. He's already taken that off the board, capital gains are going to continue to be at a low rate so we — we're not going to get money that way. We haven't heard from the governor any specifics beyond Big Bird and eliminating funding for Planned Parenthood in terms of how he pays for that. Now, Governor Romney was a very successful investor. If somebody came to you, Governor, with a plan that said, here, I want to spend $7 or $8 trillion, and then we're going to pay for it, but we can't tell you until maybe after the election how we're going to do it, you wouldn't take such a sketchy deal and neither should you, the American people, because the math doesn't add up. And — and what's at stake here is one of two things, either Candy — this blows up the deficit because keep in mind, this is just to pay for the additional spending that he's talking about, $7 trillion - $8 trillion before we even get to the deficit we already have. Or, alternatively, it's got to be paid for, not only by closing deductions for wealthy individuals, that — that will pay for about 4 percent reduction in tax rates. You're going to be paying for it. You're going to lose some deductions, and you can't buy the sales pitch. Nobody who's looked at it that's serious, actually believes it adds up. CROWLEY: Mr. President, let me get — let me get the governor in on this. And Governor, let's — before we get into a... ROMNEY: I — I... CROWLEY: ...vast array of who says — what study says what, if it shouldn't add up. If somehow when you get in there, there isn't enough tax revenue coming in. If somehow the numbers don't add up, would you be willing to look again at a 20 percent... ROMNEY: Well of course they add up. I — I was — I was someone who ran businesses for 25 years, and balanced the budget. I ran the Olympics and balanced the budget. I ran the — the state of Massachusetts as a governor, to the extent any governor does, and balanced the budget all four years. When we're talking about math that doesn't add up, how about $4 trillion of deficits over the last four years, $5 trillion? That's math that doesn't add up. We have — we have a president talking about someone's plan in a way that's completely foreign to what my real plan is. ROMNEY: And then we have his own record, which is we have four consecutive years where he said when he was running for office, he would cut the deficit in half. Instead he's doubled it. We've gone from $10 trillion of national debt, to $16 trillion of national debt. If the president were reelected, we'd go to almost $20 trillion of national debt. This puts us on a road to Greece. I know what it takes to balance budgets. I've done it my entire life. So for instance when he says, "Yours is a $5 trillion cut." Well, no it's not. Because I'm offsetting some of the reductions with holding down some of the deductions. And... CROWLEY: Governor, I've gotta — gotta — actually, I need to have you both (inaudible). (CROSSTALK) CROWLEY: I understand the stakes here. I understand both of you. But I — I will get run out of town if I don't... (CROSSTALK) ROMNEY: And I just described — I just described to you, Mr. President — I just described to you precisely how I'd do it which is with a single number that people can put — and they can put they're — they're deductions and credits... (CROSSTALK) CROWLEY: Mr. President, we're keeping track, I promise you. And Mr. President, the next question is for you, so stay standing. OBAMA: Great. Looking forward to it. And it's Katherine Fenton, who has a question for you. QUESTlON: In what new ways to you intend to rectify the inequalities in the workplace, specifically regarding females making only 72 percent of what their male counterparts earn? OBAMA: Well, Katherine, that's a great question. And, you know, I was raised by a single mom who had to put herself through school while looking after two kids. And she worked hard every day and made a lot of sacrifices to make sure we got everything we needed. My grandmother, she started off as a secretary in a bank. She never got a college education, even though she was smart as a whip. And she worked her way up to become a vice president of a local bank, but she hit the glass ceiling. She trained people who would end up becoming her bosses during the course of her career. She didn't complain. That's not what you did in that generation. And this is one of the reasons why one of the first — the first bill I signed was something called the Lily Ledbetter bill. And it's named after this amazing woman who had been doing the same job as a man for years, found out that she was getting paid less, and the Supreme Court said that she couldn't bring suit because she should have found about it earlier, whereas she had no way of finding out about it. So we fixed that. And that's an example of the kind of advocacy that we need, because women are increasingly the breadwinners in the family. This is not just a women's issue, this is a family issue, this is a middle-class issue, and that's why we've got to fight for it. It also means that we've got to make sure that young people like yourself are able to afford a college education. Earlier, Governor Romney talked about he wants to make Pell Grants and other education accessible for young people. Well, the truth of the matter is, is that that's exactly what we've done. We've expanded Pell Grants for millions of people, including millions of young women, all across the country. We did it by taking $60 billion that was going to banks and lenders as middlemen for the student loan program, and we said, let's just cut out the middleman. Let's give the money directly to students. And as a consequence, we've seen millions of young people be able to afford college, and that's going to make sure that young women are going to be able to compete in that marketplace. But we've got to enforce the laws, which is what we are doing, and we've also got to make sure that in every walk of life we do not tolerate discrimination. That's been one of the hallmarks of my administration. I'm going to continue to push on this issue for the next four years. CROWLEY: Governor Romney, pay equity for women? ROMNEY: Thank you. And important topic, and one which I learned a great deal about, particularly as I was serving as governor of my state, because I had the chance to pull together a cabinet and all the applicants seemed to be men. And I — and I went to my staff, and I said, "How come all the people for these jobs are — are all men." They said, "Well, these are the people that have the qualifications." And I said, "Well, gosh, can't we — can't we find some — some women that are also qualified?" ROMNEY: And — and so we — we took a concerted effort to go out and find women who had backgrounds that could be qualified to become members of our cabinet. I went to a number of women's groups and said, "Can you help us find folks," and they brought us whole binders full of women. I was proud of the fact that after I staffed my Cabinet and my senior staff, that the University of New York in Albany did a survey of all 50 states, and concluded that mine had more women in senior leadership positions than any other state in America. Now one of the reasons I was able to get so many good women to be part of that team was because of our recruiting effort. But number two, because I recognized that if you're going to have women in the workforce that sometimes you need to be more flexible. My chief of staff, for instance, had two kids that were still in school. She said, I can't be here until 7 or 8 o'clock at night. I need to be able to get home at 5 o'clock so I can be there for making dinner for my kids and being with them when they get home from school. So we said fine. Let's have a flexible schedule so you can have hours that work for you. We're going to have to have employers in the new economy, in the economy I'm going to bring to play, that are going to be so anxious to get good workers they're going to be anxious to hire women. In the — in the last women have lost 580,000 jobs. That's the net of what's happened in the last four years. We're still down 580,000 jobs. I mentioned 31/2 million women, more now in poverty than four years ago. What we can do to help young women and women of all ages is to have a strong economy, so strong that employers that are looking to find good employees and bringing them into their workforce and adapting to a flexible work schedule that gives women opportunities that they would otherwise not be able to afford. This is what I have done. It's what I look forward to doing and I know what it takes to make an economy work, and I know what a working economy looks like. And an economy with 7.8 percent unemployment is not a real strong economy. An economy that has 23 million people looking for work is not a strong economy. An economy with 50 percent of kids graduating from college that can't finds a job, or a college level job, that's not what we have to have. CROWLEY: Governor? ROMNEY: I'm going to help women in America get good work by getting a stronger economy and by supporting women in the workforce. CROWLEY: Mr. President why don't you get in on this quickly, please? OBAMA: Katherine, I just want to point out that when Governor Romney's campaign was asked about the Lilly Ledbetter bill, whether he supported it? He said, "I'll get back to you." And that's not the kind of advocacy that women need in any economy. Now, there are some other issues that have a bearing on how women succeed in the workplace. For example, their healthcare. You know a major difference in this campaign is that Governor Romney feels comfortable having politicians in Washington decide the health care choices that women are making. I think that's a mistake. In my health care bill, I said insurance companies need to provide contraceptive coverage to everybody who is insured. Because this is not just a — a health issue, it's an economic issue for women. It makes a difference. This is money out of that family's pocket. Governor Romney not only opposed it, he suggested that in fact employers should be able to make the decision as to whether or not a woman gets contraception through her insurance coverage. That's not the kind of advocacy that women need. When Governor Romney says that we should eliminate funding for Planned Parenthood, there are millions of women all across the country, who rely on Planned Parenthood for, not just contraceptive care, they rely on it for mammograms, for cervical cancer screenings. That's a pocketbook issue for women and families all across the country. And it makes a difference in terms of how well and effectively women are able to work. When we talk about child care, and the credits that we're providing. That makes a difference in whether they can go out there and — and earn a living for their family. These are not just women's issues. These are family issues. These are economic issues. And one of the things that makes us grow as an economy is when everybody participates and women are getting the same fair deal as men are. CROWLEY: Mr. President... OBAMA: And I've got two daughters and I want to make sure that they have the same opportunities that anybody's sons have. That's part of what I'm fighting for as president of the United States. CROWLEY: I want to move us along here to Susan Katz, who has a question. And, Governor, it's for you. QUESTlON: Governor Romney, I am an undecided voter, because I'm disappointed with the lack of progress I've seen in the last four years. However, I do attribute much of America's economic and international problems to the failings and missteps of the Bush administration. Since both you and President Bush are Republicans, I fear a return to the policies of those years should you win this election. What is the biggest difference between you and George W. Bush, and how do you differentiate yourself from George W. Bush? ROMNEY: Thank you. And I appreciate that question. I just want to make sure that, I think I was supposed to get that last answer, but I want to point out that that I don't believe... OBAMA: I don't think so, Candy. ROMNEY: ... I don't believe... OBAMA: I want to make sure our timekeepers are working here. ROMNEY: The time — the time... CROWLEY: OK. The timekeepers are all working. And let me tell you that the last part, it's for the two of you to talk to one another, and it isn't quite as (inaudible) you think. But go ahead and use this two minutes any way you'd like to, the question is on the floor. ROMNEY: I'd just note that I don't believe that bureaucrats in Washington should tell someone whether they can use contraceptives or not. And I don't believe employers should tell someone whether they could have contraceptive care of not. Every woman in America should have access to contraceptives. And — and the — and the president's statement of my policy is completely and totally wrong. OBAMA: Governor... ROMNEY: Let me come back and — and answer your question. President Bush and I are — are different people and these are different times and that's why my five point plan is so different than what he would have done. I mean for instance, we can now, by virtue of new technology actually get all the energy we need in North America without having to go to the — the Arabs or the Venezuelans or anyone else. That wasn't true in his time, that's why my policy starts with a very robust policy to get all that energy in North America — become energy secure. Number two, trade — I'll crack down on China, President Bush didn't. I'm also going to dramatically expand trade in Latin America. It's been growing about 12 percent per year over a long period of time. I want to add more free trade agreements so we'll have more trade. Number three, I'm going to get us to a balanced budget. President Bush didn't. President Obama was right, he said that that was outrageous to have deficits as high as half a trillion dollars under the Bush years. He was right, but then he put in place deficits twice that size for every one of his four years. And his forecast for the next four years is more deficits, almost that large. So that's the next area I'm different than President Bush. And then let's take the last one, championing small business. Our party has been focused too long. I came through small business. I understand how hard it is to start a small business. That's why everything I'll do is designed to help small businesses grow and add jobs. I want to keep their taxes down on small business. I want regulators to see their job as encouraging small enterprise, not crushing it. And the thing I find the most troubling about Obama Care, well it's a long list, but one of the things I find most troubling is that when you go out and talk to small businesses and ask them what they think about it, they tell you it keeps them from hiring more people. My priority is jobs. I know how to make that happen. And President Bush has a very different path for a very different time. My path is designed in getting small businesses to grow and hire people. CROWLEY: Thanks, Governor. Mr. President? OBAMA: Well, first of all, I think it's important to tell you that we did come in during some tough times. We were losing 800,000 jobs a month when I started. But we had been digging our way out of policies that were misplaced and focused on the top doing very well and middle class folks not doing well. Now, we've seen 30 consecutive — 31 consecutive months of job growth; 5.2 million new jobs created. And the plans that I talked about will create even more. But when Governor Romney says that he has a very different economic plan, the centerpiece of his economic plan are tax cuts. That's what took us from surplus to deficit. When he talks about getting tough on China, keep in mind that Governor Romney invested in companies that were pioneers of outsourcing to China, and is currently investing in countries — in companies that are building surveillance equipment for China to spy on its own folks. That's — Governor, you're the last person who's going to get tough on China. And what we've done when it comes to trade is not only sign three trade deals to open up new markets, but we've also set up a task force for trade that goes after anybody who is taking advantage of American workers or businesses and not creating a level playing field. We've brought twice as many cases against unfair trading practices than the previous administration and we've won every single one that's been decided. When I said that we had to make sure that China was not flooding our domestic market with cheap tires, Governor Romney said I was being protectionist; that it wouldn't be helpful to American workers. Well, in fact we saved 1,000 jobs. And that's the kind of tough trade actions that are required. But the last point I want to make is this. You know, there are some things where Governor Romney is different from George Bush. George Bush didn't propose turning Medicare into a voucher. George Bush embraced comprehensive immigration reform. He didn't call for self-deportation. George Bush never suggested that we eliminate funding for Planned Parenthood, so there are differences between Governor Romney and George Bush, but they're not on economic policy. In some ways, he's gone to a more extreme place when it comes to social policy. And I think that's a mistake. That's not how we're going to move our economy forward. CROWLEY: I want to move you both along to the next question, because it's in the same wheelhouse, so you will be able to respond. But the president does get this question. I want to call on Michael Jones. QUESTlON: Mr. President, I voted for you in 2008. What have you done or accomplished to earn my vote in 2012? I'm not that optimistic as I was in 2012. Most things I need for everyday living are very expensive. OBAMA: Well, we've gone through a tough four years. There's no doubt about it. But four years ago, I told the American people and I told you I would cut taxes for middle class families. And I did. I told you I'd cut taxes for small businesses, and I have. I said that I'd end the war in Iraq, and I did. I said we'd refocus attention on those who actually attacked us on 9/11, and we have gone after Al Qaeda's leadership like never before and Osama bin Laden is dead. OBAMA: I said that we would put in place health care reform to make sure that insurance companies can't jerk you around and if you don't have health insurance, that you'd have a chance to get affordable insurance, and I have. I committed that I would rein in the excesses of Wall Street, and we passed the toughest Wall Street reforms since the 1930s. We've created five million jobs, and gone from 800 jobs a month being lost, and we are making progress. We saved an auto industry that was on the brink of collapse. Now, does that mean you're not struggling? Absolutely not. A lot of us are. And that's why the plan that I've put forward for manufacturing and education, and reducing our deficit in a sensible way, using the savings from ending wars, to rebuild America and putting people back to work. Making sure that we are controlling our own energy, but not only the energy of today, but also the energy of the future. All of those things will make a difference, so the point is the commitments I've made, I've kept. And those that I haven't been able to keep, it's not for lack of trying and we're going to get it done in a second term. But, you should pay attention to this campaign, because Governor Romney has made some commitments as well. And I suspect he'll keep those too. You know when members of the Republican Congress say, "We're going to sign a no tax pledge, so that we don't ask a dime for millionaires and billionaires to reduce our deficit so we can still invest in education, and helping kids go to college. He said, "Me too." When they said, "We're going to cut Planned Parenthood funding." He said, "Me too." When he said, "We're going to repeal Obamacare. First thing I'm going to do," despite the fact that it's the same health care plan that he passed in Massachusetts and is working well. He said, "Me too." That is not the kind of leadership that you need, but you should expect that those are promises he's going to keep. (CROSSTALK) CROWLEY: Mr. President, let me let... (CROSSTALK) OBAMA: ...the choice in this election is going to be whose promises are going to be more likely to help you in your life? Make sure your kids can go to college. Make sure that you are getting a good paying job, making sure that Medicare and Social Security... (CROSSTALK) CROWLEY: Mr. President. Thank you. (CROSSTALK) OBAMA: ...will be there for you. CROWLEY: Thank you. Governor? ROMNEY: I think you know better. I think you know that these last four years haven't been so good as the president just described and that you don't feel like your confident that the next four years are going to be much better either. I can tell you that if you were to elect President Obama, you know what you're going to get. You're going to get a repeat of the last four years. We just can't afford four more years like the last four years. He said that by now we'd have unemployment at 5.4 percent. The difference between where it is and 5.4 percent is 9 million Americans without work. I wasn't the one that said 5.4 percent. This was the president's plan. Didn't get there. He said he would have by now put forward a plan to reform Medicare and Social Security, because he pointed out they're on the road to bankruptcy. He would reform them. He'd get that done. He hasn't even made a proposal on either one. He said in his first year he'd put out an immigration plan that would deal with our immigration challenges. Didn't even file it. This is a president who has not been able to do what he said he'd do. He said that he'd cut in half the deficit. He hasn't done that either. In fact, he doubled it. He said that by now middle-income families would have a reduction in their health insurance premiums by $2,500 a year. It's gone up by $2,500 a year. And if Obamacare is passed, or implemented — it's already been passed — if it's implemented fully, it'll be another $2,500 on top. ROMNEY: The middle class is getting crushed under the policies of a president who has not understood what it takes to get the economy working again. He keeps saying, "Look, I've created 5 million jobs." That's after losing 5 million jobs. The entire record is such that the unemployment has not been reduced in this country. The unemployment, the number of people who are still looking for work, is still 23 million Americans. There are more people in poverty, one out of six people in poverty. How about food stamps? When he took office, 32 million people were on food stamps. Today, 47 million people are on food stamps. How about the growth of the economy? It's growing more slowly this year than last year, and more slowly last year than the year before. The president wants to do well. I understand. But the policies he's put in place from Obamacare to Dodd-Frank to his tax policies to his regulatory policies, these policies combined have not let this economy take off and grow like it could have. You might say, "Well, you got an example of one that worked better?" Yeah, in the Reagan recession where unemployment hit 10.8 percent, between that period — the end of that recession and the equivalent of time to today, Ronald Reagan's recovery created twice as many jobs as this president's recovery. Five million jobs doesn't even keep up with our population growth. And the only reason the unemployment rate seems a little lower today is because of all the people that have dropped out of the workforce. The president has tried, but his policies haven't worked. He's great as a — as a — as a speaker and describing his plans and his vision. That's wonderful, except we have a record to look at. And that record shows he just hasn't been able to cut the deficit, to put in place reforms for Medicare and Social Security to preserve them, to get us the rising incomes we need. Median income is down $4,300 a family and 23 million Americans out of work. That's what this election is about. It's about who can get the middle class in this country a bright and prosperous future and assure our kids the kind of hope and optimism they deserve. CROWLEY: Governor, I want to move you along. Don't — don't go away, and we'll have plenty of time to respond. We are quite aware of the clock for both of you. But I want to bring in a different subject here. Mr. President, I'll be right back with you. Lorraine Osorio has a question for you about a topic we have not... OBAMA: This is for Governor Romney? CROWLEY: It's for Governor Romney, and we'll be right with you, Mr. President. Thanks. ROMNEY: Is it Loraina? QUESTlON: Lorraine. ROMNEY: Lorraine? QUESTlON: Yes, Lorraine. ROMNEY: Lorraine. QUESTlON: How you doing? ROMNEY: Good, thanks. QUESTlON: Mr. Romney, what do you plan on doing with immigrants without their green cards that are currently living here as productive members of society? ROMNEY: Thank you. Lorraine? Did I get that right? Good. Thank you for your question. And let me step back and tell you what I would like to do with our immigration policy broadly and include an answer to your question. But first of all, this is a nation of immigrants. We welcome people coming to this country as immigrants. My dad was born in Mexico of American parents; Ann's dad was born in Wales and is a first-generation American. We welcome legal immigrants into this country. I want our legal system to work better. I want it to be streamlined. I want it to be clearer. I don't think you have to — shouldn't have to hire a lawyer to figure out how to get into this country legally. I also think that we should give visas to people — green cards, rather, to people who graduate with skills that we need. People around the world with accredited degrees in science and math get a green card stapled to their diploma, come to the U.S. of A. We should make sure our legal system works. Number two, we're going to have to stop illegal immigration. There are 4 million people who are waiting in line to get here legally. Those who've come here illegally take their place. So I will not grant amnesty to those who have come here illegally. What I will do is I'll put in place an employment verification system and make sure that employers that hire people who have come here illegally are sanctioned for doing so. I won't put in place magnets for people coming here illegally. So for instance, I would not give driver's licenses to those that have come here illegally as the president would. The kids of those that came here illegally, those kids, I think, should have a pathway to become a permanent resident of the United States and military service, for instance, is one way they would have that kind of pathway to become a permanent resident. ROMNEY: Now when the president ran for office, he said that he'd put in place, in his first year, a piece of legislation — he'd file a bill in his first year that would reform our — our immigration system, protect legal immigration, stop illegal immigration. He didn't do it. He had a Democrat House, a Democrat Senate, super majority in both Houses. Why did he fail to even promote legislation that would have provided an answer for those that want to come legally and for those that are here illegally today? What's a question I think the — the president will have a chance to answer right now. OBAMA: Good, I look forward to it. Was — Lorranna — Lorraine — we are a nation of immigrants. I mean we're just a few miles away from Ellis Island. We all understand what this country has become because talent from all around the world wants to come here. People are willing to take risks. People who want to build on their dreams and make sure their kids have an even bigger dreams than they have. But we're also a nation of laws. So what I've said is we need to fix a broken immigration system and I've done everything that I can on my own and sought cooperation from Congress to make sure that we fix the system. The first thing we did was to streamline the legal immigration system, to reduce the backlog, make it easier, simpler and cheaper for people who are waiting in line, obeying the law to make sure that they can come here and contribute to our country and that's good for our economic growth. They'll start new businesses. They'll make things happen to create jobs here in the United States. Number two, we do have to deal with our border so we put more border patrol on the — any time in history and the flow of undocumented works across the border is actually lower than it's been in 40 years. What I've also said is if we're going to go after folks who are here illegally, we should do it smartly and go after folks who are criminals, gang bangers, people who are hurting the community, not after students, not after folks who are here just because they're trying to figure out how to feed their families. And that's what we've done. And what I've also said is for young people who come here, brought here often times by their parents. Had gone to school here, pledged allegiance to the flag. Think of this as their country. Understand themselves as Americans in every way except having papers. And we should make sure that we give them a pathway to citizenship. And that's what I've done administratively. Now, Governor Romney just said, you know he wants to help those young people too, but during the Republican primary, he said, "I will veto the DREAM Act", that would allow these young people to have access." His main strategy during the Republican primary was to say, "We're going to encourage self-deportation." Making life so miserable on folks that they'll leave. He called the Arizona law a model for the nation. Part of the Arizona law said that law enforcement officers could stop folks because they suspected maybe they looked like they might be undocumented workers and check their papers. You know what? If my daughter or yours looks to somebody like they're not a citizen, I don't want — I don't want to empower somebody like that. So, we can fix this system in a comprehensive way. And when Governor Romney says, the challenge is, "Well Obama didn't try." That's not true. I have sat down with Democrats and Republicans at the beginning of my term. And I said, let's fix this system. Including Senators previously who had supported it on the Republican side. But it's very hard for Republican's in Congress to support comprehensive immigration reform, if their standard bearer has said that, this is not something I'm interested in supporting. CROWLEY: Let me get the governor in here, Mr. President. Let's speak to, if you could... ROMNEY: Yes. CROWLEY: ...the idea of self-deportation? ROMNEY: No, let — let — let me go back and speak to the points that the president made and — and — and let's get them correct. I did not say that the Arizona law was a model for the nation in that aspect. I said that the E-Verify portion of the Arizona law, which is — which is the portion of the law which says that employers could be able to determine whether someone is here illegally or not illegally, that that was a model for the nation. That's number one. Number two, I asked the president a question I think Hispanics and immigrants all over the nation have asked. He was asked this on Univision the other day. Why, when you said you'd filed legislation in your first year didn't you do it? And he didn't answer. He — he doesn't answer that question. He said the standard bearer wasn't for it. I'm glad you thought I was a standard bearer four years ago, but I wasn't. Four years ago you said in your first year you would file legislation. In his first year, I was just getting — licking my wounds from having been beaten by John McCain, all right. I was not the standard bearer. My — my view is that this president should have honored his promise to do as he said. Now, let me mention one other thing, and that is self-deportation says let people make their own choice. What I was saying is, we're not going to round up 12 million people, undocumented illegals, and take them out of the nation. Instead let people make their own choice. And if they — if they find that — that they can't get the benefits here that they want and they can't — and they can't find the job they want, then they'll make a decision to go a place where — where they have better opportunities. But I'm not in favor of rounding up people and — and — and taking them out of this country. I am in favor, as the president has said, and I agree with him, which is that if people have committed crimes we got to get them out of this country. ROMNEY: Let me mention something else the president said. It was a moment ago and I didn't get a chance to, when he was describing Chinese investments and so forth. OBAMA: Candy? Hold on a second. The... ROMNEY: Mr. President, I'm still speaking. (CROSSTALK) ROMNEY: Mr. President, let me finish. (CROSSTALK) ROMNEY: I've gotta continue. (CROSSTALK) CROWLEY: Governor Romney, you can make it short. See all these people? They've been waiting for you. (inaudible) make it short (inaudible). ROMNEY: Just going to make a point. Any investments I have over the last eight years have been managed by a blind trust. And I understand they do include investments outside the United States, including in — in Chinese companies. Mr. President, have you looked at your pension? Have you looked at your pension? OBAMA: I've got to say... ROMNEY: Mr. President, have you looked at your pension? OBAMA: You know, I — I don't look at my pension. It's not as big as yours so it doesn't take as long. ROMNEY: Well, let me give you some advice. OBAMA: I don't check it that often. ROMNEY: Let me give you some advice. Look at your pension. You also have investments in Chinese companies. You also have investments outside the United States. You also have investments through a Cayman's trust. (CROSSTALK) CROWLEY: We're way off topic here, Governor Romney. (CROSSTALK) OBAMA: I thought we were talking about immigration. (CROSSTALK) OBAMA: I do want to make sure that... CROWLEY: If I could have you sit down, Governor Romney. Thank you. OBAMA: I do want to make sure that — I do want to make sure that we just understand something. Governor Romney says he wasn't referring to Arizona as a model for the nation. His top adviser on immigration is the guy who designed the Arizona law, the entirety of it; not E-Verify, the whole thing. That's his policy. And it's a bad policy. And it won't help us grow. Look, when we think about immigration, we have to understand there are folks all around the world who still see America as the land of promise. And they provide us energy and they provide us innovation and they start companies like Intel and Google. And we want to encourage that. Now, we've got to make sure that we do it in a smart way and a comprehensive way, and we make the legal system better. But when we make this into a divisive political issue, and when we don't have bipartisan support — I can deliver, Governor, a whole bunch of Democrats to get comprehensive immigration reform done, and we can't... ROMNEY: I'll get it done. I'll get it done. First year... OBAMA: ... we can't — we have not seen Republicans serious about this issue at all. And it's time for them to get serious on it. CROWLEY: Mr. President, let me move you on here please. Mr. President, (inaudible). OBAMA: This used to be a bipartisan issue. (CROSSTALK) CROWLEY: Don't go away, though — right. Don't go away because I — I want you to talk to Kerry Ladka who wants to switch the topic for us. OBAMA: OK. Hi, Kerry. QUESTlON: Good evening, Mr. President. OBAMA: I'm sorry. What's your name? QUESTlON: It's Kerry, Kerry Ladka. OBAMA: Great to see you. QUESTlON: This question actually comes from a brain trust of my friends at Global Telecom Supply (ph) in Minneola yesterday. OBAMA: Ah. QUESTlON: We were sitting around, talking about Libya, and we were reading and became aware of reports that the State Department refused extra security for our embassy in Benghazi, Libya, prior to the attacks that killed four Americans. Who was it that denied enhanced security and why? OBAMA: Well, let me first of all talk about our diplomats, because they serve all around the world and do an incredible job in a very dangerous situation. And these aren't just representatives of the United States, they are my representatives. I send them there, oftentimes into harm's way. I know these folks and I know their families. So nobody is more concerned about their safety and security than I am. So as soon as we found out that the Benghazi consulate was being overrun, I was on the phone with my national security team and I gave them three instructions. Number one, beef up our security and procedures, not just in Libya, but at every embassy and consulate in the region. Number two, investigate exactly what happened, regardless of where the facts lead us, to make sure folks are held accountable and it doesn't happen again. And number three, we are going to find out who did this and we're going to hunt them down, because one of the things that I've said throughout my presidency is when folks mess with Americans, we go after them. OBAMA: Now Governor Romney had a very different response. While we were still dealing with our diplomats being threatened, Governor Romney put out a press release, trying to make political points, and that's not how a commander in chief operates. You don't turn national security into a political issue. Certainly not right when it's happening. And people — not everybody agrees with some of the decisions I've made. But when it comes to our national security, I mean what I say. I said I'd end the war in Libya — in — in Iraq, and I did. I said that we'd go after al-Qaeda and bin Laden, we have. I said we'd transition out of Afghanistan, and start making sure that Afghans are responsible for their own security, that's what I'm doing. And when it comes to this issue, when I say that we are going to find out exactly what happened, everybody will be held accountable. And I am ultimately responsible for what's taking place there because these are my folks, and I'm the one who has to greet those coffins when they come home. You know that I mean what I say. CROWLEY: Mr. President, I'm going to move us along. Governor? ROMNEY: Thank you Kerry for your question, it's an important one. And — and I — I think the president just said correctly that the buck does stop at his desk and — and he takes responsibility for — for that — for the failure in providing those security resources, and — and those terrible things may well happen from time to time. I — I'm — I feel very deeply sympathetic for the families of those who lost loved ones. And today there's a memorial service for one of those that was lost in this tragedy. We — we think of their families and care for them deeply. There were other issues associated with this — with this tragedy. There were many days that passed before we knew whether this was a spontaneous demonstration, or actually whether it was a terrorist attack. ROMNEY: And there was no demonstration involved. It was a terrorist attack and it took a long time for that to be told to the American people. Whether there was some misleading, or instead whether we just didn't know what happened, you have to ask yourself why didn't we know five days later when the ambassador to the United Nations went on TV to say that this was a demonstration. How could we have not known? But I find more troubling than this, that on — on the day following the assassination of the United States ambassador, the first time that's happened since 1979, when — when we have four Americans killed there, when apparently we didn't know what happened, that the president, the day after that happened, flies to Las Vegas for a political fund-raiser, then the next day to Colorado for another event, other political event. I think these — these actions taken by a president and a leader have symbolic significance and perhaps even material significance in that you'd hope that during that time we could call in the people who were actually eyewitnesses. We've read their accounts now about what happened. It was very clear this was not a demonstration. This was an attack by terrorists. And this calls into question the president's whole policy in the Middle East. Look what's happening in Syria, in Egypt, now in Libya. Consider the distance between ourselves and — and Israel, the president said that — that he was going to put daylight between us and Israel. We have Iran four years closer to a nuclear bomb. Syria — Syria's not just a tragedy of 30,000 civilians being killed by a military, but also a strategic — strategically significant player for America. The president's policies throughout the Middle East began with an apology tour and — and — and pursue a strategy of leading from behind, and this strategy is unraveling before our very eyes. CROWLEY: Because we're — we're closing in, I want to still get a lot of people in. I want to ask you something, Mr. President, and then have the governor just quickly. Your secretary of state, as I'm sure you know, has said that she takes full responsibility for the attack on the diplomatic mission in Benghazi. Does the buck stop with your secretary of state as far as what went on here? OBAMA: Secretary Clinton has done an extraordinary job. But she works for me. I'm the president and I'm always responsible, and that's why nobody's more interested in finding out exactly what happened than I do. The day after the attack, governor, I stood in the Rose Garden and I told the American people in the world that we are going to find out exactly what happened. That this was an act of terror and I also said that we're going to hunt down those who committed this crime. And then a few days later, I was there greeting the caskets coming into Andrews Air Force Base and grieving with the families. And the suggestion that anybody in my team, whether the Secretary of State, our U.N. Ambassador, anybody on my team would play politics or mislead when we've lost four of our own, governor, is offensive. That's not what we do. That's not what I do as president, that's not what I do as Commander in Chief. CROWLEY: Governor, if you want to... ROMNEY: Yes, I — I... CROWLEY: ... quickly to this please. ROMNEY: I — I think interesting the president just said something which — which is that on the day after the attack he went into the Rose Garden and said that this was an act of terror. OBAMA: That's what I said. ROMNEY: You said in the Rose Garden the day after the attack, it was an act of terror. It was not a spontaneous demonstration, is that what you're saying? OBAMA: Please proceed governor. ROMNEY: I want to make sure we get that for the record because it took the president 14 days before he called the attack in Benghazi an act of terror. OBAMA: Get the transcript. CROWLEY: It — it — it — he did in fact, sir. So let me — let me call it an act of terror... OBAMA: Can you say that a little louder, Candy? CROWLEY: He — he did call it an act of terror. It did as well take — it did as well take two weeks or so for the whole idea there being a riot out there about this tape to come out. You are correct about that. ROMNEY: This — the administration — the administration indicated this was a reaction to a video and was a spontaneous reaction. CROWLEY: It did. ROMNEY: It took them a long time to say this was a terrorist act by a terrorist group. And to suggest — am I incorrect in that regard, on Sunday, the — your secretary - OBAMA: Candy? ROMNEY: Excuse me. The ambassador of the United Nations went on the Sunday television shows and spoke about how - OBAMA: Candy, I'm - ROMNEY: — this was a spontaneous - CROWLEY: Mr. President, let me - OBAMA: I'm happy to have a longer conversation - CROWLEY: I know you - OBAMA: — about foreign policy. CROWLEY: Absolutely. But I want to — I want to move you on and also - OBAMA: OK. I'm happy to do that, too. CROWLEY: — the transcripts and - OBAMA: I just want to make sure that - CROWLEY: — figure out what we - OBAMA: — all of these wonderful folks are going to have a chance to get some of their questions answered. CROWLEY: Because what I — what I want to do, Mr. President, stand there a second, because I want to introduce you to Nina Gonzalez, who brought up a question that we hear a lot, both over the Internet and from this crowd. QUESTlON: President Obama, during the Democratic National Convention in 2008, you stated you wanted to keep AK-47s out of the hands of criminals. What has your administration done or planned to do to limit the availability of assault weapons? OBAMA: We're a nation that believes in the Second Amendment, and I believe in the Second Amendment. We've got a long tradition of hunting and sportsmen and people who want to make sure they can protect themselves. But there have been too many instances during the course of my presidency, where I've had to comfort families who have lost somebody. Most recently out in Aurora. You know, just a couple of weeks ago, actually, probably about a month, I saw a mother, who I had met at the bedside of her son, who had been shot in that theater. And her son had been shot through the head. And we spent some time, and we said a prayer and, remarkably, about two months later, this young man and his mom showed up, and he looked unbelievable, good as new. But there were a lot of families who didn't have that good fortune and whose sons or daughters or husbands didn't survive. So my belief is that, (A), we have to enforce the laws we've already got, make sure that we're keeping guns out of the hands of criminals, those who are mentally ill. We've done a much better job in terms of background checks, but we've got more to do when it comes to enforcement. But I also share your belief that weapons that were designed for soldiers in war theaters don't belong on our streets. And so what I'm trying to do is to get a broader conversation about how do we reduce the violence generally. Part of it is seeing if we can get an assault weapons ban reintroduced. But part of it is also looking at other sources of the violence. Because frankly, in my home town of Chicago, there's an awful lot of violence and they're not using AK-47s. They're using cheap hand guns. And so what can we do to intervene, to make sure that young people have opportunity; that our schools are working; that if there's violence on the streets, that working with faith groups and law enforcement, we can catch it before it gets out of control. And so what I want is a — is a comprehensive strategy. Part of it is seeing if we can get automatic weapons that kill folks in amazing numbers out of the hands of criminals and the mentally ill. But part of it is also going deeper and seeing if we can get into these communities and making sure we catch violent impulses before they occur. CROWLEY: Governor Romney, the question is about assault weapons, AK-47s. ROMNEY: Yeah, I'm not in favor of new pieces of legislation on — on guns and taking guns away or making certain guns illegal. We, of course, don't want to have automatic weapons, and that's already illegal in this country to have automatic weapons. What I believe is we have to do, as the president mentioned towards the end of his remarks there, which is to make enormous efforts to enforce the gun laws that we have, and to change the culture of violence that we have. And you ask how — how are we going to do that? And there are a number of things. He mentioned good schools. I totally agree. We were able to drive our schools to be number one in the nation in my state. And I believe if we do a better job in education, we'll — we'll give people the — the hope and opportunity they deserve and perhaps less violence from that. But let me mention another thing. And that is parents. We need moms and dads, helping to raise kids. Wherever possible the — the benefit of having two parents in the home, and that's not always possible. A lot of great single moms, single dads. But gosh to tell our kids that before they have babies, they ought to think about getting married to someone, that's a great idea. Because if there's a two parent family, the prospect of living in poverty goes down dramatically. The opportunities that the child will — will be able to achieve increase dramatically. So we can make changes in the way our culture works to help bring people away from violence and give them opportunity, and bring them in the American system. The — the greatest failure we've had with regards to — to gun violence in some respects is what — what is known as Fast and Furious. Which was a program under this administration, and how it worked exactly I think we don't know precisely, where thousands of automatic, and AK-47 type weapons were — were given to people that ultimately gave them to — to drug lords. They used those weapons against — against their own citizens and killed Americans with them. And this was a — this was a program of the government. For what purpose it was put in place, I can't imagine. But it's one of the great tragedies related to violence in our society which has occurred during this administration. Which I think the American people would like to understand fully, it's been investigated to a degree, but — but the administration has carried out executive privilege to prevent all of the information from coming out. I'd like to understand who it was that did this, what the idea was behind it, why it led to the violence, thousands of guns going to Mexican drug lords. OBAMA: Candy? CROWLEY: Governor, Governor, if I could, the question was about these assault weapons that once were once banned and are no longer banned. I know that you signed an assault weapons ban when you were in Massachusetts, obviously, with this question, you no longer do support that. Why is that, given the kind of violence that we see sometimes with these mass killings? Why is it that you have changed your mind? ROMNEY: Well, Candy, actually, in my state, the pro-gun folks and the anti-gun folks came together and put together a piece of legislation. And it's referred to as an assault weapon ban, but it had, at the signing of the bill, both the pro-gun and the anti-gun people came together, because it provided opportunities for both that both wanted. There were hunting opportunities, for instance, that haven't previously been available and so forth, so it was a mutually agreed- upon piece of legislation. That's what we need more of, Candy. What we have right now in Washington is a place that's gridlocked. CROWLEY: So I could — if you could get people to agree to it, you would be for it? ROMNEY: We have - OBAMA: Candy? ROMNEY: — we haven't had the leadership in Washington to work on a bipartisan basis. I was able to do that in my state and bring these two together. CROWLEY: Quickly, Mr. President. OBAMA: The — first of all, I think Governor Romney was for an assault weapons ban before he was against it. And he said that the reason he changed his mind was, in part, because he was seeking the endorsement of the National Rifle Association. So that's on the record. But I think that one area we agree on is the important of parents and the importance of schools, because I do believe that if our young people have opportunity, then they are less likely to engage in these kinds of violent acts. We're not going to eliminate everybody who is mentally disturbed and we have got to make sure they don't get weapons. (AUDlO GAP) OBAMA: because I do believe that if our young people have opportunity, then they're less likely to engage in these kind of violent acts. We're not going to eliminate everybody who is mentally disturbed, and we've got to make sure they don't get weapons. But we can make a difference in terms ensuring that every young person in America, regardless of where they come from, what they look like, have a chance to succeed. And, Candy, we haven't had a chance to talk about education much, but I think it is very important to understand that the reforms we've put in place, working with 46 governors around the country, are seeing schools that are some of the ones that are the toughest for kids starting to succeed. We're starting to see gains in math and science. When it comes to community colleges, we are setting up programs, including with Nassau Community College, to retrain workers, including young people who may have dropped out of school but now are getting another chance, training them for the jobs that exist right now. And in fact, employers are looking for skilled workers. And so we're matching them up. Giving them access to higher education. As I said, we have made sure that millions of young people are able to get an education that they weren't able to get before. Now... CROWLEY: Mr. President, I have to — I have to move you along here. You said you wanted to... (CROSSTALK) CROWLEY: We need to do it here. OBAMA: But — but it'll — it'll — it'll be... (CROSSTALK) OBAMA: ... just one second. CROWLEY: One... OBAMA: Because — because this is important. This is part of the choice in this election. When Governor Romney was asked whether teachers, hiring more teachers was important to growing our economy, Governor Romney said that doesn't grow our economy. When — when he was asked would class size... (CROSSTALK) CROWLEY: The question, Mr. President, was guns here, so I need to move us along. OBAMA: I understand. CROWLEY: You know, the question was guns. So let me — let me bring in another... OBAMA: But this will make a difference in terms of whether or not we can move this economy forward for these young people... CROWLEY: I understand. OBAMA: ... and reduce our violence. CROWLEY: OK. Thank you so much. I want to ask Carol Goldberg to stand up, because she gets to a question that both these men have been passionate about. It's for Governor Romney. QUESTlON: The outsourcing of American jobs overseas has taken a toll on our economy. What plans do you have to put back and keep jobs here in the United States? ROMNEY: Boy, great question and important question, because you're absolutely right. The place where we've seen manufacturing go has been China. China is now the largest manufacturer in the world. It used to be the United States of America. A lot of good people have lost jobs. A half a million manufacturing jobs have been lost in the last four years. That's total over the last four years. One of the reasons for that is that people think it's more attractive in some cases to go offshore than to stay here. We have made it less attractive for enterprises to stay here than to go offshore from time to time. What I will do as president is make sure it's more attractive to come to America again. This is the way we're going to create jobs in this country. It's not by trickle-down government, saying we're going to take more money from people and hire more government workers, raise more taxes, put in place more regulations. Trickle-down government has never worked here, has never worked anywhere. I want to make America the most attractive place in the world for entrepreneurs, for small business, for big business, to invest and grow in America. Now, we're going to have to make sure that as we trade with other nations that they play by the rules. And China hasn't. One of the reasons — or one of the ways they don't play by the rules is artificially holding down the value of their currency. Because if they put their currency down low, that means their prices on their goods are low. And that makes them advantageous in the marketplace. We lose sales. And manufacturers here in the U.S. making the same products can't compete. China has been a currency manipulator for years and years and years. And the president has a regular opportunity to label them as a currency manipulator, but refuses to do so. On day one, I will label China a currency manipulator, which will allow me as president to be able to put in place, if necessary, tariffs where I believe that they are taking unfair advantage of our manufacturers. So we're going to make sure that people we trade with around the world play by the rules. But let me — let me not just stop there. Don't forget, what's key to bringing back jobs here is not just finding someone else to punish, and I'm going to be strict with people who we trade with to make sure they — they follow the law and play by the rules, but it's also to make America the most attractive place in the world for businesses of all kinds. That's why I want to down the tax rates on small employers, big employers, so they want to be here. Canada's tax rate on companies is now 15 percent. Ours is 35 percent. So if you're starting a business, where would you rather start it? We have to be competitive if we're going to create more jobs here. Regulations have quadrupled. The rate of regulations quadrupled under this president. I talk to small businesses across the country. They say, "We feel like we're under attack from our own government." I want to make sure that regulators see their job as encouraging small business, not crushing it. And there's no question but that Obamacare has been an extraordinary deterrent to enterprises of all kinds hiring people. My priority is making sure that we get more people hired. If we have more people hired, if we get back manufacturing jobs, if we get back all kinds of jobs into this country, then you're going to see rising incomes again. The reason incomes are down is because unemployment is so high. I know what it takes to get this to happen, and my plan will do that, and one part of it is to make sure that we keep China playing by the rules. CROWLEY: Mr. President, two minutes here, because we are then going to go to our last question. OBAMA: OK. We need to create jobs here. And both Governor Romney and I agree actually that we should lower our corporate tax rate. It's too high. But there's a difference in terms of how we would do it. I want to close loopholes that allow companies to deduct expenses when they move to China; that allow them to profit offshore and not have to get taxed, so they have tax advantages offshore. All those changes in our tax code would make a difference. Now, Governor Romney actually wants to expand those tax breaks. One of his big ideas when it comes to corporate tax reform would be to say, if you invest overseas, you make profits overseas, you don't have to pay U.S. taxes. But, of course, if you're a small business or a mom-and-pop business or a big business starting up here, you've got to pay even the reduced rate that Governor Romney's talking about. And it's estimated that that will create 800,000 new jobs. The problem is they'll be in china. Or India. Or Germany. That's not the way we're going to create jobs here. The way we're going to create jobs here is not just to change our tax code, but also to double our exports. And we are on pace to double our exports, one of the commitments I made when I was president. That's creating tens of thousands of jobs all across the country. That's why we've kept on pushing trade deals, but trade deals that make sure that American workers and American businesses are getting a good deal. Now, Governor Romney talked about China, as I already indicated. In the private sector, Governor Romney's company invested in what were called pioneers of outsourcing. That's not my phrase. That's what reporters called it. And as far as currency manipulation, the currency has actually gone up 11 percent since I've been president because we have pushed them hard. And we've put unprecedented trade pressure on China. That's why exports have significantly increased under my presidency. That's going to help to create jobs here. CROWLEY: Mr. President, we have a really short time for a quick discussion here. iPad, the Macs, the iPhones, they are all manufactured in China. One of the major reasons is labor is so much cheaper here. How do you convince a great American company to bring that manufacturing back here? ROMNEY: The answer is very straightforward. We can compete with anyone in the world as long as the playing field is level. China's been cheating over the years. One by holding down the value of their currency. Number two, by stealing our intellectual property; our designs, our patents, our technology. There's even an Apple store in China that's a counterfeit Apple store, selling counterfeit goods. They hack into our computers. We will have to have people play on a fair basis, that's number one. Number two, we have to make America the most attractive place for entrepreneurs, for people who want to expand their business. That's what brings jobs in. The president's characterization of my tax plan... (CROSSTALK) ROMNEY: ...is completely...is completely... (CROSSTALK) ROMNEY: ...is completely false. Let me tell you... CROWLEY: Let me to go the president here because we really are running out of time. And the question is can we ever get — we can't get wages like that. It can't be sustained. OBAMA: Candy, there are some jobs that are not going to come back. Because they are low wage, low skill jobs. I want high wage, high skill jobs. That's why we have to emphasize manufacturing. That's why we have to invest in advanced manufacturing. That's why we've got to make sure that we've got the best science and research in the world. And when we talk about deficits, if we're adding to our deficit for tax cuts for folks who don't need them, and we're cutting investments in research and science that will create the next Apple, create the next new innovation that will sell products around the world, we will lose that race. If we're not training engineers to make sure that they are equipped here in this country. Then companies won't come here. Those investments are what's going to help to make sure that we continue to lead this world economy, not just next year, but 10 years from now, 50 years from now, 100 years from now. CROWLEY: Thanks Mr. President. (CROSSTALK) CROWLEY: Governor Romney? ROMNEY: Government does not create jobs. Government does not create jobs. CROWLEY: Governor Romney, I want to introduce you to Barry Green, because he's going to have the last question to you first? ROMNEY: Barry? Where is Barry? QUESTlON: Hi, Governor. I think this is a tough question. To each of you. What do you believe is the biggest misperception that the American people have about you as a man and a candidate? Using specific examples, can you take this opportunity to debunk that misperception and set us straight? ROMNEY: Thank you, and that's an opportunity for me, and I appreciate it. In the nature of a campaign, it seems that some campaigns are focused on attacking a person rather than prescribing their own future and the things they'd like to do. In the course of that, I think the president's campaign has tried to characterize me as — as someone who's very different than who I am. I care about 100 percent of the American people. I want 100 percent of the American people to have a bright and prosperous future. I care about our kids. I understand what it takes to make a bright and prosperous future for America again. I spent my life in the private sector, not in government. I'm a guy who wants to help with the experience I have, the American people. My — my passion probably flows from the fact that I believe in God. And I believe we're all children of the same God. I believe we have a responsibility to care for one another. I — I served as a missionary for my church. I served as a pastor in my congregation for about 10 years. I've sat across the table from people who were out of work and worked with them to try and find new work or to help them through tough times. I went to the Olympics when they were in trouble to try and get them on track. And as governor of my state, I was able to get 100 percent of my people insured, all my kids, about 98 percent of the adults. I was able also to get our schools ranked number one in the nation, so 100 percent of our kids would have a bright opportunity for a future. ROMNEY: I understand that I can get this country on track again. We don't have to settle for what we're going through. We don't have to settle for gasoline at four bucks. We don't have to settle for unemployment at a chronically high level. We don't have to settle for 47 million people on food stamps. We don't have to settle for 50 percent of kids coming out of college not able to get work. We don't have to settle for 23 million people struggling to find a good job. If I become president, I'll get America working again. I will get us on track to a balanced budget. The president hasn't. I will. I'll make sure we can reform Medicare and Social Security to preserve them for coming — coming generations. The president said he would. He didn't. CROWLEY: Governor... ROMNEY: I'll get our incomes up. And by the way, I've done these things. I served as governor and showed I could get them done. CROWLEY: Mr. President, last two minutes belong to you. OBAMA: Barry, I think a lot of this campaign, maybe over the last four years, has been devoted to this nation that I think government creates jobs, that that somehow is the answer. That's not what I believe. I believe that the free enterprise system is the greatest engine of prosperity the world's ever known. I believe in self-reliance and individual initiative and risk takers being rewarded. But I also believe that everybody should have a fair shot and everybody should do their fair share and everybody should play by the same rules, because that's how our economy's grown. That's how we built the world's greatest middle class. And — and that is part of what's at stake in this election. There's a fundamentally different vision about how we move our country forward. I believe Governor Romney is a good man. Loves his family, cares about his faith. But I also believe that when he said behind closed doors that 47 percent of the country considered themselves victims who refuse personal responsibility, think about who he was talking about. Folks on Social Security who've worked all their lives. Veterans who've sacrificed for this country. Students who are out there trying to hopefully advance their own dreams, but also this country's dreams. Soldiers who are overseas fighting for us right now. People who are working hard every day, paying payroll tax, gas taxes, but don't make enough income. And I want to fight for them. That's what I've been doing for the last four years. Because if they succeed, I believe the country succeeds. When my grandfather fought in World War II and he came back and he got a G.I. Bill and that allowed him to go to college, that wasn't a handout. That was something that advanced the entire country. And I want to make sure that the next generation has those same opportunities. That's why I'm asking for your vote and that's why I'm asking for another four years. CROWLEY: President Obama, Governor Romney, thank you for being here tonight. On that note we have come to an end of this town hall debate. Our thanks to the participants for their time and to the people of Hofstra University for their hospitality. The next and final debate takes place Monday night at Lynn (ph) University in Boca Raton, Florida. Don't forget to watch. Election Day is three weeks from today. Don't forget to vote. Good night. (APPLAUSE) END And here's my code, this implements Bayes rule. You take p0 a prior times a probability of seeing a positive test result and divided by the sum of the same plus the expression for not having cancer, which is the inverse prior and the inverse of this specificity is shown over here. When I plug in my reference numbers, the ones from over here, I indeed get 0.33333. So, this is the correct code and we can plug in our return numbers. It's fun if we give it a zero probability prior to have cancer and guess what, no matter what the test is, you still don't have cancer. That's the beauty of Bayes' rule, it takes the prior very seriously. Sims Constant Velocity Versus Constant Acceleration The simulation helps you to see the difference between constant acceleration and constant velocity. The upper ball moves with the same velocity all the time while the lower ball moves with constant acceleration. You can set the acceleration. The animal I really dig Above all others is the pig. Pigs are noble. Pigs are clever, Pigs are courteous. However, Now and then, to break this rule, One meets a pig who is a fool. What, for example, would you say If strolling through the woods one day, Right there in front of you you saw A pig who'd built his house of STRAW? The Wolf who saw it licked his lips, And said, 'That pig has had his chips.' 'Little pig, little pig, let me come in!' 'No, no, by the hairs on my chinny-chin-chin!' 'Then I'll huff and I'll puff and I'll blow your house in!' The little pig began to pray, But Wolfie blew his house away. He shouted, 'Bacon, pork and ham! Oh, what a lucky Wolf I am!' And though he ate the pig quite fast, He carefully kept the tail till last. Wolf wandered on, a trifle bloated. Surprise, surprise, for soon he noted Another little house for pigs, And this one had been built of TWlGS! 'Little pig, little pig, let me come in!' 'No, no, by the hairs on my chinny-chin-chin!' 'Then I'll huff and I'll puff and I'll blow your house in!' The Wolf said, 'Okay, here we go!' He then began to blow and blow. The little pig began to sqeal. He cried, 'Oh Wolf, you've had one meal! 'Why can't we talk and make a deal?' The Wolf replied, 'Not on your nelly!' And soon the pig was in his belly. 'Two juicy little pigs!' Wolf cried, 'But still I'm not quite satisfied! I know how full my tummy's bulging, 'But oh, how I adore indulging.' So creeping quietly as a mouse, The Wolf approached another house, A house which also had inside A little piggy trying to hide. But this one, Piggy Number Three, Was bright and brainy as could be. No straw for him, no twigs or sticks. This pig had built his house of BRlCKS. 'You'll not get me!' the Piggy cried. 'I'll blow you down!' the Wolf replied. 'You'll need,' Pig said, 'a lot of puff, And I don't think you've got enough.' Wolf huffed and puffed and blew and blew. The house stayed up as good as new. 'If I can't blow it down,' Wolf said, I'll have to blow it up instead. I'll come back in the dead of night And blow it up with dynamite!' Pig cried, 'You brute! I might have known! " Then, picking up the telephone, He dialed as quickly as he could The number of Red Riding Hood. 'Hello,' she said. 'Who's speaking? Some written in brimstone and sulfur for Congress-readable forms and all of it in plain text. All of it in plain language for everyone to read. And if he could not read enough words himself, his programs read and scraped and passed the rest. Aaron loved beautiful code. I think the only time I really ever pained him was when I'd said some program that he'd written and I'd looked at was unreadable. It turned out that it wasn't actually his code at all. He'd written some code that had, in turn, written that code. [laughter] And yet I think it still hurt, that somehow his own child had not inherited his own delicate sensitivities. Words fail me now, even though I have them written down here. I mean, try as hard as Aaron did, I don't think you could ever encode all of his experience in words, and I don't think that all of the relationships that he built between so many different peers and so many new people coming in could be ever expressed in any number of RDF triplets. I mean I can sort of try and convey the look Aaron's face when he played with my daughter Erin, nine. There were some pictures downstairs that you may have saw him. But you can't really convey that childish glee that most of us lose long before we begin we begin work on the semantic web at least. And I can't really describe to you the pain and frustration when Aaron so effectively demolished a defense I had of John Searle's Chinese room argument, that I actually threw down my knife and fork and stormed out of my own Christmas dinner. [laughter] Leaving, of course, the Turkey for Aaron to fail to eat. [laughter] There was always a sort of pleasure and ease in forgiving Aaron for those sort of arguments. And also, to watch him so easily forgive the rest of us. And I don't think any archive can hold those moments. But if I can share with you some code, if I can't share with you the code that made up Aaron, I can, I hope, share with you the code that Aaron believed could make more Aarons. Aaron became Aaron because of his unfettered access to information and the knowledge and sharing of his peers. He was very lucky in that respect. He had an incredibly loving family who supported him who would pay for him to fly out to meetings. He had a computer. He had all the privileges and benefits that being a young man in the United States of America in the end of the 20th century have. But he also had something new. He had a new advantage, which was that the gates of the construction of this technology that was beginning to share information, was beginning to open up, and he was one of the first, yes the youngest, but one of the first to take advantage of that and use his curiosity and his drive, even at that age, to nip into there and beginning sharing almost immediately with his peers. And if anything bound together all of Aaron's crusades, it was his belief that he was not alone in this. That he was not exceptional, and he believed he was not unique, and that there were more than him out there with his curiosity and talent. People say, when we talked about Aaron's work of taking the content of academic papers or the content of the US legal system and opening it up for anyone to use and see and crunch and peruse. You know, who really is this for? Who wants to know about the legal system, can't in some way ask a friend or a contact to get access to PACER? Who really has a craving for academic knowledge can't find somebody and sneak their way in to MlT or another institution and just get that information, or work to access it? And those people forget, they forget that if Aaron was a teenager in a million, that soon, very soon, as we continue the great work that we're indulged in here, that there will be six billion people that we will connect to the world information networks. And out of those six billion people there will 1.2 billion teenagers. And if my editors' statistics are correct-and he never understood statistics either, then there will be 1,200 Aarons out there, there are 1,200 Aarons out there right now who are as smart and engaged and as curious and as driver as Aaron was. But they simply don't have access to that information. There is no closed archives, no carefully guarded Ivory Tower, that can seat billions. But the open society, the open and world wide web, the free culture that Aaron worked for, is for all of those people. And if give them what they need, if we give them the knowledge to feed their curiosity and the care we must never forget they, that amazing sort of resource of future Aarons from Kabera, from Guangzhou or Asan. All of those people will come, and they will build the kind of things that Aaron was dreaming of. And so even though we've lost one Aaron, we do have a potential, by continuing his work, to find so many more. Aaron told me back in 2001 that one of the things that the web teaches us is that everything is connected, hyperlinks, and that we should all work together, standards. Too often school teaches us that everything is separate, and that we should all work alone. I think one of the many, many tragedies of the situation that we find ourselves in now is that, at least in some moment of Aaron's life, his belief that he was not alone failed him, and for a few moments he believed himself to be alone. And I'm sure, out there, there are many, many 14-year-old children who feel the same way. That they have that binding curiosity, that fascination and that urge to change the world. And that worry for a moment that it's just them. And there are no tools and no capabilities and no friends to help them continue in that path. I don't think it's ever too soon to begin working with the rest of the world, and I think we all need to stay together, and never, ever again leave our friends too alone. A boy's will is the wind's will, and the thoughts of youth are long, long thoughts. [applause] [silence] [Taren Stinebrickner-Kauffman] The night before Aaron died, he and I shared a grilled cheese sandwich. This was one of his favorite foods. As probably many of you know, there weren't many of those favorite foods. It was a really good grilled cheese sandwich. He was really happy about it. A week before he died, we woke up one morning, and he said, "We really need to talk about Bayesian statistics." I said, "Right now? It's Sunday morning. It's like 7: 00 AM. Can it wait?" He said, "No, it's really important." We spent the next couple of hours working through a naughty Bayesian statistics he'd already asked the Internet with no useful responses. I have the notes. We ended up with a naughty double integral that neither of us could solve, but if anybody here wants to help me with the solution, let me know. He was really excited the last couple of months. He was working on a drug policy research with a friend of his, Matt Stoller, for GiveWell, and he would read these articles, all the academic literature, talk to the experts. He got really into this one particular study about an intervention that had been tried in Hawaii for alcoholism. Control tests indicated that it got 90 percent of alcoholics dry in the first month, and he was so bubbling over with excitement about all of it. We went to Burlington, Vermont over New Years. He got the flu, but he came out and played Mafia one evening with the friends that we rented a house with. I was really surprised, because he didn't like playing games at all, but Ada, Danny's daughter, was there with us, and he really wanted to see what would happen if Ada was the Mafia. [laughs] Unfortunately, nobody selected Ada as the Mafia, which Ada was really annoyed about. [laughs] One of the things that I loved about Aaron was the sheer number, and variety, and multitude of wonderful, fascinating people who animated his life. I had the great privilege of sharing that life with him for the last 20 months, but I know that I only met a small fraction of the people whose lives he touched. That's why I came out here today, because I know that many of you were important to him, and I wanted to meet you, and I want you the stories like the stories I just told, because I think it's really important that his friends, his family, his colleagues, his admirers know that he had a lot to live for, and that he had a lot of happy moments in those last few weeks and months. I'm also here with another message. Aaron's death should radicalize us. The trial and the case hung over our entire relationship. We started dating a few weeks before he was indicted, a couple of months after he had been arrested. I met his parents for the first time at 12: 30 AM the night before the indictment, and spent five hours with him in the courthouse the next day. They didn't know I existed before that, so that was an interesting first meeting. [laughs] He hadn't told me what was going on when we first started dating. All I knew was that there was something bad happening in his life, and that I was a good distraction from it. He called it the "bad thing," and I had wild speculation about what it might be. My leading candidate theory at one point was that he was having an affair with Elizabeth Warren and was going to ruin her career. [laughter] He called me one night when I was at Frisbee practice in DC, and he was in Boston. He said, "The bad thing might be in the news tomorrow. Do you want to hear what it is from me, or do you want to read about it in the news?" I said, "I want to hear from you." He said, "Well, I've been arrested for downloading too many academic journal articles, and they're trying to make an example out of me," and I said, "Well, that doesn't actually sound like a very big deal." [laughs] He paused for a second and he said, "Yeah, I guess it's not like anybody has cancer." In the end, it kind of was like that. The only time I was ever really worried about him, before the last week, was when he was trying to decide whether to accept the plea bargain. The whole thing was so hard and so stressful, and he felt he carried so much of the weight of it on his own. He didn't want to involve any of his friends. He wanted to protect people, but he wasn't very good at protecting himself. I went to Boston with him last month in December for a hearing, and the judge granted another evidentiary hearing about whether evidence should be admitted, and the trial was delayed for another couple of months. He came out of the courtroom, and I tried to give him a hug, and he pushed me away. He said, "Not in front of Heymann. Not in front of Steve Heymann, the prosecutor." He said, "I don't want to show him that. I don't want to show him any vulnerability." I think Aaron made the wrong choice two weeks ago. I think the odds were decent at the trial, and I think, even if he hadn't won, that life still was worth living, but I think he woke up two years after this ordeal started, and I think he just couldn't face another day of the stress, the uncertainty, the lack of control over his own destiny. Aaron's death should radicalize us, and I mean that specifically about us, about you, if you're here in this room or if you're watching this online. Aaron died because of deep injustice in this world. Aaron loved to talk about the "5 Whys" of the Toyota management system, so I'm going to ask why. Why did Aaron die? Aaron died in part because we live in a system where the constitutional rights we've all come to believe in, through civic classes and through watching "Law & Order," don't actually apply in the real world. There's no right to a speedy trial. It had been two years since Aaron was arrested. We still didn't have all the evidence that the government...the government still hadn't turned over all of the evidence to us, that they were constitutionally required to do so. Why does that happen? In part, it's because the system is so clogged up with cases, and has so few human resources, it takes years for practically anybody who actually wants to go to trial to find out whether they're guilty from a jury of their peers. It takes them years because the system is so clogged up, and so under-resourced, with drug cases and with the senseless overcrowding of our criminal justice system. Prosecutors aren't used to going to trial. Last year, only three percent of all federal charges were taken to trial. Most of the rest were resolved in plea bargaining. Plea bargaining processes give prosecutors enormous amounts of power. Imagine being totally innocent of any crime and not having the resources that Aaron had at his disposal, and the networks, and the support. Many people feel they have no choice but to accept a plea bargain. They can't afford lawyers for two years. You could say, in some sense, that Aaron's death was caused by the war on drugs. He wasn't a victim directly, but he was a casualty at that war, that's aimed, actually, at quite different people from Aaron. Aaron's death should radicalize us. He died because of a prosecutor and a US attorney who had immense individual power over his life, and were more interested in making a high-profile example out of Aaron than in justice or in mercy. Why did they do it? In the case of the prosecutor, Steve Heymann, the best theory I can offer is that he's simply a vindictive old man who really doesn't like young, upstart whippersnappers, like Aaron, who are trying to save the world. Heymann's the kind of guy who wants to claim a notch on his belt and high-five other prosecutors at lunch, but we have to follow the "Whys." Why does this man have the power to ruin the life of someone like Aaron? We can trace the problem to tough-on-crime initiatives that have systematically transferred power from the hands of judges to prosecutors. We can trace it to punitive sentencing guidelines and ambiguous overreaching laws, like the CFAA, that give prosecutors the power to charge someone with decades in prison for a victimless crime. In the case of Carmen Ortiz, the US attorney who's Heymann's boss, Aaron's case was a stepping stone to higher political ambitions. Ortiz wanted to be a judge, or a governor, or a senator someday. She probably still wants to be. Unfortunately, in our society, one of the well-trodden paths to elected office is through the prosecutor's office. That means that from mayors' offices to congress, leaders are disproportionately people who've made their name in being tough on crime, the people who've spent the bulk of their career trying to lock people up. They're people whose job it is to be punitive and not just or merciful. That's how we end up with these kinds of laws to begin with. They're people who embody a legal system that locks up more than 25 percent of the prisoners in the world, and we have only three percent of the world's population. Why do we vote for these people? Why do we provide them with the incentives we do? Why do we, as a country, applaud and reward them, and build structures around them, as they lock up more than one-third of the black men in our country? Aaron's death should radicalize us because he's probably the first person that most people in this room have ever met who got swept up by this system, but there are literally millions of others whose lives are destroyed in this country, and Aaron would've been the last person who would want us to fetishize his experiences or to treat him as exceptional. In response to Aaron's death, I and his family are calling for five things. First, Steve Heymann and Carmen Ortiz must be held accountable. [applause] Second, MlT has lost its way, and it must find it again. MlT could've saved Aaron with a single public statement, and it refused. [applause] Third, all academic research from all time should be made openly accessible to anyone with an Internet connection. [applause] Fourth, we have to amend the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act to prevent prosecutors from these kinds of overreaches. [applause] Fifth, we have to reform a criminal justice system where we incarcerate millions of people, and prosecutors through the book at someone like Aaron, but not a single banker has gone to prison since the financial crisis. [applause] Aaron's death should radicalize us, but Aaron's life should also radicalize us in a very different way. One of Aaron's favorite shows was "Louie." There's an episode, and I'm going to do my best Louie impression, which probably isn't very good, the episode where Louie gives a little stand-up routine. "I drive an Infiniti. That's really evil. There are people who just starved to death. That's all they ever did. There are people who are born and go, 'I'm hungry.' Then they die, and that's all they ever got to do. Meanwhile, I'm driving in my car having a great time, and I sleep like a baby." "It's totally my fault, because I could trade my Infiniti in for any other car, and I'd get back like $20,000, and I could save hundreds of people from dying of starvation with that money, and every day, I don't do it. Every day, I make them die with my car." Aaron loved that routine, and he realized something when we watched it together. He realized that Louie copied this bit right out of Peter Singer. This is a Peter Singer essay as a comedy routine. Peter Singer was one of the Aaron's favorite philosophers, and he's a really uncomfortable philosopher. A lot of people don't like thinking about Peter Singer. Here's why. Let's say you knew you had the power to change a law that would save innocent people's lives, maybe stopping a carcinogen from polluting ground water near a town. Let's say you knew it would save 10 people's lives, and you chose to do something else instead, something that didn't have much bearing or impact on the world. Are you culpable? Peter Singer would say yes. Most of us studiously avoid answering that question, because the truth is, we're faced with questions like, "Should we trade in our Infiniti?" or, "Should we work on the carcinogen?" every day. It's really hard to live your life thinking about that, but Aaron's life should radicalize us. Aaron lived a Singerian life more than anyone else I've ever met. Aaron had money, we all know he could've had a lot more if he had tried, but he lived out of backpacks and he stayed on people's couches. Sometimes, I'll admit, it went a little too far, like the time we'd been dating for a few months, and we were meeting up in Boston, and it was his responsibility to find us a place to stay. He thought that an air mattress on his brother Noah's bathroom floor was perfectly sufficient, [laughs] but I respected him for it. He didn't buy an Infiniti. He didn't get a nice apartment. When he died, he left his estate primarily to GiveWell, probably the most Singerian of all charities, but living a life of personal austerity and charity isn't enough. Aaron felt responsible not just for the direct costs of his lifestyle, but for the opportunity costs. He felt responsible for the carcinogens he wasn't stopping. Here in Silicon Valley, the idea of changing the world is no mirage. You see examples all around you, every day, of people who changed the world, and Aaron was one of those people, but the question is, how are they changing the world? Facebook has changed the world, sure, but is the world better off because of Facebook? Even more importantly, if you're deciding whether to take a job at Facebook, is that the place in the world where you can do the most good? Aaron wanted to do the most good. He wanted to apply the Lean Startup framework to impact. He was learning and iterating. He thought we all needed to think both bigger and smaller. He said to a few of my friends once, "The revolution will be A/B tested." [laughter] That's what he was trying to do. I'm here to ask the hard questions today. If you're not already working to change the criminal justice system in the US, what are you working on? Is it more important than that? It might be. There are more important things. There are places where you can have more impact, but there are so many ways, so many things, that need to be changed about this world. Which one of them are you working on? Aaron's death should radicalize us, and his life should radicalize us. The fact is, we live in a world in which very few people we know pay the ultimate price for their political beliefs. We live in a world in which very few people we know even suffer serious life-altering consequences for their political beliefs, but we live in a runaway global political economy that's taking people's lives every day. Aaron wasn't trying to become a martyr when he downloaded those JSTOR articles, but he was taking a risk on behalf of the billions of people around the world who grew up without his privilege. More of us need to do that. There are so many ways to have impact, so many ways to help people. Aaron had an exchange with David Segal, who runs Demand Progress, the group that he founded, that many of you know from the SOPA fight. Aaron loved recounting this conversation. David called him one night, and said to Aaron, "Remember that year when we defeated SOPA, got indefinite detention ruled unconstitutional, and got both political parties to incorporate Internet freedom into their platforms at the conventions?" That was Aaron, David Segal, and a couple other people. They did all that in one year. Everybody here is capable of that kind of change. There are so many places in our world where that kind of change can happen, just from having somebody there, somebody paying attention, somebody pushing. If you're a programmer or technologist, like many of you in the audience today, you have special powers and special responsibilities. I went to a talk once that Aaron gave, where he spoke to maybe a couple dozen people, like the people in this room, to programmers who he was trying to convince to work in politics. He told them, "You can do magic." Aaron really could do magic, and I'm dedicated to making sure that his magic doesn't end with his death. I hope you'll join me. [applause] [Lisa Rein] I first met Aaron online on various W3C mailing lists for XML and RDF. He kind of came out of nowhere at the end of 2001, as far as I could tell. Aaron's comments were thoughtful and informative, and it became clear pretty quickly that he had a better understanding of markup languages and data modeling than a lot of others on the list, even some of the veterans. Aaron had a talent for simplifying things and getting to the heart of everyone's concerns. He was also rather politically disarming because he was, well, a kid, a kid with no ulterior motives except wanting to be included and taken seriously, as seriously as others. In April 2002, during the very early stages of the Creative Commons, I let Aaron know that we were having a technical meeting at Harvard that I wanted him to attend. That was it. I really wanted to include him in the whole project almost as equally as I was involved in the project. I told him this was happening for real, and with him included. It was then that he let me know that he was only 14 years old, and that I needed to give his mother a call so he could figure things out. [laughter] When I first insisted that Aaron attend this meeting, everybody, even Lawrence Lessig, at first thought that was really weird. "Do you need Aaron to do your job?" was a pretty popular question, and the answer was clearly, "Yes." I needed Aaron to make sure that our licensing markup was the absolute best that it could be. People were usually skeptical about Aaron and his abilities when they first found out he was only 14. But once they spoke to him for even a little while, he would always win them over. I knew if Lessig met him in person that that would be that, and it was. Aaron was growing up to become quite the technological statesman. So my strategy, in the spring of 2002, was to introduce Aaron to as many people as I could, and to introduce him to the right people. This included people from the EFF and the Internet Archive, mainly, and also included going to cool events like South By Southwest. In 2003, when he tried to get his own room in the cool hotel, right across from the venue, but ended up getting a room in the janky hotel down the road with me, where I could be his official adult supervision. [laughter] In October 2002, Aaron flew out to Washington, DC, to camp out in front of the Supreme Court with me and about eight other people. This was the night before Lawrence Lessig's oral argument in Eldred v. Ashcroft. This is the Eldred shirt from that. We were rather surprised that Aaron convinced his mother to let him go. But there he was, staying in the same bed and breakfast where I was staying. I told them he was sort of like my little brother, and that wasn't very far from the truth. He was a little brother that I ended up [crying] looking up to. EFF staff technologist Seth Schoen took over as Aaron's chaperone pretty quickly during that trip to Washington, DC. There was a moment at about one AM when Aaron asked if he could walk around the block with Seth. I thought they were kidding at first. Were they serious? Were they crazy? But then I realized it was one of those right-of-passage moments. Plus I realized he wouldn't be by himself, he was with Seth. I think at that moment I passed on the torch to Seth as Aaron's west coast guardian. But we always stayed in touch. His birthday was two days before mine, and he would remember my birthday almost every year, and would send me a nice little email wishing me a good next year. Thank you. [Seth Schoen] As Lisa was just recounting, I met Aaron at the Supreme Court in October of 2002, and we had gone to hear the oral argument in Eldred v. Ashcroft. Most of us non-lawyers had to spend the night sleeping in the street in line in front of the court in order to get a ticket. The line for the oral argument starts the night before. But even though Aaron was a teenager, he was Larry Lessig's personal guest at the argument. So since he had a ticket, he had the luxury of spending the night in a hotel, which his parents apparently really appreciated. But Aaron decided to spend most of the night and most of the morning before the argument hanging out with us at the encampment in front of the court. In part to show solidarity with the people who hadn't received a ticket, and in part for the thrill of meeting actual, grown-up copyright activists. [laughter] Aaron was truly star struck to meet people he thought of as legendary copyright reform activists. But within a decade, Aaron himself would be among the most effective grassroots copyright activists in the whole world. At that moment he was the little kid markup and metadata expert that Larry Lessig admired enough to give him a front row Supreme Court seat. And Aaron spent the evening with us as we ordered pizza, which he could actually eat, for delivery to the sidewalk outside the Supreme Court, which was apparently not a very unusual request for pizzerias in DC. [laughter] And all of us gossiped about copyright law for a couple of hours. I saw Aaron again in December. My friends Leonard and Sumana found a picture, he's visiting my house, and I come, like some people here, from a book family and I have a lot of books and we spent about three hours with Leonard and Sumana and Aaron and I just sitting on my bed sort of manually following hyperlinks between books. [laughter] "Oh, that book! Oh, well that's a reference to that book." Aaron was there because Larry Lessig was unveiling his Creative Commons project in San Francisco. And Lessig had invited Aaron, clad in a T-shirt, probably the youngest person in the entire hall, up on stage to talk about metadata. It was very awkward. Aaron was trying to describe why it was useful to be able to represent bibliographic information in a machine-readable format. And in fact Aaron was always trying to describe why it was useful to be able to represent bibliographic information in a machine-readable format. [laughter] The audience had had a few drinks, I think, and wasn't as focused as it might have been, and didn't really care to envision this beautiful feature in which search engines would make it easy for everyone to find works they could legally reuse and build upon. Which they now can, thanks to Aaron's work. But the audience didn't seem to get it. Lessig was very gracious and he basically said to the crowd, "See, our project is going to succeed and it's going to succeed because we have this genius creating our infrastructure." Aaron reminded me how frustrating it is to be curious about things that other people don't understand. Or that other people regard as trivial or bizarre. He wrote a blog post about a theory that one's degree of nearsightedness is affected by blood oxygen levels, and that it might be possible to use eye exercise to systematically reduce nearsightedness. "Aaron," he wrote, "was already experimenting on himself to see if it would work, and he said he wished he could meet a girl who wouldn't laugh at this project." Later, Aaron met Seth Roberts, a researcher who advocates self-experimentation as a way of generating potentially-useful wild ideas about health. Roberts and Aaron got along extremely well. I think that Roberts, like many other people, felt that Aaron naturally generated potentially useful wild ideas about absolutely everything. I visited Aaron in his dorm at Stanford a few years later. I was thrilled that he had the opportunity to study at such a great university. But Aaron was alienated from Stanford. He had few friends, and the students around him weren't curious about the things he was curious about. This wasn't the way his Stanford adventure was supposed to pan out. I helped him pack for his flight to Boston for his interview with Paul Graham, who was starting a fund to invest in young people just like Aaron. It want well. Aaron dropped out of Stanford and moved to Boston. In 2006, just after Condé Nast acquired reddit and just before they fired Aaron, Aaron and I were at a hacker conference together in Berlin. To Larry Lessig's chagrin, Aaron and Lessig had, at that time, fallen out of touch. Perhaps neither of them were deeply involved in the day-to-day work of Creative Commons, which had brought them together. Aaron had gone off to work in the startup world while simultaneously deepening his study of left-wind politics, macroeconomics, and sociology. Lessig and Aaron were both planning to tell America, as matter of some urgency, what had gone wrong with the American project, but they had slightly different diagnoses. Our friend and I took Aaron out to Wannsee, where Lessig was spending a year at the American Academy in Berlin. Lessig looked extraordinarily proud to see Aaron. Their meeting had, for me, the sense of an extraordinarily poignant reunion, as if they hadn't seen each other in 20 years. Of course they had actually seen each other a few months before. But my friend and I left the two of them alone for an hour or so, and I remember as we walked away, seeing Lessig and Aaron leaning a wall at the Wannsee train station, talking animatedly to each other. It reminded me of the scene at the climax of the German film "Goodbye Lenin!" where we can see but not hear the actors talking about incredibly urgent matters, and we have to imagine for ourselves what they must be saying to each other. And I thought, Lessig is so proud-his protégé is all grown up and he's come back to show his respect for his teacher. Aaron was a free speech absolutist's, free speech absolutist, an idealist's idealist, an activist's activist, and, I must say, a libertarian socialist's libertarian socialist. [laughter] His credo was that bits are not a bug, that come hell or high water we should celebrate, and not fear, people's ability to communicate to each other whatever they might choose to communicate, and the infrastructure that supports that ability. Aaron came of age a long time after the end of the cypherpunk movement. But he always seemed like a cypherpunk movement. But he always seemed like a cypherpunk and lived up to the notion that cypherpunks write code. He channeled all sorts of different idealisms of supposedly bygone eras. You would have thought he was too young to know about those idealisms. And he did it in a way that mixed intelligence, creativity, and humor. In the long run, Aaron felt that he was going to fix the world, mainly by clearly explaining it to people. [laughter] I believe Aaron grew up to be exactly the person that he would have been most astonished and excited to meet in the line in front of the Supreme Court. I've never known anyone else like him. [Peter Eckersley] So I know we have all been spending a lot of time thinking about Aaron and his life and what kind of person he was and what he did. And I know many of you in the room knew him, knew him well. Others probably never got to meet him in person, saw him on a mailing list or read his blog posts. And then now, trying to figure out what we've lost, who we've lost. And for me, you know I was lucky enough, I got to live with Aaron for a while, and we got to be good friends and work on things together. But I found I was always trying to figure out exactly who he was and what he was up to. Because he was such a complicated and contradictory human being, and he'd get you in these ways that you weren't expecting. Some of this was simple, obvious stuff. You know, I, look-he and I had met before, but we moved to San Francisco at the same time. I came here to work for the EFF. He was just in the process of selling reddit and going to Condé Nast and going through the messy divorce that he had with the other cofounders. And so I sent him an email and said, "Hey, I'm setting up a sharehouse. Like, do you want a place to live?" And he said yes. And so we had this rambling Victorian in this apartment building. And I said, "Oh, we've got all these open rooms we need to fill." And he's like, "Oh, there's this tiny little one in the corner, I'll take that." This room was the size of a-you know, it was a closet, basically. We were pretty sure he was the wealthiest person in the building. He'd just sold reddit, but he wanted this tiny little thing. And getting to know him was weird, like...I'd, I knew him, I knew his blog, I had met him before. But living with him, the first experience, he was so shy. Like, he'd just be there, and like, in his own little world, struggling to talk to people, until the conversation took the right turn. You'd say the right thing to him, and he would come alive, and he would come so alive. I remember Danny mentioned the Chinese room argument, but I remember the day that somehow I prodded him about that. And then for the next week, you know, like we were going at it. Like, I think he was totally wrong about the Chinese room argument, actually. I still do. [laughter] His position was crazy. He defended a crazy position very well, and I had to argue him into so many weird corners to get anywhere. I remember another scene, we had a film crew who showed up and stayed in our house and filmed this thing, "Steal This Film." You can go and see it on the Internet. You can see Aaron in it. They were a documentary crew talking about copyright and trying to film these takes in the middle of the night. You know, our cramped little living room, and everyone was kind of drunk and there was chaos and I remember some of us were struggling to say anything coherent to a camera. But someone pointed a camera at Aaron and he caught fire. Like, he just...he taught me how to, like, speak to a room or speak to a television or whatever it was. He just had a message that he'd simplified out of the ether and could deliver. And that was the same skill he turned to politics and to so much else that he did in his intellectual life, and it was beautiful to watch. And he paired that with this...you know, honestly, he had a flare for self-promotion. There wouldn't be hundreds of people in this room and hundreds of people in all the rooms for all the memorials that he's had in different cities, and millions of people reading about him, if he didn't have some little talent at getting the things he was doing out to the world in a way that people would notice. People noticed his 16-year-old self. His 14-year-old self. But he wasn't just a giant ego who kind of was out there promoting himself because he thought he was awesome. He actually...The one thing he failed to care about, often, was taking care of himself. And I remember, like, living with him and trying to get him to eat and...He wouldn't... He had medical things that he was struggling with, and I said, "Aaron, you know, like, how does this work, like let's talk about it. Surely you've read the research on this condition. Like, we can go through what's been tried...And he said, "No, I haven't read any of it." Like, "I don't know anything about it." And I said, "Aaron! You devour books! Like, I can see you devouring books, you've read five this week. Like, you have a stack of academic journal articles by your bed. We're talking about half of them. Why haven't you read anything about this condition that is making your own life harder?" And he just said, "Well, I don't think I'm that important. The world's important," like... Watching that happen was hard. You struggle to take care of him. He also had these days that were down. I mean, I guess it was a down day in the end that got him. In between the days when he was doing amazing amounts of stuff. You all know how much he did. He was too young to possible have done a third of the things he managed, and who knows what he would have achieved with another 50 years. But in-between those days, there'd be days when he was just blue. I remember I caught him on one of those and said, "Aaron, this is amazing stuff. We can go and do it right now." And he just said, "No, the code, it's all terrible, it's ugly, it's broken." I'm like, "OK, let's do some science." And he'd say, "No, the data doesn't work, it sucks, it's too hard." And I said, "Surely, there must be something that you'd be doing. That really would feel right." And he stopped for a while and said, "Yes, actually. Typography." [laughter] I could do typography. Anyway, so he was contradictory. You never knew exactly what to make of him. He was brilliant and sometimes and infuriating and wrong. Like, the Chinese room argument. [laughter] But then sometimes...I guess I'm talking about paradoxes in Aaron. Sometimes he was infuriating and wrong and brilliant at the same time. And I have one story about a paradox. He and I were talking about moral philosophy, ethical philosophy. We were both interested in these ideas, the [inaudible 00: 49:23] ideas of...actually, we have a responsibility to find the thing that we can do that makes the most difference to the universe, to the world, and makes it better, whatever that means. But I had just read a paper about a paradox showing that actually, if you write down all of our most compelling intuitions about what it is for the world to be good, so that we can know how to make it better. You write them all down, you can actually mathematically prove it's a recent result, 10 years old by a Swedish philosopher. Our deepest intuitions about this are flatly contradictory. It's a 'paradox. There is actually no completely coherent definition of what makes the world better. And Aaron just looked at me and said, "That's completely wrong." Like, "Actually, no, it's this, this and this." And I said, "Aaron, you're arguing with a mathematical theorem. I have a proof of it right here. You're not pointing out any flaws in the logic in this paper." And he said, "No, no, it's like..." Then I stopped and I stared at him for a while and I said, "I'm not sure you're right, but actually maybe we can find a way out of this theorem." It's not an impossibility theorem, it's not a paradox. Actually, maybe it's more like an uncertainty theorem. We can rehabilitate it as a kind of Heisenberg's uncertainty principle for morality. You can't be completely sure about what's right. But you can actually pin the amount of uncertainty down to minimum and still get the right answers to obvious moral dilemmas. So he and I actually sat down and wrote a paper about this which we still haven't published. I now actually have a...this is a thing I promised to Aaron's ghost. I'm going to finish that paper and maybe people will read it. But he was paradoxical and yet he got so much done, did so many amazing things at the same time. There's a lot more I want to say and there are a lot of things that we all need to do. Because Aaron's loss reminded us or pointed out that they needed to be done. Some of them are things that matter a lot to this community here in this room. We need to free the literature, the scientific literature, that Aaron died trying to free. And we also need to figure out what we can do to fix the insane criminal justice system in the United States. [applause] But I've said enough for tonight, and there other people who will take up these threads. [Tim O'Reilly] I've been asked how I as a publisher who has an online service that puts content behind a paywall could possibly be a support of Aaron Schwartz, this guy who downloads content from services like that. And my answer is that we're trying to invent the future, and the future does not look like the past. And the future is uncovered by struggle to figure out what works and what doesn't work. And the people who figure that out are people to whom we owe an enormous debt. I was trying to think of, you know, past experiences with Aaron. When I first met him, he came to our Foo Camp and our Etech Conferences. But what I decided to share with you is a poem that I read as part of a talk that I gave at our Etech Conference in 2008. And I checked, and just to refresh memory, Aaron was there. The poem was part of a talk entitled, "Why I Love Hackers." And I started out with a picture of some berries, some poisonous ones and some ones that were good to eat. And I said, "Somewhere way back in time, somebody had the courage to figure out which of these things were good to eat." And I talked about people wanting to fly, and how it was this crazy dream, and eventually, we figured it out, and lots of other stories from the history of hacking. And then I ended with a poem, which seems singularly appropriate for Aaron because it's about both the courage to try to do what hasn't been done, to change the world, but also how hard that is, and the challenge of it. It's a poem called "The Man Watching," by Rainer Maria Rilke, in translation by Robert Bly. He said, "I can tell by the way the trees beat, after so many dull days on my worried window panes, that a storm is coming, and I hear the far-off fields say things. I can't bear without a friend. I can't love without a sister." "The storm, the shifter of shapes, drives on across the woods and across time, and the world looks as if it had no age. The landscape, like a line in the psalm book, is seriousness and weight and eternity." "What we choose to fight is so tiny. What fights us is so great. If only we would let ourselves be dominated, as things do, by some immense storm. We would become strong too, and not need names." "When we win, it's with small things, and the triumph itself makes us small. What is extraordinary and eternal does not want to be bent by us. I mean, the angel who appeared to the wrestlers of the Old Testament. When the wrestler's sinews grew long like metal strings, he felt them under his fingers like chords of deep music." "Whoever was beaten by this angel, who often simply declined the fight, went away proud, and strengthened, and great from that harsh hand, that needed him as if to change his shape. Winning does not tempt that man. This is how he grows, by being defeated, decisively, by constantly greater beings." I don't know whether Aaron was defeated or victorious, but we are certainly shaped by the hand of the things that he wrestled with. [applause] [Molly Shaffer Van Houweling] I didn't know Aaron quite as well as many who have been so generous in sharing their memories. But as a member of the board of directors of Creative Commons, I am honored to be here to convey CC's grief, our gratitude, and our commitment to continuing to work toward the world of openness and sharing that Aaron worked to architect for all of us. Many of you recently helped us celebrate the tenth birth of Creative Commons, commemorating the launch in December, 2002 of our first suite of open content licenses at the party that Seth described. But of course there was a gestation period before the birth of CC and that's when I met Aaron thanks to Lisa. I think he was 15 when I met him, but appeared to be about 11. As most of you know, Creative Commons is a steward of a set of public content licenses. They have licensed deeds and legal code and RDF metadata that is designed to make the license human-readable and lawyer-readable and machine-readable. That's the beauty of the CC vision. But it's also a challenge. It's a challenge to find any one person who can really wrap their heads around and talk about this idea. A person who understands humans and lawyers and machines. So when Lisa and I first described CC at the O'Reilly Emerging Technology Conference in May, 2002, we needed some help. Speaking for myself, I was human and I was a lawyer, but I didn't read or speak machine. So the idea of explaining what CC would have to do with HTML, XML, RDF, and the W3C terrified me. So I gave a presentation in which I said some boring things about law and some vague things about metadata. Lisa gave a demonstration that I think was more exciting. But when the complicated questions from the audience started, we handed the mic down to little Aaron. With some trepidation...I'd just met the kid-but it was an act from me of pure desperation. I couldn't answer those questions about RDF, and I figured, well, at least he's adorable. [laughter] Of course, I found Aaron's notes on the presentation still online this afternoon. They read almost like poetry. "We did the Creative Commons intro in the morning. Lisa forgot the VGA dongle for her iBook, so I donated mine instead. Whole thing seemed to go over pretty well. I answered a couple of questions at the end." I think Aaron answered all of the questions, and I was wrong to be nervous about it. Of course he could answer the questions and delight the audience, not with his adorableness, not only that, with his vision and with his ability to communicate it to all of us. We were finally hearing from someone who could explain to humans, and even to lawyers, how to harness the power of machines to overcome unnecessary limits on sharing. Aaron's vision, more powerful than I could explain or even comprehend, how to harness the power of machines to overcome unnecessary limits on sharing. It was a vision Aaron pursued for CC, but far beyond CC as well, as many of you can attest better than I, but Aaron was not a machine, and he was not a lawyer. He was a human, and tragically mortal, but his vision was not. The answers he gave to our questions were not. He shared them, and so we still have them, and the people in this room are dedicated to sharing them forward, and to making the machines for sharing them forward work better and better, and to making the law for sharing them forward work better and better. I want to end with something else that Aaron shared. It's just a casual email to a W3C list from August 2002. To me, it captures his brilliance, his gift for communicating, his vision of sharing, and his generous spirit. "Hi there. If you haven't already heard, Creative Commons is a new nonprofit organization working to make it easier for copyright holders to share their work by dedicating to the public domain, or licensing it to the public on generous terms. As part of that effort, we've been working hard to develop our licenses and metadata strategy over the past few months." "When we launch our site, we want to not only give our users licenses, but also a sample of RDF that they can add to their web page. We're hoping that by spreading these chunks of RDF around the web, we'll provide a useful base that interesting projects and applications can exploit. For more information, please check out our website." "We'd appreciate your comments, thoughts, and code. Please send them to the cc-metadata mailing list. We'll be monitoring the list and responding to your questions. Thanks. Aaron." "We'll be monitoring the list and responding to your questions." I hope that, somehow, Aaron is monitoring this list. [applause] I hope we return to his words and his vision to help answer our questions, and that we share those answers with our fellow humans. To Aaron, thank you. Thank you for sharing. [applause] [Alex Stamos] Unlike a lot of the people here, I didn't know Aaron. I never met him, didn't speak to him on the phone, never even got to exchange emails with him, which, ironically, is why I'm here. The fact that I didn't know him is the reason why I was going to be the person that was put forth to objectively explain to the jury of what Aaron did, and I think I was able to hold onto that objectivity until the last week and a half, and per Teran's comments, I've perhaps become much more radical than I was before, which you can tell, because I'm wearing my radical tie today. [laughter] What we were going to do is...I was objectively going to go in front of that jury, and explain to them that these horrible hacking crimes that Aaron was accused of is functionally the same as putting in the incorrect email address to an airport WiFi, or going down the street to Starbucks to change your IP address. Dan Purcell was going to get up there and grill MlT and JSTOR witnesses, and talk to them about how this kind of thing happens dozens and dozens of times a year at MlT, and yet Aaron is the first person to ever have the Secret Service get involved. That JSTOR witness was going to talk about how, "Oh, there wasn't really any damage. We were a little ticked off, but this isn't a big deal for us, and we don't want this to happen." Then Elliot Peters was going to get up and give this fiery defense attorney speech, pounding the table, and pointing to Boston Harbor, and invoking the American Revolution, and the spirit of freedom, and how Aaron lives up to the greatest ideals in our founding documents. Then Aaron's future was going to be in the hands of 12 normal people, I mean, normal people who couldn't get out of jury duty, but hopefully people who, I think, would have had the sense to understand that there is a huge chasm between the way Aaron was being portrayed by the government and the young man who was sitting there at that table. I had faith in them, and we're not going to get that chance to do all those things, and we can't help Aaron anymore, but I think we, and by "we," I mean everybody who is listening to this, we can help the next Aaron, and we didn't have to wait very long for the next Aaron. The next Aaron is the Chinese-American man who is accused of stealing source code from a hedge fund, and is being prosecuted under the Espionage Act. The next Aaron is the Canadian student who was expelled from his university for pointing out security flaws to the university in their software that exposed his personal information. The next Aaron is going to be that young lady whose DEFCON speech is interrupted by the clink of handcuffs, or that grandfather who is mystified by the demand for $50,000 to pay for copyright violations, because his next door neighbor uses open WiFi to do a little BitTorrent. Those are the next Aarons, and those are the people we can help. One of the reasons, I think we really to need help them is, while I think all of us feel gratified about the outpouring of love and care, and the feeling of momentum that has come out of the last week and a half. We also have to be really aware that we want, that when people face the same kind of odds that Aaron faced, many of them without Aaron's resources, that we want them not to think Aaron's final moments of weakness and doubt to be the kind of thing that they need to do to bring about change. There are two things we need to do for that. One... [applause] One, we need to give those people as much as much support as Aaron was able to give. Those people don't know Larry Lessig. They don't hang out with MlT professors, yet they need the kind of support that Aaron was able to muster. One of the things I realized through this whole thing is we never considered computer science to be the kind of thing that is a profession that changes lives, and something this has demonstrated is that being able to make an argument of whether a MAC address is just something that you use to keep collisions from happening on a network, it is not equivalent to the serial number on a gun. Making that argument is the kind of thing that can mean spending decades in prison. There are other professions that are life-changing, medicine and law, and in those professions, people have an idea about equal access and helping people, and that doesn't happen in reality, but at least they try. There's an idea that everybody has a defense lawyer. There's an idea that you can go and get treated by a doctor, and they have an ethical obligation to you. I think those of us in the computer world need to see, via Aaron's tragedy, that we have the same kind of obligation. [applause] The second thing we all need to do is when we are up here speaking, or we're commenting on Reddit, or Hacker News, or talking to people about Aaron, while we talk about the positive change that is going to come out of his death, we have to make it clear that all of those positive things pale in comparison to what he would've done had he lived. [applause] That's an important part of the message, because we don't want those young people to think that their only way out is to sacrifice themselves, that they deserve to live too, and that they have people who are standing behind them. Thank you. [applause] [Cindy Cohn] Good evening. Thank you everybody. We're all starting with how we met Aaron. I think I met Aaron before this, but my first real memory of him is on the steps of the United States Supreme Court on the night before the Eldred argument in 2002. I remember thinking, "Does your mother know you're here?" I recently found his account of that night, and it reminded me of how very young he was, how excited he was to be at the court, and yet, his understanding of the nuances of the Copyright Term Extension Act were better than mine at that time. I also realized that by having our first...or least, the first I'd met, really, Fanboy, that we were building a movement. Since the early morning of January 12th, when I learned that Aaron had passed away, I feel like I've had a little Aaron on my shoulder, reminding me that we are still part of a movement, and demanding that we push forward, push further, and that the tragedy of his death be parts of the roots of something good and something better. I don't think Aaron named his organization Demand Progress by accident. At EFF, we feel this intensely, and I think we feel it in two directions. First, we feel the need to continue his work, opening access to publicly funded and public domain information for all people, so that you don't have to be in an ivory tower to learn. [applause] The second, though, is the one that I've spent most of my time on for the last few weeks, and that was number four on Taren's list, which is trying to fix the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act. EFF has a draft of some modest fixes that would reduce the ability of prosecutors to use the CFAA, and similar computer laws, to ratchet up threats on people like Aaron. It's on our website. It's on Reddit. Representative Zoe Lofgren, as many of you know, had led the way, and remains willing to help, but we have to create the space for real change, not not-real change, and that remains to be done. Her initial proposals are not sufficient. We have a lot of work to do to get this where it will be, but we need to ensure that what happened to Aaron never happens to another bright, idealistic, geeky kid who wants to make the world a better place, and if we can't do it in Congress, then we need to do it in the courts, but we need your help. In fact, we need the help of everyone you all know. We need to marshal the same sort of support for this fight that we were able to marshal with SOPA about SOPA and PlPA, and maybe even more, since this involves not just Hollywood, but federal power, and we won't have Aaron. I was hesitant to make this bold pitch at Aaron's memorial, but honestly, I don't think Aaron would've forgiven me if I didn't. We can't help Aaron directly anymore, but we can help the next Aaron, and the one after that, and all of us who would be the beneficiaries of what those next Aarons will create for us, and the knowledge that they will make available to all the rest of us and all the people around the world. I think we built the movement that I first saw by seeing the little fanboy, Aaron Swartz, in 2002, so now, let's use it. [applause] [Brewster Kahle] Wow. I learned from Aaron what living an open source life was like. I think he really live that way. He floated and helped others. He gave everything away. He really wasn't tied to an institution. He really was not a company man in any sense. He was really quite pure in his motivations, and it made him incredibly effective of cutting through a lot of the stuff that most of us deal with, an open source life. He was able to keep his self-interests at bay, which is kind of remarkable for a lot of us, but he was able to do it, and he was able to communicate well with an open smile and a kind heart. He had a way of spending time, and his energy, on things that mattered, and he had a genius at finding things that mattered to millions of people. There are lots of things to work on, but the things that he worked on were incredibly effective. We first met, I think, in 2002, at the Eldred Supreme Court case in Washington, DC, when we drove a bookmobile across, celebrating the public domain by giving away books that kids made, and also, then, at the Creative Commons launch. I really got to know Aaron when he said, "I'd really like to help make the Open Library website with the Internet Archive, to go and give books, and integrate books into the Internet itself." He said, "I've got this cool technology called Infogami. It made possible to make Reddit happen. Let's use it again for this other thing." It was wonderful to work with him, but it was really unlike working with anybody else I've ever met. You certainly couldn't tell him what to do. He just did what was the right thing to do, and he was right, certainly, a lot more often than I was. We worked together in other areas when he was a champion of open access, especially of the public domain, bringing public access to the public domain. Most people think that's kind of an obvious thing. "Isn't the public thing mean that it's publicly accessible?" Of course, all of us are like, "No." It's sort of like there are these national parks with moats, and walls, and guns, and turrets pointing out in case somebody might want to come near the public domain, and Aaron didn't think this was right, and he spent a lot of time and effort freeing these materials. One of the first ones that we were actively working together on was freeing government court cases, so that anybody could see this without having to have special privilege or money, and also, to make it so you could data mine it, and go and look at these things in a very different way. He freed and liberated a lot of court cases from the PACER system, and uploaded them in-bulk to the Internet Archive, so that people could have access to these. There are now four million documents from 800,000 cases that have been used by six million people because of the project that Aaron Swartz and others helped start. [applause] It was an interesting project because it went over many different organizations, each playing a role, and all cooperating in a very non-corporate way. It was a very Aaron style way of making things happen, and the idea of making court documents and legal documents available more easily struck a chord with me, because in college, I was trying to figure out how I was going to try to get out of the draft. My college didn't have a legal collection, and the only way I could try to get to legal court documents was to get an ID from my professor and break into the Harvard Law Library to go and read court documents. [applause] That sucked. It really makes no sense, and Aaron not only saw that it doesn't make sense, he decided he was going to try to help solve this, not just for himself, but for everyone. Then there were other public domain collections, like the Google Books collection. Google Books was a library project to go and digitize lots and lots of books. A lot of them were public domain. Google would make them available from their website, but really, really painfully. It would make it so that if you wanted one book, you could get one book. If you wanted 100 books, they'd turn off your IP address forever. This is no way to have public access to the public domain. The Internet Archive started getting these uploads of Google Books, going faster, and faster, and faster. It was like, "Well, where are these coming from?" Well, it turns out, it's Aaron. He and a bunch of friends figured out that they could go and get a bunch of computers to go slowly enough to just clock through tons of Google Books and upload them to the Internet Archive. Interestingly, Google never got upset about it. The libraries, on the other hand, grumbled. Anyway, they'll get over it. [laughter] When this started happening, we said, "OK, what's going on? Should we be concerned?" "No, it's public domain. We just made sure that we got the cataloging data right, and we linked back to Google, so that if you're on the book, you can go back to the original page and see..." It all worked well, but there was Aaron doing it again, bringing public access to the public domain. What is crushing to me is that Aaron got ensnared by the Federal Government for doing something that the Internet Archive actively encourages others to do for our collections, and we think all libraries should encourage, which is bulk downloading to support data mining and other research using computers. This is just the way the world works. [applause] The first step is, for a computer to read and analyze materials, to download a set of documents. When Aaron did this from one library, JSTOR, they strongly objected, and demanded that MlT find and stop that user, which then led US prosecutors to pull out their worst techniques. Did anybody stop to ask if bulk downloading is a crime? I say, "No." Bulk downloading is not in itself a crime. Let's stop this practice of discouraging bulk downloading because there are encouraging projects that are learning amazing new things by having computers be part of the research process. Let's not stop this, and discourage young people from coming up with new and different ways to make access, to learn things from our libraries. What resulted, in this case, was tragic and not necessary. Really, what we want is computers to be able to read. Aaron knew this, we were all building this, and he got ensnared anyway. Let's let our computers read. Because of this tragedy, JSTOR, I talked to this morning, and the Internet Archive have agreed to meet to discuss the broad issue of data mining and web crawling. I hope that we really make progress. At least there are reasons to be positive. This assault on Aaron would disillusion, discourage, and depress a principled young man, and if there ever was a principled young man, it was Aaron Swartz. We miss you, and we will carry on your important work. [applause] [Carl Malamud] Do not. Do not think for a moment. Do not think for a moment, that Aaron's work on JSTOR was a random act of a lone hacker, some kind of crazy, spur-of-the-moment bulk download. JSTOR had long come in for withering criticism from the net. Larry Lessig called JSTOR a moral outrage in a talk, and I suppose I have to confess he was quoting me, and we weren't the only ones fanning those flames. Sequestering knowledge behind pay walls, making scientific journals, only available to a few kids fortunate enough to be at fancy universities, and charging $20 an article for the remaining 99 percent of us, was a festering wound. It offended many people. It embarrassed many who wrote those articles, that their work had become somebody's profit margin, a members-only country club of knowledge. Many of us helped fan those flames, and many of us feel guilty today for fanning those flames, but JSTOR was just one of many battles. They tried to paint Aaron as some kind of lone wolf hacker, a young terrorist who went on a crazy IP killing spree that caused $92 million in damages, but Aaron wasn't a lone wolf. He was part of an army, and I had the honor of serving with him for a decade. You've heard many things about his remarkable life, but I want to focus tonight on just one. Aaron was part of an army of citizens that believes democracy only works when a citizenry are informed, and we know about our rights and our obligations, an army that believes we must make justice and knowledge available to all, not just the well-born, or those that have grabbed the reins of power, so that we may govern ourselves more wisely. He was part of an army of citizens that rejects kings and generals and believes in rough consensus and running code. [applause] We worked together on a dozen government databases. When we worked o something, the decisions weren't rash. Our work often took months, sometimes years, sometimes a decade, and Aaron Swartz did not get his proper serving of decades. We looked at and poked at the US copyright database for a long time. It was a system so old it was still running [inaudible 01: 25:25] . [laughter] The government had, believe it or not, asserted copyright on the copyright database. Now how you copyright a database that is specifically called out in the United States Constitution is beyond me. But we knew we were playing with fire by violating their terms of use. So we were careful. We grabbed that data and it was used to feed the Open Library here at the Internet Archive, and it was used to feed Google Books, and we got a letter from the Copyright Office waving copyright on that copyright database. But before we did that, we had to talk to many lawyers and worry about the government hauling us in for malicious, pre-meditated bulk downloading. [laughter] These were not random acts of aggression. We worked on databases to make them better, to make our democracy work better, to help our government. We were not criminals. When we brought in 20 million pages of US District Court documents from behind their eight-cent-per-page PACER paywall, we found those public filings infested with privacy violations. Names of minor children, names of informants, medical records, mental health records, financial records, and tens of thousands of Social Security numbers. We were whistleblowers, and we sent our results to the chief judges of 31 District Courts. And those judges were shocked and dismayed, and then redacted those documents, and they yelled at the lawyers that filed them, and the Judicial Conference changed their privacy rules. [applause] But you know what the bureaucrats did? You know what the bureaucrats did who ran the Administrative Office of the United States Courts? To them, weren't citizens that made public data better. We were thieves that took $1.6 million of their property. So they called the FBl. They said they were hacked by criminals, an organized gang that was imperiling their $120 million per year revenue stream selling public government documents. The FBI sat outside Aaron's house. They called him up, and tried to sucker him into meeting them without his lawyer. The FBI sat two armed agents down in an interrogation room with me to get to the bottom of this alleged conspiracy. But we weren't criminals! We were only citizens. We did nothing wrong. They found nothing wrong. We did our duty as citizens and the government investigation had nothing to show for it but a waste of a whole lot of time and money. If you want a chilling effect, sit somebody down with a couple FBI agents for a while and see how quickly their blood runs cold. There are people who face danger every day to protect us, police officers, and firefighters, and emergency workers, and I am grateful and amazed by what they do, but the work that people like Aaron and I did, slinging DVDs and running shell scripts on public materials, should not be a dangerous profession. We weren't criminals, but there were crimes committed, crimes against the very idea of justice. When the US attorney told Aaron he had to plead guilty to 13 felonies for attempting to propagate knowledge before she'd even consider a deal, that was an abuse of power, a misuse of the criminal justice system. [applause] That was a crime against justice, and that US attorney does not act alone. She is part of a posse intent on protecting property, not people. All over the United States, those without access to means don't have access to justice, and face these abuses of power every day. It was a crime against learning when a nonprofit corporation like JSTOR charged with advancing knowledge, turned a download, that caused no harm and no damage, into a $92 million federal case, and the JSTOR corporate monopoly on knowledge is not alone. All over the United States, corporations have staked their fences on the field of education, for-profited colleges that steal from our veterans, nonprofit standard bodies that ration public safety codes while paying million dollar salaries, multinational conglomerates that measure the work of scientific papers and legal materials by their gross margins. [applause] In the JSTOR case, was the overly aggressive posture of the department of justice, prosecutors, and law enforcement officials revenge, because they were embarrassed that, in their view at least, we somehow got away with something in the PACER incident? Was the merciless JSTOR prosecution the revenge of embarrassed bureaucrats because they looked stupid in the "New York Times," because the United States Senate called them on the carpet? We will probably never know the answer to that question, but it sure looks like they destroyed a young man's life in a petty abuse of power. This was not a criminal matter. Aaron was not a criminal. If you think you own something, and I think that thing is public, I'm more than happy to meet you in a court of law, and if you're right, I'll take my lumps if I've wronged you, but when we turn armed agents of the law on citizens trying to increase access to knowledge, we've broken the rule of law. We've desecrated the temple of justice. Aaron Swartz was not a criminal. [applause] Aaron Swartz was a citizen, and he was a brave soldier in a war which continues today, a war in which corrupt and venal profiteers try to steal, and horde, and starve our public domain for their own private gain. When people try to restrict access to the law, or they try to collect tolls on the road to knowledge, or deny education to those without means, those people are the ones who should not face a stern gaze of an outraged public prosecutor. What the Department of Justice put Aaron through for trying to make our world better is the same thing they can put you through. Our army isn't one lone wolf. It is thousands of citizens, many of you in this room, who are fighting for justice and knowledge. I say we are an army, and I use the word with cause, because we face people who want to imprison us for downloading a database to take a closer look. We face people who believe they can tell us what we can read and what we can say. But when I see our army, I see an army that creates instead of destroys. I see the army of Mahatma Gandhi walking peacefully to the sea to make salt for the people. I see the army of Martin Luther King walking peacefully but with determination to Washington to demand their rights. Because change does not roll in on the wheels of inevitability, it comes through continuous struggle. [applause] When I see our army, I see an army that creates new opportunities for the poor. An army that makes our society more just and more fair. An army that makes knowledge universal. When I see our army, I see the people who have created the Wikipedia and the Internet Archive, the people who coded GNU and Apache and BlND and Linux, I see the people who made the EFF and the Creative Commons. I see the people who created our Internet as a gift to the world. When I see our army, I see Aaron Schwartz, and my heart is broken. We've truly lost one of our better angels. I wish we could change the past, but we cannot. But we can change the future and we must. We must do so for Aaron. We must do so for ourselves. We must do so to make our world a better place, a more humane place, a place where justice works and access to knowledge becomes a human right. Thank you. [applause] toby games highlights ahh come get it , comon baby wheeeew look at you look at you i'm dead, i'm dead omg i'm actually dead oh no this is bad this is bad um i probabily not quick save it, i should run, don't kill me dont kill be please, you don't understand , it's so hard living my life please,nooooo omg, omg, i did it i'm a god haha, i thought i was dead so much i let go of the mouse and leaned back to relax myself hahahahaha ahhaa I, am awesome hothothothothot toby games Hi, my name is Katie and this is my blog. I absolutely love to be in the kitchen. Sometimes cooking and sometimes baking, both things i learned from my mama. I adore spending my Sundays surrounded by cookbooks; reading and paring recipes to make my weekly menu. Since my profession has never been in the culinary field you'll often find my performing random acts of baking for the people in my life. On this blog I plan to document my culinary endeavors, give tips, share recipes and post pictures to show off my food. Come visit me at adashofthat.tumbler.com Your job is now to change the standard Euler's method, which we provided here for you, into the symplectic Euler's method and then take a look at the long-term behavior of energy. I love theater. I love the idea that you can transform, become somebody else and look at life with a completely new perspective. I love the idea that people will sit in one room for a couple of hours and listen. The idea that in that room at that moment, everyone, regardless of their age, their gender, their race, their color, their religion, comes together. At that moment, we transcend space and time together. Theater awakens our senses and opens the door to our imagination. And our ability to imagine is what makes us explorers. Our ability to imagine makes us inventors and creators and unique. I was commissioned in 2003 to create an original show, and began developing "Upwake." "Upwake" tells the story of Zero, a modern-day business man, going to work with his life in a suitcase, stuck between dream and reality and not able to decipher the two. I wanted "Upwake" to have the same audiovisual qualities as a movie would. And I wanted to let my imagination run wild. So I began drawing the story that was moving in my head. If Antoine de Saint-Exupery, the author of "The Little Prince," were here, he would have drawn three holes inside that box and told you your sheep was inside. Because, if you look closely enough, things will begin to appear. This is not a box; these are the renderings of my imagination from head to paper to screen to life. In "Upwake" buildings wear suits, Zero tap dances on a giant keyboard, clones himself with a scanner, tames and whips the computer mice, sails away into dreamscape from a single piece of paper and launches into space. I wanted to create environments that moved and morphed like an illusionist. Go from one world to another in a second. I wanted to have humor, beauty, simplicity and complexity and use metaphors to suggest ideas. At the beginning of the show, for example, Zero deejays dream and reality. Technology is an instrument that allowed me to manifest my visions in high definition, live, on stage. So today, I would like to talk to you about the relationship between theater and technology. Let's start with technology. (Fuse blowing) All right. Let's start with theater. (Laughter) (Buzzing) (Click, click, bang) (Laughter) (Applause) Thank you. "Upwake" lasts 52 minutes and 54 seconds. I project 3D animation on all the four surfaces of the stage which I interact with. The use of animation and projection was a process of discovery. I didn't use it as a special effect, but as a partner on stage. There are no special effects in "Upwake," no artifice. It's as lavish and intricate as it is simple and minimal. Three hundred and forty-four frames, four and a half years and commissions later, what started as a one person show became a collaborative work of nineteen most talented artists. And here are some excerpts. (Applause) Thank you. So this is, relatively, a new show that we're now beginning to tour. And in Austin, Texas, I was asked to give small demonstrations in schools during the afternoon. When I arrived at one of the schools, I certainly did not expect this: Six hundred kids, packed in a gymnasium, waiting. I was a little nervous performing without animation, costume -- really -- and make-up. But the teachers came to me afterward and told me they hadn't seen the kids that attentive. And I think the reason why is that I was able to use their language and their reality in order to transport them into another. Something happened along the way. Zero became a person and not just a character in a play. Zero does not speak, is neither man nor woman. Zero is Zero, a little hero of the 21st Century, and Zero can touch so many more people than I possibly could. It's as much about bringing new disciplines inside this box as it is about taking theater out of its box. As a street performer, I have learned that everybody wants to connect. And that usually, if you're a bit extraordinary, if you're not exactly of human appearance, then people will feel inclined to participate and to feel out loud. It's as though you made something resonate within them. It's as though the mystery of the person they're interacting with and connecting allows them to be themselves just a bit more. Because through your mask, they let theirs go. Being human is an art form. I know theater can improve the quality of people's lives, and I know theater can heal. I've worked as a doctor clown in a hospital for two years. I have seen sick kids and sad parents and doctors be lifted and transported in moments of pure joy. I know theater unites us. Zero wants to engage the generation of today and tomorrow, tell various stories through different mediums. Comic books. Quantum physics video games. And Zero wants to go to the moon. In 2007, Zero launched a green campaign, suggesting his friends and fans to turn off their electricity every Sunday from 7:53 to 8:00 p.m. The idea is simple, basic. It's not original, but it's important, and it's important to participate. There is a revolution. It's a human and technological revolution. It's motion and emotion. It's information. It's visual. It's musical. It's sensorial. It's conceptual. It's universal. It's beyond words and numbers. It's happening. The natural progression of science and art finding each other to better touch and define the human experience. There is a revolution in the way that we think, in the way that we share, and the way that we express our stories, our evolution. This is a time of communication, connection and creative collaboration. Charlie Chaplin innovated motion pictures and told stories through music, silence, humor and poetry. He was social, and his character, The Tramp, spoke to millions. He gave entertainment, pleasure and relief to so many human beings when they needed it the most. We are not here to question the possible; we are here to challenge the impossible. In the science of today, we become artists. In the art of today, we become scientists. We design our world. We invent possibilities. We teach, touch and move. It is now that we can use the diversity of our talents to create intelligent, meaningful and extraordinary work. It's now. (Ringing) Thank you. (Applause) I can't take all the credit-had a bit of help. Oh Jim Moriarty sends his love. Yes, he's been in touch. Seems desperate for my attention. Which I'm sure can be arranged. I had all this stuff, never knew what to do with it. Thank god for the consulting criminal. Gave me a lot of advice about how to play the Holmes boys. Know what he calls you? The Ice-man. And the virgin. Well done, VERY well done..! Dong Yi's personal seal was used to arrange for the boat. On top of which the King saw Dong Yi helping the guild guy. It's over for her, count on it. Being the marshal's daughter is enough. We can have her removed. No, it's not enough. The King is conducting an inspection. And so..? And so we have to get her out of the palace. So the King can see for himself. Something he cannot deny, something he'll never forget. What now, Sire? Can a king in good conscience grant pardon to your little Dong Yi? Gaedola... Gaedola, stay with us... A little more... Gaedola... Dong Yi. So Consort Chun knows him? Yes, she does. Since childhood, I think. That's it? What else do you know? Nothin'! I was told to find Chief Seo and Chunsu. I was I to know she'd... I don't know nothin' about nothin'. My lady, what will happen to her? She won't be tried, right? Right? No, sir. I'll go to the palace. Stand aside. I'm to blame. Sir. I advised her to hide her past. I won't let her suffer for what I've done. Sir. Have you forgotten already? She entrusted you with the prince's safety. I can't protect him, not now. But you can. Chunsu. Please, reconsider. I know how hard this is for you. But you've got to do it. Sir. You recognize this seal? It was used to arrange for a royal boat. Is that true? Ah, of course, there's no reason why not. Why shouldn't the King's favored consort arrange for a pleasure craft? Even if it is late at night, rushing not from the palace, but from a courtesan house. Why was that exactly? To escape with the guild leader, perhaps? You're the viceroy of this station? I am. You weren't surprised to see me at the courtesan house, dressed like this. And you're still not, are you? Because you knew all along. I could tell you if your guesses are right. But I won't. Not until I speak with the King. Now, now, Your Grace-- Not to deny anything. You'll have your answers, don't worry. After I see the King. This life is not an easy one... I've made enemies... powerful enemies... Put those I love in danger... But the one thing that has haunted me my entire life... ...is finding the truth about my parents. You're a wanted man, Peter Parker. Don't believe what the police are saying, do you? My dad has 500 officers looking for you. 500? Seems a bit excessive! Whoa! If you're gonna steal cars don't dress like a car thief! You found my weakness... ...it's small knives! Who are you? Tell us a little bit about yourself Mr. Parker. What did your father do? I never really knew my parents, they left when I was very young. Peter, someday you'll understand. Did you tell the boy about his father?! Dr. Connors? I'm Richard Parker's son. If you want the truth about your parents, Peter... Come and get it! Ready to play God? 'There's been a biological attack on New York City' Secrets have a cost. I gotta stop him. Do you think what happened to you was an accident? Have you any idea... ...what you really are? Peter! . [meditative formulas constantly repeated] (Richard Dawkins narrating) Science has sent orbiters to neptune eradicated small-pocks and created a super-computer that can do sixty trillion calculations per second. Science frees us from superstition and dogma and enables us to base our knowledge on evidence... ... well, most us. Previously, I've explored, how organized faith and primitive religious values ?blight? our lives. - You take the women and dress them like whores on the street. - I don't dress women, they dress themselves! ???, but you allow it as a norm. The ?fault? line runs deeper even than religion. There are two ways of looking at the world: Through faith and superstition or through the rigors of logic, observation and evidence... through reason. Yet today, reason has a battle on its hands. I want to confront the epidemic of irrational superstitious thinking. - Would you understand somebody on the spirit side with the name Charles? - I believe that I give ??? - You really believe it? Seriously believe it? - I believe absolutely 100% that it's true because it has been proven to me... ... against my rationality. It's a multi-million pound industry, that impoverishes our culture. - Astrology means to word the devine and sacred words, which I know you don't like very much. And throws up new-age gurus, who ??? us to run away from reality. - The tree-ness is the spiritual quality. - Or the rock-ness? - Or the rock-ness! As a scientist, I don't think our indulgence of irrational superstition is harmless. I beleive it profoundly undermines civilisation. Resaon and the respect for evidence are the source of our progress, are safeguard against fundamentalists and those, who profit from obscuring the truth. We live in dangerous times when superstition is gaining graounds and rational science is under attack. On this program i want to take on "the enemies of reason". (the enemies of reason) (slaves to superstition) 300 years ago in the age of enlightenment scienentist and philosophers from galileo to david hume had the courage to stand up for intelectual principles and reason the rational science they pioneered has given us tangible benefits: Everything from antibiotics to electricity, ???age systems to sat-navs; and it's not just material progress: increased life-expectancy, health and leasure provided by modern medicine and industrial technology have given more people more time than ever before to educate themselves, express their creativity and ponder existence. And yet, into this better world that reason has built primitive darkness is coming back the disturbing ?pick-n-mix? of superstitions Where better to start my journey than a new-age fair? - Hello, what sort of readings do you do? - All kinds, I do the tarot and also the crystal ball; this is George. - Hello, what can you do for me? - We can take ??? ??? - Alright, I'd like that. What do I have to do? Just sit on the throne there? - Just take a seat please. - Shall I take my glasses off? - You have got ??? spirit gates around you. 'cause I think there's something in your life changing. this is about you as well being more confortable with yourself I can confirm now that 3872 PSAC members in ten federal deparments received notices today saying they could lose their jobs Today's workforce adjustment notices bring the total number of affected PSAC members since the federal budget to 11,957 in 40 federal government departments and agencies And we are astounded by how quickly and mercilessly this government is moving to put people out of work and cut the services Canadians across the country rely on. Près de 4 000 précisement 3 872 membres de l'AFPC dans 10 ministères du gouvernement fédéral ont reçu des lettres les avisant qu'lls pouvaient perdre leurs emplois Au total en date d'aujourd'hui 11 957 membres de l'AFPC ont reçu des lettres leur avisant qu'lls pouvaient perdre leurs emplois dans 40 ministères et agences du gouvernment fédéral Nous sommes éstomaché de voir la vitesse et la rudesse avec lequel ce gouvernment met les gens en chômage et détruit les services sur lesquels les Canadiens comptent. Ce gouvernement démontre clairement que son soi-disant budgét pour les emplois et la croissance économique en est un de coupures d'emplois et de déstruction des services publiques. The government isn't telling us how they plan to adjust. What's clear is that Canadians can expect fewer services and shorter seasons at national parks and historic sites. How can this government say on the one hand that it's all about jobs and prosperity and on the other hand they're cutting the very jobs and services that help Canadians find work or to transition between jobs. The intent of the employer is to shorten the season and shorten the days of the canals and waterways. This will have a devastating effect not only on our members but also on local business along the canals and the waterways and tourism They are eliminating the second level of the inmate grievance process. That takes an already dangerous working environment Takes away the official channel - one level for the inmates to complain. And we all know for anyone that's spent time in an institution. When inmates complain and don't get listened to we have problems in our sights. Roger Smith from CTV - you've got a convention here we've got a majority government on Parliament Hill What is it you can do to resist this? Or try to mobilize more public support to counter these cuts? John Gordon: we have a majority government we know that they can pass the budget and go on with these cuts Our job is to make sure they don't get away with closing things down quietly and when they come up for election in 2015 everybody's forgotten. Our job is to make sure we're in the face of these politicians in their communities every day and every oppportunity we get to remind them of the decisions they're making. (music) Voiceover: The earliest glass vessels are core formed. Created by gathering molten glass around a solid core. To make the core a mixture of dung, clay, sand and water is kneaded together to the consistency of bread dough. This is formed in the shape of the inside of the object to be made. Then attached to one end of a metal rod. (music) After drying, the core is given it's final shape by trimming and filing. Anklets of glass are melted in a crucible within a furnace. The core is coated with the molten glass. Turning the rod ensures an even coating. Decorative threads of different colored glasses are added by trailing. After reheating the glass, the threads are combed or raked. with a pointed tool. (music) Pincers are used to form the neck and the rim. Suspension loops are made by adding a small bit of glass to the side of the vessel. Then manipulating it again with the pincers. (music) After completion of the glassworking, the rod is removed by giving it a sharp blow. Once the vessel has been cooled slowly, the core material can be scraped out, leaving behind the vessel cavity. (music) We're going to start with differential equations. And our objective is to solve normally systems that have come from biological, physical and engineering applications. And a lot of them are governed by differential equations or partial differential equations. And so our objective is to solve all these, or learn techniques to solve these things. Okay? So, in some sense, the most abstract representation or some representation of such dynamics might be written in some form like this. This is going to be where we're going to start and figure out how to solve such an equation. What this says is I have some quantity y that evolved in time. Maybe with some complicated function f. So here is the right-hand side of this function. I'm interested in what happens in y as a function of time. Okay? Now, y could be a whole bunch of different things. You could have meteorolog, I should pick easy, meteorological data. It's early in the morning, still I, you know, the tongue isn't quite loosened up. You could have something like heat flow, you could have populations of species, you could do almost any kind of thing where things are changing in time. And part of what you would like to do as a scientist, right, is you would like to say, I'd like to learn how to solve this so I can make a prediction. Like make models for my system. And I want to make predicted powers. And what you also need in this system is to say, not only do I want to see how this forward, evolves forward in time, I have to start, to be able to answer that question, I need a starting point. I need to say, and my system is initialized at, at, is, is specified at some point in time. So, you might say I have some initial condition like this. All right so there you go. We're predicting time and evolution. You take a differential equation. You say I want to, I want to understand how this thing evolves, given that I know the state of the system at a given time. So the question is, how do you go about solving that? Okay? So what we're going to start with is in fact, so numerics is interesting because if you, if you take a look closely at, it you're going to basically go back to freshman year of college, let's say, or even high school where you started learning calculus. And the whole point of calculus was what? You started understanding this idea, that if I take differences in times of things, and I take that difference and smaller, smaller, smaller and, and I go to the limit where it's infinitesimally small, I get this thing called a derivative. Well, the first thing we're going to do in solving equations, is say forget what you know about calculus. Cuz in fact, calculus creates a problem for you cuz there's a divide by zero. Let me show this divide by zero and what we're going to do with it. Okay. So let's talk about this. Here's the problem. Dy dt. And let's go back to what the definition of a derivative actually is. Here it is. All right. Dytt is equal to the limit if delta t goes to zero of, I'm going to represent like this, some delta y, delta t. Some small change in y, small change in t. So we learned this, like, from a slope formula. Okay? And the idea was, hey, there's this process by which, delta t goes to zero, and we have this quantity, what we call the derivative. An instantaneous, rate of change. Okay? Now, here's the problem with the computer. You say, I'd like to calculate a derivative. But, it goes like well okay, so first of all this is hard for it to think about doing, taking things to be infinitesimally small, what, what the computer does is add, subtracts, multiply, divides. That's it. Okay? And so let's talk about dividing. You're telling it to divide by zero. Now, truth be told, really you're not dividing by zero you're dividing zero over zero but in such a way that it makes sense right? This is, remember L'Hopital's Rule? Right? This is like you get these 0s over 0s that didn't make sense so you had to go make sense of it. Well the computer just goes look, I have a zero divide by zero problem here and you gave me junk, so I'm going to give you an NaN back. Not a number. Okay? So, there's a problem there. And so, instead, this is a little extreme. Delta t goes to zero. Why don't we just say small? Right? Everybody okay with that? For a little bit of a cheat, it's not quite right. But, if delta t is small, not zero, maybe everybody will be okay with that. And so what we're going to do is going to say, how about if instead I just say, well, you know, I'm going to say that, what I want to do is say, instead of thinking about dy dt is equal to this Got a couple Grand Theft Auto 5 updates for you. Developer Rockstar has posted a new tease related to The Epsilon Program. In a blog post, Rockstar writes that "The Epsilon Program does not exist in just one time or place. We invite you to visit one of our enlightenment centers." The post also teases that "directions will be provided in one week's time." The Epsilon Program's official site originally launched back in 2004 along with Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas and re-surfaced last summer. The program's Twitter page repeatedly uses the hashtag #KlFFLOM. In the GTA universe, KlFFLOM is the fictional religion followed by the Epsilon Program cult. There are 12 tenets of KlFFLOM, such as number 1 "The world is 157 years old" and number 4 "We all come from the same tree." It's a pretty obvious parody of Scientology. Grand Theft Auto is obviously well known for such social commentary. References to The Epsilon Program are made in San Andreas, Vice City Stories, and GTA 4. In other GTA 5 news, a fan in Mexico City has spotted the set of a live-action Grand Theft Auto V commercial. Photos provided by Marco Donjuan show off various car accidents and destruction as part of the shoot. Donjuan told Polygon, quote: "Once I parked my car, I went out to ask about it, [and] one of the staff members told me it was an ad for Grand Theft Auto 5." We've reached out to Rockstar for more info on both of these developments. As soon as we know more we'll let you know right here at IGN. ALL change, pLease. Train terminates here. ALL change. Are you taLking to me? - Yeah. It's the Last stop. - Am I bothered? - Pardon? - Am I bothered, though? - This is the Last stop. - Am I bothered? I said you have to get off. Look, Love, I'm not gonna argue with you. What did you caLL me? Did you caLL me Love? I ain't your Love, though. Are you disrespecting me? This is the Last stop. Do you understand? - Get off or I'LL caLL the poLice. - Am I bothered? Do I Look bothered? - I'm not arguing with you. - Does my face Look bothered? - This train's going nowhere. - Is my face bothered? - This is the Last stop and you have to get off. - I ain't bothered. - Oh, Mummy, how did it go Last night? - Oh, darLing, aren't you sweet to ask me that? - Was it a triumph? Was it steLLar? - You know Mummy always teLls the truth. Of course. We have no secrets. Because I want you to grow up to be brave LittLe soLdiers, I'm going to be honest with you and teLL you that...that Last night, Mummy aLmost ran out of extra virgin oLive oiL. DarLing, teLL aLL! It was horrific. We were having guests for supper. I opened the cupboard and I was down to the Last four bottLes. - Mummy, you're shaking. - I just couLd not cope. The reaLity is so different to anything you can imagine. It just compLetely fLoored me. - We had no idea. - Are you OK taLking about this? Oh, yes, I'm fine, darLing. ReaLly, I'm fine. I got through it. I had to get through it. I had bruschetta in the Aga, oLives marinading in the Larder, sea bass on the griddLe. - I needed another Litre for drizzLing aLone. - What did you do? I knew I had to get heLp, and somewhere in the chaos and the despair, I... I suddenly felt this surge of strength and caLm rise within me. - How amazing. - It was, actuaLly. I had the presence of mind to phone Daddy, and thank God I did. He was fantastic. He said, " I can buy some from the shop on my way home. " And he did. - Did he reaLly? - He did, yeah. He absoLutely did. Just Like that. He came in Like a knight in shining armour and saved my Life. " Cometh the hour, cometh the man. " He was fantastic. I shudder to think what I'd have done without him. What if he'd been driving through a tunneL and Lost his signaL? - You'd have had to drive to the shops yourselt. - Shh. Come on. Don't Let's upset ourselves. Gosh, it reaLly does put everything into perspective, doesn't it? - (SLURPS) - Agh! - Ahem. - Agh! For goodness' sake! - (SNORTS) - Agh! MichaeL, honestly! I thought we moved to the country for a bit of peace and quiet! - What are you thinking, ma'am? - I'm thinking, " How about this? " Suppose, just for the sake of argument, that the buLLet didn't enter the body? But it did, ma'am. He's dead, and it's because of the buLLet going straight through his heart. I know that, but for the sake of argument, Let's say the buLLet did not enter the body. - That wouLd mean Stevens was stiLL aLive. - Exactly. If there was no buLLet, Stevens wouLd stiLL be very much aLive. But he's not, ma'am. He's dead. I know that, Whittaker, but just suppose there was no buLLet. What wouLd that mean? WeLL, it wouLd mean that Stevens wouLd stiLL be aLive and we wouLdn't be here investigating his murder. Exactly. I'm not sure where you're going with this, ma'am. - Shoot me with the murder weapon, Whittaker. - What? Take this and shoot me in the heart. - Um... - Just do it. It'LL be perfectly OK. I just need to be certain that a buLLet in the heart is enough to kiLL someone. I think... I'm sure it wiLL kiLL you, ma'am. - Just squeeze the trigger. - I reaLly don't want to kiLL you, ma'am. How do you know you'LL kiLL me? This is a .44 Magnum, and I'm standing a foot away from you. Oh, Whittaker, Whittaker! Just when I thought you were making progress. - Did you go to the café today? - Yeah. - Did you see Donna? - I've not toLd you, have I? - What? - I didn't see her today. - You didn't see Donna? Why not? - She didn't turn up. - She didn't turn up? - No. - What do you mean, no? - She weren't there. - Where was she? - I dunno. - What did you do? - I've waited. Yeah, you'd have to wait. - I'm sitting there... - Did she turn up? - No. - And you're waiting for her? - I'm waiting for her. I'm sitting there. - On your own? - I'm on me own, ain't I? - No! - Yeah! That's what I'm teLLing ya. - Stop it! - I am sitting there on me own, waiting for her. - And she's stiLL not turned up? She's stiLL not turned up, and I'm sitting there waiting for her on me own Like a nutter. Don't make me Laugh! - I can't beLieve it! - Was Vicky working? - She's seen me waLk in. - So she's been watching you. - Yeah, she's been cLocking me the whoLe time. - How funny! - She's seen me Look round for Donna. - She knows Donna's not there. - She knows Donna's not there. - She's Letting you Look round. - She has Let me carry on. - I bet she was Laughing, weren't she? - She was in fits. - What did you Look Like? I dunno. - (LAUGHlNG) - So what's happened? - I've ordered me Lunch. - You'd have to, wouLdn't ya? I've ordered me tuna mayo baguette and cappuccino. I wanted a Rocky Road Crunch, but I'd had some Snack-a-Jacks. I thought, " Don't take Liberties. " - Here we go (!) - I know, but that ain't it. - I've Looked down. What have they given me? - What? - What am I Looking at? - What have they done? They have presented me with a cheese and sundried tomato panini and a frappuccino. Me sandwich is hot, me coffee's coLd, she stiLL ain't turned up - what is my Life Like? (LAUGHlNG) Who served ya? - Gino. He's out of controL! - I'd Love to have seen that. I said to Vicky, " PauL wiLL Love this! " It's Like a fiLm sometimes, your Life, innit? D'you know, that is exactly right. (LAUGHlNG) - Right, that's SteLLa. - That'LL be yours. - And a pint of Armstrong's. - Oh! Perfection. - Mmm. - Oh! There's only one thing better - than a pint of reaL aLe. - Two pints. OraL sex. I was only joking. Right, Bunty, Love. We've got your award here. Before we send it to the engraver's, we need you to approve the inscription. " Presented to commemorate 25 years of unfaiLing service to the Doncaster Spinners, " Bunty CarmichaeL, a major majorette. " Oh, Geoff, it's beautifuL. It's more than beautifuL. - It's Lovely. - You've had a Long run with the Spinners. It's only fair you bow out in styLe. - Bow out? What do you mean, bow out? - Don't start. We've spoken about this before. We've spoken about whether I want to go into the individuals, and I've toLd you time after time I don't. I'm a team pLayer, Geoff, you know that. - I know, and we aLL admire your enthusiasm. - Enthusiasm (?) Is that what I've got - enthusiasm? You don't get those for enthusiasm, Geoff. SheffieLd 1992 - best originaL twirL. Eastbourne 1981 - best overaLL presentation. HaLifax 2oo1 - best combination twirL. HuLL 1989 - endurance champion. That's not a sash with medals on it, Geoff. BLood, sweat and tears, that's what that is. BLood, sweat and tears. Nobody's questioning your abiLity. You're the best we've got. It's just that...without you, the average age of the team is 12. You'd be better suited with a dispLay team that've got members nearer your own age. - What about drum corps? - Drum corps? Are you serious?! They're doing very weLL in the regionals and they're in dire need of twirLers. Yes, exactly - regionals. They're doing very weLL in the regionals! I'm nationaL, Geoff. You know I am. - I'm on the brink of European. - It's not just your age we've got to consider. - There are other things. - Such as? - Safety. - Meaning? - Your new dispLay twirL... -The big dipper! - What about it? - The big dipper. Your baton's going up 25 foot in the air. Geoff, you know when I catch that throw, it brings the house down. But when you don't catch it, you're bringing chiLdren down. You're Lucky we've not been sued. 25 years? I don't know what to say. ALL right. Look, what about teaching? Geoff, what I do, you can't teach. Bury St Edmunds 1989, when I broke the 4oo-twirls-per-minute barrier. There was an officiaL enquiry to see if my baton had been eLectronicaLly enhanced. After the aLL cLear, MC ALan Amos christened me " The TwirLminator " . How am I gonna teach that? - I don't know. - And it's not just about abiLity. What about dedication? Do you remember Bradford '94 when I broke both wrists going for the speed record? The doctor toLd me I wouLdn't twirL for six months. Next Saturday, where was I? I was there on the front row with both arms in pLaster, bLowing a whistLe and doing high kicks. But if that's not good enough for you, Geoff, weLL, that's fine by me. - Bunty, Love, why don't we...? - No, Geoff, don't. You've said enough. Cheers. <i># I get knocked down but I get up again</i> <i># You're never gonna keep me down</i> <i>I get knocked down but I get up again... #</i> I'm Like " Euw! " and he's Like " Wow! " I'm Like " Dude! " and he's Like " CooL! " I'm Like " So? " and he's Like " WeLL? " I'm Like " Duh! " and he's Like " What? " I'm Like " No! " and he's Like " Yes! " I'm Like " Bye! " and he's Like " Oh! " - You must be CaroLe. How's it going? - Oh, heLLo. - I'm Bernie. - Hi, Bernie. - You've just moved from St Anne's, haven't you? - Yes. - How are you doing? - Great, thanks. - Not having any bother with the porters? - No. Everyone's made me feeL reaLly weLcome. Oh, grand. One or two of them can be a LittLe bit frisky, if you know what I mean. EspeciaLly MaLcoLm in A & E. You have to give him the oLd green Light, but after that, he won't take no for an answer. He's got big hands, you know what I'm saying? I hear it's the busiest A & E in the region. I'd Like a bit of experience there. Oh, you'LL get experience there, aLL right, know what I mean? There's a Lovely bLack guy - CoLin. Security. Works nights. My God, he's one big Lump of a man. When I said experience, I was referring to nursing. Oh, God! WiLL you Listen to me? (SNORTS) You must think I'm a right whore! I just mean they're a decent bunch of Lads for the crack, you know. - I think that's my Lunch, so I'd better get on. - You going to the canteen? I'LL waLk down with you. I was just saying to big Karen on the desk, we need a bit of new bLood in here. Something young with a bit of Life. It's nigh on impossibLe to get anyone to go on the puLL with these days. What do you say? A few Bacardi Breezers, a coupLe of big navvies down the Archway Tavern, you know what I mean? I've got a partner, so probably not. Haven't we aLL, though? Just 'cause you're on a diet doesn't mean you can't dribbLe over the menu, does it? ActuaLly, I shouLd warn you, erm...there's been a few probLems on Queen ELizabeth ward. - ReaLly? - Yeah. OLd feLLa in for a brain scan keeps exposing himselt to the femaLe staff. - Oh, my God! - Yeah. I know. Yeah. ActuaLly, he's not reaLly oLd - probably Late 5os. Obviously taken quite good care of himselt! - Bernie, this is very serious. - I know. - Who else knows about this? - He doesn't do it aLL the time. Thursday nights are the best. I think there's some sexy programme on ChanneL 4 he Likes. It certainly puts the Lead in his penciL, know what I mean? Bernie, I don't think you reaLise how serious this matter is. - It sounds as though you're encouraging him. - He doesn't need any encouragement. He's Like a puppy in a sausage factory. Fair pLay to him, it's not the biggest I've seen on the ward, but you know what they say - if it's more than a mouthfuL, it's a waste! Since I started here on Monday, I have tried not to Listen to the rumours about you, but it seems everything they say is true. Oh, thanks, CaroLe. That's reaLly sweet. - That wasn't a compLiment. - No. I've had to redo aLL the beds you made. Halt of them hadn't even had their sheets changed. Oh, no, no, CaroLe. Between you and me... what I tend to do is give 'em a good sniff. If they're not too whiffy, I Leave 'em on for another coupLe of days. I didn't hear that! - (SHOUTS) What I tend to do is... - Bernie! I'm going to get my Lunch, and then I'm going to request a meeting with Sister Hughes. Yeah, CaroLe, no worries. Just go and get your Lunch, yeah. I'm cutting down meselt. Got a right sLut of a dress for the summer. I'm gonna get into it if it kiLls me! Yeah, you wish! So I'm Like so bored, and he's Like " Hey, there. " And I'm Like " Hey, you. " He's Like " Wanna hang? " and I'm Like " OK. " He's Like " ReaLly? " and I'm Like " Whatever. " He's Like " Supremo! " I'm Like " Oh-oh! " He's Like " Baby! " and I'm Like " Excuse me? " He's Like " You want me! " I'm Like " Seriously? " I'm Like " Nuh-uh! " and he's Like " Yuh-uh! " I'm Like " No way! " and he's Like " You bet! " I'm Like " I don't think so! " I'm Like " Loser! " and he's Like " SLut! " - HeLLo, Nan. - Here he is! You come up and see me? You come up and see me, ain't ya? - Brought your Guinness. - You are a good boy. - Are you aLL right? - No, I'm not. I'm fucking raving! - What's the matter now? - They stiLL ain't been to do me windows. I waited in aLL day. They said they'd be here by 12 but there's no sign of 'em. I've sat here Like a poor unfortunate. - WeLL, you know what the counciL are Like. - PeopLe are gonna think I'm Lousy. They'LL see them windows and think this is a doss-house. If I couLd get up there, I'd do 'em meselt, but I can't cLimb, see? - I'LL do it for you. - No, you won't! I'm not having you breaking your neck. Let that Lot do it. No-good Layabouts! Three times I've rang her, that Roberts woman. - Who's she? - District Housing Officer or something, innit? Great big office she's got, and she's getting paid for sitting there scratching herselt. Oh, it makes me wiLd! I wouLdn't mind, but you can bet your Life they'LL send some poor siLly cod who don't know shit from cLay. Last one they sent had no Ladder so he couLdn't reach the tops of me windows. - They don't want the work. - Why don't I do it? I'LL get on the chair. Don't you dare! I'm not having you risking your Life. No, no. WouLdn't they Like it, eh? Oh, yes. That wouLd suit 'em, wouLdn't it, eh? Everyone doing their own windows - peopLe faLLing out and kiLLing 'emselves. - It won't take two minutes. - If you get on that chair, I won't Let you through that door any more. ALL right. I'm sorry. That's it. See what they do to me? Fucking LowLifes! - (DOORBELL RlNGS) - I bet that's them now. What's the time? Look at the time! Halt-past four. 12 o'cLock they said they'd be here. They make you sick! I'LL go, Nan. Stay here, pLease. Waiting Like that ain't right. - It's these in here. - Sorry to be so Late, Mrs TayLor. Oh, what's that? Is that someone at the door? - It's the window-cLeaner from the counciL. - Who is it? - I know you've been waiting. I do apoLogise. - Was that today? - I didn't reaLise that was today. - Yeah, Wednesday. Sorry. I'm two men down. I did the whoLe nursing home on me own. Don't worry about me. I don't take no notice. - It don't matter if it ain't done today. - No, it's no troubLe at aLL. Don't worry about fiLLing up your bucket, son. Just wipe 'em over. WouLd you Like a cup of tea? Get the feLLa a cup of tea. He's gasping. I'm fine. The Ladies at the home kept me weLL suppLied. Did they? (LAUGHS) - Poor dears. Have a sandwich, then. - That's very kind but I won't, thanks. - I've got a Lovely bit of boiLed bacon. - No, reaLly. I'LL just get me stepLadder - and do the top of the windows. - Don't worry about that. - No one's Looking at my windows. - It's no probLem. No! That's Lovely what you done there. That's aLL I want. I'm very much obLiged to you, sweetheart. - Truly I am. - I'LL be off, then. ALL right, sweetheart. Take care. Thank you very much! Much obLiged to you, I reaLly am. I mean that. What a fucking Liberty! Look at the state of them windows! He ain't touched 'em! He ain't touched 'em! Ooh, I shaLL be on the phone tomorrow morning. He had to go and do the nursing home? What do they care, aLL that siLly oLd Lot? Halt of 'em are sitting in their own piss, the rest of 'em are smearing the waLls with shit! What do they care if their windows are cLean or not? - Why didn't you Let him...? - Get up there and do them windows! - PeopLe wiLL be taLking about me now. - You said... - Get on that chair, you no-good noncepot! - You said it was too dangerous. Don't be such a fucking oLd Mary-Anne! Hic! Agh! Hic! Agh! Hic! Agh! <i>(WOMAN) Elaine Figgis is 34 and lives in York.</i> <i>She's travelled over 4,000 miles to Dallas, Texas</i> <i>to marry a man she's never met.</i> <i>Jeremiah Wainwright ill</i> <i>is a convicted murderer and notorious cannibal.</i> <i>He is currently on Death Row awaiting execution.</i> It's strange how fate can bring two peopLe together. I was surfing on the internet - that just means Looking - and I typed in " Midsomer Murders " and up came " Midsummer Murderer " . I thought, " What's that? " I read his LittLe ad and dropped him a Line, and here we are! I had no idea that in Less than two years we'd go from simpLe pen pals to husband and wife. It's funny, isn't it? I was only after a signed picture of John NettLes. (WOMAN) How was the journey? WeLL, the taxi driver turned up but wouLdn't Let me in his cab. He'd read about me in the LocaL paper. He's entitLed to his opinion, but it's not very nice being pushed out of a car and being caLLed a nutter on the happiest day of your Life. I missed the direct fLight, so it was 19 hours by Greyhound bus from AtLanta to Georgia, but I did sit next to a very nice man from Louisiana caLLed Buck. He gave me his number, but I shan't be ringing him, of course. - How did you feeL when you arrived in Texas? - It was very emotionaL, actuaLly. I felt as if I'd come home, which is odd because I was actuaLly born in Twickenham. Mind you, Texas, Twickenham. It's the same initiaL - " T " . I hadn't thought of that before! I suppose it was the reaLisation that I was waLking on the same ground as my beLoved. Not LiteraLly, obviously. He's strapped to a board most of the day. But, you know, breathing in the same air. It's a once-in-a-Lifetime feeLing. Is that a wedding present? Yeah. It's just a LittLe Love token. A Last-minute whizz around duty free if truth be toLd. I thought this might be fun, and then I thought, no, get him something he'd reaLly Like. So I got him that. He's a sLave to shortbread. What do your friends think of this? Oh, you can imagine what they say. " You're doing the wrong thing. It'LL never work. " It's a ridicuLous idea. You're mad. " But that's always going to be the case when a woman marries someone considerably younger. - You think that's their concern? - They're not concerned at aLL. To be honest, it's just jeaLousy, that's aLL it is. - CouLd it be...? - # I'm faLLing in Love with you, baby? # Sorry. Me and my friend Jenny used to do that aLL the time. Go on. (BUZZER) Oh! ALL right. That'LL be me, then. Good Luck. I've had more than my fair share of Luck. Down to me now. (BUZZER) (SlGHS) - Was everything aLL right? - Yeah. ALL done and dusted. Is that it? Yeah. I knew it was going to be a short service because... WeLL, he's a big Lad and it's difficult to gauge the amount of sedative to give him. They don't want to kiLL him, nor do they want him Lashing out with aLL the excitement. So it was a quick " I do " , and that was it, reaLly. I can't stand it when weddings drag on, though, can you? - WiLL you see Jerry Later today? - No. He hasn't got another visiting order now for four weeks. So it's back to good oLd BLighty. I might ask the piLot if he couLd tie some tin cans round the back of the pLane! No, actuaLly, that wouLd be dangerous. I think we shouLd go. ShaLL we...? No, I think we shouLd go. He comes over, and I'm thinking " Oh, my God! " and he's Like " Hi! " and I'm Like " Hi! " He's Like " Are you aLone? " and I'm Like " Yes. " He's Like " I don't beLieve you! " and I'm Like " Come on! " He's Like " I'm serious! " and I'm Like " Cut it out! Can we stop? " He's Like " I saw you come in. Can I get you a drink? " I'm Like " That'd be great. I'LL have a soda. " And he's Like " Is that aLL? " I'm Like " What do you mean? " and he's Like " On its own? " He's Like " Don't you drink? " and I'm Like " It's none of your business! " He's Like " I'm only asking. CaLm down! " I'm Like " I'm sorry? " He's Like " Don't be. Back off! " and I'm Like " Fuck you! " <i># I once met a man with a sense of adventure</i> <i># He was dressed to thrill wherever he went</i> <i># He said, " Let's make love on a mountain top</i> <i># " Under the stars on a big, hard rock " </i> - <i># I said, " In these shoes?</i> - Agh! <i># " I don't think soI " #</i> Ooh, I've won another bag. Here's one way to define factorial. There are lots and lots of ways to solve this, so we're going to define a procedure and its input is the number "n." What we want to do is compute this function—we're going to compute "n" times "n" minus one times "n" minus two. We are going to need a variable to keep track of the results as we go, as well as a variable to keep track of how many times we go. We're going to define a procedure that computes the factorial of "n." What we need to do is multiply all these numbers, so we're going to have a variable that keeps track of the results so far. We'll start by initializing that to one, so we'll call that "result" and we'll set its initial value to one. We're going to keep multiplying by "n" until we get to the end. We're going to have our "while" loop where the test condition is as long as "n" is greater than equal to one. We're going to start with "n" as the value that was passed in. We're going to subtract one each time we go through the loop until we get down to one, and keep updating the result. The result keeps updating, so we want the result to be the previous result times "n." We also have to change the value of "n" to keep reducing "n" as we go. We subtract one from "n" every time through the loop. The result is multiplied by the current value of "n"—"n" is decreased by one. We keep going until we get to "n" is equal to one. We're not quite done yet. We want to return a "result," and the value that we want is stored in this variable "result," so we "return results" here. Let's try that in the Python interpreter. Now we'll see what happens when we have the input 4—our child playing with the blocks. We see the results as 24. They're 24 different ways to arrange the four blocks. Factorials increase pretty quickly, so we could also use the factorial procedure to figure out the number of different ways to arrange a deck of playing cards. If we have a deck with 50 cards, there are 52 ways to pick the first card, 51 ways to pick the second, and so forth. When we run this, we see that the factorial of 52 is this really big number. That's why you can have so many different card games. Every time you play, the arrangement of the cards is going to be different. 25.000 The summer of 1994 was a very tough one in Cuba. People got tired and decided to do things... they never dared do before. Put up your cash, gentlemen. I'll never forget when they hijacked... the ferry to Regla... which is used to cross the bay. When the Soviet Union fell... the Cuban economy collapsed. And Cubans got fed up with... all the shortages. All I've got is... sadness in my heart. Only sadness in my heart. I think it was August 5. They tried to hiijack the ferry. They had knives, even a grenade. They ran out of fuel. Water! Fuel! They didn't know there was a reserve tank at the bottom. The Cuban Coast Guard intercepted them at sea. When the people on the shore... heard the ferry had been stopped... they took to the streets. I'd never in all my life... seen people react that way in Cuba. From then on, many things happened. Long live Fidel! We will instruct our border patrols... not to stop boats... that want to go to the United States. This street belongs to Fidel! Throw the traitors out! Get out of here! Get out! Get out! IN GOD WE TRUST Remember, in God we trust. Let it be God's will. Let it be God's will. I'm convinced... they robbed me 5 years of my daughter's childhood. Virgin of Charity, protect me. There's a lovely building in Havana. It's the U.S. Interests Section headquerters. They spend hours in the hot sun... waiting for a U.S. visa. to go to the United States. I don't understand why there are so many obstacles... from both sides. The only way out is... to risk one's life at sea. I have no other choice. Every time I come it's rejected. Look here, the last time was in '92. And I can't stay here. Half of my family is here, half there. What do I do? What do the Americans say? We are just pawns. They kill us here and over there. I'll be frank. This is my 4th time here. I want to see my daughter. She lives in downtown Miami. If today I don't get what I want... I have a raft at home. I'll risk my life in the straits of death. This is my fourth time here. Let them make the laws, but I want to see my daughter. The only option I've got is setting out to sea. I'm building a raft. Now you know. In '88 Guillermo and I got legally divorced. We did this so my mother, who was in the U. S... could call for me and my daughter claiming I was a single mother. We knew... it was our only way out of Cuba. My daughter and I had to go first. Then my husband could come. But we didn't know how. I invited him 3 times, and he'd present his papers... but he never got the visa. My world collapsed. What would become of us? This is a picture of their wedding. Daddy looks different now. Let's see the last one we took. I kept her father's image very fresh. I told her... ...he was hard working and loved her very much. We never gave up. Mom and I came but my Daddy and brother stayed. - When will they come? - Soon. Like when? Like tomorrow! In honour of my daughter this raft is called... Nizeli MarÌa. I christened it Nizeli MarÌa. The Virgin of Charity... Cuba's patron saint. My future in America... is to be... not a millionaire, but, in the future, a man... - What would you like to have? - What everyone wants. A house, a car, a good woman. A car, a house, a good woman. I didn't know my brother Rafael wanted to leave... on a raft. Until I found out... ...it was one of the biggest and full of delinquents. We are already 12 men. I've counted. Four women... that's 16. He never told me... until I found out he was trying to leave. The delinquents kicked... my brother off the raft... ...to board it themselves. They took advantage of his nature... ...since he's noble, he didn't resist. A car, a house, a good woman. I knew nothing until he returned home... barefoot and dirty... Then he told us they had... thrown him off the raft, and had to swim to shore. I knew that would upset my mother. - My heart hurts. - Calm down. We all got depressed... ...and begged him not to do it again, but... I don't want to eat, drink, or anything. Just dance, 8 hours straight, 'til my feet say: "enough". And start to work. No vacations. In 1994 everyone wanted to leave. We were able to build a raft. I had some money and friends. That zinc is from the roof. But many others didn't have a chance. Like Rafael, who came to see me. Rafael came when I was building my boat. There was no room in mine, but my brother was building his and needed more people... because he didn't have the money to move it. The truck cost 30$. "Mommy, don't worry. I've left. Don't cry. I've left on a safe boat." The note was there. It said don't cry, that he was leaving with friends... Iooking for his future. I remember it was... September the first. He had a fixed idea. I know my mother will be worried... Worried. Here, people have no bad thoughts. No one gets thrown overboard, like they did to you. No one here had 30$? No. My sister, for example Is dying to go with us, but has no money, so, she's building her own raft but still needs many things. - I need 100, 150 dollars. - For what? To buy inner tubes, canvases. And everything I need. Food, everything. Either you go to bed with a foreigner that you don't like... or hustle, risking going to jail, to get 30. Or do terrible things. And I had to be a hooker to support my family. Do you mind our filming you turning tricks? No. "Piango, piango!" Go straight! We built a raft. We were ready to live or die. So we decided not to risk the life of our wives and children. Our chances were uncertain. We worked hard. It looked like a shipyard. Give me the oars. We had to destroy my cousin's house to build the raft inside. When will it be finished? There's only today and tomorrow left. It should be finished by tomorrow. No time to breathe! Long live the working class... Long live free Cuba! Long live Ra˙l! Long live Fidel! - Fatherland or death! - We'll win! I'm Cuban! I stick with Cuba! Many factors were against us: The climate, blackouts... We could only work by daylight. Torrential rains. But... Water! Fuel! To sell your life. Right now, to go on one of those rafts is to sell your life. You have to wait, keep calm. The weather gets bad, and good again. You have to wait. 1, 2, 3, 10 days. Certain things make you cry, but... I remember my sister... Lirio del Valle! She helped me a lot. She was a dancer at a hotel. It's a risk, but we can't give up now. I want to be somewhere where I can be well-off... or not... , because it's a matter of luck. Seeing my family's situation, I have to help. I'll stay alone here... ...to struggle. But I encourage him to leave and make it. I don't want to make him sad, but he has to understand me. It's not easy. Separating isn't easy. What will I tell my little girl? I'll say: "Daddy went shopping...". Little lies like that... but nothing will be the same. "I sense my soul... already growing old..." When my Oscar left... I felt the sky tumbling down. He took my heart. Before he left... my grandmother... gave him an amulet to keep him safe. His grandmother gave him a little boat to get there safe, alive. We had never before parted. Since he was the male we all spoiled him, ...that's why he always did what he wanted. It was incredibly crowded. As if a celebrity was leaving. A world wide celebrity, for example. I will never forget that scene. That was a very sad moment. Very tough. We even sang to the Virgin of the Sea, our Cuban Yemay·... that went: "Row, row, row..." Row, row, row... The Virgin will accompany you. Honestly, I can't say... how many people left Cuba in those days: 55,000 people or 44,000... When did you leave? 4 days ago? Only God knows how many left Cuba and how many made it or failed. When you see empty rafts, you know someone was there and now they're dead. It broke our hearts and made us row and row. In a raft, at sea, everything dark, You'd hear people yell, here and there: "My inner tube has busted. Help me!" Children crying. It's the ugliest thing in life! We thought the Coast Guard... was taking us to Miami, but it was Guantanamo. The Guantanamo naval base is a piece of Cuba... controlled by the United States. Rafters rescued at sea were sent down there. All my people are here. Those who left together. Tell my mother I'm fine. I'm working on sculptures. I use this material. A food bag. Food from humanitarian aid. You melt the plastic bag... You get this block... A food bag. Food from humanitarian aid. You melt the plastic bag... You get this block... Look... take a collective shot of us saying hello to our mothers. We have the same spirit as the first day. We won't give up. Regards to all mothers in Cuba. Ester... Damn, I'm dying to make love to you. To make love to you. Nine months is a long time. Don't worry, there are no women here. I'm faithful to the cause. As soon as I can, I'll send for you. 8 months ago! The last time I saw you was in Havana, Sept. 3rd, at 5:30 p.m. Nizeli, behave at school. We'll be together in 4 months. Behave and obey Mommy. Daddy will be with you in 4 months. That's it, Carlos. - 4 months? - 4, 5... or 10, but Daddy's going to the U.S. What's up? Nothing. - Are you crying? - No. - Who is this? - Another boy. There, where we loved each other... ...with passion. There... I'll wait... for you. When they left on the boat... I was starting mine. 2,500 pesos just for this wood! Two inner tubes busted today. I have to buy more. I was afraid that... Cuba and the U.S. would reach an agreement... and the government would prohibit people from leaving... before my raft got built. Let's get out of here! The American government warns Cubans of the dangers... ...of trying to reach the US by sea. ...The US delegation went back to Washington... ...for consultation. Secretary of State, Warren Christopher, said the negotiations have been useful and productive. You have to finish today, and leave tomorrow. These people are negotiating, and you never know what's next. Every time these people go to piss, they come out thinking differently. One day they talk about the embargo, the next, they turn away rafters. The day they reach an agreement, you'd better be already over there. God's will be done! The Virgin will accompany you! This is what's left of the boat. We ran into bad weather... and had to turn round. We turned round with the idea of leaving again. Remove what had broken and leave again but... then the law was passed that no one could leave. And this is what is left. I'll have to find a job... try to leave legally. I don't know. 8 MONTHS LATER It wasn't easy for me. I got a ijob and... started a new life, but I always had the hope... of leaving someday. About the rafters in Guantanamo... there wasn't any certainty. For months, no news of Eduardo or Misclaida. Misclaida's in the next one. Look at her! She cut her hair! Wow! Look at his muscles! I'd eat him. Mommy: . . when you get drunk, don't cry. I want a picture of you smiling ear to ear. Don't cry, we'll get out of here. I'm taking care of both. We're fine. Kisses! I pray to God to help them. Kiss my sister and tell her to write. Say hi to Rafael. Rafael Cano! Report to the military area urgently. You're fat! My bed. His bed! I've got my clothes here. After my brother left on the raft... we tried to contact relatives... in Miami. We contacted my uncle Sergio... to help him when he got out of Guantanamo. He fixed up his house... and had everything ready. He's in for memories of Havana. There's a picture of Cuba. This will be his room, with a bed and a brand new mattress. Rafael, my wife's nephew, I'll teach him a good trade. I've done it with others. 4 and 6 colour machines... paying 20, 25 dollars an hour. A middle class salary. Or, I'll teach him photography. Stay right there, normal. Now both of you look at me. A little salsa... That's it. Perfect. One afternoon, they called us... for immigration interviews. They picked out who would stay, and who would go back. Who would enter the US, and who wouldn't. When they called, "Oscar del Valle"... my feet, my knees, my head, something trembled. Your lottery departure number... ...is 801. I have 307. Number 824. By my calculations, I'll leave around the 18th of this month. I always knew we'd leave one day. 9 months after arriving at Guantanamo the first to leave were the sick. I got out due to my epilepsy. PROUD TO BE CUBAN RAFTERS That's how I left after 9 months. Now is when I really leave Cuba. When I flew... from Guantanamo to Miami, where I had relatives waiting. They gave me a welcoming party. - Miriam, how's it going? - Fine. Wonderful. To me, your face reminds me a lot of your mother. I'm a little sad, Mommy. Don't get angry but... I left because life there wasn't easy. Now I will work... I want to give my baby everything she deserves. Whatever she asks me for. And... take good care of her, Mommy, and... When I left, my daughter... was 13 months old. I thought that working here... I could bring her without much paperwork. But I couldn't pay a lawyer... I earn ijust enough to survive. Here it comes! Virgin of Charity, protect me! I hadn't seen him in 15 years. He was just a kid. But I remember. A car, a house, a good woman. Ah, how nice. It's humble... but decent. He's a sculptor. An artist. I only ask my brother Oscar to start working... ...and make his dreams come true... to make a better life as he used to say. I wish him luck. The first money that arrives... is not just for shoes and clothes... but also for basic food... to see enough food in my icebox. The things I need. So my daughter can have an egg today... ...fish tomorrow. Plenty of proteins. Indian, I'm calling you. Mercy in the name of God. "Gestioma!". Bring him flowers, bring him flowers... The spirits come down. I ask them for mercy. You may not understand it now, but after you're here a while... you'll realise what the capitalist system is like. You have to resolve your own problems... before you can resolve others' problems. And since you've got problems every day... there's no time left for others. - Understand? - Yes. That side is Manhattan. We're here in the Bronx. If you cross that bridge, then you're in Manhattan. Manhattan is made up of Harlem... upper Manhattan, Downtown. Different districts... Get in step! Get in step! Look how he gets in step! These are some skulls... MONEY ORDERS TELEPHONE CALLS To succeed here, a person has to forget... I don't mean to forget you completely, but... I have to keep a stiff upper lip... and just think about myself. Understand? - Yes. - So as to help you later on. And how do you feel, darling? All I can feel is sadness. I haven't seen you in a year. - We spent 11 years together. - You can't forget that. It wasn't 15 days nor 2 months. It would be difficult to forget from one day to another. Yes. - Step by step. - Yes. - Know what that means? - Tell me. - Working day and night. - Working day and night? Yes. Every day. Our first night in Miami meant a lot but nothing happened. Actually, we were frightened, by so many pretty things. We're going to... CON-ECT-UCKY That's after New York. They told you that's a good place? She said there'd be work there. And that they pay well too. Okay, how are you? Pleased to meet you. My name is Sofia, from the Catholic Conference. I'm here to inform you about the program. There are no ijobs here in Miami and we can't offer you that program we have in various dioceses in the United States. As soon as you get there, They give you an apartment, get you a ijob. They will be the family... you don't have here. You can play basketball. I've played enough. They earn good money. Let me tell you: You're all going to San Antonio, Texas. It's a beautiful city, with lots of jobs. You're going to Paterson, New Jersey, where there are a lot of jobs. You'll be near the Big Apple, as they call New York. Good afternoon, I'm Sofia. We're going to send you to Louisville, Kentucky, where there is... the famous Kentucky Derby horse racing. Antonio... Antonio, you're going to Louisville, Kentucky. Juan Carlos Subiza and Misclaida Gonzalez. Follow me, please. Are you legally married? - Legally, legally, legally no. - Then I'll record... common law marriage. Do you speak English? My husband, just a bit. - It's important to study English. - We are. - How far in school did you go? - 12th grade. What was your job in Cuba? I was a fumigator... which here in the States is called exterminator. Both are OK. Don't worry. Right here, Hartford, Connecticut. That's where you'll be. - That yellow spot. - That's it. You're going to Hartford, Connecticut. Hartford is the place, and the state is Connecticut. The dawn has come... for the bravest people. Without English you're deaf and dumb. In this country, English is a must. My first ijob in Miami, was through my aunt. I worked 7 days a week... but I didn't make enough. Then I realised, this country's tough. Too tough, I'd say. Americans can't believe I came on a tube like this. They say, "That's a lie". I wish I had a picture. So, do we look for a job... or do you help us? Here we also help you to find a job. Jobs come to the computer, which matches them with your experience. I'm a sculptor. This category doesn't exist here... but I could always be a handyman. You made this? Yes. Husband. Yes. November 10th, right? I'm going. At home. I don't forget my family back in Cuba. But you must lead your own life... because I don't know how long I'll take to... better myself. That takes too long, So I have to form a family. If not, you get nostalgic and then have regrets that lead to mistakes, bad things, so I took the first woman that appeared. I figured this was my escape route. That's my way of living. In less than 2 months... I know most of New York. This is great! Misclaida, what's the temperature here, 22∫? I don't know. Four... below... zero. Writing a letter. Must be the one they wrote to us. The culture is difficult... and different. We Cubans are used to... mixing with people every day, but here it's different. Here, if you plan to visit a neighbour you have to call a month in advance and say: "I'm coming next week. " I buy a beer some weekends, but I can't every weekend... cause we're saving money to buy a car... visit Cuba... send money to Cuba. This was our first intention, help our family. - You like the black one? - No, I don't like black. Look. - Look at the paint. Look inside. - Which one do you want? Look at this. - Which one do you want? - That one, come on. I'll have a cigarette to get prepared while you decide. It's better to pay it off in 2 years... than to spend money on car repairs. Brand new. 9,995 dollars. - That's a lot of money. - You pay instalments! - On credit. - 5,000 down. Down? We can't buy this if so-and-so buys that... No, that is not what I am saying. - I want to go out weekends. - Where to? To an amusement park. When we get a car... When we get a car then you'll say... we can't spend money. Because... this month we have to pay the car insurance... Nor the next weekend... We have to pay this and that, and we can't go out. What did you have in Cuba? In Cuba? You had no car, house or freedom. - We've been here only 7 months. - But there, I went to discos. I went to the beach. By bike, but I went. Freedom has a price. We can't behave like we have a lot of money... I'm only asking you to take me out, Juan Carlos. - When we have somewhere to go. - There's no place to go. There's nothing here. Not in Granby. - Will the car be yours? - God willing. Then give her a kiss. - No, man, kiss her. - Oh, her. She doesn't understand. We have to make sacrifices first. - Give me a kiss. - No. - How do you like your house? - It's not mine yet, but okay. Even if it's not ours... It's a start. I treat it like it's mine. This was a gift, and so was this. Grandma bought me this. When I got here... I went to a shop and seeing all those things... I was stunned. My grandmother told the others: "Hold Miriam, she's going to fall". But seeing so many things... makes me feel a bit... bad because I see so many things that... I can have, but not my daughter. I see kids here eating candy, but not my daughter. A pair of shoes for them... This one. This one drinks milk... sucks her thumb like my daughter. You can burp her. She has a pacifier. She is going to love it. A car, a house, a good woman. How are you? I'm happy. I got here to Nebraska and thank God... the Lord led me here. I have a car. That one. - My car. - Damn! Here everything is under control, peaceful. Not like in Miami. In Miami there are lots of... nouveaux riches... drugs... Not here. These dogs guard the back door. This is like my little warehouse. I take care of two buildings. I paint and repair them... Here are my tools, everything. At least I'm working... and drinking a beer. Summer's almost here. Life in New York isn't easy. But I just love New York. You'd have to drag me out of New York. - Why? - Cause I like New York. New York is the capital of the world. Whoever doesn't learn here, doesn't learn anywhere. 5 YEARS LATER I can shout out loud... that I survived New York's streets. Surviving there is not easy. I remember many things... but I don't feel good talking about them. No news from my brother in a long time. We know he's had various women. But, well... he was in the Bronx, but now he's in Philadelphia. He doesn't write to his daughter. But we know he loves her because she's his blood. That's the way he is... so we accept it. All I know about Oscar is that he's in Philadelphia. 'Cause you told me. We've had no news for 5 years and didn't know where he was. I remarried. I'm happy. I'm sorry because... she misses him. I know he misses her too. One day I sat in a park in the Bronx... thinking: I have to change states, and try to change my life. I was single again and didn't know where to go... And I moved here. I was in Philadelphia about 2, 3 days. In Pennsylvania I found York. A true "American-way-of-life" town. And here I am. I was getting a little closer to the American dream. Here... you can get a job anywhere. In a factory, a plant. I'm not working now, because... I hurt my shoulder on the job. Here's Carmen, my girlfriend, She helped me a lot. There's no one better than her. She's great. I love her. She gave me a hand when I most needed it. I can't complain. She makes the food I like. I try. He must like it because he's not skinny. I even saw myself in the Mafia. I even saw myself in the New York Mafia. Prohibited games, illegal gambling. No, not drugs. The Cuban Mafia at war with the Italian Mafia. And I had a gun aimed at my head as well. - Where? - 116 and Lexington, Harlem. I was working as a "lookout", watching a business. The "lookout" is the doorman... the guy who watches the door of a business. An enormous white guy came in. And he said... He aimed it at my head. The only English expression that came to mind was: He lowered the gun... and I ran... inside the store... and out the basement. I know my family, my sister, mother are okay but it pains me that I haven't behaved the way they deserve. I have to do something for them. Not with words, but with deeds. Now I'll show you how... I lost the American dream in 5 minutes... all because of a woman. I bought this house... the 20th of January of... 2000. But... Iook at the state it's in, due to a woman. She got a protective court order... She accused me of domestic abuse. I was in ijail 13 days. I still had to pay all the court expenses. But, with a little more sacrifice... I'll get the house fixed up. I just received a notification from... the agency that finances my house... saying that despite everything... they're willing to give me back my house. My biggest sorrow... is a letter I got from my daughter. She starts the letter with: "Dear Oscarito". And not, "Dear father", as I would have liked. But if she blames me, she's right. It's partly my fault. Because sacrifice doesn't mean negligence. And I've been negligent. These are my babies. I called her at 7 a.m. on her last birthday. I told her: "Happy birthday mom... Am I the first to call?" And she said: "No. Your daughter was first. " I said: "She's part of me so, I'm the first. " Then I burst into tears. I know the day will come when she'll ask me... "Mommy, why'd you leave me?" Come on, Shirley. It's a pleasure. Have a seat. What can I do for you? Sit here. Look, sir... I have a daughter in Cuba, for 6 years now. I applied for her when I got here... In May '95. I filed this application. On that application... - They replied... - Who is Misladys? My daughter, in Cuba. - Who is Alexander? - Her father, he's here. First, there's a mistake in this application... it says Misladys is the applicant... and she's not. It's a complete disaster. - Yes, back then... - Who made this out? It's incredible. Now you'll have to wait 3 years for her visa... Which can easily become 4. Ah, it's not that bad. You are a US resident since 1995. - Have you applied for citizenship? - No. Why not? You could have last year. An alternative is to apply for citizenship. In a year you're American... and can bring the child over... in about 6 months. I hope I'll see you soon. Fantastic. - Thank you, sir. - At your service. Oh, the present. Didn't they give it to you? - You didn't ask for it? - No. A miniature Bible... the most important thing I can give you. - Thank you, sir. - Get your citizenship soon. Time flies. - Is this mine? - Yes. Many things have happened in these 5 years. I divorced Alexander in '96. I met my baby's father, from Nicaragua. We met at work. Give me a kiss. An l-love-you. Then I had the baby. Now she's almost 3. I wouldn't leave her for anything. I left one behind. That's why... No one can separate us. It was very tough. Are you happy Misladys can come here soon? Are you happy she's about to come? Yes, I'm happy. Sure. I can tell by your voice! You're happy and not happy. Imagine. I don't want her suffering there... because she suffered enough in 8 years. Believe or not, she has traumas. If I can get ahead with one, I can also with two. You managed with five... How can I not with two? I got all A's. - Is that true? A's? - Yes. I'm studying. You're studying? What do you want to be? Well, what I really want to be... is a dancer. Understand? Put Shirley on. - Shirley, it's your sister. - Shirley, why do you... wet your Pamper? - Don't do that. - We're cut off. We're cut off. God, we were cut off... Shirley hung up. When Guillermo came from Cuba... he shaved the second day. His skin was white after years of wearing a beard... which I liked. After all we went through... life has been good to us. No complaints. Virgin of Charity... ...protect me! Which model is yours? Satisfied with my house, family and job. The company prospers... so do the workers. We're all happy. Here time is money. I always knew who Guillermo was: A hard worker. At times, too much. I'm proud of him. I was 5 years without them: My family, my daughter. She's a wonderful child. I think she understands our sacrifices for her. She is a very nice little girl. Now my daughter's 15 years old. And she's in high school. The sacrifice was worth it. Thank God we got back together... Not everyone did. Some forgot who they left behind and others forgot those who left. Thank God my wife and daughter waited for me, and we got back together. These are my 15th birthday portraits. This is when I am supposedly "introducing"... - Introduced. ...introduced to society... - Do you speak English better? - Yes. - Say it in English. - Okay. That's it. Pretty. Get over there, but don't fall. Put your hand up. Turn your pretty face. Virgin of Charity, aid me! Passionate heart! This is every day... from 7:30 to 5... during 5 years. In winter's rain, in sunny summer. It's smooth! I'm happy here and have a good time. You'll meet my friends I go out with. This is where I used to live. The refugee home. I don't live there now, but some refugees from Kosovo do. Well, this is my house... because I live here. Now we'll meet Bob, who lives here too. Today we're having a surprise party. This is my friend Bob. And this is the river. When I want to relax... and miss Cuba a lot... I sit here and have a beer. It's fantastic. It's a mess cause yesterday we had a cowboy party. I always check for messages. - Hey, shithead... - A Cuban. ...get up. He's my only Cuban friend here. We'll meet him. When I broke up with Misclaida I was here alone... In the middle of nowhere. I thought: "what will become of me?" We left together, we spent... 16 months in Guantanamo. Alone, without the woman I loved. Very tough. Thanks to these people here... who helped me and... About Misclaida, I only regret... leaving her alone so much. I worked dawn to dusk everyday. From Monday to Sunday. After a year... Reinaldo came to live with us. A friend from Cuba, the raft and Guantanamo. Misclaida felt so lonely, he was there, and they had an affair. I wanted them both far away from Connecticut. He gave me $800. With this, I went from Connecticut... to Phoenix, Arizona, with Reinaldo... and I'm still with him today. There we started to work at the slaughterhouse, where they cut up cows. We were there 6 months 'til we came to New Mexico. When I got here I had nowhere to stay. We slept under the stars... Both of us. Despite... the difficulties I went through in Cuba... luckily I had everything. The best shoes, the best perfumes, and anyone who knew me in Cuba knows that. Wherever I went you could smell my aroma. Coffee, my favourite perfume. We've lived here since... we moved to Albuquerque. This is my house. When I got here I saw everyone selling drugs... and hustling however they could. Then I started. With the drug money, I ate... and lived up until now. Come see my children. It was tough because... you never have peace of mind. This is Daisy and this is Bonbon. It's an environment of guns, bullets, shots, stabbings... The bathroom. ...police, the Feds... That's how I've been living. This is the other room. Money comes and goes. One day you've got another you don't. This is my husband, Reinaldo. This is my bed. And my dog's toys. I'll quit this business in 2 or 3 months. There's lots of cops and Feds, and all that. If I die... It's because my time has come. If I'm hungry... no one gives me anything. I have to find it. I've never been caught. Knock on wood. I'd love to go to Italy. Above all to Rome. The capital. I'd love to go to anywhere in the world. But I'd much rather go back home. My country is my country. And the beaches in my country are the most beautiful. I miss them so. If I were to see the sea again... I think I'd cry out of happiness. I had a moustache then. I'm enjoying Cuba. It's the best. I enjoy it every weekend. Every weekend with my friend. We've seen it over 50 times. That's my girlfriend, my mulatta! Isn't she pretty? I met her on one of those trips. And there's my beautiful mother. The prettiest woman in the world. The best I have, a good mother. The new stove and washing machine I bought her. A TV set and I repaired the entire house. Thank God I've been able to get ahead. I have no news from my brother Rafael. I'm worried. Nothing in over a year. He doesn't call or write. The last time he wrote... he said he had left... the frozen meat plant where he had been working. And... that he was going to become a minister. That he'd send us money, but it never arrived. Our relatives in Miami... said they'd contact a TV show... that tries to locate missing people. Let's hope. A Cuban balsero who thought he had reached the land of freedom has disappeared mysteriously without a trace. In Miami, Ricardo Ar·mbarri spoke to the relatives... who wonder... if he's dead or where he is. This is the latest photograph of Rafael Cano. He could be in any state... but we have received a clue from his uncle: Rafael was very interested in religious matters. We also know Rafael was a plumber. So, if you have any information... that could help us locate him... call this number. My name is Susana Chapas and I am calling about Rafael. I know where he is. Good afternoon, San Antonio, Texas here. Presently Rafael Cano... belongs to a church on... Well, that man is here in San Antonio, Texas. He goes to the same church I go to and I know where he lives. I adore you. Your name is holy. We praise and bless thy name. We thank you for thy glory. Thank you for my life. Jesus' blood is power. Glory to thee, Lord. Apocalypse 20. What is Satan's objective? Anyone who follows him lives like a devil. God tested me. A car hit me, thanks to God I'm OK. My mother shouldn't worry. I'm all right. My leg doesn't matter. God sees my heart, not my leg. This is where I sleep. There, alone. Here is where I pray... and write my messages... Glory! I want to introduce: the one and only Rafael Cano from the island of the Cubans. Glory to God. Please sit down. Welcome, Rafael Cano. Glory to God! Hallelujah! Glory to God! And to Him only! Glory to Him... - Because one day... - One day! I left Cuba, we were 5 in our raft. Not a boat... but an inner tube. Suddenly... there was a storm... I lost it all. And now I thank Jesus Christ for the miracle: He got me out of the water... I was working in a pharmacy... a long time... and it went well. It helped me forget my obsession with leaving. There are priorities in life. I had a daughter. I had to get ahead and... I was used to life in Cuba... but I always hoped to leave someday. I was lucky enough to win "El Bombo". "El Bombo" is a raffle of visas... carried out by the U.S. government... that... there's an average of... half a million Cubans that apply every two years. Only 20,000 applicants get their visa. I was lucky enough to get the visa... and I can also take my child. Before, I didn't take her in the raft to avoid risking her life. Well... I've just got a few days... of formalities. The last time! I foresee... a good future. I have hopes of... becoming someone. Not the manager of a big company... but something great. You want the Church to help you and stay in Miami? - Not in Miami. - Then where? Look, actually I want... the Church or the State to help me have... an independent life, with my child. - A little help getting started. - The Church will help you. Misclaida? She's not here. Who is this? Who's speaking? - Who's speaking, Misclaida? - Hello? This is Misclaida's sister. Is she there? Who? - Is Misclaida there? - She's not... Well, bye. We got confirmation from our office... in Albuquerque. Everything is OK. You'll go tomorrow, God willing. Our personnel will meet you there. It's a pretty and peaceful city. With lots ofijobs. We usually send single mothers there. I think you'll be happy there. Listen, she's not here. No... Just a question: Any idea where Misclaida moved to? - What? - Where to? They live in the other flat. They have two? Please, give me an address. 404. 404. Which street? She's got a dog inside. That's theirs. There are things inside. When did Misclaida leave? A month ago, but... She lives here and there. Look! Here's a dog. Misclaida's dog. They call it "La Negra". I told Misclaida, "My door is open for you... but don't bring what you sell." Because I have my family. Five children. I like your sister, but family is first. You'll have to decide, too. I'm being frank although it may hurt you. But... sometimes decisions have to be made. You've gotten fat! Let's go where your sister is. - Where is she? - At friends'. Oh, my God! How beautiful my niece is! I have a protective court order. Someone threatened me 3 times with a gun. And a knife. They say you'd bang your head against the walls. It's a lie. We know, and... I signed a document... saying that if anything happens to me... all my things go to you and my niece. Now my life will change completely... because my beloved family is here. It'll all change for the very best. I have to think things over carefully. I don't want to take a step... and lose it all. Go from bad to worse, you understand? I don't know. Had I imagined all this... I imagined some, but not this much... I wouldn't be in Albuquerque. For emergencies... The law is clear: You'll lose your status if you commit a crime. Violent crimes, drugs... Welcome. My sweet and empty home! I have thought it over a lot... but... my sister expected us to live together. She thought she'd move to my house... but I know it could cause me... serious trouble. I have to think, above all... about my daughter. So we are now post midterm. We've gotten past the midterm, which is excellent. And what I want--the lecture I'm going to give today is actually titled "Heroes and Villains," and I'm going to explain what that means in just a few minutes. I'm going to segue, so I'm just touching on one or two of the things that I talked about at the end of the last lecture, segueing right in to this lecture. And hopefully you remember that right before the midterm, the last lecture I gave, I was talking about the process of organizing a war. And I talked about some of the problems that the Continental Congress had in dealing with the Continental Army, and I at least referred to some of the ways in which these problems hinted at larger problems with unity between the newly created American states. So for example, I talked about regionalism, and I talked about some of the ways in which regionalism complicated the task of organizing the Continental Army, for example things like considering how to balance positions of military command between Northerners and Southerners, or getting units from one region of the country to deal with units from another region of the country, or getting soldiers from different regions as well as individual soldiers to agree to sacrifice for the common good throughout the entire confederation of states instead of thinking about their own state or their own locality above all else. And I also talked about a related problem, and I called that the problem of localism, and I talked about how a localized view of the world, or certainly a localized view of the new states, worked against centralized control. So localities of all sorts had difficulty surrendering local control to some kind of a central organization like the Continental Congress, which obviously had to equip the army, and thus that raised all kinds of other complications and problems. Each state wanted to maintain control, for example, of its own militia. And then finally, at the very end of the lecture I mentioned that many people who would end up being strong nationalists in the 1780s and in the 1790s-- people who were going to end up being at the forefront of the movement to strengthen the Articles of Confederation-- many of these people gained their political beliefs and the need for some kind of a stronger centralized national government from their experiences during the Revolution, from their experiences with what often felt like what Alexander Hamilton called an imbecilic centralized government. That was his word that he applied to the Continental Congress, "imbecilic." So basically, looking at the army and then looking at Congress, we see regionalism and localism both working against centralized control and coordination. We see a lack of precedent for centralized governance of this kind, which led to some confusion. And certainly that made it possible for any important decision that had to do with centralized power having seemingly enough importance to make it earth-shaking-- and thus seemingly trivial things ended up seeming to have huge importance because they might set a precedent, again all of this working against effectiveness. So all of these things complicated the creation not just of a Continental Army, but also of first, colonial unity, and then American unity and-- as we're going to see in weeks to come-- ultimately constitutional unity. And we're going to see this sort of concern and confusion and these complications of centralized power coming up again and again this semester, particularly at the beginning of April when we begin to talk about the Articles of Confederation and people really debating about what's the best form of government for these new states to unite under. So these ideas--things like regionalism and things like localism and how they complicated the army, and also centralized power--those things are actually going to come up in today's lecture which, as I said, I titled "Heroes and Villains." And what I'm really going to be doing in today's lecture--It's a different kind of lecture from ones that I've given before. Happily for you, it's a lecture that will probably require you to take less notes than you typically take in lecture for this course, because what I'm going to do is kind of use a case study to look up close at just a handful of people and a series of events as a way of exploring some of the ideas that we've been talking about generally-- ideas about the Congress, ideas about the army, and how they actually played out in a few individual lives. So what we're going to see in the course of today's lecture, which in a way is one big story, is some of the complications inherent in how the Continental Congress handled the Continental Army. We're going to see a very specific example of that. We're going to see regionalism making trouble in the Continental Army. We're going to see how serving in the army affected--in the case of today's lecture--several people's lives in a really direct way. And then on a broader scale, by looking at this one story-- which is intertwined with the actions of the Continental Army and what it meant to this handful of lives-- we're also going to see some broader truths about American society at the time. So we're going to see for example how the army was an outlet for personal ambition, how people maybe tried to use service in the army as a way to promote themselves, something that I've mentioned before. We're going to see how living at a time of war opened paths for people that might not otherwise have existed. We're going to see the sometimes slippery status of women during a time of war, and we're going to see how many Americans still revered some British cultural ideals even in the midst of war against Britain. And the story that I'm going to use today, the sort of case study that's going to help us delve into all of these things, is the story of Benedict Arnold, Peggy Shippen Arnold, and John Andre. All of these people--All three of these people, in one way or another, attempted to use the war and its armies to make, or I guess maybe more accurately to unmake, themselves and their reputations. In one way or another, all of them were trying to better themselves through the opportunities of warfare. Now before we launch into that case study, I just want to talk for a moment about why warfare created such opportunities for potentially raising a person's social status, and thus why some people were actually eager for war. Now in some of the early lectures for this course, I discussed social status in the colonies and I talked a little bit about how society in the colonies, while it certainly did have an elite sort of gentlemanly rank of people, that overall American society tended to be more middling than English society, which did have an entrenched aristocratic class. In America, if you wanted to have gentlemanly status-- and in a sense it was more difficult to be born into it in the way that you could have in a European nation-- there were actually a limited number of pathways that were open to you to achieve that kind of a status. Basically, there were a handful of professions that were assumed in this period to be gentlemanly. These included medicine, the law, the ministry, the church, perhaps being a merchant that was wealthy enough that you didn't seem to be grubbing for money-- that you seemed to be living happily off of your vast sums of money, maybe someone who owned a really sizable plantation, or serving as an officer in an army. And I was sort of unsure what to do with college professors, near and dear to my heart. I decided I would not officially put them on the list, although many college professors in this period would have been in the clergy, certainly some of them would have been lawyers, so I think they would have generally fallen into the gentlemanly ranks, but I'm being unbiased here so I'm leaving college professors over here somewhere. Okay. So of all of those positions that I've just named, being a military officer, serving as an officer during-- in an army but particularly during a time of war, offered the greatest chance for instant glory, instant status, instant rank through bravery and displays of valor on the battlefield. For the very ambitious or for people who had a problematic social rank for one reason or another, a war could be a great opportunity for you to improve your place in the world, particularly in a place like America. And one extreme example of this is actually Alexander Hamilton, who was born illegitimate in the West Indies-- and it's really clear from the absolute first letter of his that we know of, which was written when he was fourteen years old, that he absolutely thought that his only ticket off of the island of St. Croix was through military glory in a war. That was really the way that he saw that he was going to make something of himself, get himself off of St. Croix, earn a name, get status, get reputation, and start the process of making something of himself in the world. So as he says in this letter, and it's written when he's fourteen, "my Ambition is prevalent.... I wish there was a War." Okay. [laughs] As a historian, you're so happy-- again, I said this before--when your historical subjects say the thing you want them to say that you can then quote forever after. 'Hi. I am ambitious and I want a war so I can promote myself.' Thank you, Alexander Hamilton, very much. Okay. Now in a sense Hamilton was extreme, because he was very underprivileged, he was extremely ambitious and very determined, but in a sense his entire generation of young men saw the Revolution as a chance for glory, status, rank, self-promotion. And I talked about a similar idea last week when I mentioned that there were a number of Europeans who came to America during the Revolution, sometimes because they figured that they could probably impress Americans, or certainly impress the Continental Congress with their experience in formal European warfare, and then they could get a position as an officer easier than they might have been able to obtain it or purchase it back home, and--so that there were a number of Europeans coming to this country for that purpose. And I mentioned at the time that actually Hamilton, trying to do something really similar, said that watching these Europeans come and get promoted by the Congress above his head gave him what he called "pigmy-feelings," made him feel really puny, really small in comparison with these sort of grand Europeans coming and sort of getting everything that he wanted and he wasn't getting because he was just a puny, little American. So in a sense, in a world where there were a limited number of pathways to gentlemanly status, serving as an officer during a time of war could be kind of an escalator of rank, offering the chance to get ahead at a rapid pace. So being an officer in the Continental Army could have seemed particularly attractive to highly ambitious men who were looking for some kind of a big chance, and Benedict Arnold was one of those men. Now I think when most Americans think about the American Revolution--And I remember I started out this course sort of talking about the same idea. I assumed that maybe people know Washington led the army, that Paul Revere rode around on a horse saying something about the British, that Jefferson had something to do with the Declaration of Independence, and I'll add to that list, most people know Benedict Arnold was a traitor. They don't know why, they don't know how, but you assume the name Benedict Arnold goes along with the word "traitor." John Adams was pretty much right on the money when he predicted how future generations were going to see the American Revolution, and it's right in line with what I just said. And he actually wrote in 1790 to Benjamin Rush, "The History of our Revolution will be one continued lie from one end to the other. The essence of the whole will be that Dr. Franklin's electrical Rod smote the Earth and out sprung General Washington. [laughter] That Franklin electrified him with his Rod-- [laughs] and henceforth these two conducted all the Policy, Negotiations, Legislatures and War." Okay. So Adams is actually probably coming pretty close to reality. People are going to look back and they're going to say, 'Yeah, yeah. Franklin, Washington, and the war. That was the Revolution.' Now I always--I knew that quote. I've known it for a long time. I love that quote, which is why I found a reason to sort of wind it into today's lecture, but when I went back to look it up today, for the first time I actually read the whole letter that it comes from. And I found another sentence which I actually hadn't focused on before, and it made me so happy that I offer it to you, even though it isn't directly related to the point I'm making, but I kind of couldn't believe he wrote it in his letter. So he offers that quote and then he adds and says, "If this Letter should be preserved and read an hundred years hence--". Okay. First of all, I love the fact that that comes up in his mind. Well, a hundred years from now when people are reading my letter, "if this letter should be preserved and read an hundred years hence, the Reader will say, 'the envy of this John Adams could not bear to think of the Truth!'" So in other words, a hundred years from now if people read this letter they're going to say, 'Yeah. Well, the fact is Adams knew he wouldn't be remembered. He doesn't deserve to be remembered anyway.' So it's like first there's the letter where he's like: 'oh, no one's going to know the truth about the Revolution and they're never going to give me any credit. [laughter] I love the weird self-awareness of John Adams. I just--I couldn't believe that he added that into the letter. So anyway, I think he certainly knew what he was talking about when he talked about the weird, general sort of hero-way in which people were going to be thinking about the American Revolution. So many Americans know certainly Benedict Arnold equals traitor. Obviously, it's--I'm going to be talking about it today-- his story is a lot more complex than that, and it's mixed in with these other two stories, that of Peggy Shippen, who eventually becomes his wife, and John Andre who is a young British officer. Now Arnold started out life in many ways a sort of typical member of a modest, respectable family, and at the opening of the American Revolution he was a book-seller and a pharmacist, or what they would have called a druggist, in New Haven, Connecticut. So he's a local boy, Benedict Arnold. He was struggling to better himself. How many of you knew actually that Benedict Arnold was a local guy? A couple people did. That was another one of those things that--I never know when I say something about New Haven. Is it like, 'We all know this about New Haven, Professor Freeman. You are the clueless person.' [laughter] So anyway, he was a local boy. So book-seller, druggist, New Haven local boy struggling to better himself, and part of the way in which he's struggling to better himself is to certainly display himself to the world as someone who's really up and coming. So among the things that he was doing was, he apparently was building an enormous mansion for himself on Water Street, wearing very expensive clothing, taking big risks in business to try and get himself ahead quickly. He was also a captain in the local New Haven militia and so he was really active drilling at the opening of the war. Now when gunplay broke out at Lexington and Concord, the New Haven town meeting apparently decided that they wanted to maintain neutrality, which in and of itself was kind of interesting. Right? 'Uh oh. Something bad's happening. I think for now we want to be neutral.' Connecticut's always a very conservative place so this is yet another conservative moment in Connecticut's history. So they form a committee--The town meeting forms a committee to preserve neutrality in New Haven. Arnold was not really excited about this concept of neutrality, so apparently he stormed in to this neutrality committee, demanded the keys to the ammunition shed, and when his superior in the Connecticut militia told him the town had legally voted for neutrality, Arnold threatened to break down the ammunition shed door with his men if they didn't hand over the keys so he could get ammunition and take his men and do something. And the committee released the keys and Arnold took them and armed his men, and ultimately he and his militia unit joined the Continental Army in Massachusetts. So this is someone who clearly is eager to fight. Right? He sort of forced his way in. So he ends up in Massachusetts with his men. He's soon promoted to be a colonel by the Massachusetts Committee of Safety, which assigned him to be part of a group that was going to go help capture Fort Ticonderoga and he was-- Arnold was part of that successful effort in May of 1775. And by October of 1776, he was a brigadier general. Now at this point the very hierarchical system of military rank that Arnold was using to try and raise himself in the world began to work against him, because a number of his equals were promoted to major general, but Arnold wasn't. And as I'm going to explain in a moment, the reason why he didn't get a promotion has more to do with things like regionalism and fear of centralized authority than it actually does have anything to do with Arnold specifically. So basically, many of the more radical members of the Continental Congress at this time were afraid that if everyone was promoted in the Continental Army just according to seniority of rank that the army would get detached from the legislature and then it would be seniority and not Congress that would be determining promotions, so Congress might end up being powerless over the army. And so the result that they feared would be maybe a military dictatorship, an aristocracy based on high military rank-- that somehow or other, if the army had control of promotion everything was going to spin out of control and Congress would have no power. So, afraid of this, Congress debated and ultimately decided that officers should be appointed not just according to seniority, but almost more important, on the basis of balancing out the numbers of officers from different states. Okay. So they figure we're going to have regional balance. We're going to maintain control of the promotion process and maintain regional balance in the numbers of officers. So essentially in the interest of preserving a national confederation of some kind, regional balance in the military was given priority. As Washington--George Washington explained to Arnold when Arnold was denied his promotion, "as Connecticut had already two major-generals, it was their full share." Okay. That's got to be really sour grapes, like 'What? [laughs] Connecticut doesn't deserve any more major generals so I don't get a promotion?' "I confess this is a strange mode of reasoning; but it may serve to show you, that the promotion, that was due to your seniority, was not overlooked for want of merit in you." So he's trying to make Arnold feel better. 'Well, you actually--I know you deserved it but I'm sorry. You really can't have it, because Connecticut doesn't get any more for a while.' Okay. Arnold did not get his promotion, did not get it for want of merit. This did not make him happy. Washington's trying to explain that there are larger principles at play, principles that show how fearful people were of centralized power in any form, and in this case they're afraid of some kind of powerful standing army, and they're using regional balance as a priority to sort of balance out fears of centralized power wherever they're afraid it's going to crop up. As one congressman wrote at the time, Arnold's promotion was blocked because it raised, quote, "a question of monarchical or republican principles at a most crucial time." So you could see even this one guy's promotion is being tied into these much larger fears and ideas. Congress felt compelled to establish its promotion policy based on fears of an independent standing army that might take power for itself. They're trying to keep control of military promotion-- so here you see fear of a standing army, fear of centralized power and regionalism all stirred up and all at play in full force. Now luckily for Arnold at this point, there was a military action in Connecticut. Arnold proved himself militarily--yet again he ends up getting promoted to major general-- but now his rank is beneath those who had been his equals before. Right? They had been promoted ahead of him so they still have seniority over him. Arnold really wants equal rank, equal seniority with the men he had formerly been equal to. He also felt that Congress owed him money because he had been using his personal funds to supply his troops, and obviously he's already living well beyond his means, so this question of whether or not he's actually owed money by Congress and whether or not Congress is actually going to pay him back-- for him, that's a serious question. The more that Arnold demanded that he be promoted to the level of his former equals, the stronger Congress dug in its heels and refused to comply, so that the whole idea clearly is becoming now a matter of principle in which the honor and authority of the Continental Congress is at stake now in addition to whatever larger issues are at play. And this might sound a little familiar if you think back to some of the logic deployed by the British Parliament as problems were growing out of questions of taxation. In addition to all of the larger problems and concerns mixed up in that question, part of what was at play was that Parliament ultimately, at some point down the road of that controversy, didn't want to lose face by seeming to surrender the issue to its colonies. So the honor of Parliament is involved in that issue, here the honor of the Continental Congress. They feel like that's at issue and they can't just back down because Arnold is being really persistent about what he wants. As South Carolina Congressman Henry Laurens put it at the time, his colleagues' behavior in Congress was, quote, "disgusting." Arnold was refused "not because he was deficient in merit or that his demand was not well founded but because he asked for it & that granting at such insistence would be derogatory to the honour of Congress." Now that's Laurens' point of view. Another congressman with different politics and another point of view came up with a whole different way of looking at this whole controversy-- drew very different conclusions--and said that denying Arnold his promotion was a triumph of republican principles. Military rank would stay in control of the legislature; the army wouldn't become independent and aristocratic. So you can see even again something that is seemingly not that important, which is the promotion of one guy, stirs up all of these larger issues for all kinds of people in different ways. People aren't even united about what it means. Now it was at roughly this moment-- when Arnold is frustrated--he wants promotion-- he doesn't see a way to get it--he keeps getting turned down-- he feels like he's owed money in some way-- he just feels basically stymied in every way-- his reputation now he also feels is being attacked simply because he's asking for promotion-- this is roughly the time when he met Peggy Shippen, who was the daughter of a wealthy merchant in Philadelphia. Now the Shippens, along with any number of Philadelphia's other sort of best families, mingled freely with British officers when the British were in occupation of Philadelphia-- when the British were not there, mingled freely with American officers. When the British had possession of Philadelphia apparently there were elaborate dances and great sorts of theatrical productions. It was a grand social scene when the British were there. When the British were not there, Americans also had entertainments. They weren't quite as extravagant, but still enough to encourage the participation of all of the best families of Philadelphia. Peggy Shippen was certainly in the midst of all of this socializing, enjoying whatever socializing was going on with whatever group, and apparently she was very popular. She was sort of the literal belle of the ball, one of the more attractive and noteworthy young women in Philadelphia's social scene at that time. Now this suggests a few things about Peggy Shippen, one or two of which are significant for our story here. For one obvious thing, it suggests that she certainly was dressed at the height of fashion, that she was skilled at flirtation, that she was aggressive in social circles, but what that adds up to as far as our story is concerned, is that she was displaying ambition on one of the few stages where women could display open ambition, and that's social events, social functions, in a sense the private world. But certainly on the social stage, that's a place where women could successfully display and exercise ambition, and it certainly suggests that Peggy Shippen was perfectly comfortable doing that on the social scene of Philadelphia. So Peggy married Benedict Arnold in April of 1779. He already was someone who was spending extravagantly. This just encouraged him to increase his spending, because now he had a wife to spend on, in addition to whatever he was spending on himself. And it was shortly after his marriage, when he still remained frustrated in his military hopes, his expenses are rising and rising all the time, this is the moment where he began to ponder the possibility of aiding the British. And apparently in his mind he justified his actions by assuming the British were inevitably going to win anyway, that the British--that the likelihood that the colonies were going to be victorious against the empire, in his mind, is unlikely. So given that the British are inevitably going to win, his helping them win the war is going to end bloodshed as quickly as possible, so he's doing a good thing by somehow helping the British. Now clearly that's a sort of self-serving way of looking at it. He has other motives too, but that was part of his logic. So in May of 1779, he and Peggy decided to ask a local man in Philadelphia who they knew had Loyalist sympathies and who was a poet to act as a go-between with the British so they could at least open a conversation with them. And this man, whose name was Joseph Stansbury, later described Arnold's invitation. He described what Arnold said to him at this moment: "General Arnold sent for me and, after some general conversation, opened his political sentiments respecting the war carrying on between Great Britain and America, declaring his abhorrence of a separation of the latter from the former as a measure that would be ruinous to both. General Arnold then communicated to me, under a solemn obligation of secrecy, his intention of offering his services to the Commander-in-Chief of the British forces in any way that would most effectually restore the former government and destroy the [then] usurped authority of Congress, either by immediately joining the British Army or cooperating on some concerted plan with Sir Henry Clinton"-- (who is the British commander in chief). Yeah. That's quite some conversation there. Now the person who ultimately ended up facilitating communication between Arnold and Sir Henry Clinton was a young British officer named Major John Andre, who was a sort of favorite of Henry Clinton, was sort of his right-hand man. Apparently, Peggy Shippen knew him. They had met when the British had been in Philadelphia, and in fact they'd been a little bit flirtatious when the British were in Philadelphia, so they knew each other. To most people who knew Andre--and as we're going to see later on in this story, particularly to Americans--Andre was the very ideal of a gentleman. He was charming. He was well educated. He wrote poetry. He wrote plays. He was flirtatious. He drew portraits to amuse the ladies and his fellow officers. He's supposedly very good-looking. So basically in a sense, Andre is sort of this gentlemanly ideal, and then he's also this gallant soldier, so you add it all up and it's just a package of sort of "ideal gentleman." Like Arnold, Andre had used the army as a way to better his station, although his station was already somewhat elevated. So Andre's father was a wealthy merchant. Andre thought that trade was a little bit disreputable so he decided that the army was a better way for him to advance himself, exercise his ambition, and achieve fame and glory, again not that unlike Arnold. So Andre ends up being at the center of Arnold's plans with the British, and basically the plan was the Arnolds would send messages to the British, but they would be written by Peggy Arnold and then sent to Andre through Joseph Stansbury who would pick up the letters and deliver them, crossing back and forth between American and British lines, and then Andre could go on and speak to Henry Clinton himself. Now Stansbury, hoping to make things a little less risky for himself, got another poet that he knew behind British lines to carry the messages from his hand to Andre's hand. So Benedict Arnold's negotiations with the British would be written out by Peggy; she'd give her letters to Stansbury; Stansbury would give them to another poet; the poet would give them to Andre; Andre would take them to Clinton. Okay. That's a long chain of people, but what's really interesting about that chain of people is that when you think of the pieces and the assumptions underlying the pieces, it revealed a lot about society and some of its assumptions at the time. It was actually Andre who suggested that the letters should at least seem to be written by Peggy Arnold and addressed to Andre, because Andre knew that something written by a woman would never be assumed to have anything to do with politics or war. A letter from a woman is going to assume to be private and personal. Women were basically a nonentity in public life, they didn't exist as public figures, so, as Andre explained in a note to the Arnolds, "The Lady," meaning Peggy, "might write to me... This will come by a flag of truce, every messenger remaining ignorant of what they are charged with." These will seem like private letters. They can kind of write in code. It'll come from a woman. No one will know what they are, and under a flag of truce, messengers will help deliver these messages and no one will know what they are, because they're written by a woman. So their letters to each other could seem to talk about things like parties and dances and what Andre termed "other nonsense." Right? They can pretend to be talking about whatever they're talking about but they're going to actually send coded messages. And these letters would be passed through both the American and British lines because they would supposedly have nothing to do with the war, because they were from or to a woman. Okay. So part of this whole plan of espionage is built around the simple fact that women were invisible in public life, so they were very useful agents of espionage. It's also interesting to note that both the Arnolds' chosen messenger, Stansbury, and Stanbury--Stansbury's chosen messenger to Andre, both of them were poets, and in a sense poets were also people who would not necessarily be assumed to be centrally involved with fighting a war. It could have been quite natural for American and British men of letters to chat, to meet, to correspond. Cultural bonds--for example an interest in the art of poetry-- could easily cross political boundaries, and Andre himself was a poet of sorts, so that too showed something interesting about society at the time: this assumption that common cultural bonds between American and British men of letters and literature could be assumed to be above politics and war, above national bonds enough that it might help them pass back and forth between American and British lines. Okay. So using this whole string of people, this string of poets, Arnold and the British negotiated for a time and then stopped because the British would not promise to give Arnold the huge sum of money that he demanded for his services. A year later in 1780, negotiations began again, this time focused on a specific demand by the British. The British specifically asked Arnold for his help in getting control of West Point, and Arnold felt that he could probably get command of West Point and then find a way to deliver it to the British. And in exchange for this mission Arnold wanted 30,000 pounds sterling, which is a vast sum of money at this time. I think--sterling to dollar I can't translate, but just to give you a sense--I believe that when the government gets under way, George Washington is making a salary of $25,000 a year and that's a big blob of money. I think Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury were making $5,000 a year maybe. So 30,000 pounds sterling is a lot of money. Plus, he wanted payment of all of his debts. So he's not being modest. But General Clinton--communicating through Andre--refused to commit any money to Arnold until Arnold had actually accomplished something. Right? He doesn't at this point even have command of West Point. So at this point with their plan almost foiled, things go perhaps one step worse when George Washington asks to see Arnold and tries to reward him. Right? He still feels bad. The guy didn't get the promotion he wanted. Washington says he's going to try to reward him by giving him a better command than West Point. Right? West Point's not really in the center of the fighting. Washington basically says, 'You don't really want West Point. I'll give you something better than West Point,' and, as Washington later recorded, Arnold had a strange reaction to this offer. Quote: "Upon this information his countenance changed and he appeared to be quite fallen; and, instead of thanking me, or expressing any pleasure at the appointment, never opened his mouth"-- okay, because he--Arnold's like, 'uh oh, [laughs] this is not what I expected.' Right? Peggy Arnold when informed in Philadelphia that Arnold had been promised a better command than West Point apparently burst into hysterics and then after regaining herself said she was sobbing because of the danger that this put her husband in. Okay. She's really sobbing because their plan is about to be foiled, but her explanation again sort of took advantage of stereotypes about women, in this case capitalizing on the assumption that women were not involved in such things as military commands; they would just be worried about their husbands' welfare. So that's the excuse she comes up with, and we're going to see her deploy this really successfully in just a few minutes at the sort of penultimate moment of crisis in this whole controversy. Ultimately, that offer of another command for Arnold fell through and he was given command of West Point. And through that whole chain of letter exchanges it was quickly established that Arnold and Andre and Clinton were now ready to actually do business. But now at this crucial point someone had to speak with Arnold in person to make final arrangements. And here we get yet another example of how important it was for young men to gain status in the army-- and actually young men of all kinds to gain status in the army-- and how useful the army could be for promoting your own status and reputation, even for people who already had some social status-- because in this case Andre's commander in chief and friend, General Clinton, said the mission was too dangerous for his favorite right-hand man. Right? He says to Andre, 'This is not for you. This is too dangerous,' but Andre actually insisted on being the communicator between Clinton and Arnold because he really desperately wanted a chance to earn a promotion and he really thought that this moment of potential glory could be it, could be his big chance. So Andre and Arnold met; they talked. Throughout his trip to meet with Arnold and during the visit, Andre claimed to be a merchant named John Anderson-- right?--and he wore this sort of cloak, but it's important to note that underneath his cloak he had on his British uniform. And this was important because if he was captured in his official uniform, he would be a prisoner of war and thus protected, even possibly traded back to the British in exchange for a high-ranking American prisoner, but if he was in plain clothes he would be a lowly spy, and a spy had only one fate waiting for him and that was death by hanging. So he's cloaked but he does have on his British uniform. Okay. Complications naturally arose when a friend of Arnold's saw Andre with the cloak off. Right? So the friend of Arnold says, 'Wow. You're chatting with a British officer. [laughter] What does that mean?' Okay. So forced to come up with some kind of an explanation--you could imagine that moment; that's a big sort of "uh oh, [laughs] I'm chatting with a British officer"-- Arnold said that Andre was a merchant who had put on a British uniform to sneak through British lines. Right? Quick thinking on Arnold's part, but Arnold's friend said: 'Oh, okay. Well, given that'--he says to Andre-- 'You'd be much safer now just to dress in plain clothes, because now that you're past British lines you shouldn't be wearing a British uniform.' Okay. There's not a lot that Andre can say to that logic so he puts on plain clothes. He's carrying papers from Arnold about their plot and shoves them into his boot, and Andre then set off to head back to General Clinton, had just about made his way back to British-claimed territory when he was stopped by three men who questioned him, searched his clothing, and eventually found the papers in his boot. And the three men brought Andre to American authorities. Now, even now Andre thought that maybe he could claim to be a secret agent in Arnold's service. Right? He's--Actually, he's wearing plain clothes and he has papers from Arnold, so he's thinking: 'well, there's not actually anything to link me with the British at this moment. I could just be a lowly spy doing something for Arnold so maybe I'm still okay.' However, the officer who he was taken to became suspicious when Andre was given clean clothes, and the ribbon that he removed from his hair was dusted with powder. Okay, the sneaky powder. What that meant was that he clearly was a gentleman who powdered his hair. He was not a lowly spy. So whoever this observant person was, he saw the ribbon, he saw that it was dusted with powder, and he thought: 'I don't think you're some pseudo lowly spy person. I think you must be someone more important. Something fishy is going on here.' So now, this American officer sent the captured papers on to George Washington. Washington, as luck would have it, was on his way to West Point to meet with Benedict Arnold. [laughter] Right? Talk about your sort of lucky strike. Right? So he's riding off, heading to West Point to meet with Arnold as a friend, see how West Point is going, and now this letter from Andre is winging its way to Arnold's headquarters at West Point. When it became obvious that he was now being really held suspect, Andre confessed who he was, and he did so at this early point so that he could reveal that he wasn't a lowly spy but actually was a gentleman and an officer who had been caught. And to him this really made a difference. As he explained to Washington, he wasn't revealing his true identity for his own safety and security. As he put it, he wasn't trying to "rescue himself from an imputation of having assumed a mean character for treacherous purposes or self-interest"-- so he says, 'I'm not revealing this because I'm hoping to plead for my life.' Rather, he was revealing his true identity, quote, "to vindicate my fame" from any suspicion that he was a lowly spy. So basically he's revealing who he is because he wants to be recognized as an officer and a gentleman. And that letter--also sent on to the headquarters at West Point to wait for Washington when he arrives at West Point. Boy, Washington's going to have fun when he arrives at West Point. Washington has not yet gotten to Arnold's house. He sent two of his aides ahead to prepare for his arrival. They were actually eating breakfast with Benedict Arnold when letters began to arrive at headquarters. Realizing that something bad was unfolding as one after another sort of dispatch came in with these frantic letters that had to get to Washington, Arnold ran upstairs. Washington--Washington's aides later said he looked oddly agitated. He told Peggy that they'd been caught. He ran downstairs. He told Washington that--and his aides actually, not Washington. He's not there yet--he told Washington's aides that he had to go prepare for a reception for Washington, and fled on horseback. "Poof," he's gone. And eventually he was taken aboard a British ship in the harbor. Washington arrived shortly after this moment, reads all of these letters and messages that are waiting for him, and at this moment Peggy, who now knows that things are really exploding and she's in big trouble, erupts into hysterics, entirely flustering all of the men present-- because she's at this point surrounded by men-- right?--her husband's aides, George Washington, George Washington's aides. She erupts into hysterics and one of Arnold's aides said, "I heard a shriek to me and sprang from my bed, ran upstairs, and there met the miserable lady, raving, distracted ... with her hair disheveled and flowing about her neck. Her morning gown, with few other clothes, [laughter] remained on her, too few to be seen by a gentleman of the family, much less by many strangers." Okay, the semi-nude Peggy Arnold. "She seized me by the hand with this, to me distressing, address, and a wild look, 'Colonel ... have you ordered my child to be killed?'" Okay. Peggy raving, 'You're going to kill my baby.' She raved apparently for several days. Generally speaking, she could have sincerely been distressed. Right? Her husband just ran off, things are in trouble, Washington's there, the jig is up, people know about the plot. Her seeming insanity, raving about a murdered baby, maybe not so sincere, and Washington's aides were entirely sucked in to her distress. As Alexander Hamilton put it, and he was really sucked right in there, "one moment she raved; another she melted into tears... in a manner that would have pierced insensibility itself.... It was the most affecting scene I ever was witness to" [laughter]--that's on the part of Hamilton. Okay. So here again is Peggy using prevailing assumptions about women to her advantage. She's raving. She's hysterical. She's talking about her baby. She's not wearing very much clothing, [laughter] apparently. There were many reasons for the men who were present not to suspect that she's actually involved in the treasonous plot. So Arnold is fleeing to a British ship, Andre is an American prisoner, and Peggy is being doted on by half a dozen American officers. [laughter] By prolonging her hysteria, she was playing on what she knew would be their sense of gallantry to help her, and their emotional response to a distraught woman who's sobbing and semi-nude. So eventually she went home to her family in Philadelphia. Andre's fate was still up for grabs. He assumed that a gentleman and officer of his rank would never be accused of being a lowly spy and he would be exchanged for an equivalent American officer. But this was not to be. But interestingly, while he was in captivity, Andre became much more than a British spy to the American officers who were holding him prisoner, because during his captivity Washington and his aides spent a lot of time with him and came to consider him as the very model of what a gentleman and an officer should be. All of Washington's aides literally wanted to be Andre. Some of them actually said that in writing: 'I wish I were Andre. [laughter] He's so gallant. He's so brave. He's so--' Yeah. So Andre really is this ideal. He's handsome. He's aristocratically genteel. He's stoic in the face of imminent death. He's willingly sacrificing his life for his country, even if that country is England and not America. Even Washington was taken with Andre and called him a gallant and accomplished officer. Despite such respect for Andre, his request to be shot as an officer and a gentleman rather than hanged as a spy was denied. Washington couldn't grant that request without raising doubts about Andre's guilt as a spy. So October 1,1780, was named as the day of Andre's execution. On that day Andre dressed with extreme care. He went out of his way to show his calm fortitude and his gentility and his dignity in the face of death. He was a true British officer to the last, because apparently as he walked to the scaffold he said, quote, "I am very much surprised to find your troops under such good discipline." [laughter] Can you imagine? 'I'm about to die. My, you Americans are quite disciplined, aren't you?' [laughter] Thank you, John Andre. "And your music is excellent," he added. [laughter] Thank you very much. He was supposedly taken aback for a moment when he saw the gallows, because up until that moment he really had been expecting a firing squad. He asked if he had to die in this manner. Told he would, he replied in a loud voice, which was remembered later by lots of people in their diaries and in letters, "I am reconciled to my fate but not to the mode." Right? So the audience was like: 'oh, this is moving.' [laughter] When asked if he had last words he said, "I have nothing more to say, gentleman"--boy, you better practice last words in this age-- "I have nothing more to say, gentleman, but this: you all bear me witness that I meet my fate as a brave man." At this, the crowd began to sob, [laughter] and then the trapdoor was released and that was the end of Major John Andre. Now his death inspired engravings, songs, poems, plays for years afterward. To many Americans, he remained a sort of ideal gentleman and officer, this noble and sensitive youth, this sort of romantic hero. He was beloved by young American officers who thought he was this superior, genteel, sophisticated, cultured individual in a way that they didn't necessarily consider themselves to be. He somehow seemed better than them, and to many this was inextricably tied up with the fact that he was a British gentleman, the best of that breed. The extreme adoration of Andre in America shows how Americans still suffered from a little bit of an inferiority complex in relation to the British who still represented-- at least partly in their mind--the height of culture and sophistication. Even now, in a time of war, they're responding to Andre in this way. Peggy eventually joined her husband in England, successfully playing her cards as a woman throughout to protect herself from the hatred that certainly was shown to her husband. And Arnold of all of them was really cursed forever, eternally hated largely of course because of his treason, his betrayal of the American cause, but partly in a sense also because in some ways his actions were understandable to some people in America. He was someone who was ambitious and tried to raise his status. He was someone who spent too much money, took too many risks to advance himself. He was someone who was seduced by all that the British had to offer. In a sense, he was a kind of everyman gone wrong, an example of the worst that was possible in this new somewhat more egalitarian American world. So part of the reason why Americans hated Arnold with such passion is that partly they understood that in some ways, Arnold was them. Wow. That was just in time. Okay. That is the end of today's lecture. We move on in the coming weeks to war, to Washington, to sort of looking at how things are playing out on the battlefield, and then we will work our way towards Articles of Confederation and an actual Constitution by the end of the semester. We will make it there. See you on Thursday. First, congratulations on making it through the course. You have learned so much. You've learned how to calculate the circumference of the earth. How to quantify motion. >>How to use Newton's laws to calculate acceleration. How to keep The Netherlands dry. >>How to find your location at sea. How to protect tall buildings from lightening. And even a bit of special relativity. Now, it's time to use what you've learned and put it in practice on the final exam. This exam will have no deadline, and you can take it whenever you want. You'll get instant feedback on each question, so you can submit as many answers as you'd like without penalty. Once you're finished with the exam, you can complete the course by going to your transcript page and clicking on the "Complete Course" button. You will get one of four certificates based on how many answers you get correct. The criteria for each of these certificates is below the video. Good luck on the exam. Teaching this course has been an incredible experience. I've been really blown away by the amount of curiosity and helpfulness that I've seen in the forums. I'd like to say thank you to Jonathon for everything he's done to make this class possible, to Grant, the editor and videographer. Without him this wouldn't have happened. And, of course, to you for everything you've done to make this class such a success. I can't wait to see you in future Udacity classes. Good luck on the exam. [Music] RARlTY: I'll be the toast of the town The girl on the go I'm the type of pony everypony, everypony should know I'll be the one to watch The girl in the flow I'm the type of pony everypony, everypony should know Becoming as popular as popular can be Making my mark, making my mark in high society I'm the belle of the ball, the star of the show Yeah I'm the type of pony everypony, everypony should know See how they hang on every word that I speak? My approving glance is what they all seek I'm the creme de la creme, not just another Jane Doe I'm the type of pony everypony should know At home at the opera On a fancy yacht Becoming the talk, the talk of all of Canterlot I'm the creme de la creme, not just another Jane Doe Yeah I'm the type of pony everypony, everypony should know [Music] Because I'm the type of pony Yes, I'm the type of pony [tapping] Yes, I'm the type of pony everypony should know I am going to demonstrate some pretty neat functionality in the new Mountain Lion operating system on my MacBook Pro. I'm not even going to use a headset. I'm using the built-in speech recognition that requires no training, it does require a wireless connection, and it requires no headset. I'm going to tap the function button twice before I speak, then I will tap it twice again when I'm finished. [sound of button being tapped twice] Now is the time for all good men to come to the aid of the party. [sound of button being tapped twice] Now I think that's pretty cool. Remember, I'm not using a headset, this has not been trained, I do have a Wi-Fi connection... that's pretty darn accurate! Let me try something else. [sound of button being tapped twice] I really enjoy the convenience of speech recognition in Mountain Lion. I'm able to use it in many places, and it doesn't require any additional preparation, because I don't even need a headset! [sound of button being tapped twice] It has been my pleasure to demonstrate speech recognition in Mountain Lion, on my MacBook Pro. WlTHlN YOU WlTHOUT YOU by George Harrison (Patchogue Theatre for the Performing Arts, August 2005) TABLA: Samir Chatterjee SARANGl: Ramesh Misra SlTAR: Kinnar Kumar Seen TANPURA (Drone instrument) (Dix Hills Performing Arts Center, April 2006) DlLRUBA: Ted Morano TABLA: Dibyarka Chatterjee SlTAR: Roger Lipson Thanks, welcome! Who wants to build an embedded system? Who wants to use Python to build an embedded system? Okay, you are in the right place. The story so far, hardware is cheap! Specifically, the price difference between 8-bit and 32-bit processors is small and dwindling. That means there are more and more places we can use Python. That board, has a 700 MHz processor, a GPU, ethernet, USB 256 megs of ram, and is perfect for running python. It is called Rasperry Pi, and it cost $35. My premise is that programmers develop faster with linux and python than a realtime embedded operating system in C. The tools and documentation are much better even when the documentation is the source. Just considering python capable systems, hardware resources can vary widely I am going to use three examples for this talk electronic kiosks, routers, and thermostats We have one problem, linux distributions are designed for desktops not embedded systems The solution is use the pieces you can from a linux distribution and use python to build the rest The first step is to choose the right distribution for your product Kiosks usually have PC class hardware. A screen, an x86 processor, a touchscreen or pointing device and tens of gigabytes of storage. But there are some important differences. A desktop has one user and lots of applications. A kiosk has one application and lots of users. Kiosks have no human administrator. All configurations and upgrades must be automatic. Ubuntu has great support for PC hardware, and gives you a number of choices for building your User Interface You can use a traditional toolkit like Qt or GTK or if you want to build your interface the web way you can use the kiosk mode of firefox or chromium Fedora also has great PC hardware support and could be a good choice. Ubuntu's advantage is that it is base on Debian, and the Debian project has packaged a lot more software than Fedora So it is more likely that the software you want is already packaged further, Debian packages are more grainular than Fedora packages so if you are tight on space, it is a lot easier to slim down your storage requirements by removing packages then by diffing into the individual packages and tearing out what you don't need Debian becomes a better choice than Ubuntu if you don't need to support the latest PC hardware and desktop environments For example, if you don't need a compositing windows manager Debian may be a better choice The core Ubuntu components, both the kernel and the userspace runtime code, are always on the leading edge. But that could mean those components aren't as portable as the core components of Debian. This is a chart of the Debian -- of the CPU architectures Debian supports I don't expect you to read it, but by contrast Ubuntu supports x86 and one flavor of ARM. And if you need to slim your system down further the emdebian project is a set of build tools that allows you to create your own debian based distribution with only the parts you need This can save you a tremendous amount of time of manually trying to find packages or parts of packages, that you can throw out. For a thermostat, the hardware design must be low cost nevertheless, inexpensive system on chip designs mean that python is still feasible the challenges of these designs is often related to minimizing the amount of secondary storage for this kind of system, you'll probably want to start with the kernel and add pieces, instead of starting with a distribution and removing pieces For the smallest embedded systems BusyBox is a good choice BusyBox is an implementation of the core linux utilities, made to be as small as possible People often use it with a custom built kernel and newlib, a scaled down C library, to create very small custom distributions how does the linux boot process work? How do you build software for non x86 processors how do I use a different c library? how do I make a custom linux distritbution? Linux from Scratch and its companion Cross Linux from Scratch are book-based linux distributions that explain issues like creating, and using a cross compilation tool chain building custom kernels, using unusual boot loaders and customizing the boot process They're excellent resources for anyone who wants to build embedded systems with Linux If you are building from scratch, you will know excactly how your system works but if you are using a desktop Linux distribution, the next step will be to find all the software that assumes it is running on a desktop and remote it, replace it, or code around it with python This can be a significant amount of work but it helps a lot if you know where to look I will now talk about several areas of systems software which frequently need modifications for embedded systems. First off, I'll talk about three ways to do automatic upgrades This is ideal for small systems that run off of RAM instead off of disk or flash The first step is the running system downloads a script the script downloads a file system image and writes it to secondary storage You reboot, and then the new image is loaded from secondary storage to RAM and your upgrade is done You might have a configuration partition you need to deal with or migrate some local settings forward but that is the gist Now of course this approach works for other archive formats, like tarballs For systems that run off secondary storage a more complicated approach is needed You have two partitions that each contain a sys--a complete system you boot from one partition, upgrade the other and then toggle the boot loader, so that on the next boot you boot the upgrade partition This is called "Ping Pong" because everytime you upgrade, the bootloader togges which partition is booted Downsides of this approach are that you need enough space for two system images on secondary storage and you need to be able to download a complete system image APT is Debian's package tool, and in many ways what makes Debian Debian. The advantage of using this approach (and it is a big one) is that you only download packages that need upgrading instead of a complete system image But using APT for upgrading embedded systems is complicated because of inherent desktop assumtions of APT Debian packaging scripts, if they don't know what to do, can appeal to humans for help Via the user interface of the upgrade application The theory behind Debian configuration is that the human administrator is responsible for configuration and only with the administrator's approval can packages change the configuration This is great if you don't want your operating system upgrade to munge your carefully constructed Apache configuration But this approach causes problems for systems that don't have a human administrator Some other disadvantages of using APT in an embedded system is that the Debian packages don't support downgrades and each package has it's own set of scripts and both the scripts of the old and new software will run during the upgrade This needs careful testing The good news is that you can customize and automate the process by using the Python APT library and you can pre-answer questions you know the packaging scripts will ask On a big system, it can be difficult to to foresee which software you'll need to upgrade For that reason, you'll need t -- you want to make sure that crusty, obsolete software that you are upgrading, does not control the upgrade process you want it to do the minimum Pull down some new bits, and run them In that way, you can ensure that the new software you are upgrading to controls the upgrade process and that software can be written so that it can upgrade whatever pieces it needs to even if that means figuring out how to patch the bootloader's file system driver So we've picked our distribution we have a plan for upgrades what other system software do we need to think about? Time is hard, dates are difficult be wary of code related to dates and times this is an area notorious for bugs but is especially true when you are adapting desktop code to an embedded system I'll talk about some of these problems Avoid timezones if possible. Wristwatches do First, there are huge number of timezones just creating a user interface for specifying a time zone is not trivial Second, governments change the rules about timezones frequently and often with little notice Embedded systems either need to have a reliable, timely source of timezone information or they should ignore the timezones completely GPS time does not use leap seconds The current offset between GPS time and UTC is 15 seconds but that offset will change over... time This is almost right. In linux elasped time has no value. Linux does not have direct support for elasped time. Applications get the system time and do their own calculations. Applications expect to be able to do this, and that will often work. But not always... The problem is, in Linux, time is implemented as a single global counter and a priveledged process can set the time whenever it wants. Depending on how much the time is adjusted, different assumptions about time break. For adjustments under half a second, time slewed. The amount of time in a second is made longer or shorter... for a time. For adjustments of more then half a second, system time immediately jumps forward or back. This effects timeouts and cron jobs. Why are all of the hourly jobs running at once? Because time jumped forward an hour. Time can be quite off depending on whether you have been taking good care of the hardware clock. On many Linux systems, the clock is only set on shutdown. If you shut down uncleanly, the clock doesn't get set, and you'll have a big time jump in your future. Be very careful about setting the time. Don't manage Network Manager. Desktop systems use Network Manager to control a set of network interfaces, choosing the best one as connectivity changes over time. This approach may work if your embedded system roams across networks. Phones, eBook Readers, Tablets. However many embedded systems... Routers, Thermostats, Set Top Boxes act more like servers than clients. And is not appropriate to bring up and down network interfaces every time there is a brief connectivity outage For these systems, the older if-up/down may be a lot more appropriate. Right or wrong, if you are using Ubuntu or Debian, you have inherited the desktop security model. As a result, as you are automating away configuration changes, you will need root privileges. 'Sudo' can be configured to automatically give root priviledges to a select list of commands. This is often the easiest way to handle the priviledge escalation that is required when you are automating changes in configuration. So we've picked our distribution. We've thought about how to avoid the assumptions of a desktop. Now we need to write some code. I want to talk about a software design issue that is particulary prevelent in embedded system software. This is going to be the most abstract part of my talk, so to talk about something concrete I want to ask everybody, "Who likes frameworks?" "Who prefers libraries?" Okay, we'll come back to this... I want everyone to write portable code in Python. Wait, isn't Python code automatically portable? I haven't seen near and far pointers. I haven't seen endian macros in Python code. I haven't seen 36-bit words. So Python is portable across processors, but there is more than one type of portability. The kind of portability I'm talking about is creating a single source space for a range of products. Which is very common in embedded systems. A common core functionality, but with somewhat varying features, and a variety of hardware. On the feature side, maybe there is a basic model and a professional model. The hardware may have different sensors, different network interfaces, even different user interfaces. This kind of portability is about keeping the code maintainable as you add support for new hardware platforms and independent feature sets. The naive way to accommodate a range of products in a single source space is... the 'if' statement. You just write your code, and when you get to a difference between the products, you write something like this slide. That works... so what's the problem? The problem is that every place where something product dependent happens, your core code must have knowledge of the behavior of every product. This is not maintainable. We can do much better... We'd really like to be able to work on the core code without seeing the complexity of all the product varieties. An obvious first step is to move the product specific code into seperate modules. This is a little bit better. The model specific code has been move into model specific modules. We have contained the complexity of it. But this style of code has problems. The common code is dependent on all of the model specific code. This kind of dependency fan-out makes testing difficult. As we add products, this pattern will be repeated in more and more places. Nevertheless, that approach can work. As long as your products are similar enough that they all use the same interface. But it can be a bit of a trick to find that interface. And the interface may need to change over time. Which can produce a lot of churn in your product specific code. So why is this so hard? What are we doing wrong? Let's look at that code again... The problem is that we have core code depending on the details of our products. If we want to have a stable interface, we need our code to depend on the commonalities, not the differences. In other words, we need to turn the code inside out. We need the product specific code to depend on the core code. Here we have the product module calling into the core code. We avoid the problem of trying to find a common interface for all of our products by inverting the call graph and making the core code be the interface. Another way to think about this is: We have taken our core code, our application, and turned it from a framework into a library. As a result, now all of our ugly product specific and hardware specific code is hidden. Finally, we can write core code that is completely ignorant of these details. Why does this work? The trick is, by turning the code inside out, we found a way to hide the right thing. The key to writing modular code is figuring out what you should hide. If you are having trouble finding-- designing a module interface, focus on what you need to hide. When writing embedded systems software, the trick is usually to hide the details of your hardware. A good way to do that is to turn the core of your application from a framework into a library Choose your distributions. Avoid the assumptions of the desktop and write portable code. These ideas about structuring code for portability are not mine. I stole them... If you want to steal them too, read these papers. Use linux where you can, and use python for the rest. Write better embedded systems faster. I'm happy to answer questions... Q: I know this talk was specifically about Linux, but have you experience with FreeBSD as the platform and what are your thoughts on it? A: Umm... I don't have personal experience with FreeBSD, no. Okay, thank you! Is there.... umm.. I have another question... Thanks, that was very interesting. I was wondering, because you brought up the issue of time, moving around and.... I guess I haven't had the experience of my global time being changed on me... randomly Can you perhaps talk about when that sort of thing happens? The time when it can take you by surprise is if you have a product that intermittently connects to the network on Ubuntu, at least, when you connect to the Internet, it will automatically set the time for you. So, if you are not expecting that, it can be quite a surprise. I know specifically talked about Ubuntu and Debian and I think you were kind of concentrating more on long running systems and you were talking about automating the admin tasks But have you had any experience with like smaller implementa-- well distributions like Amstrong or the Open Embedded distributions. I haven't. The last time... the last time I looked at them it wasn't appropriate for my product and so I can't speak to them. Is there any other questions? We still have maybe... five more minutes. So one of the things you mentioned was portability between products Have you considered testing products for capability instead of just for Product A vs Product B. So, for instance, you can say like: "Does this product have a camera?" If so, then... do something. Sure, sure... I think detecting-- when you can detect capabilities, detect hardware that often is better than trying to configure it. But you still run into the same problems of having code that needs to deal with not having a camera or having a camera, for instance... Hi, did you experiment with Gentoo, it is almost Linux From Scratch. No, I haven't. That's umm.. that would be another interesting approach to try. Do they support a lot of different processors? I mean because they only have -- the package manager only has compile recipes basically, so they can support pretty much anything that the GCC supports. But, okay... thanks! Hi, you mentioned about using Debian's APT system. Do you have any experience, or did you toy around with the APT-Build package in Debian? It is sort of along the same lines as Gentoo where APT downloads the source and then compiles it with whatever flags or optimizations you want. I haven't used APT-Build, no. Thanks! Yes? Do you have any experience with power consumption running Python on an embedded and how it compares to something else? Nope... <laugh> I've only worked with system that runs on power mains for this. Tili-tili, trali-vali It's Essence I have no name Sex, age, race, or ethnicity I'm everywhere And nowhere I speak to all And I say to nobody I love "Chupa Chups" I do not "Chupa Chups" My favorite movie is "Batman" And don't like "Batman" I am the perfect messenger and videobloger Seriously, no one listens to no one It's important who speak No matter what's been said Will not listen to him,since he been paid by secret government To her ,because there is much to look at And him because he's waving his hands in rap clothes And sponsored by secret Jewish organization And I'm an Essence Finally we can discuss pure ideas Without the aspect of the herald Hurrah, hurray hurray! It is so perfect... Yo ,yo To all the messengers And to you Guy in shorts In this corner of the screen,emerged letters that are associated with me Let's go! Ideas are important And not the one who announced them Messenger is not important Many people think that; If a person says something, he must do it Otherwise, all he says is ... A LlE Well, let's apply this logic to a drug addict Abuse drugs? Yes... Yes... But guys, I tell you Don't use them It's a degradation And death According to our logic In this case We have to deduce that it is necessary to use drugs No, well, what? Since this narco does one thing and says another So everything he says is a LlE NO! And once more time,NO The identity of the messenger Does not alter the essence of the idea We often may not hear something truly important and interesting Just because the barriers we create ourselves against the messenger i.e. If the same idea, been told us by a man living under a bridge And a man with high position in society So we probably believe... The second Name the capital of Zimbabwe The capital city of Zimbabwe is the city Harare Nope, I do not believe Who does he think he is? Can he be trusted? The capital city of Zimbabwe is the city Harare Nope, I do not believe Who does he think he is? Can he be trusted? The capital city of Zimbabwe is the city Harare Yes! He can be trusted! This man achieved a lot That how prestige important to some No, no Lee agree with me Who will listen to the homeless under the bridge He does not broke through So he knows nothing And anything he says,is a lie Hi Sanya Incorrect reasoning states: Anything that can not break through Consequently is not right Opinion that torture and excites Hence it is wrong The mediocre mind will look the reason of the inconvenient idea in the very envoy Who are you, to say it? ah? And by that soothes his discomfort For example our man, Friedrich Nietzsche Unusually subtly and accurately describes the behavior of women Yes, broads just didn't give him Opportunities That's exactly why he knew them very well And you, Lenka, simply feel uncomfortable With the ideas Therefore you wish to recognize them as false But the sooth doesn't care It can appear in the form of ensoul light And as a tiger's grinning jaws The same Bulgakov In his novel "The Master and Margarita" Described terribly boring And a very ordinary love story Because he himself was happily married Therefore he knowledge about women Was so so Mediocre mind is hostage to the perception of ideas through the talker For him,anyone who says that is nothing wrong with being gay Is gay himself Wow! He doesn't even admit the possibility that may be that man is straight Antisexual in the eyes of a mediocre mind,is impotent If the the money is not the goal for a person So he's a beggar If you say that the nightclub is a place for drug addicts and prostitutes Then... You're just jealous of our bohemian lifestyle Another thing is a free mind! I AM FREE!!! He doesn't care who speaks This, this or this He's all about the idea He will only discuss "it" And will not fall into the net of his complexes Free mind knows that a man in a jacket can make mistakes and tell a lie Sometimes even purposefully We'll raise pensions Well, honestly! Guys, seriously And the homeless might be wrong And both can submit a worthy idea Therefore a free mind does not look at the messenger He thinks about the expressed ideas Become free minds And you will discover a truly boundless new world Which you conceal from yourselves I'm in a house Think about the idea and not the messenger Such correct words Einstein said it? yes? A no, it's my quote I thought so Bit controversial quote Not so good In fact, a free mind is a double edged sword On one hand... You learn a lot A lot of things, compared to the mediocre mind But... It's easier for mediocre mind in everyday life Why? Because everything divided into twain That is, black and white That's just bad and that's good It's just really simple easy for them to function Because, it doesn't matter if they are destructive or constructive Everything is simple for them They know all distinctly The free mind is like... He knows too much... Variants of development the same situation And too many opinions, too many information about it And so he finds it inconvenient to act He wildly unsure because of it In everyday life, a mediocre minds Often Not always But often has more advantage than the free When the unobstructed sacrifices with everyday life But discovering a deep world One that mediocre never reveal But everyday maybe it's better to be mediocre... So at first ,it's necessary for you to decide What is more important for you? The common or something above it? Prof: I think I'm going to start. So this is really the beginning of the finance part of the course. So far we've reviewed general equilibrium, which I said Fisher invented or reinvented in order to do finance. And as you remember the main conclusions from general equilibrium are first that the market functioning by itself without interference from the outside, in other words a situation of laissez-faire, leads to allocations that are Pareto efficient. So they're in some sense good for the economy and good for the society. They don't maximize total welfare. That's not even a well-defined thing as we saw last time because how can you measure, how can you add one person's utility to another. It doesn't even make sense. So economists at first were wrong to think of that as the criterion for good allocations, but there's another better definition of efficiency that Pareto invented, called Pareto Efficiency, and the free market achieves Pareto Efficiency at least if there are no externalities and there's no monopoly. So that, lesson number one, was taken to mean that the government shouldn't interfere in the free market, especially shouldn't interfere in financial markets, and that's something we're going to come to examine. The second lesson we found was that the price is determined by marginal utility. It's not determined by total utility. So it may be that water is much more valuable than diamonds because it does a lot more good for everybody and for the world as a whole than diamonds do, but the last drop of water, really most people have as much water as they need, the last drop of water is not doing that much whereas the last diamond is a rare thing and not many people have them. So the last drop of water is worth less than the last equal weight of diamonds and therefore water is much cheaper than diamonds even though water's much more valuable as a whole than diamonds. The price of things depends on their marginal utility. A third implication of what we did is that there's no such thing as a just price. It depends on what peoples' utilities are and how much they like it. It depends on how much of the good there is. That's why diamonds are priced less than water [correction: that's why water is priced less than diamonds]. And it depends on how wealthy people are. If you transfer money from people who don't like apples compared to tomatoes, to people who like apples a lot compared to tomatoes, the price in the free market is going to reflect more the latter class of people than the former because they've got the money to spend, and so the price of apples is going to go up relative to the price of tomatoes. So those are the three basic lessons of general equilibrium. The first one about laissez-faire has a huge implication for whether there should be regulation, but the second pair of implications, what determines the price and how price changes as you redistribute wealth and so on, and no just price, that set of ideas, you'll see, is also going to be very important for finance. So those lessons seem clear. Some of those lessons were understood already by Aristotle as we said. So the ancients understood supply and demand, at least a little bit of supply and demand, and yet as soon as they moved from apples and oranges to finance, they all got hopelessly confused. So Aristotle said, "Interest is unnatural." I could go through a lot of people and what they said, but I'm going to just leave it at a few quotations. The Bible says interest is terrible. Judaism frowns on interest. Christianity frowns on interest. Islam frowns on interest. All the great religions of the world crystallizing, obviously, some of the most important thinking of the time, frowns on interest, so just to remind you of a few. So why do they frown on interest? Well, the idea is that you do nothing, the lender does nothing and he gets back more than he lent to begin with. He's making a profit without having exerted any effort whatsoever. So, Sulinay Middleton said, "In trade both parties are expected to gain, whereas in lending at usury only the usurer could profit." So in Deuteronomy in the Bible, so this is the Jewish Bible, is says, "Thou shalt not lend on usury," (that just means interest). "Thou shalt not lend on usury to thy brother. Usury of money, usury of victuals, usury of anything that is lent upon usury, "--that's all terrible. Of course, "unto a foreigner thou mayest lend upon usury, but unto a brother thou shalt not lend upon usury." So the Jews could lend to Christians but not to each other. So the Christian Church outlawed usury, called it a mortal sin. Luther, for example, says, "For who so lends that he wants it back better or more, that is open and damnable ocker. Those who do that are all daylight robbers, thieves and ockerers. Those are little Jewish arts and tricks." So there was this antipathy towards usury, and because Jewish moneylenders were able to lend to Christians there was an antipathy to Jewish moneylenders which we're going to come to when we talk about Shakespeare. So Muslims also forbid lending. In fact, even today it's illegal to charge interest in Islamic law. So in my hedge fund we tried to raise money, and there's lots of money in the Middle East, and most of it, by the way, ten years ago, almost all Middle Eastern money was invested in U.S. Government bonds and U.S. stocks, nothing else like in mortgages, for instance. So I went to Saudi Arabia and I met a bunch of brothers of the King, the eldest brothers of the King, and I suggested they invest in our hedge fund. And they actually became sort of interested, and so we had to write up a complicated contract. Now, you know a mortgage pays interest, so if you invest in the hedge fund and the mortgage is paying interest it looks like they're getting interest, and so that wasn't going to do. So we had to write a very elaborate contract which disguised the fact that interest was being paid, and it had to be overseen and blessed according to Sharia Law by a holy person who was going to verify that there was no interest. Now he charged a fee which was a percent a year which looked an awful lot like interest, but anyway so. So the point is all these religions have banished interest despite the fact that they themselves were involved in interest, and lending, and borrowing. A world can't function really without lending and borrowing and the charging of interest. So these religions that forbade it at the same time knew that it was going on and allowed it to go on and sometimes participated in it. But the point I'm trying to make is that there was vast confusion, and even today there's confusion because still today the Jewish law doesn't allow for interest between Jews, and--there's a charade that goes on there just like there is in Islamic law, and just like there is--still frowned upon by the Christian Church. So it's a hard subject to understand, and why is that? Why is it that it's so confusing, and how should we understand it? Well, Fisher cut through all this extremely simply, and the way he did it was he said, "Let's just think mathematically then we won't get so tied up in all these religious complexities. Just let's do something mathematical and concrete." So suppose that we consider a problem, which is the one I'm going to work with the rest of the class. Maybe I better do it over here. So let's say that there are two agents and two goods. So the two goods now are X_1 and X_2. So Fisher's first insight is that let's think of X_1 and X_2 as apples, but apples today and apples next year, Fisher said--although they're both apples, exactly alike, there's no difference between these apples, the apples this year are different goods from the apples next year. So let's move away from apples and tomatoes to apples this year and apples next year. So I'm not going to call them goods X and Y anymore. I'm going to subscript them by time. These are both X because it's the same good, but they're different goods because they occur at different time periods. So Fisher said we can incorporate time simply by having different goods. So of course people, he said, are going to have some utility of consuming today versus consuming tomorrow, and let's say this utility is (log X_1) (1 half log X_2) for Mr. A. So I'm going to come back to this in half an hour and explain why Fisher thought that this half made sense. You see, this Agent A likes good 1 a lot more than good 2. So Fisher would say that's because Agent A is inpatient. An apple is an apple, but if you get it now it's worth more to you, it gives you higher utility than getting an apple next year. "This is a law of human nature," he claimed, which I'm going to come back to later, and that's why when you write down the utility function there's a discount factor, which we're going to add--a discount factor-- which discounts, reduces, the utility you get from future consumption. So let's say (U^(B) of X_1 and X_2) = (log X_1 log X_2). So B is more patient than A is. B actually doesn't discount the future. A does discount the future. So A is impatient, relatively impatient, and B is patient. They have endowments, so E^(A) let's say the endowment is (1,0). Say it is (1,1) and E^(B) let's make that (1,0). But now Fisher wants to talk about finance and he wants to talk about stocks, and bonds, and interest and all kinds of things. So he says, "We've talked about good with no problem. We can talk about goods today and next year with no problem, let's talk about stocks." What is a stock? Let's say there are two stocks, stock alpha and stock beta. What are stocks? I mean, they're pieces of paper that you're trading, but they give you ownership of something like a factory or a company or something, and what good is the company? Well the good of the company is that it's going to produce something. So let's say that the stock is going to produce something in the future. So we'll call the production of the stock--so what is the future? There are only apples in the future. So let's say D^(alpha)_2 is 1 and D^(beta)_2 = 2. Fisher says, you can tell a lot of stories about what this stock does, and what its method of production is, and what kind of managers it has and a lot of stuff like that, but in the end people care about the stock because the stock is going to produce something, and the value of the stock is going to come from what it produces. So D^(alpha)_2 is what people expect the output of the stock to be next year which is the last year we're worrying about, and D^(beta)_2 which is 2 is what people expect the stock to produce next year. And we're going to assume that perfect foresight here. So Fisher says, "Well, in general people's expectations might be wrong," but let's start off with the case-- people anticipate something, surely they're looking ahead to the future when deciding whether to buy the stock. We've got to assume something about what they think. Let's suppose they actually get it right and they know what the price of the stock is next period. So what's going to happen? Well, we can define an economy and presumably the interest rate and the stock prices and all that are going to come out. Now I should mention, by the way, I forgot to say this, but as I write this down I suddenly realize I forgot to mention it. There are other theories of interest too. Another famous one was Marx's Theory of Interest. So this is to be contrasted with Fisher. What did Marx say? So in my youth when I was your age it was very fashionable to be a Marxist. You had to study Marxism basically. If you wanted to talk to women you had to know about Marx. So anyhow, I dutifully went off and read Marx. And so what's the idea of Marx? The idea was that he imagined an agricultural economy where you plant stuff today and then the output comes out tomorrow. So you put corn in today, corn comes out tomorrow. So it doesn't require much effort to plant the corn. You have to buy the corn. So the capitalists would buy the corn, but planting it didn't require much effort. However, harvesting it, picking the cotton, picking the chocolate, picking all that stuff takes a lot of effort. So in the end you'd get a lot of output. Now when you pick the output you'd have to pay workers in order to pick the output. So Marx imagined that there was a wage that was arrived at by the struggle, class struggle, between the capitalists and the workers over the subsistence wage. So the subsistence wage was something that resulted from this huge class struggle, and over time maybe it would rise as workers got stronger, but it was still always quite low and the subsistence wage was what the workers would get. And what's left over, which was the surplus--so the output being more than what was put in, was the surplus. Part of the surplus would go to the subsistence wage. The rest would go to profit. And so if you look at how much was put in to begin with, you get all the output back out, the same amount of corn you put in plus some extra you have to give to the workers, and extra that the capitalist gets back as his profit. The fact that the capitalist has done no work at all, he's just bought the corn, let someone else plant it, let someone else harvest, paid all those guys virtually nothing at the beginning and a lot at the end, he's gotten profit for doing nothing just like when you lend money, so the profit divided by the initial outlay, that was the rate of interest. And so Marx said that a capitalist, he could put his money in his bank or he could run this farm and make profit this way. So the money, interest in the bank would have to turn out to be the same as this rate of profit otherwise he'd put all the money in the bank. And if it was smaller the banks would have to give higher interest in order to attract depositors. So the capitalist's profit--rate of interest was determined by the rate of profit and the rate of profit was determined by the struggle between capital and labor. So we've got these religious figures and great philosophers saying interest is terrible. We've got this great philosopher-economist saying it's the result of a class struggle, and now we've got Fisher, actually Marx was pretty mathematical, but now we've got Fisher turning it into a simple math problem and saying, "Let's reason out the math problem and we'll have the answer to these questions, and it'll turn out to be quite different from what all these guys are saying." So here's his economy that I just described. The Fisher example, not literally an example he gave, but similar to one he gave. So he said, "All right, what happens in this economy? Let's just be very commonsensical. What we need to find out now is financial equilibrium," so financial equilibrium is much more complicated seeming than we had before, because we care about the prices. So now I'm going to use (q) for prices, a q for contemporary prices, q_contemporary, so the price you pay today to get the apple today. q_2 is the price you pay next year to get the apple next year. They're contemporary prices. And of course people are going to decide what they want to do, X^(A)_1, what they're going to end up consuming X^(A)_2, X^(B)_1, X^(B)_2, but now we've got a more complicated world. There's stocks to be traded and there's the price of stocks. So P--pi_alpha, I'm running out of letters. I'm going to switch to a Greek one. This is the price of stock A, stock alpha. And pi_beta is the price of stock beta. And then we have to know how many shares are they going to hold? Well, it's going be theta^(A), A's going to hold a certain number of shares of alpha, and theta^(A)_beta, A's going to hold a certain number of shares of stock beta, and B's going to hold a certain number of shares of alpha and a certain number of shares of beta. So we want to solve for all of that. Now, I should have said at the beginning if these are trees producing apples there was an initial stock. People owned a certain number of trees. So let's say theta-bar_alpha^(A), so this is the original ownership of alpha. Let's just say that's, I'll make up some number. I might as well use the same number I thought of before. Let's say that's 1, and let's say theta-bar^(B)_alpha is 0, and let's say theta-bar^(A) of beta is a half, and theta-bar^(B) of beta is a half. So the original economy is more complicated than before because we've added stocks. We characterized the stock. We said a stock is a very complicated thing. A company is very complicated, depends on managers and processes and there's all kinds of stuff you think about when you think about a stock, but really at heart all people are trying to do is forecast what are they going to produce. And so we're going to make it simple mathematically and say let's say we know what they're going to produce next period. So let's say it's a tree. Everybody knows the alpha tree's producing 1 apple. The beta tree's producing two apples. Alpha happens to own the only alpha tree. A owns the alpha tree, excuse me, and A and B own half each of the beta tree. So that's the original economy and the equilibrium is going to be, what are the prices going to turn out to be of X_1 and X_2, what are the prices of the trees going to turn out to be, how much will people consume and how many shares? Because alpha A began with all of tree maybe he'll sell his shares of tree and end up with not having a tree in the end. So we have to see where they began, the stock ownership to begin with and where they end up. So we have to solve all of that and it looks way more complicated than before, and so complicated that you can see why people might have gotten confused. But according to Fisher it's going to turn out to be a very simple problem in the end once we look at it the right way. So are there any questions about what the economy is and what are the variables that we're trying to explain? Yeah? Student: Sorry, I can't read what that says over theta alpha A. That's original ownership? Prof: Original ownership of stock alpha. And this is original ownership by B of stock alpha. This original ownership by A of stock beta, and this is the original ownership by B of stock beta, original ownership of alpha. Thanks. Yes? Student: Having defined all of these could you redefine what D stands for? Prof: D is the dividend. That's the output that we can all--thank you. I should just write this down. This is the anticipated dividend, which is the output since that's the end of the world of stock alpha in period 2. And D^(beta) of 2 is the anticipated dividend of stock beta in period 2. So it's 1 apple we're getting out of the alpha tree, 2 apples out of the beta tree, right? That's what the tree's good for. We can look at how beautiful it is. We could talk about how much the owner's actually watering the tree. We can talk about a lot of complicated stuff, but in the end all we care about is how many apples we expect to get out of it. All the other stuff goes into helping us think about how many apples we're going to get out of it in the end. So we cut to the bottom line. What are the apples we expect to get out of tree, 1 from the alpha tree, 2 from the beta tree. Someone else had their hand up. Student: I had it, but you answered it. Prof: Any other questions about this set up? So we're returning to first principles here, very simple example. When there's ever a big confusion about something important it's always good to go to first principles. There was a chess player when I was young named Mikhail Tal who was a world champion for a little while, and he said that every two or three years he'd go back and read his original introductory textbooks on chess. So we're going back to the first principles. How would you define equilibrium here for a financial equilibrium? Well, the first thing is just common sense. What are people doing? At time 1 what can they do? They can spend money, so I'm going to look at the budget set for Agent i, and i can be A or B so I don't have to write it twice. So he's going to say to himself, let's say A is he and B is she, i is he. He's going to say to himself--let's say i will say, "How much does it cost me to buy goods?" Well, the cost of apples is q_1 times X_1. That's how many apples I might end up with. Now, how much does it cost me to buy shares? It's going to be pi_alpha times how many shares I end up with, theta_alpha, plus (pi_beta times theta_beta). So I'm buying goods, I'm buying alpha shares and I'm buying beta shares and this is how much I have to spend to get the holdings I want of each. Now where did I get the money to do that? I got the money to do that because I started with my endowment of goods which was E^(i)_1, which in this case for A was 1 unit, for B was also 1 unit, and then I also had shares to begin with of these stocks. So I had ([pi_alpha times] theta-bar_alpha) (pi_beta theta-bar_beta). In period 1 that's what I had to do. I wanted to buy apples, shares and I had shares to sell and apples to sell. So that's what i did. So of course if X_1 is bigger than the number of apples i started with that means i has bought apples because he ends up with more than he started with, so that meant he must have been buying apples. If theta_alpha is more than theta-bar_alpha it means that alpha [correction: i] bought shares of stock alpha. Theta_alpha is less than theta-bar_alpha it means alpha [correction: i] sold shares of stock alpha. All right, now in the second period what happens? Well, in the second period we have q_2 times X_2. The shares are going to be worthless in period 2. So no one's going to buy them. Why are the shares worthless? Remember that when you buy a share of stock the dividend comes later. You don't get the dividend immediately. So someone buying stock in period 2, it's too late to get the dividend. It's already gone to the owner who bought the shares in period 1. So the buyer of a stock [doesn't] gets the dividend for a month or something. So next period's dividend is still going to go to the buyer in period 1, that's why it's valuable to buy shares in period 1 because you get next year's apple. So by next period you can buy the tree, but the world's coming to end. That tree's not going to do you any good. It doesn't produce any more apples. So nobody's going to bother buying shares. I don't have to bother with them. The prices are zero. And so what income do people have in period 2? Well, they've got the contemporaneous price times the apples that somehow they find on the ground or that their parents are going to leave them when they get old. So that's their endowment of apples, but what else do they have? They've got more apples than that. What else do they have? Student: The dividends. Prof: The dividends. So what are the dividends? Well, you bought theta_alpha to begin with so that's D^(alpha)_2. So if you bought the whole tree then you've got all the dividends, and similarly with beta. Theta_beta times D^(beta)_2 [correction: theta_beta times D^(beta)_2 times q_2. And, theta_alpha times D^(alpha)_2 should also be multiplied by q_2]. So that's it. So the budget set is a little more complicated. So that's the budget set. So it's got 2 equalities instead of 1 equality, so already things look a little more complicated. Now, so an equilibrium is going to have to be that i chooses (X^(i)_1, X^(i)_2), theta_alpha-- I can write, theta^(i)_alpha, theta^(i)_beta, that's all the choices he has to maximize U^(i) subject to this budget set. So A's going to pick what shares to hold, how much to consume today, then, of course, looking forward A's going to be able to figure out what he's going to end up consuming tomorrow. All right so, and now in equilibrium we have to have that (X^(A)_1 X^(B)_1) has to = (E^(A)_1 E^(B)_1). And then we do the shares, theta^(A)_alpha theta^(B)_alpha has to = theta-bar^(A)_alpha theta-bar^(B)_alpha, right? The stock market has to clear and theta^(A)_beta theta^(B)_beta has to = theta-bar^(A)_beta theta-bar^(B)_beta. So in period 1 the demand for apples has to equal the supply of all the agents, but now what's the last equation? This is a little trickier. What's the last equation? X^(A)_2 X^(B)_2 = E^(A)_2 E^(B)_2 .... Is that it? No. There's something else. Student: Plus dividends. Prof: The total consumption of apples is going to be the apples that they have on the ground, but also the ones that were picked off the trees, so these dividends. So it's going to be the total dividends which are [(theta-bar^(A)_alpha theta-bar^(B)_alpha) times that tree-- D^(alpha)_2] [(theta-bar^(A)_beta theta-bar^(B)_beta) times D^(beta)_2]. So just to say it in words, it's exactly what we had before except we have to take into account in addition to the goods market clearing, we have to take into account that the stock market has to clear. And in the end demand for goods has to equal the supply that people had in their endowments, but also what the companies are producing. These companies are producing output, apples. And so that's part of what the consumption is going to be in the economy. Are you with me here? It's a good time for questions, maybe. Yes? Student: Could you just explain again why we don't take stocks into consideration in period 2? Prof: So in period 2 you might wonder, pi_alpha is the price of the stock at period 1, stock alpha in period 1. Pi_beta's the price of the stock beta in period 1. How come I didn't write down the price of the stocks in period 2 and keep track of what they're holding in period 2? And the reason is that when you buy a stock you're buying it not for the dividends at this same moment in time. You don't get those dividends. The guy who already had it gets those dividends. When you buy the stock you're buying it for the future dividends you can get, and I've assumed the world's going to end after 2 periods because nobody's utility cares about period 3. So if you buy the stock in period 2 it's too late for you to get anything. There are no dividends because you can only get them in period 3, and there won't be any dividends in period 3, and if there were you wouldn't care about them anyway. So the stock's worthless to you. So the price of the stock in period 2, of both stocks, is going to be 0. So there's no point in putting down what people are buying of the stocks or selling or anything. It's just not worth anything. But in general you're right, and we're going to be more complicated later when you look at your income from having bought the stocks. You'll have as your income the dividend from the stocks plus the resale value of the stock, because you could sell the stock next period. But I just know the resale value's going to be zero because you're in the last period of the economy. And I just want to keep it very simple this first time. Step by step you'll be able to keep very complicated things in your head but not right at first, so any other questions? Yes? Student: Why are there endowments in period 1 and >? Prof: You mean why do people have endowments today and next year? Because you could think of the endowment, for example, as--here we've got apples, but usually the endowment is your labor, so you can work this year--your most important endowment is your energy and your labor. So you've got it this year. Next year if you're still alive that's new labor that you have. It's a different good so it's a second endowment that you have. So I don't want to get caught up in labor and all that and get involved with Marx again, so I'm just going to talk about apples. You have an endowment of apples when you're young and next year somehow you're going to have more apples. So you might have thought that the only apples next year come from what the firms are producing, but I allowed for the possibility that people have apples too just like their labor next year. Other questions? Yeah? Student: We then have to define E_2^(A) and E_2^(B) in terms of first period endowments, or is that something implied in the equation? Prof: I should have written this more carefully maybe. E^(A)_1 and E^(A)_2 is that, and this is E^(B)_1 and E^(B)_2 is that. So as he was suggesting back there I've assumed for person B that he's got an apple now. We aren't modeling what happened to get us here. The guys got an apple today. They both have an apple today. Somehow A's also going to have another apple tomorrow that he's going to find under his doorstep somehow that isn't being produced by the tree. And maybe you can think of it as labor that he's going to have next period. All right, so that's it. Fisher says as soon as you write down the economy mathematically all sorts of things are going to occur to you which if you're talking in words about justice and injustice you're going to be lost. So what can we get right away out of this? What can we get right away out of this? Well, the first thing is, how would we define inflation? What is inflation? What's inflation in this economy? Assuming we've got the equilibrium, which we're going to get soon, we're going to calculate it, but right now we don't what the numbers-- you know we've got a bunch of equations and stuff. We don't know what X^(A)_1 and q_1 and q_2 are going to turn out to be, but we're going to find out very soon. But before we find out, assuming we've gotten those, what will inflation be? What is inflation? Yeah? Student: Is it how much the ratio of the price of the dividend has changed? Prof: Well, we're talking about inflation. When you talk about the Consumer Price Index, inflation, what are they talking about? Yeah? Student: It's the rise of q_1 and q_2. Prof: So inflation is just q_2 over q_1, right? So that's the price of apples today. That's the price of apples next year. If the price of apples next year is bigger than this year we've got inflation. If it's lower we've got deflation. So already the model, you're talking about inflation. What else? What's the next most obvious? Well, I think I'm going to skip a bunch of stuff and get now to the key idea. The key idea is arbitrage. So Fisher says, "People have foresight." They're anticipating what the dividends are going to be. They understand that you can talk about how beautiful the tree is, and how much you like the owners, and how much they're watering it, and whether they have a good plan for irrigation, and whether they did well in college and stuff like that, but in the end all you care about the trees is how many apples they're going to produce. So knowing that, can we say something about pi_alpha pi alpha versus pi_beta? In equilibrium what's going to have to happen? There is going to be some connection, and what's the connection going to be? You've got two trees. Yeah? Student: The ratio between the prices would be the ratio between the >? Prof: Right, so pi_alpha is going to be pi_beta times D[^(alpha)_2 over D^(beta)_2]-- alpha will be better as long as the-- hopefully I've got that in the right order. And so in this case pi_alpha is going to equal a half pi_beta, because alpha's producing half the dividend that beta's producing. So obviously it's going to turn out to have half the price. That's the fundamental principle. We're doing it in the most trivial case, but it's the most fundamental principle of finance that if you've got two assets and they're basically the same up to scale then their prices have to be the same up to scale. Who's going to bother to buy alpha if it costs the same amount as beta when it only produces half as much? Yes? Student: Is that the same thing as saying that their yields will converge, that equation? Prof: Well, it is something like that, but that's a word that we haven't defined yet, so we're going to define it in the next class. So it's something like that, yep. Any other? So that is a very simple thing. Suppose after finding the equilibrium I added a third asset that paid 1 dollar in period 2 next year. Now, it would have a price of--added a third asset gamma, so pi_gamma--we'd have to solve for the equilibrium pi_gamma, and is there some word that I could use? So gamma is an asset that pays a dollar in period 2. It's like a bond promising a dollar in period two. The price of the bond would then have to be what? 1 over (1 i) where i is called the nominal interest rate, so we've got inflation is occurring in the model. If I added a bond, which I didn't bother to do because it's just yet another thing I'd have to write down, I could have had a third asset which pays a dollar. The others are paying off in apples. This one's paying a dollar and its price today, if you pay 80 cents today it's like saying I'm paying 80 cents today, I'm getting a whole dollar tomorrow. So it's like a 25 percent rate of interest, because another way of saying it is that 1 over pi_gamma is 1 i. I put only pi_gamma in today, I get 1 out tomorrow so I've gotten back not only the pi_gamma I put in but something extra, that's 1 the interest rate. So this world is going to have an interest rate in it. It's going to have inflation in it. With me so far? Let me add one more thing. I could come back to this. So I said that if you take theta_alpha less than theta-bar_alpha it means you're selling the stock. So I'm going to allow people to go even further, theta_alpha less than 0. So let me just write that again, theta_alpha less than theta-bar_alpha means selling alpha. Theta_alpha less than 0 is doing a lot more than selling. You don't have it to begin with, so what are you selling? Well, the mathematics is telling you that over there theta_alpha's going to be negative. Instead of getting extra dividends you're going to be giving up dividends because it's going to reduce your supply of money. So theta_alpha less than 0 is called selling short-- I don't know which one I've lost, but it's got to be bad-- if you can still hear me--you're selling short, this means. So you're selling something you don't even have. It's also called naked selling. It's also called making a promise without collateral. So I'm going to, for now, allow for that. So we're not taking into account that anybody's defaulting. If you take theta_alpha negative it means your income in the future is going to be reduced because you're going to have to deliver the dividend because you're going to have negative dividends, which means effectively you take out of your endowment those dividends and hand them over. So it's as if you always keep your promises. So this model so far, the Fisher model, assumes no default, no collateral. We're not worrying about any of that stuff, and of course that's going to be a critical thing. So you see something's happened that we never had happen before. In the past you traded money for a football ticket. You gave up something you wanted you got something that you also wanted. It was a trade of value for value. Everybody agreed the two things you traded were equally valuable. If you take theta_alpha negative, by taking theta_alpha negative that becomes a negative number here so it allows you to spend more. You can buy more goods by taking theta_alpha negative. That's negative. That means this can be more positive and still satisfy this constraint. So by selling a stock short you're promising to do something in the future. You get more money now you can eat more now, and then of course you have to consume less in the future because you have to pay back your promise. So you're exchanging something valuable, you're getting money, something valuable in exchange for a promise which is worth nothing until the future when you deliver on your promise. When you buy the stock you're buying part of the tree, but the tree's doing nothing for you now. You're doing it because it's going to be valuable next period. You're actually not physically owning the tree, you're owning a piece of paper that gives you a right to half the dividends of the tree. So you're getting something that's only good because it's a promise you think is being kept. So, so far for the next few lectures we're going to ignore the fact that people get very nervous when they give something up that's valuable in exchange for something that's just a promise. So a critical thing has happened here. So we've kept the same mathematics except we've surreptitiously added this huge assumption. Now Fisher said, "Having done that, what can you realize?" This is the most important insight. He said this model it looks so complicated. It looks like now we have vastly more equations. No wonder Marx and all those religious zealots were getting confused. We can simplify it all and be back to where we were before and yet talk about finance. So Fisher introduced the idea of present value prices. So he said look, when you buy a stock what are you really doing? This is the principle of arbitrage. He says when you buy a stock you're saying to yourself, I'm giving up money today. Now, money today is consumption because I would have used that money. If I didn't buy stocks I would have bought apples today and eaten them. So when I buy a stock I'm giving up apples today. I'm getting the stock which is then paying me dividends tomorrow, which whatever they are I'm selling off, I'm getting a profit out of the stock tomorrow and I'm ending up with apples tomorrow. Maybe I'm just eating the dividends straight off the tree. So when I buy a stock I'm really giving up apples today and getting apples tomorrow. And no matter how I do it, whether it's through stock alpha, or through stock beta, or through a nominal bond it's got to be the case that all three ways, or all 50 other ways you could imagine doing it have to give me the same tradeoff. This is your yield you were talking about, the same tradeoff. The amount of apples I effectively give up today in order to get apples tomorrow is going to be the same no matter which way I do it. If it weren't the same, if alpha's price was more than a half of beta's nobody would buy alpha. In fact they would start selling alpha. So that's why this assumption is so important. What would they do? Not only would nobody would buy alpha, but they start selling it. They'd say well, alpha is so expensive, let's say it's the same price as beta, I can sell alpha. With every alpha I sell I can buy stock beta, and so I haven't done anything today, but in the future I've got stock beta which is paying me 2. I owe, because I sold stock alpha short I owe 1, so I'll pay off the 1 I owe and I'll still be left with 1. I'm making an arbitrage profit, and so I'm not going to stop at selling 1 share of alpha. I'll sell 2 shares of alpha, then 3 shares of alpha, then a million shares of alpha, and everybody'll be selling alpha short to buy beta and the market for alpha will never clear. So that's why the prices will have to adjust. And so it has to be in equilibrium, the price of alpha's exactly half the price of beta, which is to say, in short, that if you solve for this equilibrium you can solve for an equilibrium where P_1 = q_1 is the price today of an apple today, and P_2 is the price today (that's why it's called present value price) of an apple next year. So if you've got this equilibrium by working your way through, by figuring out what the price of alpha is-- so the stock, for example, you want to figure out what the stock is. Suppose the stock of alpha, suppose the price turns out to be a half. Then by paying a half today you can buy stock alpha, which is going to pay you a whole dividend. So the price, therefore, of an entire--oh, let's do beta. Suppose the price of beta is a quarter. Suppose we happen to find out that the price of beta is a quarter. Then what's P_2? How much do you have to give up today in order to get an apple? Well, by paying a quarter today, that's the price, by paying a quarter today you're getting 2 dividends. So by paying a quarter today you're getting 2 dividends. If you paid to get 1 dividend you'd have to pay an eighth today. So the price P_2 would be an eighth in that case. So by piercing through the veil of the stock market you can always figure out what you're effectively paying today in order to get an apple next period. And that price which was just computed would be the same whether we looked at it from the point of view of going through stock beta, or through stock alpha, or through the nominal bond. It would always have to give us the same answer. So we know, from the financial equilibrium, we can deduce what P_1 and P_2 have to be, the present value prices. And so effectively, furthermore, stocks effectively just add to the endowments of goods. So we can now consider another economy. So let's consider the economy E-hat, so the hat economy. So U-hat-^(A) of X_1 and X_2 is the same as it was before, U^(A) of X_1, X_2, U-hat^(B )of X_1 and X_2 is the same as it was before, but endowments now E-hat^(A)_1 E-hat^(A)_2 is going to be what? Well, A over here began with 1 unit of each good, but A also owned all of stock alpha and half of stock beta. So all of stock alpha pays 1 dividend in the future, so really A effectively has claim on two apples in the future and another half of beta which is another apple in the future, so really A's initial endowment of goods is (1,3). How did I get that again? I said it was 1 apple to begin with he could anticipate having. He knew he owned all of stock alpha which pays 1 apple, so that's another one that's really his, and then in the future he's going to get half of the dividends of stock beta, and half of 2 is also 1. So he's got 3 apples in the future. And E-hat^(B)2, well his 1 doesn't change today, but what's his claim, effectively, on dividends in the future? Student: 1. Prof: 1, thank you. Somebody answered that. So we've now reduced the financial equilibrium to a general equilibrium, the same kind of economy we had before. It's just that we had to augment the endowments to take into account that people own stuff through the stocks. So what's the equilibrium of this economy? This has a simple general equilibrium. So what is it? How do we solve for equilibrium? Well, take P_1 = 1 and we'll solve for P_2. So let's just clear the first market. How do you clear it? You're with me here? It's a standard general equilibrium, the same kind we've done many times before. So see if I can do it. So person 1 is going to spend a third of his money [correction: will be two thirds], and how much money does he have? He has (1 P_2 times 3), that's A, right? His endowment is (1,3). This is his income, and he's spending a third of it on good 1. And the price of good 1, P_1, here is just 1. And then B is going to spend, he's a half, half Cobb-Douglas guy, so this is 1 and this is 1. He's spending half of his money and his income is [1 P_2 times 1] divided by 1, and that has to equal the total endowment which is 2,1 1. So did I go too fast? Yes? Student: Why is it a third? Prof: Well, it's probably wrong. So let's try it again. Maybe it's 2 thirds. Let's see what I was doing. I've taken the financial economy, which was very complicated, looks very hard to solve and Fisher says of course when we add uncertainty and things like that we're going to have to do other tricks. But without uncertainty, with perfect foresight and so on, and no uncertainty, Fisher says this is an easy problem to solve. You take the financial equilibrium with all its extra variables and you realize if people are rational they're going to see through all that complicated stuff. They're going to realize that alpha is just half as good as beta, and so they're going to realize that by holding stock they're making a certain tradeoff between alpha and beta. And we calculated the tradeoff. What was P_2? I forgot what P_2 was. Anyway, how much did you have to pay? If you pay pi_alpha divided by D^(alpha)_2, something like that, was P_2. So if it costs you a certain amount of money, if it costs you a quarter we said, so this is P_2, so through either stock, like beta's the one I solved it for. I said suppose beta, that's also equal to pi_alpha over D^(alpha)_2, we said if the price of beta turns out to be a quarter and you're getting two dividends then by paying a quarter you get two dividends. So it means to get one apple it only costs you an eighth, an eighth of a dollar. So P_2 we can figure out. So once we've got our financial equilibrium, it basically is determining a general equilibrium. So instead so let's go backwards. Instead of solving for the financial equilibrium that looks complicated let's solve for the general equilibrium. What is the effective general equilibrium? It's the same utilities as before, but we've augmented the endowments. By looking through the veil of the stocks we realized that A actually owns 3 apples in the future, 1 because he owns all of stock alpha and another one because he owns half of stock beta. So we've got this simple economy that we're used to solving that you did on the first problem set, so we can do it again and solve it. So I'm going to now solve for general equilibrium. I have to solve for P_1 and P_2 and all the X^(A)_1, X^(A)_2, X^(B)_1, X^(B)_2, but I can fix one of the prices to be one. So I'll fix P_1 to be 1. Then what does A do? So I made a mistake which is why you weren't following me. A, his Cobb-Douglas, 2 thirds of the weight is on good 1 and 1 third on good 2. So he's going to spend 2 thirds of his money on the first good. So that's why this should have been a 2 thirds as she pointed out, thank you. So 2 thirds of his money, what's his money? His endowment is (1,3), so it's [(P_1 times 1), which is 1 times 1, (3 times P_2)] divided by the price P_1. 2 thirds of the income divided by the price of the first good, that's how many of the first good he wants to eat. What does she want to do? She's patient. She's going to spend half her income on both goods, so half of her income which is [(1 P_2 times 1) divided by 1], that's how many apples today she wants and that's what we have to clear to clear the apple market at time 1. So does this make sense now? I'm looking at you in the front. Do you agree with this or is this confusing now? Do you follow this or is this confusing? I can say it again if it's confusing. Student: I've got a question. Prof: Yeah? Student: Our denominator represents what they want to have in the future? Prof: Remember how the Cobb-Douglas worked? This trick I'm going to use over and over again. With log utilities everybody will spend depending on the coefficient. So remember, this utility in the problem set, you know that this utility is just the same as if I put 2 thirds here and 1 third here, right? Because I'm just dividing this by 3, so instead of 1 and a half--so the original utility is this, right? It's (log X_1) (1 half log X_2), so the sum of this plus this is 3 halves. I can multiply by 2 thirds. So if I multiply this by 2 thirds I get 2 thirds here and 1 third here, right? And I haven't changed the utility function. And now I know this is a familiar pattern. A is always going to spend 2 thirds of his money on the first good. And B I can multiple this whole utility by a half and a half and B is going spend-- and now we recognize it as the common Cobb-Douglas thing and we could say that A's [correction: B's] going to spend half his money on the first good and half his money on the second good. So what have I done? Fisher said look, this model is so complicated. You're thinking in your heads, people are deciding in period 1 how much stock should I buy, how many bonds should I buy, how many apples should I eat, but really if they're smart they're not going to think that way. They're going to say to themselves how many apples should I buy today? How many apples do I want to consume tomorrow? All these financial assets are just methods for me getting apples tomorrow in exchange for apples today. And what's the tradeoff between the apples was this--P_1 and P_2 is the tradeoff between apples. You can look through the stocks and all that, but no matter which stock you think of buying there's going to be the same tradeoff between apples today and apples tomorrow because of the no arbitrage. The price of alpha is going to have to be exactly half the price of beta. So once I solve for this economy and get the price of alpha I'll know how many apples today I have to tradeoff in order to get apples tomorrow. So I might as well forget about all the stocks and just try to figure out what must that tradeoff between P_1 and P_2 be. So that's why you can forget about the stocks, forget about the bonds, everybody's thinking I'm trading off apples today for apples next year. I'm making all the trades today, because I'm trading apples today in exchange for promises for apples next period. So it's as if everything happens today. It's as if they're present value prices today. We trade today at prices P_1 and P_2 for apples today and apples next year. Of course the apples won't appear until next year, but I can sell an apple today at price P_1 and buy promises for apple next year at a price P_2, and that's the tradeoff I'm facing. If I face that tradeoff how much of my money am I going to spend on apples today? I'm going to spend 2 thirds of my money on apples today and the other third I'll spend on promises for apples next period. So this is a big insight Fisher had. It's not surprising it's a little puzzling. I'm so used to it that I've forgotten how puzzling it is. So ask me some more questions. This was not an obvious thought Fisher had. Yeah? Student: Do we typically expect the price in the 2nd period to be lower than the price in the 1st period? Prof: Often there'll be inflation, so q_2--the contemporaneous price next period might be higher than the contemporaneous price this period, but we don't care about that. What we care about is how many apples you have to give up today in order to get apples tomorrow. So P_2 is the present value price. What do you have to give up today to get the apple next period? So we expect P_2 to be less than P_1. Precisely because, well, we're going to come to that, that's the next thing I was going to talk about because everybody's putting more weight on consumption today than they are on consumption in the future. That's why the price P_1 is going to be bigger than the price P_2. Yep? Student: When we're solving it we're solving in real prices? Prof: So we're solving for P_1 and P_2 in present value prices. So the crucial thing is, he invented this term present value prices: the prices you pay today no matter when you're going to get the stuff. That's his big insight. You should look at present value prices. Holding stocks and all that complicated stuff is just giving you goods in the future. So when you buy the stocks today you should think, how much am I having to pay today to get an apple in the future? You can deduce that from the price of stocks and how many dividends they're paying. So everybody must have figured out a P_2. What does it cost today? How much money do I have to give up today to get an apple in the future? Well, I have to buy a stock and then sell the dividends and all that, but really what I should be thinking about is what's the price today I'm paying for one apple in the future, and that's P_2. And so when you think about it that way, although it's an intertemporal problem, it looks like a new model with time, Fisher said you can reduce it, think of it as if they're just the same problem we did before with two goods you're trading at the same time. That's not an obvious thing to have thought of. No one thought of it before him. Yeah? Student: The budget set, the second equation from the right-hand side. The second item shouldn't you have a q_2 as well, q_2 times >? Prof: Oh, absolutely. So this should have been a q_2 here because you'd sell the dividend and you get money by selling the dividend. Thank you. Ho, ho, ho, very good. Who said that? Who just asked that question? Where are you? I'll remember you. That was very good, exactly. So in the future you're getting the money. So what he pointed out is I made another mistake here. In the future the money you're spending on goods in the future you're going to get the dividends paid, of course you can sell the dividends for money and the price is q_2. So a q_2 has to appear over here just like there's a q_2 over there. So it's the goods times the price. That's the money you're getting in the future, and that's the money you're spending on the good X_2. Very good, too bad you didn't ask me that a while ago, but anyway. Any other questions? So we're back to this standard general equilibrium problem. We can take a financial equilibrium and turn it into a general equilibrium. And so when we solve this we're going to have (2 thirds P_2 1 half 1 half P_2) = 2. So it looks like 3 halves (I hope I haven't done this wrong) P_2 = 2 thirds 2P_2. Student: > Prof: Thank you, yeah, plus 2P_2. So we have 2P_2 a half a half P_2 so we have 5 halves P_2. That was lucky you caught that, 5 halves P_2. So 2 thirds is 4 sixths. And 3 sixths is 9 sixths. And 12 sixths - 9 sixths is... What is this? So what's 2 - 2 thirds - a half? Student: 5 sixths. Prof: 5 sixths. That's correct. So P_2 therefore equals 1 third. All right, so we've now solved for equilibrium. We know that P_1 has got to be 1. P_2 has got to be 1 third. We know that we can figure out what consumption's going to be, I mean X^(A)_1, for example, if we wanted to solve for that we just plug in a third here. So we'd have (2 thirds) times (1 3), which is 2 thirds times a 4, which is 8 thirds, I guess. And X^(B)_1, we could have solved for that too if we wanted to. X^(B)_1 is going to be a half times 4 thirds which is 2 thirds. No, that doesn't--a half plus what was this 1 third? No, it's 1 1 third which is 4 thirds times a half which is 2 thirds. Is that right? That doesn't look right, so maybe I did this wrong. 1 1 is 2 so this is 4 thirds. That looks better. X^(A)_1 is 4 thirds. X^(B)_1 is 2 thirds. So we have 4 thirds and 2 thirds, and so we could solve similarly for X^(A)_2 and X^(B)_2, which I won't bother to do. So we can figure out what the prices are, the present value prices and the present value consumption. But having done that, Fisher says, we took a hard problem we make it easy. Let's go back to the hard problem. So Fisher says the tradeoff between good 1 and good 2 is 1 to a third, so he defined--here's the nominal rate of interest. Fisher defined something called the real rate of interest. And he said that was a variable that you should pay a lot of attention to. So the real rate of interest he said is P_1 divided by P_2, so this is equal to 3 and so r is 200 percent. So how did I get that? Just as someone in the front said the good 2 is much less expensive. The present value of good 2 is much less than the present value of good 1. People think an apple today is much more valuable than an apple tomorrow. So if you give up an apple today you can get 3 apples next year. So if you put an apple in the bank it's like getting 200 percent interest on apples. So he called that the real rate--the apple rate of interest. You put an apple in the bank, you give up an apple today, buy stocks and when it comes out in the end you've got 200 percent more apples than you started with. So it's the real rate of interest. So that's his crucial variable. Now, let's go back to the original equilibrium. What is the stock price? Assume q_1 = 1. What is the stock price pi_alpha? Well, we can figure it out. How can we figure it out? What is pi_alpha? Well, stock alpha pays 1 good tomorrow so what is the price of pi_alpha? Student: > Prof: What? Somebody said it. I couldn't hear it--a third. How did I get a third? Because we figured out that once everybody looks through the veil, assuming the price P_1 is 1 and the price q_1 is 1, if they look through the veil they're going to say to themselves ah-ha, how much do I have to pay today to get an apple in the future? I have to pay a third to get one apple in the future. P_1 is 3 times P_2. So to get 1 apple in the future, it's only a third of an apple today. So the stock pays 1 apple in the future so therefore how much do I have to pay today? I have to pay 1 third of an apple today, and since I took the price of apples to be 1 it's going to be the price of 1 third. So what's the price beta? Student: 2 thirds. Prof: 2 thirds. So Fisher said look, we've solved now for all these financial things. So what you can't do, Fisher's theory does not explain how much of each stock, theta^(A), etcetera, the investors hold. Why is that? Well, because it doesn't matter. Not enough is happening in the economy yet. Alpha and beta are exactly the same. If you own twice as much of the alpha tree you get exactly the same as having the beta tree. So how can you possibly tell whether somebody's going to hold twice the alpha tree or just one beta tree? Either way he's going to get the same thing. So the theory can't possibly explain which one they're going to do. Somehow they'll work it out and divide up the tree so that everybody ends up with the right number of apples in the end. And it also does not explain inflation because you can't tell what q_2 is going to be. All right, because you see in this budget set, thanks to that inspired question, if you double q_2, q_2 appears everywhere; you're not going to change the second equation. So q_2 could be anything. You can double it or triple it, it won't matter, and the same with q_1. It's just like Walras said before, you can always normalize prices to be one. He had to add another theory of money and how many dollars were floating around in the economy to explain q_2. This theory won't explain it. So it does not explain inflation, and it does not explain who holds which stock, and so it does not explain the nominal rate of interest. It does not explain i, the nominal rate of interest, because 1 dollar, who knows what 1 dollar's going to be worth. It depends on how much inflation we have. But it does explain the real rate of interest. It does explain r, and that's the variable that Fisher said is the one economists should always pay attention to, the real rate of interest. So that's the crucial variable. So if you want to figure out what's the price today of a stock, so Fisher's famous equation's the price of the stock today, so pi_alpha divided by q_1, so the real price, as somebody said, the price in terms of goods of the stock today is always going to equal the dividend in the future divided by 1 r. Why is that? That's exactly what we already used. This is just a rewriting of the trick we did before. You take the dividend tomorrow, you multiply it by P_2 and then you realize that 1 r is just P_1 divided by P_2, so replacing the P_1s and P_2s by q_1 and 1 r, today's real stock price is just the dividends tomorrow discounted. This is what he called the Fundamental Theorem of Asset Pricing. If you knew the real rate of interest you'd be able to figure out what all the stocks were worth just like we did. Once we knew P_1 and P_2, the present value--the present value prices determine the interest rate because they're-- just as we said. P_1 over P_2, remember, is 1 r. So knowing P_1 and P_2 you're always normalizing P_1 to be 1, P_2's the same as 1 over 1 r. So if you know P_2 or you know 1 over 1 r, you know what the value of the stocks are. That's his critical insight. Now, just to finish... Yes? Student: That's q_2 or q_1? Prof: q_1, q_1 which is the same as P_1 because it's today's price. The contemporaneous price today is the present value of the price today. So let me just end on this one note. Fisher said we can take financial equilibrium without uncertainty, reduce it to general equilibrium. We know everything about general equilibrium, therefore we know everything about financial equilibrium, and we realize that the crucial variable in general equilibrium is relative prices. There is no just interest rate. The nominal interest rate, who the hell cares? The real interest rate is what we care about, and just in normal economics there's no just relative price, there's no just real interest rate. It depends on people's utilities. You make them more patient and that's going to affect the real interest rate. You make them less patient it's going to affect the real interest rate. You give them more endowments today versus tomorrow, that's going to affect the real interest rate. The relative price between today and tomorrow--that's the way you should think about finance. That's the way you should explain what's going on in the financial markets. So in the problem set you're just going to do a problem like that, and then I'm going to give more interpretations of this that Fisher gave. So I guess I'm out of time, so we'll stop here. That night was the observance night and as is the practice in Ajahn Chah monasteries we sat up all night, or tried to, very difficult thing to do, meditate all night. Most people don't quite make it. And in the morning, 3:30, we began the chanting again - jara-dhammomhi, jaram anatito, I am of the nature to age, I have not gone beyond ageing. Byadhi-dhammomhi byadhim anatito. I am of the nature to sicken, I have not gone beyond sickness. Marana-dhammomhi maranam anatito. I am of the nature to die, I have not gone beyond dying. Sabbehi me piyehi..and you know the rest. All that is mine, beloved and pleasing, will become otherwise, will become separated from me. And suddenly there was the feeling, the deep realisation, that rather than being a negative statement, or a negative way of looking at things, that finally here was truth - this was the undeniable truth and in Luang Por Chah, in his state, which I had taken to be so miserable, so negative, was a living testament to that truth. And I realised, something that struck me late in that evening, was that no one else seemed to mind Luang Por Chah being in that state, all his disciples the lay people, the monks, it wasn't as if there was a problem, I'm sure obviously they wouldn't have chosen their teacher to become sick but because all his life he'd been preparing them for that, preparing for that nature, in Thai dhamma chah means nature, the birth of dhamma, so the natural process to take place. When it finally happened to him it was simply the next phase of his teaching, absolutely in line with the way he had been living his life and the way he'd been teaching. So luckily as is so often the case in our lives, we have a moment, you could call it a little moment of insight, or a shift, takes place. And suddenly I became very keen to really study this truth. And thinking back at my life as a lay person, as a teenager, back in England, and then coming to Malaysia and Thailand on my family holidays, seeking pleasure, enjoying things, very nice, nothing too blameworthy about that, but realising that essentially there was a deception going on. There was the constant message, was of course that the external world, the material world, the sensual world is where we will find our happiness. And when the material world, the sensual world, goes wrong then we'll suffer. Ajahn Chah's message through his life and through his presence to me, was no thing, no person, no event, no situation, has the power to make you suffer, or even should be seen as negative, should be judged in any way. We're actually free to make our own decision. So this is how, say, towards the end of his life, for ten years I believe, from the early 80s to the early 90s, he didn't say a word, he simply lay in Wat Nong Pah Pong and people were able to go and pay respects and take away whatever they were able to from the situation. And in time Dhamma was translated into English, tapes and later CDs. And so these teachings lived on. Now Ajahn's Chah's strength as I understand it and really experienced it and his real wisdom was emphasising Sangha. Sangha means the monastic sangha but it means community, community harmony. But of course as a monk, particularly his close focus of teaching, especially in the early years, had been on the monks who came to stay with him because he was very unknown for many years. And there were key teachings that he brought into his monastic training and some of the things we'll hear about later on - his vinya instructions. But essentially there were some key themes to Ajahn's Chah's life which the monastic sangha inherited, tried their best to integrate into their own lives, and I feel its very valuable to share to this day because they're valid as timeless teachings. That his teachings come all the way from the Buddha's time yet he was able to bring them to life in the present moment and then transmit them. So as I said in the beginning, it was tough in his monasteries. Khanti means patient endurance, it's a parami, a spiritual quality and partly in those days north-east Thailand was much poorer. There's been huge material development in the last 20 years. But it was also tough because Luang Por Chah made it tough. The tradition is what we call the dhutanga tradition so all the things like eating in one's alms ball, going on alms round and being frugal and getting up early together as a sangha, coming together and chanting these words together, supporting each other in our practice, and reflecting on Dhamma and meditating together through the wee hours of the dawn, and in the evening as well sometimes late into the night. So this tough foundation, khanti, patient endurance, was what gave the men and women living there the strength to put up with the difficulties. Now the obstacles in life begin with the physical ones, difficulties from heat, cold, hunger, etc, and perhaps sharp words, but then also as Luang Por Chah taught the real patient endurance, the real need to bear with our own moods, our mental states, not to react and respond to the swings of delight and aversion, wanting and not wanting, liking, disliking, judging as good and bad, having a mind which is able to stay even and balanced, using a certain amount of patient endurance. And Ajahn Chah said himself this takes a certain daring. I heard he was asked, "What makes you special Luang Por? What do you have that other monks don't have?" He said, "nothing really but I dared." And this comes out when you listen to the monks who lived with him. He would say, "patiently endure", "endure with patience", "dare to be patient", "dare to endure". Because it takes a kind of courage and so he managed to weave that into his monastic framework with activities right throughout the day which were challenging. Often physically difficult conditions, training you to go against the stream. You heard this morning Ajahn Sumedho saying, he came back to Wat Pah Pong to offer his life to Ajahn Chah and Ajahn Chah sent him off to establish Wat Pah Nanachat which was the last thing he wanted to do. To challenge us, and that's what we need in order to stand up, in order to really investigate and understand on a deeper level, what was also at the heart of Ajahn Chah's teaching. Most of you don't speak Thai but if you do learn any words of Thai, I'd suggest the two words you should learn are "mai nae". These two words mean "not sure". And this was his own slightly loose and liberal translation of the common Buddhist teaching "sanna anicca" - perception is impermanent, or just anicca in general. "Sabbe sankara anicca" - all conditions are impermanent, all conditioned phenomena are impermanent - that's a very formal and lofty way of putting it. He would say - "nothing is certain, nothing is stable." And this is a very direct teaching, one which we don't have to have much experience with scriptures or much of a deep spiritual foundation to be able to take on and apply to our lives. We ask ourselves - yeah, actually what is certain? And this response of the monk, when I asked him "oh if this is Ajahn Chah, if this is what happens to him, what hope is there for us?" And he said, "well why do you assume he's suffering?" And the answer is - yeah, it's true, it's not certain is it? And straight away we're able to let go. So this idea of uncertainty was something which for someone like myself, coming in cold with no background in meditation, even with no interest, this wasn't something that I planned on doing for the rest of my life, just like Ajahn Sumedho. He was thinking of two years, I was thinking of two weeks. [laughter] But it's like something reels you in, something inside you is saying there's much more here than meets the eye. There's much more investigation to do and if this is truth, you can't turn your back on it. If that's really what you feel, that life as you understand it really is uncertain, that where you're putting your certainty may well one day let you down, then it's almost like an obligation or a responsibility to seek something more solid, just as if we were building a house, we would need solid foundations. And Luang Por Chah himself would say again and again we have to start with the foundation work. He would often talk about this when talking about sila, this being the foundations for our lives. So the ability to begin to see that all things were not sure, and this was something which would be a common theme in the Dhamma talks I began to read and began to listen to. So we start with seeing, yes, the body is uncertain, it's not sure. We see that people get old and sick and although we know it's going to happen to all of us, we don't know when. In the sala, the hall, the meditation hall at Wat Pah Nanachat, and in many monasteries, there was a skeleton hanging up a glass cabinet. Which again, the first day I arrived, I looked at this skeleton and I really wondered what kind of a place [laughter] I'd somehow landed in. But the van that dropped me off had already gone, and I didn't have any money, so I was stuck at least for the moment, and that was before mobile phones - I couldn't call home and say "get me out of here". So I was looking at this skeleton and then at the bottom of the glass cabinet in another smaller jar was a very very young baby which had died in infancy. In a preserved jar. And that looked so horrible. But the teaching of that was more powerful than just that we're all going to get old and sick and die, it's really that actually it can happen any time, even right at the beginning of life, when we would all say it shouldn't happen - it can. So we're beginning to contemplate and seeing how impermanence is much more a part of life than we would ever imagine. And so not only on the material realm, the physical realm, our own bodies, but then of course our thoughts, and more interestingly, this is what really intrigued me, and I think with a Western upbringing and education, many of you share a kind-of rigorous education. We hold very much to our perceptions and our views. We're actually trained to cultivate views and then hold on to them like mad. And it's very challenging to let go of them, it's something that's really de-stabling. So one night I was listening to a talk, in the hall, to the senior monk, an English monk, many of you know Ajahn Jayasaro was giving a talk and he began to talk about how our perceptions are impermanent and began to talk about our views and opinions and he just mentioned things like political views, views around the environment, or views around social issues. And he simply asked the question again, "can you really be sure about any of your views?" "Are any of them really absolutely sure? Can you actually say that?" Not saying they're all wrong - you don't have to suddenly go into a sense that you don't know anything, but asking the question, "can we really be sure that we're right?" And again simply that gives a little opening where we're able to see the truth - simply that we might be right but we might be wrong. Next, what I'd like to talk about is some chromosomal abnormalities that might happen. The first one is Down Syndrome. Down Syndrome is basically when you have and extra chromosome on the 21st chromosome. Basically this leads to various physical differences when compared to those who don't have Down Syndrome. Also leads to various mental retardation, Alzheimers disease. They tend to live a pretty normal life when compared to before. On average, most people live to about 50. There have been some reports of those living into their sixties, seventies, and eighties although that is very, very rare. Some also some other chromosomal abnormalities. One is Turner Syndrome. Turner Syndrome is basically females that lack an X chromosome, so instead of having XX, they have X0. These individuals tend not to have any ovaries, so making reproduction much more difficult for them. Klinefelter Syndrome is basically males that have an extra X chromosome. So for example, they might have XXY. These individuals tend to have more secondary sex characteristics that resemble females, for example, having breasts. They might have sparse hair when compared to other males that tend to have much more hair. The XXX Syndromes is basically females that have an extra X chromosome. What's really interesting is that genetic counseling might help individuals determine their risk for developing some of these genetic disorders. Basically, genetic counseling they go in and determine based on family history whether or not an individual has a risk of having a child that has various disorders. Some people have raised ethical concerns in relation to this, the reason being is that it's kind of picking and choosing what kind of children individuals want to have versus letting the normal process occur. Others do it so that if their child is going to have some sort of abnormalities, they might choose to adopt instead. Next, what I'd like to talk about is some of the environmental effects that occur. First and foremost, the family tends to be one of the largest sources of influence on the child. They learn a lot about relationships, they learn a lot about language, they learn a lot about gender rules through from their parents, through modeling, for example, and through their siblings and even other relatives that live in the house. In addition, socioeconomic status tends to have an effect on child development as well. Basically, socioeconomic status also stands for SES. Basically what this is a combination of education, skill level of one's job and income. And, basically those with higher SES tend to have basically focus more on the psychological well-being of the child. They also tend to have more warmer and intimate environment one compared to those of lower SES. However, I do want to note that those who are highly affluent tend to have set backs in child development for a number of reasons. Those who are affluent tend to have parents that essentially working, so they're very, they're more away basically, where they're not as much involved in the parenting. They're not able to establish those relationships. Also, they might be less likely to have a sit down dinner with their family which can lead to negative psychological adjustment. So, basically having an affluent background doesn't necessarily put an individual in a better state; they actually can have detrimental effects or the opposite effects. Poverty also has its state of impact. Those who live in poverty tend to have less financial resources. As a result, they might have less access to health care; they might have poor nutrition. So, those are some of the effects as a result. Also, neighborhoods have an effect on children. It is really important that there is a strong sense of community. That helps children to establish relationships, for example. They are able to engage in recreational activities which helps them to learn and to explore. It also helps them with exercise which is essential to their overall well-being as well. In addition, I want to mention some cultural differences that exist. There's two main types. One is individualistic; one is collectivist. Individualistic societies tend to be societies like the United States where the focus is a lot on individuals, individuals' well-being, focusing on overall concepts whereas collectivist societies are societies in which the focus in more on the unit or the group, the family and there's less focus on the individual. And, both of these have an influence on children in the sense that they learn from these different cultural values and it does change their course of development as well. This has been Video Lecture #2, Biological and Environmental Influences. And the answer is these 4 points over here. And the reason is, if you draw the line of equal distance between C1 and C2, the separation of these 2 cluster areas falls over here. C2 is down there. C1 is up here. 2 years ago with some friends of mine we set to work on forming a Hungarian student team to build a solely solar-powered house for the competition Solar Decathlon. Then we gathered 20, later 50 people: architects, building service engineers, electrical engineers, managers work together on this project from the very beginning. We learnt to work in team, we learnt to take responsibility and to make decisions. So, we evolved a lot on professional and personal level aswell. It's a great experience that as students we design and actually build an unique house operating with the most up-to-date technologies. For us, sustainability means to live in harmony with nature. In contrary we spend 95% of our lives in closed indoor spaces whose construction and operation need a lot of energy and building materials. Therefore we designed a house, where we spend half of our time indoor and the other half outdoor. By this idea we developed the shape of the house aswell. In winter we stay inside, in autumn and spring we can spend the time on the terrace, whilst in summer we may cook, relax and even work at the multifunctional outside 'summer wall'. During the structural design the biggest challenge was the fact that we will transport the house on trucks to Madrid, divided into four, prefabricated modules. Bacause of this, we designed a structure easy to be craned, transported and quickly assembled. This modul system we use is fundamentally different from the conventional light-weight structures, because we build the final rigid structure of these four individually non-stable boxes. For the main material of the structure we chose wood, because it's eco-friendly. In several places of house a specifically developed ring connection can be found, which has high load-bearing capacity, meets the fire protection requirements and can be assembled and disassembled as many times as needed. Thanks to the its compact form our house has small cooling-down surface. With the addition of the 'summer wall' we double the preferable southern façade surface in comparison with a traditional house. The thermal envelope has excellent insulation and air-tightness performance. We followed strick design principles and and by this we reached that our house's thermal transmission coefficient is less then the half of the houses built today according to the actual standards. To avoid summer overheating a horizontal and vertical shading system was designed. In winter so much passive solar heat is gained that on sunny days the heating system would not even be switched on. The core of the building service system is the air-to-water heat pump which is the active heat producer. The cooling of the interior is provided by water circulating in pipe network integrated into the ceiling. During summer nights this water is sprinkled onto the cooled solar panels of the roof so they loose their heat - in this passive way - by radiation and evaporation. To increase comfort and energy efficiency an automation system controls the building service units, the lightning and the shading system of the house. With its help we may check the production of the solar cells, our patterns of consumption, the state of the house, even switch off the forgotten lights far from home, via smartphones. Essentially, you put your house in your pocket! I really love this community: full of good people and interesting personalities. I also like that at the age of 23 I can try out for real what I've learnt at the university! As an university student to work on a house like this, with a team like this is an incredibly exciting task. When I first heard of this project, well, I knew I have to join. This is your conference, and I think you have a right to know a little bit right now, in this transition period, about this guy who's going to be looking after it for you for a bit. So, I'm just going to grab a chair here. Two years ago at TED, I think -- I've come to this conclusion -- I think I may have been suffering from a strange delusion. I think that I may have believed unconsciously, then, that I was kind of a business hero. I had this company that I'd spent 15 years building. It's called Future; it was a magazine publishing company. It had recently gone public and the market said that it was apparently worth two billion dollars, a number I didn't really understand. A magazine I'd recently launched called Business 2.0 was fatter than a telephone directory, busy pumping hot air into the bubble. (Laughter) And I was the 40 percent owner of a dotcom that was about to go public and no doubt be worth billions more. And all this had come from nothing. Fifteen years earlier, I was a science journalist who people just laughed at when I said, "I really would like to start my own computer magazine." And 15 years later, there are 100 of them and 2,000 people on staff and it was just such heady times. The date was February 2000. I thought the little graph of my business life that kind of looked a bit like Moore's Law -- ever upward and to the right -- it was going to go on forever. I mean, it had to. Right? I was in for quite a surprise. The dotcom, ironically called Snowball, was the very last consumer web company to go public the next month before NASDAQ exploded, and I entered 18 months of business hell. So all those couples you see walking in the evening, do not envy them, not because they like it that they were fighting So they go and she says to him, can not you, good evening. You and your mother... it's very important. Well Girls, I just wanted to forward. We will try to try, I gave this lesson a few times this week And I promised myself, from time immemorial, the wife returns home today a nice smile and I wish I wish. Handsome preached. Let's see if I'll do it, and with God's help. Be a wife, to listen, to sit down to talk to him about something related to only two of you, enough talk about the children. Dee Dee. Rather talk about money, enough talk. Talk to you. Him and you. How important it is to nurture it. Please note, we are constantly brothers, fathers and mothers for they said, Tell me, my sister, relationship has always been exposed to terrible dangers Every time Abraham says my sister Sarah, Abimelech takes it. Why? That when you live with your spouse due to functional, the danger. To go out and suddenly someone very nice to you and suddenly the very nice for someone else, and for so long never experienced the thrill that should be experienced with your man This great danger. My girls, I'm moving to single women. Eliezer going to look to Abraham's son Isaac. Is matchmaker what to do to bring you the real partner, root soul, and to someone that is not your A. Prayer Prayer prayer. Jemima, what? After the first 40 days, before you left the world, has been determined who will be your partner somebody particular year. Move Lzorzt. So what to pray? Come get it Why so long? Explains rabbi recannati , I tell you here a year. While on each man will be jumping 7 wonen and grabbed seven women in one. Without even the shame, and when finished Then wire it is, then transfer it to the Big Guy This desire to establish a home would be so strong in women, more than men. Says recanatti, , parity has come easily, and call her untimely individual seats. You neighbors? Know each other from the age of three? Married at the age of 17, grandparents aged 25 amazing. That very few couples, this match was declared in the womb. Hardly any of them. When girls ask me, Rebbetzin, could be that it does not match my roots? , Right might be nothing happened, most marriages are like what? Pairing latter called out prisoners fit. Your husband must now about another, and should fit, crying, you can sing the buffet. Why is this happening? That the uterus was pairing genuine, move Lzorzt. Then, Zorzt is a great saint. Recanati says that the Messiah women be so righteous, Move and evil his actions. He became a punk. And God says, you do not deserve it. Then you have to wait for someone worthy of your righteous level. Their need to pray and cry cry and pray So who will be my match? Another pair at that evil woman her actions, and a righteous man takes it away and bring it to you. These most couples these days, and a pair of true and beautiful couple First Mother Leah, abdomen declared it to be the wife of Esau, she did not want and she was crying crying She became a saint, and he became evil, God breaks another couple. Jacob and Rachel, says Mercanti, Name takes the Jacob and paired it with Leah. So what? Name he did not know he would be an evil stomach? No. Knew, but did not intervene. The abdomen decide if your groom will be rich or poor healthy or sick, intelligent or stupid, but piety - that is a matter of choice. He could choose to be righteous. He Conduct could choose to be evil. Couplings of today are paired to a person by his actions. So wait a bit more, but you get a good man. Amazing man, a righteous man Jemima, can be made the wrong choice? Course. Always wrong choice written, with Tanya says, pairing is always wrong reason. There's a guy named matchmaker liar So call it with Tanya, showing you only the benefits of his, showing him only to your advantage otherwise never be married. Why? Zohar says this week's reading. God always bring you a totally opposite from you Name unpaired, and I say this in the language of the Zohar firm with soft and loose with the firm. If the woman is Jeddah, man is soft and flabby If it was difficult, the woman is a wonderful grace, parity is always the exact opposite. But why Jemima? This double for a charity campaign. I learn from him, and he learns from me and each missing just the opposite, so call the woman helped him. He never fit Everything you dreamed it backwards. I want an academic, 1.80, rich, semi learns half works I keep telling you, you'll marry a Yemeni 1.10 tabla playing at weddings and you'll be happy until your last day Since God so doing. Unpaired firm with slack and loose with the firm. Days, so why should we see fit? Because God does this out, trick Eliezer was paired Rebecca. Rebecca is a sweet girl full of grace, it is suitable to Abraham Abraham is a man of grace, he gets sarah, g, all the women who called sara are very strong they prevailed. All of them all, without exception. Days did not .. Better. So the... rebecca got isaac who is din, is all law, Isaac is the extent of the law, he is a so-so God-fearing, so hard, so to speak, and can not .. So how can pair them Eliezer? He came and told them the story of Ben Ish Chai says. He tells them, some sign from heaven. I said if you come to a girl and she'll tell me to drink, and also to your cames shall pour - I know it is, that's what happened gawd, they say, come on it's name. Note all along the mystic seeking evidence that he is your partner Zorzt call to his grandmother, and my grandmother. Both born, I Morocco and Germany. What does not fit? I was born in 1.7 and was born at 7.1. Everyone is looking for some mystical nonsense that really is a mistake, it can not be God brings together opposites because you are supposed to pay off. Marriage this study. It pay. More tips for single women . I want to let everyone everyone. Be picky, what it means to be picky? You can think that if it is determined in the womb so I wait, who comes will come. Who came to welcome You must do the duty called to find out about. Where to find out about your partner? Must, this effort must. Where to find out about him? In his best friends girls, I saw the genius of this recommendation When Eliezer want to find out about Rebecca, he's going to find out from her friends that they draw water. How stupid to find out about his ex-wife divorced. Tell me, how is it? What do you think she would tell you? Thirty-six righteous .. I divorced him because I do not deserve him. It's retarded. Right? Other hand, when you go to his good friends, and ask how he, and they tell you an answer like: Look, it can be amazing, it has a few but everyone has. And says, Mommy, his best friends like talking about a lukewarm? How scary. I'm always afraid that my husband will ask my mother how I am, Mother shut up, shut up mom Day she spent it all. It comes and tells him, good for you that you live with. I'm so proud of you, What, I thought no one would take me, really lucky, a righteous man you are. It's my mother But always she put Hirbet me the peace house. Coming really the know all your real shock need to find good friends. Do not say he loves it, so probably tell him. It reversed. They will feel little forgery concrete. More. Caution - the first meeting. Girls, the first meeting should be somewhere beautiful, fragrant and aesthetic. We see fathers and mothers in the first meeting set the whole life. Abraham and Sarah meet them wandering, that's what happened to her life. Wandered from place to place Rebecca saw Isaac was afraid of him, fell a camel, hazal r says, all her life she was afraid of him. Not come and told him, you do not have to bless Esau, Jacob, says his fear. And it does this with goats. She met him for the first time and got scared, so look for life Rachel, Rachel met her husband Jacob at the well. Once she arrives he takes the stone from the well and the water all their lives watermark and tears and tears and Rachel weeping Leah Her first encounter with Jacob is covered in a veil and is confident that Rachel glamor to the world of writing, she remained a woman covered his face.h, the world covered. I never quite understood it and clear it enough air. . The first meeting, the location of the first meeting very very very influential. Word about matchmakers. Give respect. Do not ask questions derogatory. Not say girl comes to you, take off about 30 pounds, I have no problem finding you someone, no problem. The really hard, your age it's really, do you think we should at all? Start with all this? A family? Not find clear invasive and invasive Rebecca Write a virgin and no one knew Ibn Ezra says clearly genius, no one should know. It's not things you talk about Say, is reserved? What is she a matzo for Passover? Not clarify or ask a daughter of Israel, daughter of Israel is holy of holies, careful respect. Age, I would never ask someone her age. Ever. I just tell her to tell what age range you want your partner Then when she tells me between 18 and 72 I guess that in the late eighties. So so important. So on. Before I give you purple. Skip it because we have no time. Is hearing parents, you do whatever you do. I want to shoot .. Who will not help you, you pray hard. Hopefully enough, you are. Month. Do not think it's such a paradise.... I want a word for men. Circumcision for men Not we be sunny and you're showering and you'll be good and bad homework difficult, His mother is also his sister, his grandmother and his aunt, some gave homework today So this man, man. We told her to be sunny. And you? If you have sun, if you have sun, If you have received wonderful thing, the one-time creation of this remarkable woman called. One thing not dare ask her. So says the Torah To tell her again, I need my space/ give me a place, women have such a respect for its space. Six. Children, father watching World Cup child will say a word, I'll kill him. Daddy Now with Friends. You know, it does not require more offensive than a woman Give me time, give me my peace and quiet. Fathers took their mothers everywhere. Most difficult trials, Egypt famine, Abimelech Jacob consults with two wives, with Rachel and Leah, are you coming with me? Your father rectangle escape. Yes, we are estranged We were considered, there is no such thing as Jewish space. The man takes his wife with him everywhere. Let it the air, not to be a pest. But you do not dare raise such a demand. Says Rebecca meets Isaac, and brought her into the tent of Sarah his mother. You need to bring her to life Do not think that you can continue to live a life of Single Married because it is written, come to, come to. Give God the next woman to Bitich. Rachel and Leah. There is no such thing as Spice. When people ask me Women, Rabbi, who wants to Nicaragua two weeks, and two weeks to return to Israel. CAUTlON! Why? That it becomes what it is convenient. What is quiet, or sleep in another room This first offensive and then, Thank God. The airy your veins comfortably in, it's very bad. Physical distance is far. Someone told me he wanted to go to work two weeks away from home, I told her lie down on the doorstep and said, I came on the case, there is no such thing. There is no such thing union work. What a mean and nasty. To employees taking the men for two weeks in Eilat What is this? Sodom and Gomorrah. Let's also the executive staff. There is no such thing. Versus one, take your spice. Rate for women. Only. I so hate that they do not let go, but take the child, what is it, will you settle it for you, whole 16 leave him with the kids at home and give yourself that air that the returns much more joy. Girls, I want to give purple. Relationship On Thursday we called on fate C"g Cheshvan. Bc"g Cheshvan, begin with prayer 40 days Day 40 out exactly, is a wonderful day, this Chanukah. It's the eighth day of Chanukah Day capable of very very big miracles, what prayers to pray these days, I'll give you some There are those who bring folk to Ch Genesis, that episode where Eliezer matchmaking Rebecca Isaac. Wonderful prayer I recommend it, it is a prayer composed especially Matchmaking. Connect it to Isaac, and recite this prayer guide. What does this mean? When offering to pray intentionally, you could watch what your not. And see what your neighbor. Why? Mincha is the afternoon. Lunch is a double window, window here and a window here. Noon window to have breakfast, and a window into the evening. This time looking at both directions. This prayer investigates Prayer of allowing doubts. Prayer of you seen the pros and cons. Darkness and light. Isaac out to the field and author of prayer. I want a woman. Recite this prayer of offering. Wonderful prayer. Frustrating, Blessed are the inhabitants of your home. Which happy who has a house. Generation to generation will praise your actions. I assure you, my children will staff the name. Praise you and will you. Open your hand and satisfy the desire of every living. Let me be married to a livelihood. Please note that all Happy inhabitants of your house, it is singular. I will bless the name, each day I will bless you. And the last verse? Us. And we bless ya forever Hallelujah. Why? Because he has not yet finished speaking. Before he can finish the prayer of offering, I I I, Suddenly he sees Rebecca comes on the ca,e;. And we bless ya From Here to Eternity, Hallelujah. The offering prayer This prayer composed by Isaac, he stood and prayed that the Cave of the Patriarchs who can pray at the Cave of the Patriarchs of offering this week or the next few weeks, once It's so so capable, and wonderful. So really This is a generation that experienced the greatest pain that the delay in relationships. But God says you should know, this has been delayed and finds her boyfriend only later, First of all, you wait, you should because it is being renovated You'll have it much better more switch, much more righteous. Much more perfect. And the other thing. Maybe you will have fewer children than married at age 17 or 18 But prisoners out of shape. He will take you from your home gym. You have children, maybe just two maybe just one talented like no other one. Children righteous God-fearing Most importantly: Stand and Pray for Mother. Write Rebecca, age three, when Eliezer sees it, he has on hand bracelets, a moment I'll talk about it, where her ring, and she ran, "and run and tell your mom Tell God, My God, My mother, how she dreamed I would come to her home and tell her mother look Look what he brought me the man, the name for my mother, a few girls tell me that Days, I want to see her happy already for me. It is so important to this prayer. Praying for his friend answered first. Girls, something very important I forgot to tell Not marry anyone. Married with a family. This is so important, when you get married you do not get his name You get the name of his family. And family do not compromise. What does that mean old? What should I look for his family I'll tell you, it's a bit deep. Listen Good and it's so so important comes Eliezer Rebecca, giving her bracelets, 10 gold weight. And a gold ring, a split weight. Says Rashi, two ten gold bracelets is two tablets. Torah. Rift gold ring weight, hernia that was what they paid in the Temple sacrifices. This prayer victims Torah prayer. Sages say the three things the world stands: on Torah, prayer and charity. Listen Rebecca, your home is no Torah, not bad. You can study Torah, take. Wear. You can wear the Torah even when in her home. My man comes from a secular kibbutz members eaters do not know what Yom Kippur is fine. You can buy it, it was acquired. Prayer he can not pray in a row. It's okay. You can learn to pray. It can be worn charity. If this is not your man's family, too bad for you. Must bear family, God forbid cruel people Cruelty. When his father acting shocking his mother, utterly ruthless What do you mean days, then do not marry someone who came from a family of divorced parents? No. Why It also divorced honorable by law. Much worse divorce respect are people who live with each other for years and he calls her names shocking, cursing the curses alarming Not be something that is not blended with your man. It can not be that six years had ejected a shocking expression, where her mother is, this version of his childhood. Family's search merciful. Relatives of people who demand justice to the world. Not many people, the people who respect modesty respected double double. You do not need to be religious Can be large secular. This search. Days, and if not? His father looting his mother and degrades it to this day, does not mean it's impossible parity But, that means your man should be well aware that this is a point that he had to work on profanity example, it is genetic. And put a curse learned. It becomes his uniform. With ear hears the phrase ugly, she lost the sensitivity and panic how many times I say women, year to year, but the way he talks. Can we fix it? Certainly. There is nothing that can not be answered. But, be aware that you must. You left this at blowing him such words, bad, How important to know. Most importantly, the bottom line. Decide. Stop to look around. Rachel Rebecca asks her matchmaker Eliezer, Will you go with this man? She begins to tell him a minute, but his body language I want him to go to a psychologist, I would like to send his manuscript handwriting expert. Stop She says go. A second, take a toothbrush and pajamas, and it's on the funds. Going to marry We sanctifies the carrier generation and deliberation. Maybe yes, maybe not, I do not know, is a lifetime Count on God. Belief. Belief. Daughters know you faith is tested relationships. Merely that I always tell why the parable of the sages of spiral Standing on the rope with a wheelbarrow and say, friends, do you believe I can do it? And they all say it Yes Do you believe I can walk on the line with the wheelbarrow without falling? Yes. You believe that I can put in a heavy weight and go on the line Yes someone ready to jump in the wagon I do it? Yes, it is... Says God is the true test of faith. Woman what it believes. To see me like this. Always opening statement, to see me like this, but what is a complete faith, your relationship disorders. The name matches. And that he'll knock you? And when a couple divorces end, that was Mbbtn. It also set you above. You should learn some period. Holy souls born of you had to come into the world of you and him. Actually faith faith faith. May we merit to be wives, sisters, daughters and mothers. God forbid you. Spike: (groans) Come on, Twilight. We're gonna be late for the Nightmare Night festival. (costume bells jingle, elegant fanfare plays) Huh? (costume bells jingle) | Are you that one kooky grandpa from Ponyville Retirement village? Twilight: I'm Star Swirl the Bearded. (Spike blinks) Father of the amniomorphic spell? | (Spike blinks) Did you even read that book I gave you about obscure unicorn history? Spike: Umm... | (knock on door) That sounds important. (zooms off) (startled gasp) | Fillies: (singing) Nightmare Night! What a fright! Give us something sweet to bite! Twilight: Hi, everypony! Great costumes. Happy Nightmare Night, Granny Smith. Granny Smith: I should have been asleep five hours ago. (sparkling chimes) (rubber sword wobbling) Pipsqueak: (British accent) Pipsqueak the Pirate, at your service. It's my very first Nightmare Night. Twilight: Since you've moved here from Trottingham? Pipsqueak: No, my very first Nightmare Night ever! | (Pinkie Pie squawks loudly) Pinkie Pie: Enough chitchat! Time is candy! Twilight: Pinkie Pie, aren't you a little old for this? Pinkie Pie: Too old for free candy? (chicken squawk) Never! (Twilight groans to herself) (bell jingling) Twilight: Do you like it? (jingles bell) Pinkie Pie: Yeah! Great costume, Twilight! Oh, you make a fantastic weirdo clown! (pecks candy, scurries off) | Twilight: (offended) A clown? (door squeaks shut) Look at the borders on these robes. These are hoof-stitched! Spike: It's a great costume... (chuckles sarcastically) Grandpa. (Twilight growls deeply) (theme song begins) My Little Pony, My Little Pony, ah, ah, ah, ah, (My Little Pony) Twilight: I used to wonder what friendship could be (My Little Pony) Until you all shared its magic with me Rainbow Dash: Big adventure | Pinkie Pie: Tons of fun Rarity: A beautiful heart | Applejack: Faithful and strong Fluttershy: Sharing kindness | Twilight: It's an easy feat All: And magic makes it all complete, yeah (My Little Pony) Do you know, you're all my very best friends What if we could tell you everything, the entire history of the world? Now, what if we told you we could do it in just two hours? We're going to tell the whole story, from the Big Bang to the present day. How the planet prepared for the rise of man. How the Stone Age led to the steam engine. How the first seeds sprouted into cities and civilizations. Everything is connected, and the path leads to you. It took history 1 3.7 billion years to unfold. We'll show you everything you need to know in the next two hours. This is our infant universe. Everything that will ever exist, everything that will ever happen, all begins here, within this tiny bundle of energy, smaller than an atom. And right now, history as we know it is about to mysteriously begin. For reasons we may never know, our universe suddenly erupts. ln a millionth of a millionth of a millionth of a millionth of a millionth of a millionth of a second, it went from a size smaller than an atom to bigger than a galaxy. What you're seeing is energy, and it's one key to understanding everything that will unfold in the next two hours. Within a fraction of a second, the Big Bang creates all the energy that will ever exist, all the energy that will power the stars, that will fuel anything that ever lives. All the energy that you will ever consume dates back to the beginning of time. When you put gas into your car, you're tapping energy that was created during the Big Bang. You're tapping the energy of the universe itself. We're only a few minutes into our two-hourjourney, but already 380,000 years have passed. You are about to witness the birth of your original ancestors, the first atoms. This is hydrogen. The universe will use it to make everything in the world around us. Hydrogen is like a baseball team. You say, "What player do I want to start my team with?" Well, if I want to start a universe, I want to start it with hydrogen. Because from that, with a lot of heat and a lot of pressure, you can build more kinds of atoms. The first atoms blast through the early universe. And luckily for us, they don't spread out evenly, because in those tiny pockets with more atoms, gravity, the great sculptor of the early universe, begins to work its magic. The first galaxies are beginning to form, revealing a timeless secret of the universe. Throughout history, whenever more matter and energy can be drawn together in one place, more complex things can emerge. We have all of these urban centers around the planet where so much creativity, so much art, so much science, so much culture came about because of all these opportunities for things to interact with each other. Really, in a sense, where there is stuff, new stuff can develop. And where there isn't anything, nothing much can develop. 300 million years after the Big Bang, inside of forming galaxies, gravity continues to squeeze together clouds of gas and dust, causing pressure and heat to violently rise. When the temperature reaches 1 8 million degrees Fahrenheit, hydrogen atoms slam together, creating a new element, helium, and radiating bursts of energy. The first stars are born. Suddenly there were these new beacons of light shining forth, pouring energy into the universe. Let there be light. But something is missing from this early universe. There are billions of stars, yet not a single planet. To form planets and eventually people, to take the next leap that would make all of history possible, the universe needs more to work with than just hydrogen and helium. The complicated elements, the heavier things that we build stuff out of, for example, iron or life built out of carbon and things like that, they're actually manufactured in stars. We may see stars like our own sun as sources of light, but there is something bigger happening deep inside. Stars are element factories. They fuse hydrogen into helium, helium into lithium, forging 25 of the most common elements we'll need to live, including carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and iron. So more than 1 2 billion years ago, stars are already creating the element that will spur the lron Age, allow for the building of cities and the creation of some of mankind's most famous monuments. But a look at the Statue of Liberty reveals the next challenge awaiting the early universe. While the statue's frame is iron, her skin requires an element too heavy to be made in stars. For Lady Liberty to have material for her skin, for there to be gold for wedding rings, or uranium for nuclear reactors, some elements had to be created another way. Stars don't have enough energy to do the job, but if the element factory isn't powerful enough, how about blowing up the factory? Just a few million years after the first stars formed, some of them exploded. These explosions, known as supernovas, are the biggest blasts in the universe since the Big Bang, providing the extra boost of energy needed to fuse heavier elements. ln the fiery blast of their own destruction, stars create uranium, gold, all the rest of the elements that will fill our world, including copper. The periodic table of the elements is sort of the library of matter in the universe. Those are your building blocks, everything that is coming out of that particular chemistry set. Supernovas are absolutely necessary for us to be here. You know, we have iron in our blood. We have little bits of old supernova, therefore, just floating around through us. We are all stardust. Copper and tin, Bronze Age. Without supernovas, there's no Bronze Age. Go to any supermarket and buy a multivitamin and go and look in the ingredients. You'll find copper. You'll find zinc. You'll find selenium. You'll find all sorts of elements that can only be made in a supernova. The elements made by stars will become the seeds of life on Earth and the drivers of human history. But the journey has just begun. Before there can be life, the universe has to build us a suitable home. To build a proper house, you have to assemble the right materials all in one place. Now when planets form, it's the same thing, it's the materials that you have at hand that's gonna dictate the kind of house that your planet's gonna be. To get enough of the right material in the right place all at once takes a very long time. Over the next eight billion years, more than half of history as we know it, the element factories continue their work. Stars explode and are reborn, each generation with more heavy elements than the last. Until 4.6 billion years ago. Finally there are enough materials gathered for the next step on the path to us. A new star is born. This is our sun. It's so massive that it's gathered up 99.9% of the gas and dust in the solar system, but there's still just enough left behind for gravity to build some other things, like planets. The third one out from this star will be our home. By the time Earth emerges just over four and a half billion years ago, two-thirds of the history of the universe has already passed. The first sunrises sweep across a foreboding alien planet, a world spinning so rapidly that a day lasts only six hours. When you go back to the early Earth, right after the planet formed, you really have to think of the Earth as another planet. The sun would have looked out over a hellacious scene ofjust molten lava. And in places you would see rafts of black volcanic rock. Within the liquefied rock the elements are all in a jumble. Something has to bring order out of this chaos. And once again that something is gravity. Lighter material drifts toward the surface and forms a solid crust, while heavier material sinks toward the center, forming a molten iron-nickel core. This churning liquid metal creates a magnetic field that reaches out into space. Like a force field, it will protect our future home from the sun's deadly charged particles. Soon this magnetic field will allow for life to grow, and later, guide the explorers who will connect two halves of the world. But for all this to unfold, the Earth will need a critical partner. Four and a half billion years ago, an object the size of Mars smashes into the planet at 25,000 miles per hour. Earth swallows up much of the impactor. But a spray of molten debris is whipped off into space. Within as little as a year, gravity gathers this debris into a secondary sphere in orbit around the Earth, where it has been ever since. The formation of the moon was an incredibly important event in Earth's history. And in fact, its creation, over four billion years ago, is really important to the Earth's climate today. The moon keeps Earth steady. lts gravitational pull prevents the planet from wobbling, saving us from wild climate swings. And the collision that formed the moon leaves Earth tilted on its axis, giving the planet a key ingredient to life, seasons. Having seasons is very, very important for the evolution of life on the Earth, and having some stability in the tilt of those axes, that's very, very important also for maintaining life on the Earth. The moon's gravity also begins to slow Earth's rotation, which will eventually lengthen our days from six hours to 24. 4.4 billion years ago. It's too hot on Earth for liquid water to exist, but there's water vapor, steam in the atmosphere. The trick is how to get it out of the sky. Onto any world where you hope to have life, a little rain must fall. For millions of years as the planet cools, rain pours down, forming puddles, lakes, and eventually our oceans. By 3.8 billion years ago, our planet has a moon and permanent oceans, but it hardly resembles the place we now call home. To become the stage for all of human history, Earth needs an oxygen-rich atmosphere, fertile continents for people to discover and develop. Who will create our modern world? There's a trillion of them crawling on your skin right now. We're telling the history of the world in two hours, from the Big Bang to the present day. And our modern world holds important clues to the story. ln fact, structures like this hide a mysterious link to the first life on Earth. 3.8 billion years ago, beneath the surface of our primeval oceans, a revolution is taking place. Six simple elements, including hydrogen from the Big Bang, and oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen created by stars, have combined to form the key substances that will make up all life, including us. The most spectacular is DNA. Within its spirals hide the secret codes of life. 700,000 years after the planet first formed, life on Earth begins. We stand not on the shoulders of giants, but of tiny organisms, bacteria. We're very egocentric. We think that we animals run the world, but in fact we are very late entrants. It was an empire of bacteria long before animals. Animals come along, and we like to think that we wiped out that empire. Well, we would be dead if we wiped out that empire. I have within me an entire zoo of bacteria. ln fact, each one of us has more bacteria living in our bodies than there are people on the planet. For billions of years, microbes like these will have Earth to themselves. Like our infant universe, the first life is small, simple, and full of possibilities. The secret of how it explodes into all of the incredible forms we see today, including us, goes back to the beginning of time. As we've seen, all the energy that will ever exist was created in the Big Bang. All creatures need to grab their share of this energy to survive. The more we harness, the more efficiently we use it, the more complex we can become. And almost all of our share of the Big Bang's energy is beamed to us by the sun. Two and a half billion years ago, some very special bacteria figure out how to consume the sun's energy to live. ln doing this, they also create the most important waste product in the history of the world, oxygen. Soon, oxygen will remake our world, but first, it has another important job to do. Earth's ancient seas are full of iron particles, and everyone knows what happens when oxygen meets iron. Here I'm a little bacterium. I've produced this oxygen molecule, and here's a big piece of iron and clump, I rust it. The rusted iron collects on the sea floor. Billions of years later, these huge deposits will be raised up to become major sources of the world's iron and steel. It was these iron deposits that later on drove the lndustrial Revolution. ln this way, the Brooklyn Bridge and the other early landmarks of the lndustrial Age are a direct link to some of the first life forms on Earth. Once there's no more iron left in the sea to rust, these ancient bacteria have a mission to complete. They create so much oxygen that it fills the oceans and escapes into the atmosphere. And from then on we have a very different planet from all the other planets in the solar system. Now, life takes a giant leap. For the first time, some bacteria learn to live on oxygen. Every human breath is a ritual two and a half billion years old. Life tends to stick with what works even over the course of billions of years. Oxygen is a game changer. By taming its power, life has found a better way to energize itself. Twenty times more efficient than anything used on Earth before. What life does with all this new energy will be the story that leads to us. Over the next two billion years, life becomes more complex. Skies become blue, and so do the oceans that reflect them. Large, solid continents appear. Earth is beginning to look more like the place we now call home. 550 million years ago, as the planet celebrates its four billionth birthday, oxygen levels in the atmosphere have risen from next to nothing to as much as 1 3%. Take a deep breath, because life on Earth is about to go wild. This is the Cambrian explosion, biology's version of the Big Bang. Right after you have abundant oxygen, you get size and complexity. And oxygen lets you do that. It's in this breathtaking span of roughly 30 million years that most of the major animal groups evolve. By 500 million years ago, the first bony fish have evolved in the seas. These fish are our direct ancestors. Though they look nothing like us, they evolve the body parts that will make our own bodies possible, including a spine, and a mouth with jaws and teeth. We owe a great deal to our fish ancestors. ln fact, all vertebrates today really represent modifications of the original fish body plan. For the first four billion years of Earth's history, plants and animals have stuck to the seas. But that all begins to change. With oxygen comes an ozone layer, protecting us from dangerous radiation. Plants make the move first. Around 400 million years ago, animals are ready to take the leap. Among the first ashore are the amphibians, whose descendants will include us. The most amazing thing about animal evolution ever, for me personally, is that moment that first amphibian walks out of the primeval ocean onto land and takes a big gulp of air. Kind of like great-great-great- great-great-great grandpa coming out of the ocean and seeing this fantastic world. And it's like, "Hey! I can live here. "Look at those trees. Look at those bugs. "There's food here. I can do this." Eventually, humans will conquer every imaginable terrain. But before we can do that, our ancestors must first cut their final tie to the water, mating season. Like modern frogs, they have jelly-like eggs that would dry out on land. But some amphibians eventually solve the problem. They evolve a new form of egg with a shell that keeps the moisture in. This allows us to carry the ocean with us onto land and signals the evolution of amphibians into reptiles. You could be 300, 400, 500, 1 ,000 miles away from water and still have the water in that egg in order to birth. That is the key. It cuts that final tie to the ocean. That way we could colonize the rest of the land. 300 million years ago, life flourishes in massive tropical swamps where planet Earth is cooking up a surprise. As plants die here, they are buried, compacted, and cooked. Energy created in the Big Bang and radiated by the sun to plants on Earth is now locked away underground as coal, a gift to be opened by human beings millions of years in the future. 250 million years ago, an apocalypse unfolds. The biggest spike in volcanic activity since the early days of the planet. The atmosphere is choked with carbon dioxide, and the diversity of animal life spawned in the Cambrian explosion is stopped dead in its tracks. More than 70% of all species on Earth go extinct in the worst mass die-off in history, the Permian extinction. Extinction is a recurring character in the story of planet Earth. Five times in the last 500 million years, some cataclysm wiped out the dominant species. It's a reshuffling of the deck that allows new creatures to take hold. New creatures like the dinosaurs. Dinosaurs will reign for the next 1 60 million years. During that time, the first hardwood forests appear. And after more than four billion years, the moon's gravity finally settles Earth into a 24-hour day. At the start of the dinosaur era, the continents are clustered together into a single landmass we call Pangaea. But now they start to break apart. Africa separates from South America. The vast Atlantic Ocean opens up, creating what will become one of the defining barriers of human history, the gulf between the old and new worlds. The undisputed stars of the dinosaur era are animals like Triceratops and T-Rex. But there are some important creatures scurrying around their feet. lf we were to trace our lineage back far enough, we would come to really small shrew-like mammals surrounded by these titans of reptile life. During that time, mammals, we were living on the fringes. We were maybe stealing dinosaur eggs, maybe just eking out an existence. So the dinosaurs kind of held us back. The biggest headline of the history of dinosaurs, which is 1 60 million years, is that we lost! Mammals lost. We couldn't get much bigger than a small cat. For 1 60 million years, all the medium-size, medium-big, big, gigantic and stupendous animals were dinosaurs, for that whole time! They beat us fair and square. But the deck is about to be reshuffled. Sixty-five million years ago, a six-mile wide object, likely an asteroid, slams into the Earth. A dust cloud blocks out the sun. Temperatures plummet. Every creature on land weighing over 50 pounds goes extinct. The reign of the dinosaurs is over. The greatest gift that the dinosaurs ever gave us was dying. When they went extinct, it gave the mammals time to rise. It doesn't take long after the disappearance of the dinosaurs for the first true primates to appear. Like their later versions, including us, these mammals have evolved forward-facing eyes allowing for accurate depth perception and flexible hands with five digits. They have five fingers, just like us, which means we can grasp things. lf you think about other animals that don't have digits organized the way ours are, their ability to hold things, to manipulate objects, is much more limited. Fifty million years ago, our primate ancestors are evolving on a planet that is warming. It's so hot, there are jungles at the poles. As the continents drift, the Americas and Africa have almost fully taken shape. But in northern Africa, modern-day Egypt is submerged beneath an ancient sea. On the floor of that sea live small, shelled creatures called nummulites. Their shells, made of calcium and carbon, pile up on the sea bottom over millions of years, where they form into limestone. Limestone that will be used to build the Great Pyramids. lf you look closely at the pyramids today, you can still see evidence that these 4,000-year-old monuments are in fact made of 50-million-year-old seashells. By 1 0 million years ago, Earth is morphing into a world most of us would recognize. The Colorado River is carving out the Grand Canyon. Mountain ranges like the Himalayas have arisen. They're so tall, they disrupt weather patterns setting the stage for a colder planet. The lsthmus of Panama emerges to connect North and South America, cleaving the connection between the Atlantic and the Pacific, disrupting ocean currents and tipping the world even more towards an ice age. With the planet getting colder, our primate ancestors hang on in the tropics, but a new creature is coming in that threatens to destroy them. Seven million years ago, our primate ancestors live safely in the trees. But their neighborhood is about to be invaded. This newcomer will have as profound an effect on human history as any other living thing on Earth. It seems almost impossible to believe, but one of the most important things that will lead to the emergence of us, is the emergence of grass. The grasslands appear almost simultaneously around the world. We get the African savannas, we get the Eurasian steppe lands, we get the North American prairies, we get the great grasslands ofArgentina, appearing simultaneously around the world. ln Eastern Africa, grasslands invade the traditional woodland habitat of our ape ancestors. With fewer trees and greater gaps between them, our ancestors have to adapt. Apes would notice that there's more and more apes in the same tree and less and less food, increasing incentives for apes to go from one patch of food to a different one, separated by grasslands. Now, one way to do it is to run like hell, you know. The other way to do it is to extend one's food sources into the grasslands to seek out the foods that are available there. And so, some apes make the move down into this stark, new habitat. It's a landscape better suited to primates that can walk on two legs. Keeping their heads up above the tall grasses to watch for predators. Standing on two feet is a revolutionary advance. Because it frees up our hands. Hands we will need to shape human history. 2.6 million years ago, early proto-humans or hominids walk an Earth whose rocks are loaded with the element silicon. Created in the cores of stars billions of years before, silicon is the second-most abundant element in Earth's crust. One of its chemical quirks is the ability to bond with oxygen to form crystals that combine into solid rocks, rocks that can be chipped and shaped without shattering. Hominids started doing this 2.6 million years ago, breaking cryptocrystalline silicates to make sharp edges, and people use them for millions, literally 2.6 million years. Simply having a modified stone with a sharp edge on it, now suddenly you have a hammer. You have a crude cutting edge. A simple modified stone means a human can suddenly do a thousand more things than we could do previously. That little extra bit of technology enabled our ancestors to persist and eventually turn into us. Silicon launches the first technological revolution, the Stone Age. Millions of years after it powers our first handheld devices, another chemical quirk of silicon will make it the height of technology once again. The next leap towards becoming truly human relies on a little-known secret of our home planet. ln the known universe, it turns out Earth may have a rare and special power. Of all the planets and moons in the solar system, we think that Earth is unique in the ability to sustain fire. Other planets and moons have lightning and lava. But only on Earth do we have the two critical things we need for fire to burn, a vast fuel supply in the form of plants and trees, and an atmosphere full of oxygen to fan the flames. lf fire wasn't a possibility, you'd have nothing like us running around. Homo sapiens, they made a world with fire. Our ancestors have fire firmly under control by 800,000 years ago. It's a skill that connects us back to the very beginning. Remember that all energy was created in the Big Bang and all life is in a competition for our share of this energy. Using fire to cook is like having an external stomach to break down foods, releasing more calories, giving us more energy, which in turn allows us to support bigger brains. Fire is also the ultimate gateway technology. We will soon use it to turn clay into pottery, metal into weapons, water into steam power. lf you don't have fire, you can't have the internal combustion engine. No fire, no metal. No fire, no rubber. It's a technology that opens a world of possibilities for creatures that know how to use it. 200,000 years ago, the modern human has fully taken shape. The larynx or voice box which is high up in the throat in our ancestors, descends. More complex sounds are now possible. We begin to speak. For the first time, information can be shared between individuals and across generations. Humans have gained a critical advantage over every other creature on Earth. You can tell, "My grandfather said that when the elephants didn't show up "we go off and hunted zebras." You know, "My aunt told me that her cousin found this water hole "on the other side of that river." And we can all benefit and we can all understand what they mean when they were describing what they found out on that landscape. Language changes humans from being like stand-alone computers to being networked computers where you can share information. Now, one doesn't need to depend on one's own personal experience. One can borrow the personal experience of anyone with whom one can communicate. That's a powerful advantage. No other creature has that. As a species, humans become exponentially smarter. The global game board has been set, and we are now ready to play. 1 00,000 years ago, man can move. We have agile hands and primitive tools. We can communicate and control fire. We are finally ready to expand out of our African home on a path millions of years in the making. Shifting continents have linked Africa and Eurasia into the largest contiguous landmass on Earth, Afro-Eurasia. 33 million square miles, more than twice the surface area of our entire moon. For early humans, this means more than half the land on Earth can be reached on foot. Human dispersal was a crucial game changer. We are one of the few primates that live on more than one continent simultaneously. So what that means is that we're better insulated from the kinds of things that caused big mammals to become extinct than other primates are. It's extinction insurance. Dispersal is extinction insurance. But just as the world begins to open itself up to man, the planet turns on us. An ice age begins. Now the planet will test us like never before. By 50,000 years ago, glaciers begin to advance down from the North Pole. At the same time, humans continue their conquest of the globe, arriving in China and Australia. By 30,000 years ago, Homo sapiens reach Europe for the first time. By 20,000 years ago, with the ice nearing its most extreme, the march of man reaches the frigid tundra of Northeast Siberia. Despite the trials of the lce Age, man endures and develops the last skills we will need to be truly human. The clues lie in these symbols. We have taken an intellectual leap, to think beyond the here and now, beyond what is simply needed to survive. We can only start saying we have an organism that is human, that is the same as us, when we start seeing evidence of symbolic thought. It's when we start seeing a picture of a cow that everybody will recognize as the picture of a cow. Because only when we start seeing all of those things can we say that is a human. People or creatures that think like us, that see the world in the same way as us. And from that moment on, human history was marked to be radically different to any other species on this planet. Now, with huge amounts of the planet's water locked up in ice, sea levels plummet by 300 to 400 feet. The last great barrier to the spread of man is erased. We come across the Bering Land Bridge from Siberia to North America. We are telling the history of the world in two hours, and in just one hour, more than 1 3 billion years have already passed. These years of preparation have allowed man to finally emerge and spread out across the planet. And human history as we know it can truly begin. Our history of the world began with the beginning of time, the Big Bang. It has taken us on a journey of nearly 14 billion years. Now, as humans take center stage, it's important to remember just how small a slice of history we actually occupy. To make things simple, imagine compressing 14 billion years of history down to just 14 years. On this scale, the Earth would have existed only for the past five years. So that's about a third of the history of the universe. Large complex creatures would have developed seven months ago. On this scale, dinosaurs went extinct only about three weeks ago. The entire recorded history of humans would span only the last three minutes. Modern industrial societies, the lndustrial Revolution, effectively, six seconds ago. What this shows me is that we humans have been around for only a very brief instant in the recorded history of the universe. Mankind has waited billions of years for our brief instant to shine, as the stars and our evolving planet carried out the slow work of organizing the elements in a way that would make human history possible. It's 1 0,000 B.C., less than 1 00,000 years after expanding out ofAfrica, man has reached South America. Humans have met the adversity of the ice age head on, and rather than die off, we have adapted, become even more intelligent. And now we have colonized the entire globe. From coast to mountaintop, from tundra to desert, humans are there. Our closest living ancestors, the chimpanzees, live in the tropics. They only live in the tropics. Humans have managed to colonize the entire globe. lce age land bridges allowed man to spread around the world, but now the ice begins to melt and sea levels rise again. Humans are trapped and separated in two vast and unconnected hemispheres. Each pocket of humanity left to make the best of what it has been given. As the glaciers recede, they carve out lakes, rivers, and bays. The map as we know it emerges. ln Africa, increased rainfall causes Lake Victoria and Lake Albert to overflow and form Egypt's Nile River. ln Eurasia, other rivers emerge, the Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia, modern-day lraq. The lndus in modern-day Pakistan and China's Yellow and Yangtze. These river valleys become critically important for how human history will now be played out following the retreat of these ice sheets. These are the river valleys whose waters and fertile soils will allow the first seeds of civilization to be planted. With temperatures warming after the ice age, plants and animals are more plentiful, and man can finally choose to stop moving. Permanent settlements begin. Populations grow. With more mouths to feed, our ancestors have to get clever. They had to find a way to increase the amount of food they could get from the surroundings. Now, one discovery forever changes the planet and the path of mankind. We learn to plant seeds. And the seeds we sow come from the same plants that millions of years earlier spurred our evolution from ape to man, the unheralded hero of human history, grass. A grass seed is tiny, right? It's no food. I can hunt a bison or I can take grass. You hunt a bison, right? lronically, grass seeds become the most important food crops in the world, but they're the things that are ignored by hunter-gatherers for thousands and thousands of years. People don't start using them until they absolutely have to use them. Some of the species of grass that we are most familiar with includes sugarcane. It includes wheat and rye and barley, all of the cereal crops are types of grass. So it's not just that beautiful green lawn that we measure our middle class success from. It's also the staple crop upon which civilization depends. It is the majority of our calorie intake. Once again, it all goes back to the Big Bang. Central to the story of all life is our competition for that energy created at the beginning of time. Just as oxygen gave us an edge, just as fire allowed us to consume more calories, switching to farming is an energy revolution. A hunter-gatherer needs 1 0 square miles of territory to provide himself with enough sustenance, enough energy in the form of plants and meat to survive. A farmer can harvest the sun's energy so efficiently, he can fulfill his needs using only a tenth of a square mile of land. ln the warming after the last ice age, farming begins to take hold in a half dozen places around the globe, but by the fortunes of geography, no place in the ancient world has a better concentration of plants and animals that can be domesticated than the Middle East's Fertile Crescent. ln the Middle East, we have this remarkable convergence of species that seem to have been susceptible to domestication, both plants and animals. ln terms of animals, we're talking about cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats. ln terms of plants, two varieties of wheat, rye, barley, lentils, figs, all in this very small part of the world. Unlike the Fertile Crescent and the rest ofAfro-Eurasia, places like sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas have very few wild species that can be easily domesticated. It's a critical difference. People blessed with the right mix of plants and animals will become more powerful and get a massive head start on the road to the modern world. One animal that gives any human who can tame it an almost unbeatable edge is the horse. It's a little-known fact that although horses first evolved in the Americas, they died out there along with many other large mammals around 1 0,000 B.C. There were at least three species of ice age horses in North America, maybe more, some as small as ponies, some as big as Clydesdales. And they had evolved in North America for 40 million years. They're part of the whole history, and then... They're gone. They're gone. These powerful potential allies disappear before they can be used by the first North Americans. Fortunately before that happened, large numbers of horses escaped back across the Bering Strait land bridge and spread out across the great grasslands and steppe lands of Central Eurasia. A narrow escape that had a profound effect on human history. Around 4,000 B.C., nomadic people in Central Asia learn to tame them for the first time. Domesticated horses will be harnessed across Eurasia, advancing everything from work to warfare. Perhaps no other animal has had a bigger influence on the course of human history. And the circle wouldn't be complete for another 5,000 years when Christopher Columbus would bring horses with him on his second voyage to the Americas. His horses would be the first to set hooves in the Americas since the great die-off over 1 0,000 years earlier. 6,000 years ago, domestication of animals and plants sets the stage for the next phase of human history. Like clouds of interstellar dust gathering in material to form stars, a type of gravity is at work as places like Sumeria, located in part of the Fertile Crescent known as Mesopotamia, draw in people, support large populations, and spin up into centers of power and innovation. By 3,000 B.C., some of these Sumerian settlements can truly be called our first cities. One of them, Uruk, has around 50,000 people living in less than one square mile, a population density that rivals modern-day New York City. Humans have become so efficient at deriving energy from domesticated food that this land area, which would have supported only a single hunter-gatherer, now can support thousands. But a change in diet also triggers a new dependence. Once you move to agriculture, you are depending for 80, 90% of your calories on perhaps one or two species. ln the case of the Middle East, wheat and barley. ln the case of wheat and barley, they both ripen at about the same time. Humans have to gather the seeds at the same time. So now we have our food for the year that has arrived in one hit. It's like getting your salary paid once a year. You need to record it. You need to plan, because if inevitably your crop fails, you have famine. And you're not gonna have another go for another 1 2 months. ln these first cities, crops are king. To keep track of them, our ancestors develop the first writing. To protect them, the first armies. And to administer them, the beginnings of politics. When you have hundreds or thousands of people who are living together, there's simply too many people to sort of run around and create a census. It creates a need for government. It creates a need for some form of social and political hierarchy. Planting seeds has set man on a new path. Settlements have grown into cities. But to take the next epic step from city to civilization, we'll need the help of a very surprising creature. 5,000 years ago, after wandering the Earth for more than 1 00,000 years, mankind has begun to settle down. We cluster near rivers, along the Tigris and Euphrates, the Nile, the lndus, the Yellow and Yangtze. Civilizations are about to take off. But first, they must all master one thing, trade. The more they exchange goods and learn from other lands, the faster they grow. It seems that long-distance trade and communication is a necessary precursor to allow urban civilization as we know it. And surprisingly, the first civilizations arise on the back of a creature with a lowly reputation in the modern world, the donkey. The donkey caravan is the interstate highway and high-speed lnternet of its day. Their routes will lay the groundwork for the modern world, moving not only goods like timber and bronze, but ideas and stories. The civilizations they connect will be some of the first described in the Bible. The caravan routes converge at the Persian Gulf, where they link up with ships that carry goods to lndia. It essentially brought these civilizations together into great cultural and material exchange and really was the beginning of the trend towards globalization. It is a key to understanding how our world works to this day. Just like the first civilizations, we trade and form networks. These networks form hubs. And throughout history, being at that hub has meant one thing. The amount of ideas, the amount of cargo that passes through a region, seems to have a direct correlation to how powerful and important they are. By 2,000 B.C., humans have gone from humble huts to massive monuments. ln Africa, Great Pyramids arise on the banks of the Nile. The first stages of Stonehenge rise up in Ancient Britain. And back in Sumeria, artificial temple mounds called ziggurats climb ever higher toward the heavens. To cement these massive structures together, the builders of Sumeria turn to a substance that oozes from seepages along the Euphrates river. It's called bitumen. Used as asphalt in the modern world, it's the first petroleum product to be exploited by mankind. While bitumen is highly prized, the lighter, thinner, substance oozing from the ground along with it is considered a nuisance by the ancients because it catches fire so easily. The ancients call it naphtha. We call it gasoline. And it's one of the first indications of the vast oil fields that will one day turn the cradle of civilization into a center of wealth and warfare. The legacy of these first civilizations can be seen in surprising ways. The Sumerian counting system was based on the number 1 2 rather than 1 0, which is why we divide our days into two 1 2-hour blocks, our hours into 60 minutes, and our minutes into 60 seconds. The Sumerians also likely invented the wheel, which eventually leads to another innovation that will change the course of man, the chariot. Thus bringing together the Sumerian invention of the wheel with the domestication of the horse that had occurred amongst these nomadic peoples into this really formidable piece of military technology. Around 1 ,200 B.C., a chariot-driven clash of civilizations cuts off trade routes for copper and tin, the metals we need to make bronze tools and weapons. But luckily, the stars have made us an alternative, iron. Now, metalsmiths make a crucial discovery. By working at higher temperatures, they can release the power of this ancient metal. Easier to sharpen and 700 times more common on Earth than copper, it is a game changer. Humanity enters the lron Age. As we reach the first millennium B.C., history has taken us on a wild ride. From the initial blast of the Big Bang, to the formation of Earth and its first creatures and the rise of man, we've seen the ice age create bridges to spread mankind around the world, then strand us on different continents, leaving us to survive on what we have at hand. So by 1 ,000 B.C., the world remains a divided place. The trade network that connects much of Eurasia and North Africa doesn't yet penetrate the planet's driest deserts or cross the vastest oceans. Cut off by geography are people in places like Sub-Saharan Africa and the Americas. With few easy to domesticate plants and animals of their own, they remain tied to more ancient ways of life. 600 B.C. The cavalry have arrived. Humans ride into battle on horseback for the first time. We've seen that just taming a horse gives man a massive advantage. Now, pairing him with iron weapons makes him nearly unstoppable. These advances in technology, they don't just make a fighting ability possible, they make empires possible. And that is the story of the next several millennia. With new technology and improved logistics, empires spread, uniting massive land areas under a central control. As empires grow, so do new beliefs. One interesting phenomenon we see with the rise of these empires is this idea of monotheism, this idea of a universal god that develops over time, and it's just a phenomenon. Judaism emerges, from which we eventually get Christianity and lslam. Buddhism and Hinduism also arise. The five major religions today are all rooted in this remarkable era. Although empires spread, some great powers remain isolated. The rise of the Himalayas 50 million years earlier has left China cut off from trading with the rest of the world. But that is about to change. Around 1 00 B.C., a Chinese emperor sends an envoy to the west in search of alliances. The routes he travels will become the Silk Roads, a massive trade network that connects China across central Asia to the Roman Empire. China has joined the world. As far as we know, no Chinese trader ever met a Roman. No Roman ever met a Chinese trader, at least during this first period of the Silk Roads. But this vast trade then began to explode. Between about 1 00 B.C. and about 200 A.D., we have three centuries of trade and cultural exchange on a level that has not been seen before in human history. But this new human network also unleashes hidden dangers. By the beginning of the Common Era, great empires have risen, and a massive trading network connects most of Europe and Asia. But the trade routes also carry an invisible threat, disease. Massive epidemics that some blame for taking down both the Roman Empire and China's Han Dynasty, but these networks also lead to the spread of religion. ln 31 2 A.D., the Roman Emperor Constantine converts to Christianity, paving the way for it to become the dominant religion of Europe and the West. Three centuries later, lslam also emerges, a religion that will, for a time, unify a territory two and a half times larger than Rome ever was. Arab trade will drive innovation for the next 1 ,000 years and expand the global network to places it has never gone before. The Arabs are sitting in the middle ofAfro-Eurasia. There are Arab traders who are sailing off to China. There are Arab traders who are traveling all the way to the Atlantic Ocean. So they are sitting in the middle of the hub. One secret to Arab trade? The camel. A creature whose ancestor, like the horse, escaped across the Bering land bridge out of North America. A caravan of six camels can lug as much as two tons of cargo as far as 60 miles a day, twice the load of a donkey caravan in half the time. For the first time, camel caravans open up reliable trade routes across the formidable Sahara Desert, leading to the formation of the first states in West Africa. Arabic trade expands, moving salt from the Sahara to Rome, rice from Eastern Asia to lndia, the secrets of making paper out of China into Europe, and countless other inventions and ideas around the world. Where does our word for lemon come from? Where does our word for coffee come from? They're all Arabic, because the Arabs brought a huge number of food crops into Europe. Oranges, citrus crops, they come from South China, yet they don't make it to the west until the great age of the Arabs. ln lslamic North Africa, one ltalian merchant named Leonardo Fibonacci becomes well-schooled in the ways ofArab traders. He picks up on a simple but ingenious counting system that originated in lndia but is used extensively in the Arab world. His writings will spread this knowledge to Europe and around the globe. With everyone counting the same way, business and trade will explode. And because of Fibonacci, people today still, almost universally, use the numbers known as Arabic Numerals. But there is another idea Arab traders will spread, something even more influential. It originates in China around 800 A.D. A Chinese alchemist in search of an elixir for long life, instead stumbles upon chemistry that can bring sudden death. He combines carbon and sulfur with saltpeter, a compound made of potassium, nitrogen, and oxygen. Forged in the stars, these elements now come together to make gunpowder. The recipe for gunpowder eventually moves west across the Silk Roads to the lslamic world, where Muslim warriors use it to fire cannon balls at Christian crusaders. Europeans pick up on the idea, embracing and perfecting gunpowder weapons. 1 ,492 A.D. There are roughly 400 million people in the world, but it is still divided in two. ln the Americas, the civilizations of the Aztecs, Mayans, and lncas have all arisen. While halfway around the world, in the aftermath of the fall of Rome, Europe has cracked like an egg into individual states. For ltalian-born Christopher Columbus, this means he can appeal for funding from a succession of European rulers, until he finally convinces the king and queen of Spain to back his expeditions. It has taken all of Earth's history to make Columbus' journey possible. For tacking into the wind, he uses triangular sails, a technology copied from the Arabs. To guide him, the compass, an invention from China. And guiding the needle, a magnetic field formed with the core of the planet itself. Although Columbus is looking for a new way to sail to lndia, what he does instead is finally and forever connect the two halves of the world. The voyage is not just significant in American history. As you'll see, it's a pivotal event in all of human history. Nothing will ever be the same. The end of the ice age marooned large pockets of humanity on separate sides of the globe for over 1 5,000 years. Now, that's all about to change. The voyage of Christopher Columbus in 1492 is taught as one of the most significant events in American history. ln fact, it's one of the most significant events in all of human history. Prior to that voyage, the great world zones had existed largely in isolation. By crossing the Atlantic, Columbus opens up the vast American world zone, these two enormous continents of North and South America, with the millions of people that are living there, the resources that are available. And for the first time, people living in Eurasia become aware of this other part of the world. Until the voyage of Columbus, these people might as well have been living on different planets, so isolated were they. A trade network that started with the first civilizations connected Europe, Asia, and Africa, now reaches across the Atlantic. ln this vast, new global network, new hubs will form, and once again, power will shift. For most of the last 2,000 years, Europe hasn't been that important. Then we get the age of Columbus, and what do you know? This is exactly the time where we see the rise of the West. This is when the West starts taking over. When it gets itself smack-bang in the middle of the biggest exchange network the world has ever seen. Now, foods that had been isolated on disconnected continents begin to move around the world. Maize from the Americas shows up in Egypt and China. Potatoes from the Andes prove perfectly suited to the soils of lreland and Russia. The old Fertile Crescent grains like wheat begin to feed the Americas. New foods mean more calories, more energy. Within three centuries of Columbus' voyage, the population of the world will more than double to 900 million. But the unequal hands dealt to the two hemispheres now play out in a deadly climax. European conquistadors, inheritors of the agriculture and animals of the Fertile Crescent and the trade spread along the vast networks of the old world, come bearing guns, riding horses, and carrying infectious diseases. The result, slaughter. ln the years following Columbus' first voyage, 95% of the native population in the Americas will die from European guns and germs. Once the hemispheres are connected, nothing can ever be the same. Take the incredible story of sugar. Chemically, it's the only source of fuel for our brains, a substance we are programmed to crave. Raw sugar comes mostly from sugarcane. Once again, a grass will play a central role in the story of mankind. First cultivated more than 6,000 years ago in Asia, Europeans discovered sugar in the Middle East during the Crusades, and carried it home. Europe was hooked, but there's virtually nowhere in Europe where sugar can grow. Then we have Christopher Columbus and the discovery of the new world. And the Spanish conquistadors, yes, they initially are very interested in the gold and the silver. But really they just wanna make it rich, they don't care how they're gonna make it rich. And once the gold and the silver has been looted, the next step is to open sugar plantations. The Spanish themselves don't want to work in the sugar plantations. They start looking around for a new labor force. And over on the other side of the Atlantic, there is a place where they can buy slaves. And if we look at the history of slavery, the number one destination of slaves from Africa are sugar plantations. So the history of sugar shapes the development of history through the Middle East, through the Crusades, through the conquest of Mesoamerica, and even the history of slavery from Africa to the Americas. ln the year 1 700, mankind has hit a wall. Most humans continue to live simple lives more like our ancient ancestors than our own. When you think back to the world in 1 700, most people were farmers, most people practiced small scale subsistence agriculture, most manufacturing was done in workshops. ln 1 700, it takes over a year for cargo and information to circle the planet, longer than it would take us today to get to Mars. What's holding us back is how we power our lives. ln Egypt of 2,000 B.C., 90% of all work was done by human muscle, with animals kicking in the rest. By 1 700 in Europe, the majority of work, 70%, is still driven by human muscle. Muscle power alone can't clear the path to the modern age, but there's a breakthrough hidden deep within the Earth. As our history of the world in two hours races towards a close, mankind has hit a wall. Human progress is stalled by the limits of our muscle. To break through, we'll need a new way to power our lives and the entire history of the world. Remember that billions of years ago iron from exploding stars was gathered up into planet Earth during its formation. Thousands of years ago, man started using this iron for tools and weapons. To keep our forges burning, we began cutting down our forests. Now, 300 years ago in Britain, iron is in high demand, and the trees are running out. The British need a new source of fuel. And thanks to the decayed remains of ancient ferns, they have one. Coal. But coal itself won't power mankind into the modern world. There's one more fateful twist in the story. As the quest for coal takes miners ever deeper into the ground, water begins flooding the tunnels. To pump out the water, a new invention is needed. ln 1 71 2, Thomas Newcomen produces a pump powered by burning coal and driven by steam. Newcomen's machine is the first practical steam engine. It is this combination, energy and engine, fuel and machine, that will free man from the limits of his own muscle and change the world. The industrial revolution begins. Along with political revolutions in America and, later France, this technological revolution forever transforms the landscape of the world. And before long, the Atlantic world has become the new economic, therefore cultural, therefore political, therefore military leader, and will utterly dominate global geopolitics from that moment to this. Trains thunder across the countryside. By the 1 870s, the internal combustion engine has arrived, and the Germans invent its killer app, the automobile. Oil, the substance which the ancients considered too flammable to be of any use, becomes the most important commodity on the planet, fueling even more innovation. The telegraph and telephone move messages at lightning speed. With electricity, mankind reclaims the night from darkness. The hub of power has shifted. ln 1 800, Europeans and their descendants control 35% of the land on Earth. By 1 900, they control 85%. By the 20th century, fossil fuels and the internal combustion engine have amplified everything, including warfare. That technology meant that military power and military conquest was something that could be international, international in a way that it had never been before. ln the 20th century, almost three times as many people are killed as a result of war as in the previous 2,000 years of human history combined. The application of the industrial skills, the industrial technologies of the 1 8th century reached their culmination, I think, with these extraordinary events. And it's all being driven again by the micro-fossilized bodies of organic entities that disappeared into ancient swamps millions and millions of years ago. The industrial revolution also allows the human population to explode. It has taken 200,000 years of human history, from the dawn of man to the year 1 900, for the population to reach 1 .6 billion. Now, within the 1 00 years of the 20th century, it nearly quadruples to more than six billion. The 20th century is the most extraordinary moment in human history. Never before have we seen change on such a scale. Today, humans number close to seven billion. We are the dominant players on the planet. We have learned to harness 50,000 times more energy than our ancestors just 1 0,000 years ago. This energy drives our fast-paced lives, and a literal World Wide Web, a network that, as we have seen, has been in the making for as long as humans have walked the Earth. Our two-hour story is coming to an end, a story that really began 14 billion years ago, with a tiny universe where everything was all in one place. Then the Big Bang, all the energy that has ever existed created in an instant. Gravity sculpted our universe. For billions of years, stars and supernovas created all the elements we would eventually need. Then, an extreme Earth took shape and settled into just the right conditions to support life. As the planet evolved, life competed for energy and grew more and more complex. Eventually, the conditions were right for our species to rise. We mastered stone and fire. When the ice age came, we spread around the planet. And when the ice melted, we were stranded on different continents. We learned to bend plants and animals to our will. We built cities, then civilizations. We created a vast network that linked empires, joined continents, then crossed oceans. Just when it seemed we had reached our human limit, we found the energy and technology to carry us into the future. On Earth, the seeds of the past have bloomed into a present filled with energy and creativity. The stories of billions of lives have played out against the backdrop of a universe almost too vast to comprehend. ln everything that we do, in all that we are, we remain living monuments to the past, as we continue to make history every day. � Hello everyone. Here we are with a really interesting title. It's called Horn. And quite frankly it is one of the most graphically stunning games I have ever seen on a mobile device. It's like a triple A title. You're going to absolutely go nuts when you see the quality of this game. So what is it? Well, it's kind of like an adventure game. You have to move around the environment collecting objects, fighting bosses and uncovering stories as you go. There are puzzle elements, trap doors to find, just a really really clever game. OK So, here's me. I'm Horn. Now in boss battles you have to dodge these enemies and then strike them into their weak spots and this is very very much like Infinity Blade. You just have to jump at the right time perform special attacks if I can and try and defeat the boss. You can see his power up at the top there. I'm a little bit far through the game now so I've got an upgraded weapon that does fire damage on every strike. If you look at the environment it is so richly detailed. There's a little bit of a Sonic the Hedgehog thing going on which I won't spoil for you. But a key part of this is uncovering the story that's led you into this world. Now to actually move around the environment, you simply slide your finger across the screen so you can look around and then you tap where you want to move to. Look at that environment. I first time I played the game I wasn't completely sure I wasn't looking at cutscenes in some pre rendered footage. Absolutely stunning and the game keeps bringing you back all the time to the beautiful lush environments. The gameplay's really good fun as well. The environment is so richly detailed that it really is quite breathtaking at times. The puzzle elements can sometimes keep you looking around trying to work out where next to go. Occasional slowdowns? Yes You can see it pause there. Usually it's when you are moving between areas. You'll need to grab hold of ledges as you jump across longer distances and so on. Fail to make the jump and you die or end up at the bottom of a cliff and you have to try it again. The game's around £4 on the Playstore. Worth every penny. I picked it up admittedly when it was on the 25p deal for one day. To celebrate 25 billion downloads from the Playstore at Google. Not a bad little deal. I really do hope they release this game for more devices and not just Tegra 3 because the gameplay's fantastic regardless of whether you're looking at the graphical quality. Well worth every penny whether you paid 25p or a fiver. Great fun. Rarely do I keep playing a game to uncover the story but they hooked me in on this one. This is Horn. My name is Alan Dolhasz. I come from Brzeg in Opolskie Voivodship. I was born in May 1987. I left Poland mainly because when I was young I had the pleasure of starting to learn English at quite a young age. When I started learning it I begun taking part in different language contests and it turned out I happened to be quite good at it. I thought that since I already know the language and I can communicate with people I might as well study abroad as it is quite easy to do these days. You can get all these grants from the European Union. You can get a loan from the English government. These were the reasons I decided to leave and study abroad. I applied to then University of Central England which presently is called Birmingham City University. I was interested in music and that sort of things so I applied online while I was still in Poland. I chose Sound Production and Engineering. Studying was the main reason for which I left Poland but soon I realised it won't be just a couple of years. I realised I might want to stay a bit longer and so I did. I was offered a post of a professor's assistant. I worked 6 hours a week and I helped my ex-tutor in his lectures. That lead to my promotion, new perspectives arose and I was offered to run my own class. England has been inspiring me to try new things. There's a lot more opportunities here. You have a chance to develop to work on yourself work on your hobbies. Studying in England definitely broadened my horizons and allowed me to spot new opportunities. It allowed me to learn more about the subjects I was interested in. What I love about England is that whatever you try you can achieve a lot provided you spend appropriate amount of time time on it and you devote yourself to it. England is a country of equal opportunities or almost equal opportunities so everyone can do what they are interested in and benefit from it whether these are the economic or personal benefits. I miss Polish food. I always miss Polish food so every time time I go to Poland and them I come back here for holidays or family gatherings I always bring a supply of Polish food. It's meat, or typically Polish delicacies such as chalwa Sure, there are many Polish shops, but I don't know whatever I bring from Poland tastes better. I think there are many creative people in Poland. They are talented and have predispositions towards achieving a lot. But there are still many obstacles and in my opinion people, unfortunately often lack appropriate conditions to develop their skills. They cannot develop, work on their careers the way they would like to. I think that if I could implement something from England to Poland I would chose the opportunities. I like the fact that everyone has the access to a community centre and they can learn things like recording sound or making videos. Poles can learn about that only at a university. There are things which in Poland are still available only at universities or private courses while here everyone can try and start doing it. I think I would implement that in Poland. I am definitely a happy person. I was thinking recently that the place I live in right now what I do, how I feel the friends I have is a positive experience and I need to admit that I am sincerely happy. My happiness is defined by my opportunity to develop in the area I am interested in by meeting new people finding new hobbies It is defined by the fact that that I am not worried whether or not I have enough money to pay my rent or buy a meal I am happy because I can visit Poland and see my family. My happiness derives from the fact that I don't need to worry about many things. I can just do my job and live day by day. This is what happiness is for me. I am absolutely undefined right now. Currently I work at Birmingham City University and it is the passion of my life. It's very satisfying. I am planning to stay in Birmingham for the next few years. I would like to work on my career. I am sure I will not stay here for life, though. I am thinking about moving to a different country but I am not sure if that would be Poland. It might be a different country. I was thinking about the United States. Above all I would like to finish my education acquire the title of MA perhaps even take a PhD course because it's easier here than in Poland. I think that within the next 3-4 years I will be in England and then what happens, time will tell. Here is a really tricky quiz. Let's look at the robot motion again. Say I change the last measurement from 2 down to 1. You might remember the robot poses were -3, 2, and 5. Before that modification the landmark position was 7, but a 1 doesn't really add up. A 1 suggests I might be at a different distance to the 7 than the 5 over here that comes from this side. Here is my quiz. First, I want you to know if I make this modification what is the effect on x2? Will the estimate be smaller than 5? That is, we shrink the robot path a little bit? Will it be exactly equal to 5 like before? Or will it be larger than 5? Check exactly 1 of the three boxes. I also want to know what is the effect on x0. Will it be smaller than -3, equals -3, or larger than -3. This is a completely nontrivial quiz. It takes really some thinking. Invest in thinking, and you can even go back and try it out. [The Federal Reserve has cut its key interest rate to the lowest level...] [Crisis will happen...] [The biggest fiscal stimulus we have ever seen...] [We're in the midst of a serious financial crisis and the federal government is responding with decisive action...] Have you taken a large home loan? Or did you put your savings in stocks, mutual funds or bonds? If not, than you can relax. But all of us who did are living on borrowed time. This is the story of the greatest financial crisis of our time. The one that is on its way. They spent hundreds of billions of dollars to show that they were doing something but not properly designed and not as effective as it should've been. When they start losing money, "Hey, we gotta get back in the game, "we gotta get theirs dice rolling again, hey, let's create another bubble. "You think the dot-com bubble was too big? We've got a bigger one for you..." Well, the problem is they never actually cured the crisis. Right, they just give alcohol to a drunk. It doesn't sober him up, it just sets him up for, you know, a bigger hangover. And that's all we've done, and that's all we're trying to do. And so I know at some point you kill the patient, right. At some point you can't drink any more. It's just, it's just the end of it. You reach the end of the ability. And that's where we are... Congress wanted to believe them. Congress wanted an excuse to bail out the autoworkers and the executives gave them just enough political cover to say: "Aah, well, I'm not really doing this because I want autoworker votes "and I'm gonna give them huge amount of money. "I'm really doing this for the American economy." So, the solution is the problem. That's why we have the problem in the first place. This is the danger in protecting investors and consumers from the consequences of their own decisions. Overdose: The Next Financial Crisis We can do it. But we need to do it soon because the clock is ticking and time is not working in our favor. I know many Americans have questions tonight. How did we reach this point in our economy and what does this mean for your financial future? These are good questions and they deserve clear answers. They took down the symbols... the financial symbols of America. The twin towers of the world trade. [Today we've had a national tragedy.] [Two airplanes have crashed into the World Trade Center.] Uhm, my, my old company... my whole com... where I used to work the whole company is missing. The story of the great financial crisis begins just like many of the stories of our era. In the United States, on September 11th, 2001. The terrorists knew exactly what they were doing. Striking at the ultimate symbol of the global economy. And they did it when the US was already slumping into a recession after the dot-com bubble had burst. [Chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve] Despite the tragic events of September 11th, the foundations of our free society remain sound and I'm confident that we will recover and prosper as we have in the past. In spring 2001 the Federal Reserve started lowering interest rates and now it continued lowering rates to save companies on the brink and to keep unemployment down. During 2001 the interest rate was lowered from 6.5% to 1.75%. In 2003 it was cut all the way to 1% and it remained there for a full year. Predicting the panic of "08, the economic 9/11 and the current economic crisis that we're still in was probably one of the easiest forecasts we've ever made in our 30 years of trend forecasting. It was very simple. Gerald Celente lives in Kingston, a few miles north from New York. He's one of the top trend analysts in the US. He's been called a modern Nostradamus. He didn't just predicted current crisis, he also predicted the dot-com bubble and the stock market collapse of 1987. Immediately after 9/11 the president of the United States George W. Bush told the people to be good Americans and go out and shop. But how are they going to do it? You're in a recession. Federal Reserve comes to the rescue. In his memoir, Federal Reserve chairman Alan Greenspan writes that he knew that low interest rates might cause a bubble. [It's party time.] Traditionally, central banks remove the punch bowl once the party stops. The interest rate can't remain low for too long or people will do things they'll regret later. [This is one party that just has to turn out right...] [Well, the purpose of a party is to have fun together and a successful party needs planning and skill...] Greenspan argued that the Fed should never remove the punch bowl but rather keep refilling it when the party started to peter out. And if things went bad, the Fed would clean up the mess and tend to the hangover. Banks and speculators loved it. Now they could take greater risks than ever before. If they were successful, they could keep the profits. And if they were unlucky, Greenspan would rescue them. [Mama's that way. Let me come home crying over something and she'd get me candy every time.] When you see the stock market come down and real estate bubble burst all that phoney wealth is gonna evaporate and all that's gonna be left is all the debt we've accumulated to foreigners... Peter Schiff is another analyst who was roundly mocked when he predicted the crisis for the US economy in the midst of the boom. We went on a unprecedented global spending binge. American citizens borrowed and spent trillions of dollars to buy stuff and that is why we're in so much trouble. It was because we got drunk on all that Fed alcohol. FED ALCOHOL In a world that was suddenly uncertain with the country under attack nothing felt safer than investing in your own home. In the American Dream. I do believe in the American Dream. [17 June 2002] I believe there's such a thing as the American Dream. Owning a home is a part of that dream. It just is. Right here in America, if you own your own home, you're realising the American Dream. Vernon Smith was awarded the Nobel prize in economics in 2002. He received it for his research in experimental economics. In his experiments he puts economic theories to the test. Smith is an expert on bubbles. If you can buy a home with almost nothing down then you do well if the prices continue to go up. If it goes down, well, then you have an incentive to walk away from it and let the bank have it. Low interest rates caused a housing bubble. Cheap loans encouraged people to buy more and bigger homes. Housing prices began to rise by 10% a year. So many took out a second mortgage on their old house to fund consumption. You wanna go on a vacation, buy some new clothes? How about putting an addition on your house? You don't have the money? How about a home equity loan? That's for you. Let's use your house as a piggy bank. The banks granted loans to almost anyone. Why would you need a decent income to buy a home if you can get rich just living in it? The market even coined the term NlNA loans. No income? No assets? No problem! You'll get a loan, anyway. The legislation was more aggressively pushing lenders to lend to people of modest means, people with... whose incomes were 80% of the median income or below. Politicians encouraged this. For a long time both the left and the right have been encouraging home ownership. So they've created deductions, subsidies and insurances. And they created two huge mortgage-financing companies. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Their job was to use thousands of billions of dollars to insure loans for people who couldn't get them on the open market. They were government-sponsored enterprises. They had private owners but they had been created by Congress and their transactions were guaranteed by the government. [Former Chief Economist, Freddie Mac] So, there're particularly Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac government-sponsored enterprises and what it means is, er, they're private, not now maybe. But they're private companies that have special charters from the government. And the thing about government-sponsored enterprises which is the main thing people are talking about is a sense that they're guaranteed by the government. [17 June 2002] First of all, government-sponsored corporations that helped create our mortgage system, I introduced two of the leaders here today, they call those people Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac as well as the Federal Home Loan Banks, will increase their commitment to minority markets by more than 440 billion dollars. In the last decade, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have donated more than 200 million dollars to politicians in Washington. Enterprise-sponsored government. I asked the former Freddie Mac chief economist what they got for their money. I don't know. I mean, I... that's a tougher question, ehm, they had a pretty good charter, ehm, they, they have... they were regulate in a spotty way. In many ways the regulatory structure wasn't that bad but it was the case that the regulatory structure was a compromise. It wasn't the Treasury, it wasn't the Housing really, it was some... somewhere in between. There was a huge moral hazard courtesy of the government in the mortgage market. When the government, through Fannie and Freddie, started to guarantee mortgages, then the lenders were no longer worried about getting their money back because the government said: "We guarantee it." And so that's why I proposed and urge Congress to fully fund the American Dream Down Payment Fund. This will use money, er, taxpayer's money to help a qualified, low-income buyer make a down payment. Well, greed has to be balanced with a certain amount of fear and that's what down payment rules were all about. And amortisation rules. It is to keep people from carried away by, as you say, the greed of expecting become rich by buying a home and reselling at a higher price. And that's important. If one of the barriers to home ownership is the inability to make a down payment and if one of the goals is to increase home ownership, it makes sense to help people pay that down payment. This is the problem. The moral hazard. We gave a moral hazard to home buyers. Once you say that you can by a home with no down payment, all of a sudden there's no risk to the borrower. He doesn't care if he overpays because if the house keeps going up, he makes money. If it stops going up, the bank loses the money. You know, we have moral hazards in our banking system. The US government guarantees all bank deposits. Well, what does that mean? That means that depositers don't care what the banks do with their money once they deposit it. Because they know the government guarantees it. And the federal government obviously has to play an important role. And we will, we will, I mean... when I lay out a goal, I mean it. Why are they doing that? Why can't we let mortgages be financed in the private sector? The reason is because the private sector would not finance these crazy mortgages and real estate prices would have to come down to levels that people can actually afford. How can you promote home ownership if people can't afford a home? The big banks dared to make riskier loans because they had started repackaging loans and selling them to others as securities. They sold them to each other, to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and they sold them to Norway, to Germany and to China. If the loans turned bad, someone else would end up with a hot potato. I guess we're little early. What do you want to do? Anything but inspect this temple of capitalism. Oh, Nick. Look at them, their eyes popping out of their heads. Drooling over the very things that are taking away their jobs. Now Nick, don't get all excited. My family think that America is a pretty swell place and I don't want you to disillusion them. I know. Everybody wanted to buy because the rating agencies that rate securities gave the mortgage-backed bonds their highest rating. They promised huge payoffs at near zero risk. The rating agencies thought that house prices would just keep rising. And then there was that minor detail that the rating agencies were being paid by the sellers of the securities. So I think the process was corrupted. First of all, the government licenses Moody's and Standard & Poor's so there's only a few companies who are authorised to rate these bonds. So it wasn't really a free market, the government was in bed with Moody's and with Standard & Poor's. But also you had this perverse relationship between Wall Street and the rating agencies where they were paying the rating agencies to rate the products that they were structuring. And so there was, you know, this was an incestuous relationship where they knew if they put bad ratings on them, they wouldn't sell and if they didn't sell, they wouldn't be making all this money constantly rating them. They were great days. But it was all based on a market on steroids. Loans were cheap enough to keep trying the housing prices up. But when interest rates returned to normal levels in 2006, the spell was broken. But for one person the future was still bright. Ben Bernanke, Alan Greenspan's successor as Federal Reserve chairman. [29 July 2005] Tell me, what is the worst-case scenario if in fact we were to see prices come down substantially across the country? Well, I guess I don't buy your premise, it's a pretty unlikely possibility, we've never had a decline in house prices on a nationwide basis. People could no longer get new loans to pay off the old ones. Those who had been given a mortgage despite a very low income couldn't afford to stay. The prices started falling, making the mortgage-backed securities increasingly worthless. [28 February 2007] There's not much indication at this point that subprime mortgage issues have spread into the broader mortgage market which still seems to be healthy. The rating agencies removed the high ratings from the securities. Investors, who never looked beyond the ratings, suddenly didn't know what they had bought. They didn't know how risky those loans were. [Chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve, 18 July 2007] Overall the US economy appears likely to expand at a moderate pace over the second half of 2007 with growth and strengthening a bit in 2008 to a rate close to the economy's underlining trend. The dominoes started falling. Investors stopped buying mortgage-backed securities and refused to lend to those who depended on them. Investment banks like Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers suddenly couldn't get new loans to stay in business. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac could no longer hide the disaster. The financial crisis started in a way that is eerily similar to today's situation. It started with an economic crisis in the US and a government that responded decisively. After 9/11 and the dot-com collapse the US government decided to save the economy by inflating a new bubble. Today, the world is trying to get out of the financial crisis by inflating a new bubble. The difference is that this bubble is much bigger. After they did the dot-com bubble and that burst and they re-inflated it with the real estate and credit crisis bubble and then when that burst, now they've created the bubble of all bubbles. It's not only the United States, this is a global bubble, they're all in to it. It's called the bailout bubble. "Hey, the economy is going down, recession's setting in, "sales don't look good, exports soft, need more money? "How about, we'll call it, stimulus packages?" And from Australia to the United States, from the UK to China they're dumping funny money into the system to keep it going. In September of 2008 the US economy is near collapse. Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac have been taken over by the government. On September 15th giant investment bank Lehman Brothers goes bankrupt after monumental bets on real estate. AlG, the largest insurance company in the world, collapses the next day. Fear sets in. It seems like anyone can fail. Suddenly, banks no longer dare make loans to companies or each other. Experts warn that the economy is about to collapse. [The CBS News Special Report] [A presidential address to the nation.] [From CBS News headquarters in New York here is Katie Couric.] Good evening, everyone. President Bush asked the networks for this television time so he could talk directly to you about a national crisis. Some of this country's major financial institutions are in danger of collapsing under the weight of bad mortgages and that would be devastating for the entire economy. We're in the midst of a serious financial crisis and the federal government is responding with decisive action. $700 billion In a televised speech Bush scares the market even more while still claiming that they can trust him. He has a solution. Under our proposal the federal government would put up to 700 billion taxpayer dollars on the line to purchase trouble assets that are clogging the financial system. The US government wants to spend huge amount on Wall Street banks to cover their bad deals. Even banks who don't want the money will be forced to take it so that the public won't know which banks are on the brink of collapse. [All those in favor say "I".] [I...] [Opposed say "no".] [The I's have it.] I want to thank the Secretary of Treasury for working hard with the members and thank the members for working long hours like they've been doing to come up with this solution that's bipartisan and that'll solve the problem. On October 3rd Congress approves the biggest financial bailout in history. 700 billion dollars. Around the world, in Germany, Italy, Canada, South Korea and Great Britain, other politicians do the same to save their banks. We've taken the right, the decisive and the tough decision that was necessary to protect the stability of the financial system and to protect the depositors. David Walker was US Comptroller General from 1998 to 2008. He quit because he was so worried about the US economy that he wanted to have the freedom to warn about what may happen. In my view, the bailout was necessary in certain regards but in many cases we wasted a lot of money. Because we didn't do three things. First, have clearly defined objectives about what we were trying to achieve. Secondly, have criteria established up front as to who would get the money and who wouldn't get the money. And number three, have conditions established up front as to what they could and couldn't do with the money. And as a result of not having those three things, some people got the money that didn't deserve it, other people got the money that didn't make good use of it and as a result we had a lot of waste with regard to taxpayer money. [19 November 2008] What would it mean if the domestic industry were allowed to fail? You heard Senator Stabenow... As a result of the crisis the situation for the US auto industry becomes critical. On November 19th their CEOs fly to Washington to demand money. [Business and economics editor] The executives came out and they said: "If you don't do this, "we are going to see a jobs holocaust." They issued extremely high estimates of how many jobs would be lost that included counting every single company that supplies them with anything. That's why this is all about a lot more than just Detroit. It's about saving the US economy from a catastrophic collapse. A month later president Bush gives billions of dollars to General Motors and Chrysler. The money comes from the bailout package that was really only designed to save the financial industry. [Now, some US auto executives say that their companies are nearing collapse.] [And that the only way they can buy time to restructure is with help from the federal government.] Megan McArdle is a financial analyst for the Atlantic and has written extensively about the problems of the US auto industry. Congress wanted an excuse to bail out the autoworkers and the executives gave them just enough political cover to say: "Aah, well, I'm not really doing this because I want autoworker votes "and I'm gonna give them huge amount of money. "I'm really doing this for the American economy." But if you look at how much money we gave them, I mean, we're talking about almost a hundred billion dollars, it's how much we'll end up spending on this. You know, even if you were saving millions of jobs, it would've been cheaper to give every single one of those people 100,000 dollars to go out and find a new job. The big guys on Wall Street, they can't take their losses. They're crybaby capitalists. Oh, they preach capitalism for everybody but themselves. [16 December 2008] [The Federal Reserve has cut its key interest rate to the lowest level on record.] [Fed chairman Ben Bernanke and his colleagues also pledge to use all available tools to contain the widening crisis and the longest recession in a quarter century.] December 16th, 2008. It is time again to pour alcohol into the punch bowl. The Federal Reserve reduces interest rates to practically zero to restore investor confidence. Other central banks do the same. Hey, have no credit? Don't worry about it. Just sign on the dotted line. INSERT COlN The housing bubble that they inflated blew up with all the carnage and all the bankruptcies and now what is their solution? "We'll just do the same thing we did before." Instead of having interest rates at 1%, let's have them at zero. And let's buy everything we can. Let's print money and buy mortgages. Let's buy credit card debts, student loans. Let's buy bonds, let's drop money from helicopters to try to get the same risk taking, excessive gambling on Wall Street Let's try to convince Americans, who are already loaded up on debt, to go out and buy more stuff, to go out and go deeper in the debt. And if the banks don't want to lend them money, let's make "em lend them money. I mean, this is economic, you know, suicide. While the Fed lowers interest rates, president elect Barack Obama prepares an enormous stimulus package, meant to get the US economy going. We are running out of the traditional ammunition that's used in a recession, which is to lower interest rates, they're getting to be about as low as they can go. $787 billion [17 February 2009] The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act that I will sign today, a plan that meets the principles I laid out in January, is the most sweeping economic recovery package in our history. On February 7th, 2009 Obama approves a stimulus package worth 787 billion dollars. With the Bush stimulus package from the year before US politicians have now spent close to one trillion dollars to stimulate the US economy. The money is spent on roads, airports, education, unemployment and other benefits. There is bureaucracy in everywhere. And in Italy they used to say, where I'm from. When you have a jar of honey, you lick your fingers. The town of Union is located a few hours from the Canadian border. This is where the computer company IBM got its start and grew to be the biggest in the world. The factories are now empty but the town has acquired a small town rhythm. So they were surprised when 600,000 dollars from the stimulus package arrived to combat homelessness. [Mayor] Ah, you know, on occasion, you know, our police officers may run across someone and they try to, you know, take the person to an area where the individual can get some shelter and get something to eat. But it's not a problem here. This is Rodeo Drive in Beverly Hills, probably the world's most famous upscale shopping district. It was here, for example, that Julia Roberts went shopping in Pretty Woman. Stimulus money has made its way here as well. These streets are to be repaved to the tune of 1 million dollars. Sure, there're potholes in the asphalt but is this really the economy that needs to be stimulated? We had a $787 billion stimulus bill but only about one third of it was truly stimulus. By that I mean timely, targeted and temporary. The other two thirds were things that people wanted to do, have been wanting to do for a long time but they didn't want to have to pay for it. They wanted to do it as a part of emergency legislation and charge it to the national credit card. The Johnstown, Pennsylvania airport has three scheduled flights a day. Other than that, it's quite empty. When we have the flights coming, that's when the people are here. Other than that, it's empty. But one face is everywhere. Congressman John Murtha, the airport's name sake. He's been called the King of Pork and has gotten 200 million dollars for Murtha Airport from Washington. Earlier this year, the airport got a new source of revenue, 800,000 dollars from the stimulus package to repave this backup landing strip. The head of the airport insists that the landing strip is safe. So why does it need doing if its not a safety issue? Because of the steps we take, this plan is about to shift it to high gear. One of the biggest stimulus programmes was aimed at the auto industry: Cash for Clunkers. Turn in your old car and get cash toward a new one from the government. It was so popular that its one billion dollar budget ran out in a week. So more money was quickly injected. Many countries offered similar programmes. Germany had the biggest one and handed out almost 7 billion dollars to those who scrapped any car more than 9 years old while buying a new one. Our government seem to think that German auto industry is so important we have to support it in some ways and therefore they created this bonus. They didn't call it a scrapping bonus, because I think they knew just how ridiculous that was, so they called it an environment bonus. Karen Horn is a doctor of economics at a German Economics Institute. And of course, people took advantage of that. It worked as long as it was on, the programme worked. But now it's out, it's over and of course, numbers are dropping, people are feeling that they ran into additional debt due to that bonus that they wanted to take advantage of and they're having problems they didn't anticipate. So Germany spent almost 7 billion dollars to scrap fully functioning cars and to maintain excessive auto factory output. Once the programme ended, the industry was right back in the doldrums. I was just very surprised that people would accept the idea so readily, that they would accept the money is something else. Who wouldn't. But, ehm, that they would find this a solution that they deemed viable. It doesn't give me a very good impression of the rationality of the voter and taxpayer, I must say. And that's where we are. I think at this point, the problem is now so big that government stimulus is not going to, you know, buy us another five or six years of phoney growth like it did last time. Because we have to accumulate so much more debt now. "Cause the bigger the problem gets, the more we have to stimulate to get that short-term boost, but now, the bigger the bust, because now we have the bigger stimulus, you know, to get out the economy. About a year after the worst economic crisis in modern history, Lehman Brothers is gone. But apart from that, Wall Street looks much the same. Many banks are reporting record profits. The world's stock markets have skyrocketed. The market is finally breathing a sigh of relief. But isn't it somewhat uncomfortable? Haven't we been here before? All the measures that we have taken to save the economy: The low interest rates, the massive debt, the safety net for the financial industry. These are the very things that led us into a crisis in the first place. We've been saved from the consequences of one burst bubble by inflating a hundred new ones, all over the world. [27 January 2010] One year ago I took office amid two wars, an economy rocked by a severe recession. A financial system on a verge of collapse and a government deeply in debt. Experts from across the political spectrum warned that if we did not act, we might face a second depression. So we acted. Immediately and aggressively. And one year later the worst of the storm has passed. There are positive signs. This is the Hampton's outside New York, a classic playground for Manhattan's elite. A house by the Atlantic like this one costs 30 million dollars. And a hotdog bun with lobster salad costs 18 dollars. Fast food Hampton style. The crisis has made its mark here too, there are fewer private jets at the airport. Instead the Porsches jostle the Mercedes on the turn pike to New York. New York City, Washington, D.C. and Los Angeles, California don't represent the real world. They also don't represent the real part of America, the so-called main street of America. My tax money go to Bevery Hill, well, there is a lot of money in Beverly Hill. I don't think they needed my money down there. That's a different world. It's not a reality, you know, down there. If you ever visit Union and need a hair cut, you may well end up at Frank Petrilli's barbershop. But unfortunately a lot of people lost their homes, because they lost their jobs. And it's a... They now live under the line for that one time they were able to do it. And lot of the young people, specially educated, they try to move, go out of town, but I believe that no matter where you go, the situtation is the same a lot. Where are they gonna go? Detroit? Now listen son, I wasn't going to tell you this but you're the reason we came here all the way from Indiana. You've heard all the talkers. Now, I'm going to show you the doers. The US government has launched bailouts, stimulus packages and guarantees to the tune of 10,000 billion dollars. [Caught myself wondering for the hundredth time, how the hell I got here, what the hell I'm doing here.] That's more than the total cost of the US government for World War I, World War Il, the Korean War, the Vietnam War, the invasion of Iraq, the New Deal, the Marshall Plan and the Moon landing. [... one giant leap for mankind.] Bush almost wrecked up more US debt than all presidents before him combined, from George Washington to Bill Clinton. And Obama is almost creating greater debt than all presidents before him, including George W. Bush. But it's not just the US that's increasingly looking like a house of cards. During the crisis, many governments went deeply into debt. Estimates say that the average debt in the richest nations will exceed 100% by the year 2011. These are loans taken at currently low interest rates. Should the interest rate rise by 1%, the US interest payments will rise by 100 billion dollars per year. That's more than the annual cost for the Vietnam War. [Sometimes it's just an engine failure, other times it's the deadly flak.] [If the pilot's lucky, the flak kills him, but usually he isn't and he burns to death as his plane spins in.] It sounds absurd to even think that the United States, the world's economic superpower, might crash. After all, they get the highest ratings from the credit rating agencies. One of the lessons that we must learn from the mortgage-related subprime is you have to take credit ratings with a big grain of salt. Because as we saw with the mortgage-related securities, they went from AAA rating to junk bond pretty fast once people understood the true situation. Today, the United States is rated AAA but if it doesn't start taking steps to put its financial health in order, that AAA rating will be lost. It's only a matter of when and how quickly. In September 2008, the bankruptcy of one large investment bank brought the world economy to its knees. The fate of Lehman Brothers raised the question who was next in line. So everyone avoided doing business with banks. How would the world react if the next entity to declare bankruptcy is a nation? Who is next in line if that were to happen? Some houses of cards have already started falling. This is Iceland. Until recently one of the richest nations in the world. When the crisis hit, the Icelandic banks collapsed, the Icelandic stock market crashed, leaving the debt with a small population. For the first time in 50 years this peaceful country saw riots. This is Greece. Here, deficits have hit a record high, the national debt is approaching 135% of GDP. The market wants higher interest rates for Greek loans, increasing the pressure on its strained economy. It seems like the Greek government needs a bailout to avoid collapse. Italy, Spain, Portugal and Great Britain are other EU nations with similar problems. What about my country, Sweden? The country's finances are fairly robust, our national debt and deficit are lower than that of most nations. But Sweden is highly dependent on the world economy. More than half of our prosperity is based on exports. When other countries crash, we get hit almost as hard. And Swedish hosing prices have risen during the crisis despite the recession and despite the rising unemployment but because of low interest rates and a government mortgage company, SBAB, making loans easier to get. Swedes have never carried more debt in relation to their income. Doesn't all of this sound very familiar? We have new bubbles everywhere so I am pretty worried about what's going to happen. If we don't want bubbles to burst, then don't blow them up in the first place because all bubbles burst. If enough things can go wrong, some of them probably will. The question is just which needle will burst this bubble. Will it be new credit losses as banks take on greater risks knowing that the government considers them too big to fail? Or falling stock prices as interest rates rise and the steroids wear off? Will it be the Chinese economy, overheating? Or will it be a collapse of confidence in the US dollar? If we lose the confidence of our foreign lenders, and we must not allow that to happen, but if that were to happen, then there will be a dramatic decline of the dollar, a dramatic increase in interest rates, significant fuelling of inflation, a very, very deep recession and possibly depression that would be felt around the world. We must not allow that to happen. When the next bubble bursts, you cannot use the same emergency measures. You can't lower interest rates that are already at rock bottom. You can't stimulate the economy with borrowed money if an excessive national debt is the cause of the crisis. The governments could save the banks, but who can save the governments? Ultimately, there's gonna be a price all around the world to be paid for this. And the longer it continues, the bigger that price is gonna be. You know, this really is a moral question. I mean, I can give you plenty of big and bad numbers. You know, when you talk about tens of trillions of dollars, it's just hard to imagine. But you have to put a face on it. And to me I put my children's and my grandchildren's face on it. It's their future that we're mortgaging. When we tell people that there's going to be a bailout bubble and they see the world equity markets up 50 or 60%, they don't want to believe it's another bubble. They want to step right up back to that table and throw their dice and try to win their hand at the wheel of fortune that Wall Street's spinning. So people still don't want to believe that the worst is yet to come. It's easy to think of these predictions as much too gloomy but that is exactly what people said the last time. When these experts predicted the 2008 financial crisis. They were laughed at in the media. We can do it. But we need to do it soon because the clock is ticking and time is not working in our favor. [Based on the book "Financial Fiasco" by Johan Norberg] Now Martin Luther King, there is someone who has really changed the world; and we can learn a lot from him. He was a clergyman who became the spokesperson and the figurehead for the Civil Rights Movement. He was a great orator. His "I have a Dream" speech actually does go down as one of the most famous and beloved speeches in America today, so let's take a look at that. It was only 16 minutes long, which is amazing, but it follows the form perfectly. He starts off with what is, and he traverses back and forth to what could be, and he ends with a new bliss. When I am analyzing a speech, I transcribe it; and I actually overlay the words over time, and that is how I came up with this shape. I want to stretch the presentation form out and show you what the words look like transcribed over time in the shape. Now, you cannot actually see the words here because I am actually using them as an information device. Most people in America had not heard a Southern Baptist preacher before; it was the first time it was actually broadcast nationally. And with Southern Baptist preachers, they have a real rhythm and cadence to what they say, and they take these long, dramatic breaths and pauses. What I have done here is I put a line break after every time Martin Luther King paused, and you can actually see how it breaks it into shorter lengths of text. I am going to cover up these lengths of text with a gray box, because I want to use it as an information device to explain to you the types of words that he used as he spoke. The first color of little bars here is you are going to see everytime he used repetition. Repetition is a rhetorical device, very popular rhetorical device that is used, and you basically are repeating yourself to drive a point home. Usually repetition is done as a series of three; you usually say it once and then twice, and then people are expecting it to be done by the third time. He did it a lot. He did it a lot three times, four times. Now, the next bar color you are going to see is pink. These are metaphors and visual words. He was very good at describing things visually. It actually would have probably ruined it if he had slides - it would have just destroyed it - because he painted in such metaphorical and visual ways, almost like scenes. You could actually see what he was saying as he spoke. The next color you will see here is green. This is familiar songs, scriptures, and literature, things that were very dear to the African American people at that time. The fourth color that you will see is orange, and this is political references. This is when he is referencing documents, like the Declaration of Independence or other documents that had promises to them of freedom. He is reminding the people of these promises that were made to them. Let's walk through what this looks like. I want to show you when it moves from the bottom of the first part where it is what is and it jumps to what could be. That first transition point. At the end of the first what is, that is the first time they clapped really loudly. You can actually audibly hear the audience getting kind of roused up here. He says: All of us know what it is like to have no money in our checking account. He used a metaphor here to describe something that many of the people in the audience may have felt or even experienced. He says that at the end of what is, and the response to that - it is like a call and response - the response to that is - and this is where they really went nuts the first time they were screaming and clapping. He says: He was really good at using these metaphors that completed each other and would get the people excited. So now I want to scoot across, and as we move across you will be able to see the different colors of the words that he is saying and what those symbolize. What is interesting about this is he is breaking down the contrast between what is and what could be almost at the phrase level. He is saying "I have a dream that one day, I have a dream that one day." By moving the frequency back and forth, this particular section has become the most beloved part of his speech and the most memorable, which is fascinating to me. We will start off with "I have a dream." The first time he says, "I have a dream," he responds with a political promise that had been broken. He starts off with "I have a dream... He is simply saying what could be of the fulfillment of the promise that was made to us. Then he moves back to "I have a dream that one day, I have a dream that one day," and he continues back and forth in that manner. If we scoot to the end, as you know, the end is where you are supposed to paint a picture of the new bliss, and Mr. King does this marvelously. But you notice something interesting; at the end, the bulk of the kind of words he uses are mostly songs and hymns and spiritual literature and repetition. So the blue there is repeating and repeating and repeating and repeating. He is driving his message home there. Now the green is really interesting to me. The first little batch of green is a quotation he made from the Old Testament book, the Prophet Isaiah book 40. He basically is telling the audience that if we do this, we are fulfilling scriptures ourselves. That is something that would have been very special to the audience. The next little batch of green is very interesting. It is a quote from the words of "My Country tis of Thee;" it is "My country tis of thee, sweet land of liberty." Now, the people at the time did not feel this was the "sweet land of liberty." He picked this particular song - it is fascinating to me that he picked it, because this song is what they used in the anti-slavery movement as an outcry of the fact that this was not the "sweet land of liberty." It actually changed up the words as an outcry against the promise of the song; so the song had mixed emotion for the people in the audience, because it was a promise, but it was also something they had been singing as an outcry. The third patch of green there is when he repeats a stanza from "My Country tis of Thee," and then the very last patch of green is where he quoted a Negro spiritual "Free at last, free at last, thank God Almighty I'm free at last." What is so amazing about the ending and the way he constructed it is that he used things that were precious to the audience - scriptures and songs and hymns, and repeated things that were resonating already very deeply inside the audience. He reached in, and he touched those things that were precious to them. That is why his speech reaches such a frenzied climax at the end. He is a masterful communicator. So Martin Luther King, yes, he was a masterful communicator; he had a dream, he had an idea, he had something to convey that he was really passionate about. But he took a lot of risks. He took a lot of risks to make sure that his message got out. His house was bombed, he was stabbed with a letter opener, and he ultimately lost his life for what was very, very important to him. It is not for many people that are listening to this and watching this that are going to lose their life for a great idea, but it does not mean that you cannot dream. You guys need to dream, we need to have dreams and ideas and hopes of ideas that are going to make the world a better place. I want to encourage you to reach deep into the audience, learn to be a really good communicator, and spark inside of your audience things that will actually help you change the world. Thank you. I wanted to do medicine school at an early age, I think I had that wish when I was 16 years old, but to do medicine is an unthinkable career for those who came from the same place I do, for people like me: Black, woman, poor. At Capão Redondo, nobody dreams about being a physician. Well, I hanged on that dream, met a friend who had taken medicine classes in Cuba, she explained me about the process of doing medicine there, and I fell in love with it, I wanted to do it very much, I haven't tried to do medicine here, I went directly to Cuba because of the humanitarian aspect of their medicine. That was the graduation I wanted. There I learned I should be able to work not only with the greatest technologies and diagnostic tools, but also in a warfare condition, as our teachers said, in a mountain where none of this tools are available, and they insist we have to listen and examin the patient, which is part of the clinical sector, and so I must have a hypothetical diagnosis. The exams, which we call complementary exams in Cuba, are only used to fulfill my hypothesis, my medical diagnostic, and not to set a diagnose by itself. What's your opinion concerning the Federal Council of Medicine critics against the foreign physicians who are coming to Brasil? What's bothering them? I think they are afraid of the arrival of a new kind of medicine. In first place because we may occupy the vacant posts which gives them power to control the wages, and as opposed to what is being told, the wages for those posts are being raised by the prefecture and still no one shows up. Also, they are afraid people might change their idea about their expectations from a physician, as well as the medical treatment, because I noticed the service me and my family were given here in Brazil, is one where the patient arrives at the medical surgery and the physician barely looks at him. The patient tells how he feels like and the physician doesn't look straight at him nor touch him and gives some medicine receipt or ask for a diagnostic analysis, some complement, which should not be sent to the patient, or it could be in some instances, but the fact is the physician barely knows why he is doing it. From the moment I give health assistance to the population and teach them how to take care of its own health, which is the main purpose we learn in Cuba, that we must not only examine and touch the patient, but also teach the diabetic and hypertense, for instance, to take care of himself. Therefore I teach the patient to take care of its own health, to keep its diabetes and hypertension balanced, so he doesn't need to see me again. And this is not interesting for those who intend to have a profitable career. For those whom the pacient and a diseased and sick person are just clients. And not diseased or sick. I don't think that's interesting to them: to let the patient to take care of its own health. No longer needing medical assistance to take care of his health. I think that's what they are really afraid of. Fear from having the vacant post occupied and also from a change in the population's idea of health assistance. You belong to Uneafro Brasil. What's the importance of the popular preparatory classes for the youth from the poor neighborhoods? When you are poor, you grow up hearing you won't be able to move up in life. That you will be a mother working in low-profile jobs to survive in a miserable condition. This kind of thought is very common in the community where I was born. And also the preparatory school, as well as my mother, made me realize there was another possibilities where I could think "yes, it is possible", "yes, I can see people who have made it ", other black women, Also, there's the fact of seeing yourself as a beautiful person. There's something else that happens to us: We hear people saying that only what's white is beautiful. This is underwhelming to a human being and a women to hear, we black women are beautiful, we are made for more, even though society says we are not, we were made for a lot more, we are strong. Our history teaches we are a strong people who resisted to a lot of things, and the historical moment we are living now is one of underwhelming conditions to us women, black, but yes, we are beautiful, as capable as anyone. Yes girls, look up to your dreams. Dream on, in the first place. Let's dream and fight for a better Brazil. Have you heard the news about death penalty in India Yes I heard they where going to abolish it Yes know people just end up in prison I heard a man had been running away from a cup and he wear only underpants Yes and he have a physical disability he beat the judge and the parliament was going to sentence him to 20 years in prison what kind of physical disability did he have? he only have one arm What kind of disabled sports did he compete in? it's a rare sport called handball for people with only one arm but it was banned in 1998 and there where many views and opinions about it oh how interesting, are they going say anything about it on the news later? eh, i hope so are you going to watch disabled sports Paralympics later Yes of course, I heard they were going to begin it with a man running with a torch Yes, would you like to come to me and watch it Yes, that would be nice. Se you later See you later, bye where did you learn video making, Jianxing learnt by myself what software do you use to edit a software called Ulead I love my hometown "Love Wukan" by Wukan Youth Group, adaption of Michael Jackson's Earth Song my longing often in my dreams feel the growing land words inscribed on old trees still can be seen love in Hutoushan remember the childhood time lost on the beach under the star light seashore of imagination beautiful sea but suddenly comes good bye 'You have one new message.' 'Message 1.' Gabriel, it's Elliot. I think I have something for you to look into. There's a village on the coast. Little Easton. In the last couple of weeks, a number of missing persons have been reported, and the police are baffled. Residents claim to have seen figures skulking around the woods, and moving through the village at night. A contact of mine lives there: Ben Romanov. He'll give you all the details. Good luck with whatever you find there... So, these upheavals were more than simultaneous, these upheavals were part of a more global process. They were the result of changes that really began to intensify, changes that we've been, talking about in early lectures. And if we pull back, what we can see are the ways in which people were experiencing the negative effects of a big shift that was happening around the world, as we move from a world that was, in a sense, interconnected to one that was becoming increasingly interdependent. Which meant that societies that were once able to take care of themselves were self-sufficient, now were increasingly dependent on other societies. I'll come back to that over and over again. But what it means is that societies are not just in contact with each other. They're not even just influencing each other. It's something that we've been talking about a lot in this course. But they have become dependent upon each other. There are two very important drivers in this process of global interdependence. One is the effects that the Industrial Revolution began to have as it rippled around the world. But the deepening of the Industrial Revolution transformed the global division of labor. Just to remind us of what we've been talking about in earlier lectures, what happens with the Industrial Revolution is that it gives rise to entire new economies that define their existence, their prosperity, and the ability to export goods for European consumption. Particularly, primary staples that will become, themselves inputs, in the manufacturing process. And at the same time, local artisans in Mexico, India, China, artisans in France will face new competition from manufacturing sources of their wares. These are very disruptive processes. That's the first. The second is that we witness the expansion of new frontiers. Again, something that we've talked about earlier, but it's really going to intensify over the course of the nineteenth century as the combination of markets and financial resources began to penetrate those remaining hinterland regions of the world. And in the next few lectures, I am going to develop this point. All of these, the combination of the deepening of the Industrial Revolution and the ways in which new market forces penetrate into the hinterlands around the world are very dislocating. Now, for those of you who are interested in a little social theory, thought I might digress a little bit, by taking advantage of the fact that we have our friend Karl Marx up on the board. I just like to say that one of the things we do know about protests is that they often occur when there are perceived, abrupt changes in social mobility patterns. Particularly, as people become suddenly downwardly mobile or, and/or there is a rise in social uncertainty about how people are going to meet their needs. These are very important primary causes of general unrest but they don't necessarily give rise to, to social upheaval. They give rise to discontent and disgruntlement but hey don't frequently cause immediate unrest. What we will often see is that these are necessary conditions, but this kind of destitution is not a sufficient condition for explaining unrest. What often leads to the more immediate unrest is a break in the political system. The structure of authority, the glue that holds a political and social system together. When that breaks down, it allows for the social content to rise to the surface. And again, this is something we are going to see recurring over and over. So, that the profits of Taiping, in a sense, will response both to the ways in which the pressures were mounting on China, but there was a crisis in the nature of the Chinese state. This accent I'm putting on politics is something that Karl Marx had difficulty wrestling with in his search for new economic laws or how capitalism functioned. These processes over the course of the nineteenth century, were reinforced by important technological changes that had multiplier effects on the Industrial Revolution. That is, that the Industrial Revolution was beginning to issue its repercussions for the rest of the world by a set of important technical changes intensified those, created multiplier effects for the Industrial Revolution. Remember, one of the things I've, I've said about these economic and social shifts, I've said this about the Agrarian Revolution before and even the Industrial Revolution, is they're all not so instant, right? They don't necessarily happen from one day to the next. It take a while to have the ripple effects. So, this is just a warning of those of you who might be looking for perhaps a straight line, what we call a causal explanation to say, technological changes lead to particular kinds of outcomes. And one of the reason why I'm keeping Karl Marx up here on the board is because he, some people have read Karl Marx as trying to argue for this kind of theory of history. And what I'm arguing for is that there were a whole set of political, economic, social, and cultural forces that were unfolding simultaneously. And that, in a sense, what happens is that a set of important technological shifts, intensify them. They don't necessarily cause the uprest the, the unrest that we're talking about. Now, let's look at two of these technological innovations. And let's look at some of their global effects. The first is what steam does? And we've pointed out to the effect, we've pointed to the effect that, that steam has on manufacturing production. The discovery of steam was very important just to reiterate what, what we've said before for in a burning coal, coal to boil water to produce steam, steam could be used to drive pistons piston cylinders. And that created, tied a new energy source to a new ability to apply power. And the alliance of the innovator James Watt with Matthew Boulton the industrialist gave rise to a new this, this alliance gave rise to great new capacity. A coalition, in a sense, of tinkerers and investors, intensifies the effects of these industrial shifts. This is very important for global history because when it first applied to stationery machinery, stationery machinery that's locked in place, we see the effects on manufacturing production like the cotton mill. And we've seen this image before. The ways in which now, the proportion of machinery to men increases the productivity that, that man can have to produce textiles. In this case, cotton textiles. And just to reiterate a point we've made in an earlier lecture, the ability to raise the productivity of labor in a textile mill, allows cotton textiles to be sold much cheaper to much larger markets, which intensifies the demand for inputs [unknown]. Valeria, what input do I need to make cotton textiles? >> Cotton. >> Yeah, absolutely. So, the effects of these technological changes give rise not just to the ability to lower the costs of, of cotton textiles, but increase demand for cotton production. And in this case is an image from the United States South and one might say, that in some senses, the Industrial Revolution and the advent of the cotton textile mill rejuvenates the economy of the US South particularly, after 1803, and the sale of the Louisiana purchase and the expansion of the Westwood Frontiers throws open new lands and new capabilities for producing cotton for European consumption as an input into the manufacturing process. The expansion of the plantation economy in United States South is connected then to the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain. And I should add that United States was not the only place that experiences these transformations. Egypt, Brazil, India, too becomes a major exporter of cotton for British, British use in the cotton mills and here this slide of a warehouse in India, packaging cotton for export to Great Britain. So, we see then the result of the application of steam to the factory, increasing demand for agrarian staples, increasing demand for agrarian staples giving rise to an expansion of the agrarian frontiers. And this is going to transform the villages from being these self-sustaining communities to being communities that produce for export production. The point I am making then, about the relationship between the division of labor in a factory and the global division of labor between societies that produce primary goods for export and societies that produce manufacturing goods increasingly, themselves, also for export. Let's go back to steam engine. Because eventually innovators figured out a way to get steam onto mobile devices. The case of the cotton textile mill was an immobile device. How to mount an engine then on something that could move, alright? And if the engine could move, it could also pull. This was a very important innovation for one of the great nineteenth century breakthroughs which was the advent of the rail road. The railroad was crucial for opening up new causeways into the hinterlands around the world, in Europe, Asia the Americas. The railroads collapsed the distance between interiors and coastlines. And to integrate what were once these hinterland areas into the global marketplace. In a sense, I showed in a Transportation Revolution in the nineteenth century that integrated the territorial spaces, alright, of the ancient in-lands to the oceans, alright? Until 1850 canals were the most important causeways for doing this, and roads with trolleys and mules and horses. But after 1850, railroad production takes off. Thanks to the cheapening and the advent of steam and the development of capacity to lay down economically to lay down new rails. The result was huge quantities of goods could be exported from these hinterlands to the coast and therefore shipped abroad. Let's look at a table here that will give you a sense of the scale of the expansion in just 25 short years. You will see how railroad production penetrates into the interiors, of course, the big builder of railroads is the United States. European economies integrate, but look at Russia and India and Canada as well, bringing these hinterlands into global production. This was just the beginning of a new era of integration. And so, the prophetic movements, just to go back to what we were talking about earlier, the prophetic movements are very often the responses to the initial effects that the arrival of the railroads and other market forces are going to have on societies as they get reoriented, and the disruptions that they cause. Let's take a look at one more technological shift. In this case changes in weaponry. The Napoleonic wars, were the last large scale conflicts that were fought with muskets. The Industrial Revolution changed, transformed the lethality of warfare. It meant that total war, a concept that we've been talking about in early, in earlier lectures, and global war would change dramatically over the course of the nineteenth century with shifts in the nature of weaponry. So, the standard army would have been equipped with a, a musket. It's a smooth bore weapon. Actually, let's bring Dan into our picture here. Dan, are, are you back there? Hello, Dan. Help us out here. >> Hi. >> So yeah. We're, we're looking at a, a Dutch musketeer. If, if you were this, this gentleman here, holding this musket, musket, what would be the issues you would be worried about in using this kind of weapon? >> Well, a musket was always a problem with, had, had a problem with accuracy and distance, right? >> Absolutely. That was, that was their chief their, those, those were both their chief problems, that they did not have long range. A, a, a target was very hard to hit beyond 75 meters. And this is one of the reasons why they used and they could use so many balls inside a in, inside the musket and, and hoping that they went scatter shot and bring down as many targets as possible. Yes, and they were terrible aiming. A good shooter of a musket had up to about five shots per minute. It was also very difficult and complicated to reload. So, you, it was these were very cumbersome instruments of warfare. And that would determine the ability to reload, would determine the maximum, maximum rate of fire. But something happened in the nineteenth century, which was the advent of the rifle or rather the development of the rifle as a more precise and as a more economic device for waging wars. Rifles had spiral bores which allowed, alright, a projectile to move as it erupted from the barrel of a gun with increasing velocity, and greater accuracy that anything the musket could put out. It was initially slow to reload and was therefore a much more preferred firearm for hunting. Both weapons were initially muzzle loadings, so they would be loaded down from the mouth of, of the muzzle. And because of the nature of the barrel, of course, the, the, the projectile was much harder to get down through the bore of the rifle. Rifles were also much more expensive to make, hard to mass produce, in part because of the spiral, but this is where the Industrial Revolution makes a big difference. All this changed in the 1840s. Maybe, Valeria, we should consider an assignment that asks people to think about the, the multiple shifts that were happening in the 1840s socially, culturally, economically, technologically. Because in the 1840s a number of innovations were made in rifle production which allowed by the 1850s for the mass-production of rifles with an increasing rate of fire. First, the advent of the bullet, which was cylindrical, which was therefore easier to stuff into a muzzle. It made the firing, mechanism much easier. And eventually, innovators found a way to make guns with interchangeable parts. And once you had interchangeable parts, of course ou could begin to mass-produce these instruments of warfare. They're easier to maintain, easier to repair, easier to produce. In the United States, it was the Springfield rifle. And in England, by far the most famous was a British invention called, the Enfield. Here, we have a British soldier with his Enfield rifle. So, let's consider how these two technological breakthroughs might have tilted global forces. Let's think for a moment then about the relationship between technological changes and broader economic and social changes. "FLAX AND FECAL FLORA" Flax has the highest content of "lignans" of all plant foods used for human consumption. The reason lignans is in quotes is because flax doesn't actually contain any lignans. Just like broccoli doesn't actually contain sulforaphane. Flax does contain lignan precursors, though, which the good bacteria in our gut turn into lignans which we can then absorb. So lignans are more of a team effort. We use to think our colon was just some transit tube that absorbed excess water. Now we know it houses what could be considered an entirely separate organ inside the body! Our gut flora are trillions of good bacteria--the densest concentration of microbes found anywhere on earth, exceeding the metabolic capacity of our liver by a factor of a 100! Our good bacteria detoxify some compounds, and activate others, boosting their bioavaliability. In fact, that may be why urinary tract infections have been associated with breast cancer risk. The rounds of antibiotics may be wiping out some of the good bacteria that are helping us take advantage of all the wonders of a plant-based diet. I think most people only tend to think of our gut bacteria when there's a problem, but having good gut flora is more than just avoiding diarrhea. It's about maximizing our absorption of phytonutrients in our diet. Thinking way back a few lessons ago, a combination of terms that are added together is an expression. A letter or symbol representing values that vary, keyword vary here, is a variable. Remember, you can really see and hear the word vary inside variable. So, that's just a good way to remember what the function of these things is. And finally, the product of variables and numbers is a term. A term is just a set of variables and constants that have been multiplied together. I hope this was a good review of some of the algebraic form we've learned so far. Hi my name is Jean MArc and I work for the "Radio Scooter" company Singing So enough with the broken digital car radio, or cd players. radio Scooter helps you out for any problems you could have ok, I got it written down, problem with autoradio on Road N16, it's a Mercedes. I'm on my way sir singing I can sing more than 6 000 songs, for every style : regatton, dance soul, I can do slow, Hard rock But I don't do sports comments anymore Ribery heading to the goal and once again OM (French football team) loosing against PSG. OM team showing they are a shitty team once again they are a shitty team what d'you mean a shitty team ? What d'you mean ? Hum ? Shitty team ? Shitty team ? No, really, I don't do sports comments anymore Yeah, dude! Bobby, do that again, but this time don't fall down. - Aah! - Whoo-hoo-wow! Huh? Do you realize going off to college means no more... well-meaning but totally smothering, overprotective, doting, ah-yucking dads? Yeah, well, yours at least. My dad's been counting down the days until he can turn my bedroom into a bowling alley. Hey, we have a surefire way to shoot straight to the top of the freshman heap. The College "X" Games! First freshman team to win it all! First team to boot those number one Gammas on their boot-tays! Huh! The Gammas may be five-time winners, but I hope they're ready for a losing streak! Let's beat the Gammas! Let's do it to it! Woo-woo-woo-woo! Gawrsh, Pete, one day you're changin' their diapers, and the next thing you know... they're all grown up and leavin' for college. Well, Goof, the way I see it, it's my last night of baby-sitting, and I'm a free man! Oh, yeah! Ha-ha! Free, free, free, I tell you! Yah-hoo! Ha-ha! Come on, son. I can't miss you if you won't leave! - Ah-ha-ha-ha-ha! - Yeah, free. Hey, why don't you get the boys? Food's almost ready. It's time to sere these little babies now. Ha-ha-ooh! Nice rasta, pasta, Maxman. Ooh, Maxie's pretty good at that boardin' stuff. He is totally gonna kill at college. Huh? - Yeah! Yes! Listen, son, that there "X" Games fiddle-faddle... may be all well and fun, but remember, you're going off to college to make something of yourselves. - Exactly. - You'll get a degree, and the world will be your clam. Uh, oyster, Dad? No, thanks. I'm saving room for weenies. Now, let me show you exactly what I mean. Oh, no, not the old horseshoe lecture. You see, tossin' horseshoes is a lot like how life works. Sorr, Pete. Uh, like I was sayin'... It's about staying focused on your goals. Right. You see, ever once in a while... life gives you an important tossin' opportunity. Like, uh, well... college, for instance! If you want that dee-ploma, you gotta fix both eyes on it like it was this here horseshoe stake. And with the proper "consecration"... and follow-through, Throw it, will ya! You should hear the clang of a ringer! Yah-hoo-hoo-hoo! A ringer! See, Maxie? You've just gotta stay focused. - Huh? - Hey, Goof, - it's gettin' cold already. Save a weenie for me! Hey, Peej, isn't ten hot dogs enough? Pass 'em over here. Ooh, I can't wait to get out of here. Here, let me help you pack. Dad, I can do that. I sure hope so. I'm not gonna be there at college to pick up after you. In fact, it's gonna be a long time... before you see your old man again. What, maybe Christmas? Ah, Dad, it'll go by fast. Not too fast, I hope. It's time to take charge, live your own life. You're a grown man now, Maxie-Poo. I'm not takin' ol' Stuffed Bear to college, Dad! - Sure you are. - No. What are you talkin' about? You love Stuffed Bear. - Come on. You're gonna need him. - I'm not kidding! - No! Well, then, I got somethin' else for you. - Son, I want you to have this. Oh! It weighs like a ton! I bet it's one of those combo TV/CD/VCR/Laptop/Scanner/Fax things, right? Oh, man, they are so cool! - Too stunned to speak, huh? - No, just stunned. What is it? This was my father's. And now, son, it's yours. Thanks, Dad. This means a lot to me. Oh, listen, I'm gonna turn in. You know, big day tomorrow. - Good night, Dad. - Good night, son. Ah-yuck. Ah-yuck. Did you brush your teeth? Yeah, Dad. - Comb your hair? - Yep. - Did you put on clean underwear? - Dad! - Come on, Max! - Oop! Gotta go! But, Max... Ooh! - Goin' already? - Gotta get there early for freshman orientation. See ya. What about breakfast? - You need your three squares a day, you know. - Don't worr. We'll pick up donuts on the way. Love ya! Miss ya! See you at Christmas! Bye! Don't forget to have some milk with those... donuts. Don't forget to have some milk with those... donuts. Good-bye, my little college man. - Gawrsh. Doot-doot-doot-doot Doot-doot-doot Okay, dude, south. Un, no, wait. I mean... I don't know, man. Do I look like Magellan? - P.J., you couldn't spell Magellan. - Tr hangin' a Louie. No, no. Wait. That's the other Louie. Louie, Huey, Dewey? What're you talkin' about? Yo, it's right here. This way. Yeah, Peej, Bobby's right. Hey, Bob, um, who's drivin'? Aaah! Check it out! Gentlemen, I welcome you to the first day... of the rest of our lives. Wow. That's pretty deep. Did you get that off a bumper sticker? Yo. I spy the Gamma house, which means... that dude right there is the one, the only... Bradley Uppercrust the Third! Whoa! The College "X" Games king! Yeah, until we take the crown. Let's play ball, Dad. Max. - Hiya, Dad. - Maxie. Mr. Goof! An assembly line is for assembling. Stop daydreaming and get back to work... or else! Oh-oh-oh-oh! Ohh! Wah! Oh, no! Look out! Yah-hoo-hoo-hoo! Ooh! Ooh! Goofy! I warned you! You're fired! Huh? Oh. Wow! Great air, Max-a-million! Ha-ha-ha-ha-hah! Maxie! Yeah! - Look at that guy go. Oh, my gosh! - I can't look at anything else. Whoa! Did you see that? Well, well, well. Look what the freshman cat dragged in, baby. Some new meat. Hey, easy, big fella. That new meat looks like Gamma material. Let's check him out. Gammas, roll! Ugh! Ta-da Check it out. Look who's following us. Let's just make sure it stays that way. Grande cap, extra foamy, hold the whip, cinnamon dust, biscotti side. - Iced double-tall, percent cap. We have any scones? - We got two. You guys grab a table, I'll grab the java. Life. Life is like a lime. Hmm. It's tart and tangy. Sweet. Ooh, so sublime. Quiet, speechless like a mime. Bold and noisy like a crime. - Don't you dare waste my time, 'cause life can stop... - Don't you dare waste my time, 'cause life can stop... On a dime. Bravo! Bravo! Encore! Author, Arthur Miller! Suddenly I'm feelin' dizzy... with emotion. Check it out, Bradley. He's over there. I'm gonna go give him a Gamma welcome. - Ahh! - Ooh. I'm sorr, I, I... No, no, no. No. It's, uh, all right, really. I'd wager that if you were on a skateboard, you wouldn't have spilled a drop. You'd win that bet. It's my best event. Hi. I'm Max. Bradley. Bradley Uppercrust the Third. - Ah, yes, my right-hand man, Gamma Brother Tank. The pleasure's all mine, baby. Welcome aboard, little tyke. You're class, the high kind. Max, we have won ever College "X" Games competition... since the beginning. And we have decided to make you our first draft pick. Lucky you, huh? What do you think of that? No way. You want us to be Gammas? Ha! You guys, you hear that? - We're gonna be part... - Hold on, pal. This reservation's only for one. Oh, well, I'm sorr, but P.J., Bobby and I are in this together. It's all of us, or none of me. Max, Max, Max. You don't wanna be weighed down by those clowns, do you? I thought you wanted to win. Well, that's just what we're going to do. Ha! Like you'll find any better competitors than my teammates. They're the real deal. Serious athletes. Check it. Uh-huh. - The Dynamic Dorks. Come on. The only thing you three could win... is a loser contest, baby. Wow, nice trick. Do they go fetch and play dead too? Why, yes. As a matter of fact they do. Gammas, fetch. Uh-oh. This can't be good. - Back off, man. I've got a biscotti, and I'm not afraid to use it. All right, quit toying with my emotions. I thought we were friends. See, I'm giving you the opportunity to join the Gamma Mu Mu Fraternity. Mu, Mu! Who wants to join a herd of cows? - Tank? - Now, pray tell, sweetheart. Would Mr. Uppercrust like a little power wedgie for your viewing pleasure? Hey, leave him alone! Huh? Bobby! Hey, don't worr, bro. I'm a yellow belt. Eee-ya! Eee-ya! Hey, Daddy-os. This is a real L-7 scene. Let's all take a trip down the road of forgiveness and compassion. Ooh, passion. I like your style, Little Miss Mochachino, but I'm busy right now. Well, I'm dizzy right now from watching your downward spiral. Ah, why don't you go off and save some whales or something? Ha! Oh, you slay me, Tiger. You are the fly in my soup. You are the eyelash in my eye. You are so busy blowing out bad vibes in ever direction, that we are all choking on your secondhand smoke. Errr! Knock it off! What's wrong, Brad? Don't you dare call me that! Yeah. Don't forget, he's the king, buster. Yeah, well, we'll dethrone you and the Gammas, your royal lowness. Huh. You'll be lucky to be my towel boy. Why don't we just make a little wager on that? Loser of the finals will be towel boy to the other. You got a deal. Be ready to wipe the dirt off my shoes, freshman. Gammas, out! - Don't let the door hit ya. - Later. Now, that's the first time I ever saw the trash... take itself out. You've got the beat, boys. Well, you invented it, girl. You let your fingers do the talkin'. Right. Next! Well, Mr. Goof, I notice you don't have a college degree. Well, I did complete three years, but... Look, doll, I'm afraid we can only get jobs... for people who have college degrees. So, what do you need? What is "a degree"? Bingo! We have a winner. Oh, what's a Goof to do? Well, doll... Uh, Mr. Goof, the answer to your problem is simple. The only way to build your career is to go back to college. College? Me? I was there in the '70s. I'm too old for that now. Come on, doll. You're never too old to learn a new trick. "We who are godlike now were once a mass... - Of quivering purple flecked with bars of gold. Insentient! Full of joy or miser, and tossed in terrible tangles... - Mommy, I didn't do it! - Of some wild... - and windswept..." Hi, everbody! I'm just a yearnin' for some learnin'. Who is this goon? Right on, brother! Ah-yuck! - Hey, Max, is my vision blurred... - Oh, no. Oh, no. Or does that guy look like your dad? - Maxie! - Kill me. Just kill me now! Hey, Maxie, looks like you and me are gonna be classmates. Ah-yuck. He's my son. Daddy's little baby couldn't be alone? Nooo! So I got fired. Guess I lost my focus. Ah, Dad, I'm so sorr to hear that. Well, look, if you're here to stay, I think we need to... Focus more. You're absolutely right. Now that I'm with ya, I won't be distracted no more. No, sirree. I'm gonna get me that college degree... Whoa! - What a bonehead! - What a loser. Dad, what I was saying... is that we need to establish some ground rules. Well, sure. Whatever you say, Maxie. First thing, lose the wig. But I need to look hip and groovy for college. Dad, you're scaring people. I know you're worried it might be hard to get into the swing of things here, and, well, it might be. But I figure two Goofs are better than one. Two "goofs" all right. Just think! A whole 'nother year, just you and me. A year? Did he say a year? Tell me he didn't say a year. I heard a year. Hold me and tell me he didn't say a year. A year's like... That's forever. You realize this could severely affect campus hijink-age. Yeah! And how we gonna whip those Gammas now? - With your dad's "practice interruptus"? - Listen, guys. Cut the old man some slack. He has to be here. He was fired, and he can't find a good job without a degree. Fired? Whoa. You mean like his pink slip was showing? Don't push it, man. Look, I talked to him and laid out all the ground rules. No interfering with the "X" Games practice. No hounding us about schoolwork. No coming into our room unannounced. And no acting like a father. Especially mine. He's got his life, I've got my life. "My life. My life." Spooky. - Rise and shine! - School's a-waitin'. What do you say, boys? Dad! Our first class isn't until noon. Maybe so, but ever day starts with a good breakfast. Ooh! Whoa, whoa! Nowhere to run to, baby Nowhere to hide It's my love I'm runnin' from It's a heartbreak I've nowhere to go 'Cause I know you're no good for me To become part of me - Everywhere I go, every face I see Every step I take you take by me, yeah - Look at it go! - No, no, no. Got nowhere to run to, baby Hey! Huh? - I know you're no good for me - Oh, lookie! - Nowhere to run, baby Nowhere to hide Hey! Huh, huh? - Huh? - Hiya, Max. Errr. Goof. So after we compare and contrast the Age of Enlightenment's... dark period with the Spanish Inquisition's recessionary trends, we can get a head start on our trigonorm... Uh, triggy... Uh, math. Then as a treat, I'll get us tickets to the Museum... of Natural Arts and Sciences. - I hear there's a spectacular leech exhibit. - Oh. But only if we finish all our homework. Huh? Where you goin', son? Oh, yeah! Well, I was just gonna go to... - You know, go to the... - I have a temporary, but I never got my permanent. To take you to sign up for your library card. Dad, all new students need one. A-Ahem. Good morning, gentlemen. I am the Head Librarian, versed in all aspects of your school's library, including, but not limited to, fiction, nonfiction, periodicals, reference and policy. - How may I help you? - Hi there, Miss "Marpole-ee." Marpole. Marpole! My Dad needs a library card. Could you... Oh, it would be my pleasure. We here at the college library believe that owning a library card... is a privilege, not a right. Consequently, we expect students... to treat the Dewey Decimal System with respect. You'll find these helpful to your library experience. Well, I'll be! Is that a genuine mood ring you're wearin'? Well, oh... Yes. Well, yes it is. I'm a collector of'70s memorabilia and such. Sort of silly, huh? What, are you kiddin'? This here's a Gilligan's Island fan club seashell. Get out! Do you remember the one when the Professor built a noncombustible engine... out of coconut shells and sand? Gawrsh, yeah, little buddy. - Come on! We're supposed to be practicin' for the "X" Games. I love all that '70s stuff! - Come on, we're out of here. - Oh, gosh! Remember the "Boogie Duck"? That was my all-time favorite! - Quack, quack, quack, quack. - Ooh-ooh. - Quack, quack, quack, quack. - Ooh-ooh. Here at the college library you'll find a most... A-A-Ahem! Miss Marpole! In a library? Really! And now, I actually think that the Psych Department... will be most refreshing. Well, uh, I really should be... getting back to work. Say, um, Miss Marpole... Oh, you can call me Sylvia. Gawrsh! Sylvia. Ah-yuck. I was just a-wonderin' if maybe you'd like to... Go out to dinner? Well, then maybe afterwards, uh... - Go dancing? - Sure! So, if, uh... Well, if you're free on... Saturday? Oh, I'd love to. 7:00? All right. Ah-yuck. See ya then. You know, Goofy, you're pretty groovy. Aw, shucks! She said I'm pretty groovy. Hey, Maxie! Guess what? Maxie? I got a date. - Yeah! - Excellent, bro. - I got a date. Ah-yuck! I got a date. Gotta tell Maxie. There he is. - Maxie! I got a... - Huh? - Whoa! - Let go, Dad! Wow! Waa-hoo-hoo! Waa-hoo! Whoa! Waa-hoo-hoo! Waa-hoo! Hey, that guy is good! Isn't that Baby Goof's old man? - Wowee! - Gimme that. That sure was a heap of fun. Now I see why you're so crazy about it. Hey, Maxie, what if I join your team? We could practice together, and wear them funny outfits and everything. - It'd be a lot of fun. - Dad, as fun as that sounds, there are no openings on my team. Okay? Mr. Goof! Your performance was, without a doubt, the most breathtaking display of alternative sport inventiveness... yet to be parallelled by mankind! Gee! Ah-yuck. Thanks. Whatever you said. The Gammas, the number one team in the history of the College "X" Games, have an opening on our team. And it has got your name on it, buddy! Be a winner. Join us. Hey, welcome to the team. That's real nice of you to ask, but I'm really only interested in stayin' close to Maxie. Uh, I'm not sure you understand this once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. Well, ah-yuck, I'm not sure you understand... the bond between a father and his son. Guys, I have a plan. Well, if you change your mind, here's my card. Gammas, let's pack it up. - Gawrsh. - Yeah, get outta here. Listen, Dad, next to our team... the Gammas are the team, and they need you more than we do. Oh, yeah, Mr. Goof. The Gammas are like way hot, man. Besides, we'll all still be around each other at practices and events all the time. You'll have oodles of fun! Well, son, if you say so. Go for it, Dad. Hey, uh, Mr. Uppercrust, you can count me in. All right, then. There you go. Gentlemen, please. Gamma Brother Goofy, let me present you with your Gamma Mu Mu pledge pin. Gammas, exit. Gamma Brother Goofy! Whoo, yeah! It is you Oh, yeah It is you A crunch to us. I can't believe it. It worked. We unloaded my dad, and now we can focus on winning. Let's do it to it! Hey, hi. I know you. You're that awesome new skateboarder. Save a dance for me? No problem. You dance? - I gotta see this. - Oh, wow! Me and a little crumpet like yourself... could make beautiful bongo music together. Whoa! Easy boy. You're foggin' up my karma. - Hey, you wanna sit with us? - Sure. Your cool balances out his fool. Okay, whatever. Well. If it's all the same, I, uh, forgot your name. It is endemic of the current culture that those with large stature... are overlooked, except by vultures, with no regard to the depth of their souls, the height of their passion, the beauty of their moments. O wise Buddha Boy, how could anyone overlook such a bundle of" yes-ness"? Let's dance. Ha! Guess the Bob-boy's lost his touch. Hey, what's goin' on? Shake it, shake it Shake your groove thing Shake your groove thing Yeah, yeah Show 'em how we do it now Shake your groove thing Shake your groove thing, yeah, yeah Show 'em how we do it now Show 'em how we do it now Let's show the world we can dance Bad enough to strut my stuff The music gives us a chance We do more out on the floor Groovin' loose or heart-to-heart We put in motion every single part If the Gammas don't keep my dad out of our hair, his new girlfriend will. Boogie! Shake your groove thing Shake your groove thing, yeah, yeah Show 'em how we do it now Shake your groove thing Shake your groove thing, yeah, yeah Show 'em how we do it now Shake your groove thing Oh, you're swingin' with some pretty cool canines there, Papa-dog. You are queen of the scene, my little java bean. Yeah, yeah Show 'em how we do it now There's nothing more that I'd like to do Than take the floor and dance with you Keep dancing Let's keep dancing You've got a cute way of talking You've got the better of me Just snap your fingers and I'm walking Like the dog hanging on a leash I'm in the spin you know Shaking on a string you know - You make me feel like dancing - Gonna dance the night away You make me feel like dancing Gonna dance the night away You make me feel like dancing I feel like dancing, dancing Dance the night away I feel like dancing Dancing Ah Ditty-ditty dit, dit, de-dit Oh, Goofy, this is the best night of my life. Mine too! Oh, Sylvia! Ohhh-aah! Oh! Ohh! Ohh! Hey! What... Aah. I'll see you at the qualifying rounds, freshmen! And after, when you'll be bringing me my towel, boy! Ahh, this is everything I dreamed it would be! This place puts the "rage" in outrageous! No kiddin'! It buries what we're used to. All right, just remember. There's nothing here that we can't handle. Oh! I seriously doubt that. We're gonna eat you alive, freshmen! Oh, Brad, we're quaking on our boards. Attention, would Gamma Team One and Team 99... report to the street competition platform? Hey, guys, that's us. Let's do it to it. - Good luck, son! - Yeah, you too, Dad. Hey-ho and whaddya you know? Welcome to the Sixth Annual College "X" Games. The contestants are gonna spin, twist, lunge and plunge like there's no tomorrow. Today's qualifying rounds will determine who will compete in the semifinals! And now, let's see what's happening at our first venue, the skateboarders' street competition, from our man on the street, Ken Clark! - Welcome, one and all. Today... - Thank you, Ken! Word on the street is that there's a new kid in town... who poses a threat to Bradley Uppercrust the Third. - That's right, Chuck. And his name is... - Max Goof! Max! Max! Max! Hey, Tank! This is it, man. Your competition. This is the big one, bro. Stay focused. Just like we always do! It's a little insurance, baby, with no deductible. Crazy idea. You do the honors, Brother Goof. Me? Gawrsh! Well... sure! Well, well, what do we have here? Looks like there's been a last minute substitution. That's right, Chuck. Skateboarding for the Gammas is... Max Goof's father, Goofy! It's patriarch and son pitted against each other... in a battle of skill and dexterity. This is gonna be good. - Whoo-ha-ha! - Adios, compadre. Not bad. Looping out with a devil flip to a head butt. - He's up and ready to rip! Looks like Brother Goof needs a boost. And a huge triple flip on the quarter pipe. Fifty-fifty slide uphill to a flip. Wow-hoo! What a lip slide to a hand-plant! Whoa nelly! Skating with the speed of a cheetah, that is gonna be time for Goofy. Oh, what a show! That's right, Chuck. Looks like the new kid in town is no match... for the unbeatable Gammas and their newest member... Goofy! Let's see what the judges have to say. Perfect tens across the board! Except for the German judge. Nine on that one. Wow! Blown away by his own dad. Hey, quiet! I'm trying to concentrate here. It's Max's time to skate. And... here he goes! Ooh! Starts out big with a half cam across the box jump. Ooh! Ahh! Losing his balance to a knee slide. That is going to hurt his score unless he does something big! Okay, comin' to the quarter pipe. Tail-grabs to a lip slide on the rail to... - Oh, that has got to hurt. Come on, Max, get up! He's okay! Let's see if he can end strong. Quick flip into a one-handed stall. This is a new one. I have never seen this move, folks! It's back down into the transition. Sit 360. And... time! Wowee! With barely above a six-point average, Team 99 just makes it to the semifinals... by the skin of their teeth! Relax! It's okay, man. We're in! - Get real! - Goofy! Goofy! Witness, gentlemen, victor is ours. And most importantly, we taught our little freshmen foes... not to mess with the Gammas. - Goofy! Goofy! - Maxie! - Goofy! Goofy! - Hey, Maxie? Maxie! I've been lookin' all over for you, son. Where you been? I can't tell you how sorr I am. Save your breath! You may have won this time, but, Dad... Oh! This campus just isn't big enough for the both of us. I didn't mean for it to turn out this way. I was just tryin' to get closer to ya. Don't you get it? I'm trying to get away from you! I'm not a little kid anymore! Now just leave me alone and get your own life! Good morning, people. It would appear that it is time to start. You may open... Oh, Mr. Goof. - Nice of you to join us today. - Huh? Oh, yeah. Right. You may open your envelopes and begin. Let's not have any wandering eyes. Hello, world There's a song that we're singing Come on, get happy A whole lot of lovin' is what we'll be bringin' We'll make you happy We had a dream We go traveling together We'll spread a little lovin' And we'll keep movin'on Something always happens whenever we're together We get a happy feeling when we're singing a song Traveling along there's a song that we're singing Come on, get happy A whole lot of loving is what we'll be bringing We'll make you happy We'll make you happy We'll make you happy Yah-hoo-hoo-hoo! You're fired! I notice you don't have a college degree. Come on, son. I can't miss you if you won't leave. Whoa! - Get your own life! Huh? - Get your own life! - Huh? Leave me alone and get your own life! - Pencils down. I said, pencils down. Wait a minute. I'm not finished! It's over, Mr. Goof. - Oh, Pete! What am I gonna do now? Oh, look, Goof, it's no big deal. All that book learning doesn't prepare you for doodly-squat. It's useless in the real world. Ha! All them square roots, and circumnavigating and circumference and... bah! It's all "garbology." Lookie here. If you know that four quarters adds up to a simoleon, you'll survive. Anyone who tells you anything different... is priming your pump. Take it from me, pal. If you want that diploma, you gotta fix both eyes on it... like it was this here horseshoe stake. That's it! I lost my focus! I gotta get back there and straighten things out. Focus! Did I miss something? Hey, I know you! Aren't you... Yeah. Max. Goofy's son! Ahh! He is rad! Hmm? Do you ever wonder why we're always like... wearin' gloves? Grande cappuccino. Make it a double. Hey, Max! - Grande cap, double it. - Be here now, bro! We thrive on the singularity of the you that is one... with your selfness. That's just the new P.J. "speak" for... "Where you been, buddy?" I've decided this school's only big enough for one Goof. I'm transferring outta here. - Excusez-moi moi? - Wait a minute! Hold it, Max! That means you can't be on the "X" Games team. Exactly. You don't want me on the team, anyway. I lost in my best event! Ah, c'mon! Hey, Maxman! That was a one-time freak-fest. You can beat any of those losers any day. I've already decided. I'm outta here. Max, Max, Max. Admit defeat, and defeat will surely admit you into permanent custody, my man. If I can't even beat my father, who is probably the most athletically-challenged man in the universe, how can you expect me to beat the other competitors? We're starting in last place because of me! That never stopped us before! You wanna give that Gamma geek Bradley the satisfaction of knowing he forced us out? Well... no. You wanna let the crowd who once cheered for you cheer for someone else? - Especially when that someone else is your old man? - No! Are you gonna be someone else's towel boy? No! - Together we can do it! - You're right! We can still beat 'em! Let's whip those Gammas! Whoo-hoo-hoo! Mission: Possible! Let's do it to it! Boys... will be boys. Hmm. Stands me up. Doesn't call me, doesn't apologize, doesn't write to me. He could send me a little note, something. Hmph. - Sylvia, I... Oh, if you'd let me, I... - Shh. No talking in the library. Oh, gawrsh, Sylvia. I really care about ya. Well, gee! If a certain someone truly cared about another someone, you would think that the certain someone would show up for a certain special dinner, or at least apologize for not showing up, or even call or something! Ohh! You're right. I'm so sorr. I let my head get so filled up with fiddle-faddle, that I plumb lost track of everything that's important to me. - Counting you! - Oh! Can you ever forgive me? Oh, how can I not forgive you? Oh, Sylvia, I gotta get my grades up, and quit those dumb ol' Gammas. - And most important... - Shh. And most important, get my son back. Well, what are we waiting for? - I've got a yearnin' for some learnin'. Ah-yuck! - Ah-yuck! Huh? Sylvia? Ooh, ooh, ooh-ooh Come on, you can do it. - I don't wanna lose this good thing - Go, go! You're everything I've got If I do I would surely Surely lose a lot 'Cause your love is better Than any other I know It's like thunder Lightning - The way you love me is frightening - Let's do it! You better knock on wood Baby Ooh, ooh, ooh-ooh You better knock on wood Oh! Oh, you did it! You did it! Look! All A's. - Whoa? Oh, I am just so proud of you, Goofy. Let's go celebrate. Oh, you know I'd love to, but I got a few more things to take care of. So, you see, I have to quit the team. - Excuse me? - You what? - No way! - What is he talking about, huh? Just what makes you think you can change your mind... on the last day of the competition? Should I knock some sense into his big melon? Whoa, whoa. Down, Tank. Easy, boy. If you're thinking you're quitting the Gammas to join that freshman geek son of yours, you've got another thing comin'. Bull's-eye, baby. Dog-boy's in trouble, and Daddy's gonna bail him out. No, sirree, sir! Ah! Got my bunion! I'm not gonna be on anyone's team. Smart man. But you forgot one thing. Nobody... I repeat... Nobody quits the Gammas! If you were such darn winners before, you'll be just fine without me. - I'm leavin' the Gammas, and that's that. - You're not leaving the Gammas. Wow-ow! - The Gammas are leaving you! - Sayonara. - Yeah! Hasta la vista, baby! Gee! I think they're a little sore at me. Whoops! Better return my Gamma pin. We'll win how we always win. And how's that, Gammas? - Skill? - Good looks? No, you dense dopes! We'll cheat! Cheat! Cheat! Just like we did last time, sweetheart. That was a great cheat. But now I have a better plan. I gotta warn Maxie! This is it, guys. - Championship time. Oh, hiya, fellers. Oh, heh-heh, hi, Mr. Goof. Gee, Max, I know you're still sore at me, but I came to warn you... - that the Gammas have been cheatin' all along. - Oh, yeah! Did Bradley tell you to say that? Stop wasting my time, Dad. I gotta stay focused. Ooh, good luck, son. Ohh, ladies and gentlemen! Put on your seat belts and hold on to your hats. Oh, my! It's time for the high-flying, gravity-defying, no-time-for-crying... College "X" Games! Let's get vertical! All righty now. We'll begin with the eight qualifying teams in a semifinal round... until we're down to the two best teams. Then they'll be fightin' for first place... and the College "X" Games championship! That's right, Chuck. In the semifinals we'll see rock climbing, luge runs, and much more! Won't... that be fun! The leading team to beat, as always, is the Gammas! Their three competitors are. Bradley Uppercrust the Third, Tank and Slouch! - What happened to Goofy? - We want Goofy! What do you know, Chuck! Looks like Goofy's a no-show. What happened to Goof, man? Hey, Brad, what'd you do with my dad? He didn't make the cut. He was never Gamma material. Let's go down to the semifinal round... which begins with the rock climb. What the... - Yeah! Yeah! Whoo-whoo! Yes! Huh? - Whoa! Yea! The semifinals have resulted in just Team One and Team 99... going head-to-head in the finals. The grueling competition has really taken its toll... on the athletes this afternoon. Let's strap in for our final and deciding event: The "X" Games triathlon. Yes, we're seconds away from what promises to be an exciting finale... between these two fierce competitors. Take your positions. On your mark, get set... False start! False start! Both teams back on the line. Get back here. Hold on! Bradley just blasted our third guy into the next state. That is absurd! I did nothing of the sort! That's what my dad has been trying to tell me. Can we get on with the race, please? Wait a minute. Uh, one, two. You don't seem to have enough team members now. - Do you? - Rules are rules. You have to field a full team, or you forfeit to the Gammas. That's unfair! We don't know anyone else. Oh, seems we have a little delay here, folks. Team 99's short a man and will be disqualified if one is not found... in just one and one half minutes. Dad, it's me, Max. If you're out there... Oh, my gosh. Maxie's in trouble! Dad, relax, I'm not in trouble. It's just the team needs you. I need you. You hear that? I gotta go help him! Good thing I always carry my lucky horseshoe. I'm a-comin', Maxie! Whoo-hoo-hoo! Whoa! Aaah! Well, I wouldn't blame him if he didn't come. That's it! They're disqualified. Nope, nope, nope. Not yet. There's still five more seconds. Four, three, two... - Ah-yuck! Come on, no fair! He's too late! Not by my watch. Son, about the last couple of weeks... Dad, what do ya say we take care of this race first? You got it! Take your positions. On your mark! Get set! Gammas lead as they head out of the stadium. - Operation Grandma up ahead. - Goody, goody. Uh-oh! There's pedestrians on the course! Gawrsh! Sorr, ma'am. Wink-wink. Operation Hay Bale. Isn't that Mickey Mouse over there? - Mickey Mouse? Where? - He's over there. Team 99 cruising along. Holy moly! What is this? Looks like a little street-skating detour. Side by side, sole grinds all the way down the ledge. And Team 99 has regained the lead! The whip, Tank! Seven-ten split, gutter boy! Team Gamma blows right by the freshmen. The racers are approaching the start of the bicycle leg. Gamma still holding its lead. Off with the skates, and on to the bikes! And both teams are blasting through the rhythm section... with a whole lot of style. The freshmen are right on Team Gamma's tail. Oh, look out! Bobby seems to have sailed off the course. What a bummer for Bobby. Bobby, you all right? Keep goin', Max! It is really heating up now, folks, as both teams are approaching the huge quarter pipe... to start the final leg of the event. Right away, Team Gamma starts working the course... with Team 99 nippin' at their heals! - They're moving off the ramp, and... - And onto the Zipper. Huh? Whoa-whoa! Yah-hoo-hoo-hoo! Tank, take him out! I will not be ignored. Nobody finishes this race but me! Maxie! It's about stayin' focused on your goal! What the... Ohhh! Oh, say it ain't so! No! I'm a-comin', Maxie! It's lookin' bad and it's not gonna get prettier, folks. Help! Bradley! Gammas, help me! Anyone! 911, baby! Tank, talk to me, man. Over here, man. Dog-boy, am I glad to see you, sweetheart. Max, where are you? Where are you, Max? Maxie! Oof! Dad, help me lift this beam off of Tank. Come on! We're about to be Baked Alaska here. Ladies and gentlemen, it looks like it's all over. Wait a minute. I can't believe my eyes, folks. - They are alive! - Huh? Go for it, son. That's some kid you got there. You're wrong, Tank. He's not a kid anymore. Oh, Team 99 is still in this race! Max Goof is making up the distance. He is taking the lead! Bradley's battling back as they come to the finish line. Team 99 wins! Oh, I am stunned, folks! I just can't... I can't believe... I can't even finish my sentences. Oh, my! What a day! Ah-yuck! Congratulations, son! Congratulations, Max. I haven't forgotten our agreement. The bet's off, Bradley. But I think you owe him something. Brad! Hi, it's me, the guy ya let down. Hey, Tank, baby! Who loves ya, baby, huh? You're goin' down like a four-cent pair of socks. You and me, baby, all the way! Oh! A vacancy at the Gamma house. Takin' applications. Okay, okay, let go of me, you big fat jerk! Time to get on the last jet to nowhere! No, it doesn't look good now. It's like I'm in a bad dream, and it just won't quit. That's right, Chuck. Congratulations, Dad. Here. Gawrsh, son, what's this? You gotta open it to find out. But... this is yours. No, Dad. This is for you. Read the inscription. "I might not be your little boy anymore, but I'll always be your son." Okay, okay, "hugfesters." Free eats back at the dorm-a! Pizza! Double cheese-a! Mmm-mmm. Scrumptious! - Come on, Dad. Let's feast. Sorr, son, but I kinda got plans of my own. I'm really gonna miss you. Sure, it was rough for us at the start, but, well, it turned out to be a pretty cool thing, you here at college with me. But now it's over and we'll go on with our own lives and... - You didn't tell him yet? - Didn't tell me what? I wanted to surprise him. Son, guess what! I got me a job here on campus. But you... - So I could be close to you! - But I thought you were... - You told me you were gonna... - Just kidding. He is so goofy! - What do you say we go for... - A picnic? Ah-yuck. Then maybe even a... Walk on the beach? I'd love to. You know, somehow I knew you would. So, who here has been in a fight? A fight? Childish fights and irrational disputes, and mischieving of others, we all had those! I remember this one time, I got into a fist fight with my brother, over who gets to play as Mario, and who gets to play as Luigi. Poor Luigi. (Laughter) But this one time I out-did myself. I did something that I am not proud of. I used to sleep at my grandma's place. I'm talking about when I used to be eight, nine years old. And back then, I used to be scared from the dark, Actually I was more like downright terrified of ghosts, goblins and whatever might have lived under my bed. And this one time, er, I had this killing urge to use the bathroom. And because of my fear, instead of going to the bathroom, which includes leaving the room, I chose to do something easier. (Laughter) I walked up to the window, unzipped my pants, (Laughter) and took a leak. (Laughter) (Applause) Now, don't get me wrong. It wasn't the main road, no, it was the building's parking lot. And specifically, the neibourgh's car. Funny, right? My parents thought so. I mean, they were laughing while I was on my way to the neighbours to apologise. That was one of the toughest, and most embarrassing apologies of my life. But, you know what? I am glad I did it. I am glad I came forth and apologised. Because it taught me a valuable lesson in life When you come forth and make your mistake and apologise, what you did is no longer a part of you, it becomes a part of an old you, a different you. Because you have seen the truth and apologised. Luckily, this applies everywhere. Whether it's a fight over a video game, a marriage in distress, or in politics. Willingness to admit mistakes, apologise and learning from the whole experience, are essential and indispensible parts for smooth and transparent governing system. And, how can we relate that to Lebanon? Well, one way is by adopting our own version of the truth and reconciliation commission, which is an initiative to reveal past wrong doings done by governments and non-state parties in the hope of resolving leftover conflict. And you can take my word on it: unless we take drastic action, a second civil war is bound to happen. So, one more time: honesty, humility and willingness to admit mistakes and apologise. And maybe you can achieve something to be proud of, as Lebanese people. Thank you (Cheers) (Applause) So we've got the equation x squared plus y squared is equal to 1 I guess we could call it a relationship and if we were to graph all of the points x and y that satisfy this relationship we get a unit circle like this and what I'm curious about in this video is how we can figure out the slope of the tangent line at any point of this unit circle and what immediately might be jumping out in your brain is well. A circle defined this way. This isn't a function. It's not Y explicitly defined as a function of X. For any X value you actually have two possible Y's that satisfy this relationship right over here. So you might be tempted to maybe split this up into two separate functions of X. You could say, Y is equal to the positive square root of. 1 minus x squared and you could say y is equal to the negative square root of 1 minus x squared. Take the derivatives of each of these separately. And you would be able to find the derivative for any x, or the derivative of the slope of the tangent line at any point. But what I want to do in this video is. Literally leverage the chain rule to take the derivative implicitly so that I don't have to explicitly define y as a function of x, either way. And the way that we do that is to literally just apply the derivative operator to both sides of this equation. And then. Apply what we know about the chain rule. Because we are not explicitly defining y as a function of x and explicitly getting y is equal to f-prime of x, they call this, which is really just an application of the chain rule, we call it implicit differentiation. Implicit differentiation. And what I want you to keep in the back of your mind the entire time, is that it's just an application of the chain rule. So, let's apply the derivative operator to both sides of this. So, it's the derivative with respect to x of x^2 + y^2 on the left-hand side. Of our equation. And then that's going to be equal to the derivative with resp, respect to X on the right hand side. I'm just doing the same exact thing to both sides of, both side of this equation. Now, if I take the derivative of the sum of two terms, that's the same thing as taking the sum of the derivatives. So this is going to be the same thing as. The derivative with the respect to x of x squared plus the derivative with respect to x of y squared. I'm running on my orange stuff first. So let's see, this is going to be x squared. It's going to be y squared. And then this is going to be equal to the derivative with the respects of x of a constant. This isn't changing with respect to x, so we just get 0. Now this first term right over here we have done many, many, many. Many, many times. The derivative with respect to X with X where is just the power role here. It's going to be 2 times X to the first power. We can just say 2X. Now what's interesting is what we're doing right over here. the derivative with respect to x of y^2. And the realization here is to just apply the chain rule. If we're taking the derivative with respect to x of this something, we just have to take the derivative, let me make it clear, we're just going to take the derivative of our something. The derivative of Y squared, that's what we're taking meh, you can kinda do that as a function. With respect to y, with respect to y, and then multiply that times the derivative of y, the derivative or y. With respect to x we're assuming that y does change with respect to x y is not some type of a constant that we're writing just in abstract terms so we're taking the derivative of this whole thing with respect to y. Once again, just the chain rule. And then we're taking the derivative of y with respect to x. You, it might be a little bit clearer if you thought of it as the derivative with respect to x of, of y as a function of x. Y as a function of x. This might be, or y as a function of x squared which is essentially another way of writing what we had here. This might be a little bit clearer in terms of the chain rule. The derivative of y as a function of x squared with respect to y of x. So, the derivative of something squared, the derivative of something squared with respect to that something. Times the derivative of that something with respect to x. This is just the chain rule. I wanna say it over and over again. This is just the chain rule. So, let's do that. What do we get on the right-hand side over here. And I'll write it over here, as well. This would be equal to the derivative of y squared with respect to y. Is just going to be 2 times y, 2y, just an application of the chain rule. And the derivative of y with respect to x, well, we don't know what that is, so we're just gonna leave that as times the derivative of y, times the derivative of y with respect to x. Let's just write this down over here. So what we have is, 2x 2x plus 2x plus derivative of something squared with respect to that something is two times the something in case, in this case the something is y so two times y and then times the derivative of y the derivative of y with respect to x and this is all going to be equal to. All going to be equal to 0 now that was interesting now we have an equation that has the derivative of y with respect to x in it and this is what we essentially wanna solve for this is the slope of the tangent line at any point so all we have to do at this point is solve for the derivative of y with respect to x solve this equation so let's do that and actually this will be all so we can do this whole thing on the same page so we can see where we started. let me copy and paste this up here. This is where we left off and let's continue there. So, let's say, let's subtract 2x from both sides, so we're left with 2y times the derivative of y with respect to x is equal to...we're subtracting 2x from both sides...so it's equal to -2x. And if we really want to solve for the derivative y with respect to x, we can just divide both sides by 2y. We just divide both sides by 2y and we are left with the derivative of y, with respect to x. Let's go down a little bit, the derivative of y with respect to x, is equal to. Is equal to, well the 2's cancel out. We are left with negative x. -X over, over, y. So this is interesting. We didn't have to explicitly define y as a function of x here, but we got our derivative in terms of an x and a y, not just only in terms of an x. But what does this mean? Well, if we wanted to find. Let's say we wanted to find the derivative at this point, this point right over here. Which, if you're familiar with the unit circle. So if this was a, if this was a 45 degree angle, this would the square root of 2 over 2, the square root of 2. Over 2. What is the slope of the tangent line there? Well we figured out it's going to be the negative, it's going to be -x over y. So the slope of the tangent line here, the slope of the tangent line right over here, the slope is going to be equal to negative x so negative square root of 2 over 2. Over y over square root of 2 over 2 which is equal to -1 and it looks, that looks just about right. Now let's talk about the solution to our problem with heat along the wire. First things first, I've rewritten the implicit equation that I gave you in the intro video. The only change here that you'll see is how I've replaced the coefficient in front of the parenthesis with C, the parameter that we created for you in the code. Now, if we rearranged this equation a little bit, we can get it in the form that's super convenient for using numpy.matalg.solve. This is because we already know T₈(0) and now we know what the coefficients are. So we are to solve for all of the temperatures after times that of h. This shows us then that two of the elements in the matrix coefficient are going to be -C and 1+2C. The one exception to this is going to occur at the boundaries. I told you these were going to be a little bit tricky, so let's talk about how to deal with them with right now. We take this equation right here but instead plug in the correct values for T₀. We see something interesting. There's a dependence on T₋₁. Now we defined our boundary with additions earlier, that T₋₁ is going to equal T₀ for any time. Once we plugged this n, we're actually going to get a pretty simple equation something that only depends on T₀ and T₁. To help you better visualize how are we going to fill in the array using loops, I've created this diagram right here which color codes the different possible coefficients that we could have in any slot in the matrix. As you just saw, a bunch of the terms in the matrix are going to be 0, so I filled in big 0s for those portions of the matrix. We know that the temperature of the second that we're looking at, is going to have a coefficient of 1+2C in front of it corresponding to this blue spirals. We know that both adjacent segments who have coefficients of -C which are these pink spirals over here. The two exceptions of course occur at the boundaries, for we have one pink spiral and one green spiral. For one coefficient -C and then one coefficient of 1+C. Now if I felt like working really hard, I guess I could have drawn this diagram with 100 rows and 100 columns making up the actual size of the matrix that we're looking at. But I was feeling lazy so I scaled it down a bit. However, if we think about it, we know that the number of blue spirals in that imaginary expanded diagram will be equal to 98 because there's going to be one blue spiral in every row with the exception of the first and last. Similarly, we would see 198 pink spirals, two for every row, except only one in the top and bottom rows. In the picture I just showed you, the blue spirals corresponded to the coefficient 1+2C and we said that we would need a loop using 98 iterations to express that. That's exactly what we have here in this top for loop. You can see that the next for loop contains one more iteration, since it starts at the index 1 lower. As expected, this corresponds to the pink spirals in the diagram with the coefficient equals -C. Here we have two exceptions for the two different boundaries and you remember that these were the green spirals in the diagram. We can check and see that we've set the step size equal to 0.5 seconds as we said we want to do. We can run the program and see what we get. Sure enough, we end up with the same solution that I showed you earlier. Since in our initial situation, we had a flame placed under the center of our wire, it makes sense that after some time has passed, we still see a peak in temperature toward the center of the wire, but the distribution has smooth out quite a bit. This has right in line that what we expect from the heat equation. Right now, the end time is set to 10 seconds which means that the final graph that we're looking at is the distribution of the temperature at this time. Let's see what happens if we set it to something smaller showing what's happening earlier on in the temperature change. So here's our distribution after just 4 seconds have passed. Consider we have a nice smooth curve, a lot like what we saw earlier except that this time the peak is at a much higher level than it was earlier. When end time was at the 10 seconds, the peak was just under 500 Kelvin and now we can see that it's resting right above 600. The distribution is also quite a bit narrower showing that we're farther away from the equilibrium position than we were with the larger step. I wanna buy you a new car. I don't wanna new car. Datsun is unbeatable. I don't want anything. Everything has to be difficult. There're people in this world who go looking for adventure. Christopher McCandless was searching for himself. So, you're a leather now. I'm a leather? Yead, leather tramp so they call this ones that go on feet. Don't you think you should get a job and make something in this life? I only have one plan. I'm going to Alaska. Alaska, Alaska? Or city Alaska? I'll be all away there. Yes. In the wild. What will you do while you're there? Now in the wild, what are you doing? You're just living, men. I realised out there how important to do this in life. Not necessary to be strong but to feel strong. To measure yourself at least once. Where are your mum and dad? Living his life somewhere. Did your folks know where you are? I was unbrethable nor have I imagined. I hurt him, I hurt, I hurt Chris. Son, how long you've been out here? Couple weeks. And before that? I was in South Dakota working for this guy Wayne. What do you think about all this? I like all this. I took the Colorado river all way down to the Grand Canyon and go down did rapids. What do you understand for? North You're great Alaska adventure. Is there anybody here? If you want something in life, you jump and grab. [Child] Children We're 7 siblings without blankets at night We live in a house that's smaller than other peoples toilets We set aside complaints for a moment But we'll just sleep it off Let's quickly review what we learned. Well first, we learned about similar triangles. Two triangles are similar if their angles are identical even though their sides don't have to be the same length. And we've learned that these triangles have many special properties. One really important property is that the ratio of side lengths are the same for two similar triangles. What this means is that if I have a right triangle with a 40-degree angle here, I can immediately tell you the ratio of this side to that side or this one to that one. And that's a very powerful tool. In fact, these ratios are so powerful that we gave names to them - sine, cosine, and tangent. And we can remember what those names mean by SOH, CAH, TOA. Sine is opposite over hypotenuse, cosine is adjacent over hypotenuse, and tangent is opposite over adjacent. Finally, we learned that we can go back and forth between sides and angles and side lengths and angles or maybe even degrees. And this is something that we'll be doing frequently throughout the course. Let me say good work. This is a huge accomplishment learning this much already. Now, let's put it to use and figure out what the circumference of the earth is. Today we're going to be talking about two additional fallacies of relevance. One of them is what we'll call appeal to popular opinion. It's related to some versions to appeal to authority. The other is unlike all the other fallacies of relevance that we've looked at because >> It's not a deductive fallacy, it's a practical fallacy. It's a fallacy in practical reasoning. In order to see what these two fallacies are, let's begin by looking at the following clip in which both of them occur. >> You know if we don't catch that fish, we both know there ain't going to be any deep sea fishing. We'll have to stay on the dock like the old people. Hold it, hold it, what are you doing here? >> What? >> What about the other foot? There ain't no sock on it. >> I'll get to it. >> Don't you know that the whole world puts on a sock and a sock, and a shoe and a shoe? . I like to take care of it one foot at a time. . >> That's the dumbest thing I ever heard in my life. >> It's just as quick my way. >> Wait a minute, that aint the point. You see what I'm talk, don't keep doing it. Listen to me. Suppose there's a fire in the house and you gotta run for your life. Your way, all you got on is one shoe and a sock. My way, you got on a sock and a sock. You see, they're even. Suppose it's raining or snowing outside, your way with a sock on each foot, my feet would get wet. My way with a sock and a shoe on one foot, I could hop around and stay dry. >> I think you've been hopping around on your head. >> . >> Wait, wait and, listen to me. >> . >> Suppose then the other socks got a hole in it. >> . >> It doesn't have a hole in it. >> I said suppose that it's got a hole. >> Alright suppose it has a hole. >> Alright it's got a hole in it, so Speaker:You ain't got another matching pair, so what are you going to do? Your way, you gotta take off a whole shoe and a sock My way, all you gotta do is take off one sock >> All right, if it'll make you happy I'll start all over again. >> No, no, no You're halfway through Oh, gee get on with it, we're in a hurry. You can start doing it the right way tomorrow morning. >> Older American students might recognize the clip that we just saw as a clip from the TV sitcom, All in the Family, which ran in the United States in the 1970s. In it, the older character with white hair is named Archie, and the younger character with brown hair and a mustache is named Michael. In the clip we just saw, Archie gives Michael three arguments, and each time Archie gives Michael an argument, that argument commits a fallacy of relevance and Michael attempts to rebut or respond to the argument. Let's consider the first argument that Archie gives Michael. When Archie sees Michael putting on a sock and a shoe and then proceeding to put on another sock, Archie says Don't you know that the whole world puts on a sock in a sock and a shoe in a shoe? The implication being, that since the whole world puts on a sock in a sock and a shoe in a shoe, Michael should also. So, Archie is implicitly giving Michael the following argument. Premise, the whole world puts on a sock and a sock and a shoe and a shoe. So conclusion, you ought to put on a sock and a sock and a shoe and a shoe, and since you're not doing that, you're doing it wrong. That's the first argument that Archie gives Michael. Now notice this argument is guilty of a fallacy of relevance that's very similar to the fallacy committed by some versions of appeal to authority. Even if it's true, and let's grant for a moment that it is true that the whole world puts on a sock and a sock and a shoe and a shoe. That doesn't mean that you ought to do it that way as well. Now maybe there's a good reason why the whole world puts on a sock and a sock and a shoe and a shoe, but if there is a good reason why the whole world puts on a sock and a sock and a shoe and a shoe, then that good reason is the good reason why you ought to put on a sock and a sock and a shoe an d a shoe. In other words, it's not that the whole world puts on a sock and a sock and a shoe and a shoe, that explains why you want to put on a sock and a sock and a shoe and a shoe. Rather, if there's a good reason why other people put on a sock and a sock and a shoe and a shoe, then that very same reason is the reason for you to put on a sock and a sock and a shoe and a shoe. So, this argument right here is no good even if its conclusion is true, because there's some good reason for the premise being true. This is an example of appeal to popular opinion, or we can say popular practice. Sometimes popular practice is a good guide to what we ought to do. But sometimes it isn't. So, is popular practice in this case, a good guy, to what we ought to do? Only if there's a reason why it's the popular practice only if there's a good reason why everyone puts on a sock, and a sock and a shoe in a shoe. Michael obviously doesn't think there's a good reason for everyone to put on a sock and a sock and a shoe and a shoe. So, the fact that the whole world does so, assuming it is a fact, is irrelevant to him, and he says he likes to take care of one foot at a time. So, simply because everyone else does it differently He thinks, there's no reason why he should do it the way they do. He's happy to take care of one foot at a time, and until Archie can give him a good reason for doing what the whole rest of the world does, Michael's going to take care of one foot at a time. Okay. Now, let's consider whether Archie can give him a different reason. A good reason. for putting on a sock and a sock and a shoe and a shoe. Next, Archie tries to give Michael another argument for why he should put on a sock and a sock and a shoe and a shoe. Archie's next argument goes like this. Well, suppose you have to leave the house halfway into putting on your footwear You don't get to put on all your footwear, you have to leave halfway. Let's say there's a fire and you have to run out of the house. Now if you put on both your socks first. In other w ords if you're putting on a sock and a sock and then a shoe and a shoe, then when you have to rush out of the house. Half way through putting on your footwear, your feet won't be even. You'll have one sock on each foot. But, if you would have been putting on a sock and a shoe, and a sock and a shoe, then when you have to rush out the house halfway through putting on your footwear, your feet will not be even. You'll have a sock and a shoe on one foot and the other foot will be bare. Now, i'ts better for your feet to be even than not. Archie doesn't explicitly say that, but clearly he implies it. Since it's better for your feet to be even than not, It's better for you to put on both your socks first, in other words, it's better for you to put on a sock and a sock and a shoe and a shoe. Better to do that than to put on a sock and a shoe and a sock and a shoe the way Michael's doing it in the video. So, is this a good argument for why it's better to put on. A sock in a sock, and a shoe in a shoe? No it's not. And what Michael says in response to Archie, tells us something about why this is not a good argument. See the reason this is not a good argument is because it starts off by supposing a scenario that's very unlikely to happen. It's very unlikely that halfway into putting on your footwear, you'll have to evacuate the house because of a fire. Now, of course sometimes it's good for us to take precautions against scenarios that are very unlikely. For instance, you might buy health insurance to pay for an, any expenses that you incur in case of some catastrophic illness, or flood insurance, to pay for the damages that'll occur to your house in case of some catastrophic flood. Even though it's unlikely that you'll become catastrophically sick, or you'll, your house will undergo some catastrophic flooding. Still, the reason it makes sense for us to take precautions against those scenarios is that, even though those scenarios are unlikely, if they were to happen, the consequences of not taking precautions would be real ly, really dire. Right, getting catastrophically sick without having any means to pay for your. Treatment would be a terrible thing and having your house destroyed without any means to recover the loss of it would, again be a terrible thing. So even though those scenarios are unlikely, it still makes sense for us to take precautions against their happening because if they did happen that would be terrible. But how terrible would it be for your feet to not be even, for you to have a sock and shoe and, on one foot, and the other foot bare? Well, it wouldn't be so bad. Certainly not as bad as your housing burning down. So, what Archie is doing is he's appealing to a scenario that's very unlikely to happen, and then he's showing that if you put on a sock and a shoe and a sock and a shoe, the costs that you would incur in that scenario, while they exist, are not all that substantial. The costs would just be that your feet would not be even. So Archie is trying to argue that it's better to put on both your socks first, by appeal to a scenario that's first very unlikely to happen and secondly even if it did happen the costs to you of putting on a sock and a shoe and a sock and a shoe wouldn't be all that great. So that's why this is not a good argument. And what Michael does in response to Archie's argument, is to show that a perfectly analogous argument could be given in favor of the opposite policy of putting on a sock and a shoe, and a sock and a shoe. Michael says, well look, suppose, suppose you're right Archie, that you do need to evacuate your house half way into putting your footwear on. But suppose also that it's raining outside. Might as well be raining outside. That's, that's not significantly less likely than your having to evacuate when it's not raining outside. So suppose it's raining outside and you have to evacuate your house halfway into putting on your footwear. Well, if you ave a sock in a shoe on one foot, then you can hop around and stay dry. But if you only have a sock and a sock on each foot, then you're going to get wet. Once again, Michael shows that this same kind of argument appeal to an unlikely scenario, and appeal to some. Miniscule cost associated with the obtaining of that scenario. That very same argument could be used to favor his way of putting on his socks and shoes as it can be used to favor R.G.s way of putting on his socks and shoes, right? So,since that very same kind of argument can be used for either conclusion. It's not a very compelling argument. Either way. Appealing to an unlikely scenario which if it were to obtain would carry with it some minuscule cost, is not a way to show that one course of action is better than another course of action. In this third argument, Archie corrects the defects that I just pointed out, in the second argument. First he appeals to a scenario. That's much more likely to occur than the scenario of your having to evacuate the house immediately, halfway into putting on your footwear. And secondly, he appeals to a cost that's a little more substantial than the cost of your feet not being even. Let me explain what I mean. Archie asks Michael to suppose. That Michael finds a hole in his second sock, as he's putting his second sock on his foot. Now, that's not an impossible scenario. It's probably, more likely to occur than having to evacuate the house. Half way into putting on your footwear. But suppose you find a hole in your second sock while you're putting it on your foot. Well, if you were putting on a sock and a sock and then a shoe and a shoe, finding a hole in your second sock Would be easy to correct. You'd just take off your socks. Put on another pair of socks without a hole in them. And then put on your shoes. But, if you were doing things Michael's way, and putting on a sock and a shoe, and a sock and a shoe. Then, you'd have to take off the shoe that you already put on your first foot. If you found a hole in the sock that's on your second foot. Since it's easier to remove socks than it is to remove shoes, let's suppose, Archie concludes it's bette r to put on a sock and a sock and a shoe and a shoe than to do it Michael's way and put on a sock and a shoe and a sock and a shoe. And again the reason it's better is because In this scenario, where you find a hole in your second sock, it's easier to fix it if you would put your socks on before putting your shoes on. So it's easier to fix a problem that crops up in this scenario if you're putting on a sock and a sock and a shoe and a shoe than it is to fix that same problem If you are putting on a sock and a shoe and a sock and a shoe. Now this argument appeals to a scenario that is a lot more likely to happen, I'm supposing than the, the scenario of having to evacuate your house halfway into putting on your footwear and it also appeals to a cost that is perhaps a bit more substantial, a bit more obvious. Than the cost of having your feet, unbalanced having your feet not be even. But, while Michael accepts this argument, Michael doesn't rebut this argument, it's not clear how compelling the argument is. How would we judge the compellingness of this argument? How can we tell If this is a good argument or not. Well, here's what we have to do. Think back to Walter's discussion of practical reasoning. Let's say you're deciding between two different courses of action. . One course of action is putting on socks first and the other course of action is one foot at a time. So those are your two choices. Are you going to put on your socks first and then your shoes, or are you going to put on your footwear one foot at a time? Well, these courses of action are going to have different outcomes, depending on The way the world is, right? There are different ways the world could begin, depending on the way the world is. These courses of action will turn out differently for you. So suppose for instance, you have to evacuate your house. Halfway into putting on your footwear. That's one possible way the world could be, and under that scenario you'd be a little bit worse off going one foot at a time, then you would with socks first. At least if it's true that it's a bad thing to have your feet be unbalanced. But there are many other ways the world could be. Now, in order to figure out which of these two policies is the better one, which of these two courses of action is the beter one, what we need to do is to consider all the different ways that the world could be. And then, consider what the costs and benefits of these policies would be under each of those scenarios. So let's say that we have five possible scenarios, scenario one, One two three four five. And under scenario one, your'e a little better off putting on your socks first than going one foot at a tlme. Alright, so let's say putting on your socks first, that's a really good thing, wheras going one foot at a time. It's okay, but not great. 'Kay, under scenario two let's say putting on your socks first turns out really badly. But putting on your footware one foot at a time again turns out okay. And so on. Now, suppose we discovered that no matter what happens, putting your footwear on one foot at a time turns out Okay, whereas putting on your socks first turns out really well under some scenarios but really badly under other scenarios. Then what should we do? It depends and in particular it depends on how likely these different scenarios are to a curve, how probable they are to a curve. If scenario one under which putting on your socks first turns out really well, if scenario one is really likely to occur, let's say there's a 90% chance that scenario one will occur and scenario one it turns out really well if you put on your socks first. But not so well if you put on your foot wear one foot at a time. Well then that's a pretty powerful reason to put on a sock and a sock and a shoe and a shoe. On the other hand, if, under one of these scenarios, let's say putting on your socks first, results In your death, then that's a really powerful reason not to put on your socks first. Because if putting on your socks first could even with a one percent chance result in your death, it's probably not worth it. Proba bly better to put on your footwear on one foot at a time. So, if we're trying to figure out if Archie's third argument, compelling or not, what we need to figure out is this. How likely is it, that you're going to find a hole in your second sock? And. If you do find a hole in your second sock, how much worse is it to have to remove your shoe versus removing your socks. And finally what are the other possible outcomes Of putting on a sock and a sock, and a shoe and a shoe. Versus putting on a sock and a shoe, and sock and a shoe. We have to consider all of the possible outcomes. Because, if there's some outcome that has even a one percent chance of happening. Where the consequences of putting on a sock and a sock and a shoe and a shoe are catastrophic, like let's say you die, then that's a pretty good reason in favor of doing things the other way. Because the advantages to the gain from putting on a sock in a sock and a shoe in a shoe probably are not great enough to compensate for the risk of death, that you would undertake if this scenario was even one percent likely. Hello everyone, I'm 2009. Today, I'm bringing to you a year-end match— one I found to be the most worth watching. The two sides today are PanDa and DK. The competition is WGT. It's not a major tournament, but it's nevertheless a LAN worth winning. Both sides did ban/picks (b/p's) very quickly. Hao and Burning meet once again in offline finals of a tournament. Both are worthy of the title best carry of 2011. Wow, both sides are b/p'ing really fast. Let's look first that DK has banned NS, Lycan and Panda while PanDa has banned DK's Batrider, Kael and Syilabear. PanDa has first picked CK. DK has taken ES and AA with their first picks. ES and AA truly are DK's favourite heroes. Personally, I believe DK's mastery of these two heroes is the best of all the teams. PanDa's CK— If I recall correctly, Hao first started playing him in G-League. Recently, this hero has become very popular because firstly he has very good lane presence and his ganking isn't bad either. Let's see, they've now taken Furion and AM. This way, these three heroes seem to lack AoE, but their late-game power will be quite strong— for example AM and Furion are famous for their lane-pushing power. Why do we say they are good at pushing the lane? Furion because of his ulti and his teleport skill. AM because he often builds Vlad's and he has a blink skill. Furthermore, he naturally has strong magic resistance, so he isn't easy to kill. In late-game, spells don't hurt him much and he can blink away. Furion can switch lanes to farm using his ulti and treants. Both heroes are good lane pushers. DK has picked SG. Their three heroes have decent disables. This competition probably counts as this year's (measuring by Chinese New Year) last competition. I want to mention that judging from performances during the latter half of the year the four strongest teams are DK, LGD, IG and PanDa. DK is probably the team that has claimed the most championships this year so the best player this year, I'd again have to say is Burning. This is my personal opinion. There might be people who disagree with me. Why Burning? Because this year's DK has won the most tournaments and Burning has taken the heavy responsibility of doing b/p's. Furthermore, he is in charge of playing position 1 (in China, position 1-carry, position 5-support) so he is in a position key to deciding a team's attitude and success. This year, he was a dazzling Dota star. Aside from DK's Burning, I think PanDa's Hao was also very exceptional. Of course aside from Hao, there is another—one who turned pro this year. This team PanDa is still quite young. 830, SanSheng and Hao are quite old but Mu and Yaobai are quite new to the scene. This player Mu, I think he fills the requirements of his his position superbly and he performs very spectacularly. Right from the first match where I watched him play Tide, he gave me this feeling. Until this moment especially the latter half of the year, PanDa has won some accolades. Even though their honours are less than that of DK and LGD, as a newer team this is already quite an accomplishment. WE perhaps won more than PanDa in the first half of the year but looking on the year as a whole, PanDa has perhaps been more exceptional than WE. As for the three teams Nv, EHOME and TyLoo their situation at the year's end doesn't look very bright. TyLoo won WCG China, which was quite an accomplishment but due to player transfers to DK, IG and Nv, they had to rebuild completely using new players. They've been rebuilding very slowly. EHOME appears to have given up their Dota team. Nv has also slowly gone downhill. They've attended fewer and fewer competitions and claimed fewer and fewer championships. That was a short recap of the past year's Dota scene. Compared to the scene in 2010, there has been long leaps made in development and improvement. Thanks especially needs to be given to all the fans who've supported Dota all this time. I've done my small part in offering some understanding of Dota. So we've reached the last match of this year. Last year I used the most exciting match of 2009 from SMM to start my video-making journey. I've done it for a year now. I've made first-person videos. Then I thought I should make more professional Dota Improvement Class videos. I've also done a lot of LAN casting and casting for online tournaments. I've also commentated replays of matches I found to be especially exciting. This video will be one of the those. I want to thank each and everyone of you who supported my 2009 videos. Your support has provided me with motivation. One aspect is financial; the other is emotional. On this point, I feel that by my effort I've been able to make some difference in the world. I really feel very thankful of you. This match is probably the final match of this year. Or perhaps the most spectacular match of the season. I want to point out that we're observing from DK's perspective. I don't plan on turning off fog of war for this match because I feel you'll be able to immerse yourself in the match better this way. I will speak from Burning's perspective on the match and I'll have this panel open to show PanDa's gold. It's because this replay didn't have observers so I only have player perspective. I feel that if I turn off fog of war, I won't be able to do analyze as well. Okay, I see PanDa has finished their picks. DK ruminated a long time over Lion. They are saying, "Don't pick OD." "I'm okay with either Puck or Storm." "Puck solo mid is actually pretty good." PanDa's hand is already on the table—that is, to have multiple carries. AM, Weaver, CK are all quite item-dependent. Even VS and Furion I'd say out of support heroes, ones fairly reliant on items. At this moment, we see Burning type out, "Sniper." Longdd suggested Puck, Beastmaster, Storm—all gank-related heroes. Personally, I think Storm would be pretty good this match, but fairly weak in teamfights. Here Burning suggested Sniper. We also have Super—not someone who turned pro this year but someone who had his finest battles this year, performing very well just like his old teammate xB. Here xB says, "Lion SG top." "Sniper solo mid." Both sides— Because I didn't go to the offline finals for this match I don't know the sound-cancellation level of where they were playing but I can tell from the ally-chat. DK's lanes are Lion, SG top. Longdd's Lion is a veteran having gone through all the big teams. Finally at DK, he's found his second wind. Congratulations to Longdd—the oldest member of our generation's players— for claiming 9 championships in the second half of the year with DK. It's truly not an easy thing to achieve. Some say 9; others say 8. There's been a lot more tournaments and competition has become much fiercer. Personally, I think that to win accolades—or even a small reign at the top like DK— in such a competitive scene is truly impressive. Winning most offline tournaments in the latter half of the year, very impressive. I've turned off fog of war for a moment to see PanDa's lanes. Hao's AM is position 1. SanSheng's VS. Mu's CK this match, probably going middle. Yaobai's Weaver and 830's Furion most likely going top. First rune is taken by SG. Lineup-wise, it's quite simple. DK wants to play a 4-protect-1. Both SG and AA can play as carries, but SG most likely won't be used as physical DPS. He'll most likely be used for his ulti and AoE disable. A big part of the physical DPS responsibility falls on Burning's shoulders so his items will be key. These 4-protect-1 lineups will have a lot of disables and their resources will be fairly concentrated. That is, concentrated in Sniper. They will be very strong in teamfights— disables together with multiples sources of damage. On PanDa's side, Furion, AM and Weaver all fall under the category of lane-pushing heroes. Their strategy is multiple carry lane push and using carries to fight teamfights. However in 5v5 teamfights, they seem a little lacking in terms of disables. Only CK and VS have disables for a total of two. We see on DK, the job of ES is mostly to help AA stay in lane. However, Hao has been very dominant early on. Even though his teammate is VS, not a hero with long range and he is facing AA, ES, a very strong lane combination we see Hao's AM isn't revealing the slightest bit of weakness. Here, ES fissures! Even though SanSheng is an old player, his reaction time hasn't slowed immediately Tango'ing and escaping into the trees. Just now, I changed some settings around. It felt a bit laggy. Looking from these lanes— VS has counter-warded the ward blocking the neutral camp. By putting VS and AM in a lane, their strategy is greatly simplified. This is because VS and AM don't have to dominate the lane. They're more farm-oriented. AM only has to last-hit a few creeps. VS only has to pull to get some XP. As for top lane, Longdd has gotten the 2min rune. Wait, he didn't! He got attacked a lot of times by 830 and his illusions. 830 has played this a little slyly. Just as Longdd was about to take the rune he teleported to take the illusion rune. Top lane, SG and Lion have hard disables. Hard disables are those you can use without any set-up and stop the opponent completely. SG's has his crush and Lion has impale. Here too, they are seeking to farm. These two heroes don't have any solid disables. However, their lane presence isn't bad. See how SG will get attacked a bunch of times when he steps to last-hit. And for Lion, he can't out-harass two heroes. This way I think cs-wise, dual ranged will have the advantage. However, hero kill-wise, SG and Lion are more likely to get a kill. Let's look at middle. Furion was flanking. Burning uses shrapnel. The crow had just delivered a pair of Boots. The Boots were crucial here. Burning doesn't dare to turn around and returns to base without any unnecessary actions. I notice a habit Burning has when playing Dota. He likes shift-clicking a bunch of places when he returns to fountain. I don't know what he's thinking. I know he won't actually follow the shift-queue paths but he will still shift-queue. Usually people shift-queue after we bottle the rune or something like that. After that engagement, Furion— CK finally bottles his first rune. Here we have vision of the CK. Everyone see how during daytime the tower vision is quite broad. You can see up to here. CK has bottled a haste and gotten a Clarity Potion via crow. This means it will be very dangerous for the Sniper. On top of that, Furion can teleport in. Here, Longdd has realized his hero is fairly level-dependent, so he's pulling. We see xB's fundamentals are very good even though he's a new player. Facing two ranged heroes, he was able to farm up a RoH. Furthermore, he still has his consumables. In bottom lane, there isn't anything life-threatening happening either. Matches nowadays, the early-game will be fairly peaceful because in early-game, it doesn't serve much purpose to be aggressive— the mid-game is much more important. That's why teams aiming for a peaceful early-game are growing more popular. Here Burning noticed CK has a haste rune, so he's playing very conservatively. He's also carrying a TP and bought an extra set of Tangoes. I think I saw Burning wasn't— We see action at top! Longdd's sentry ward together with ES got first blood. ES's second fissure... They're continuing to chase. Oh, ES only has one assist. Looks like he didn't take part in the first kill. Maybe Yaobai's Weaver was a bit careless and didn't expect the opponent's sentry to be so sudden. I think what happened after Longdd put down the sentry was an impale+hex+crush instantly killing the Weaver. Like this, SG has reached Level 6 and Lion is Level 4, almost 5. ES didn't take part in the earlier kill, but his unexpected fissure helped kill 830's Furion This way, SG will be in a comfortable position. I think he got a double kill. DK has used early sentry wards and successful ES roam to gain an advantage in safe lane. Hard lane AA is also doing very well. But the hasted CK— a 1 second stun. Here, DK's wards were down for a while. We notice that SanSheng as a veteran player has a wealth of experience. With the first set of wards, DK placed a river ward, but it expired. VS together with a hasted CK claim the third kill of the game. The score is 2-1. It seems CK isn't satisfied with the outcome. He continues to— However, newly arrived Burning together with an ES fissure has immediately killed AM. Even though PanDa initiated this engagement— ES fissures again. Assassinate! Heh, we saw Sniper just reach Level 6 and ES fissured but because it was too far away, he only had time for the crosshair to appear before disappearing. Here, I feel PanDa was playing a bit impatiently because the way pro teams play now is you have to have take into account the opponent's support before attempting a gank. We saw Furion and CK attempt to roam AA, but due to Sniper's arrival... We see AA together with ES's two stuns and Sniper's ulti kill CK. VS— VS is carrying a bottle. Manages to use her stun, but it doesn't matter. I can't help but mention the importance of Burning's TP scroll. Together with ES and AA's reliable disables, they've accomplished the same effect as a gank. This gives them a 6-2 advantage. AA and ES initiated that time. I feel DK regards ES very highly. I also feel they use AA+ES combination very well because they always manage to use ES's fissure really well during roams. To professional teams, this skill is a super long-range hard disable. The usefulness of this skill can't be doubted. Take any strong laner like SF, AA, Sniper who have pretty strong skills. Take a high-level Sniper or AA and put them with a super long-range disabler like ES. and put them with ES The opponent doesn't know where ES is and suddenly a fissure comes out of nowhere. AA can use cold feet+ulti, Sniper can use shrapnel+ulti and it's very easy to kill someone. DK gains a small 6-2 advantage early on. ES has a lion's share of the assists. Zippo has placed a ward behind tower and a river ward for bottom lane giving them good vision over the bottom half of the map. Burning's Sniper is also playing pretty cleverly. With the help of teammates he's farmed up PTs and willingly given up middle lane. Let's see how PanDa reacts. Top lane, they probably can't win because SG already has a Vanguard due to his double kill. He also got a Quelling Blade. PanDa has given up top lane. Bottom lane they can't win either because these three heroes are very strong However, AM is getting free-farm middle lane. We see PanDa's relying more on Furion being able to farm jungle resources. Since Yaobai wasn't doing very well early, he got a RoB+Bracer. Facing a Level 6 Lion, he shows he is facing a lot of pressure. I want to turn off fog of war to see where PanDa's heroes are. PanDa has initiated! PanDa must have used Smoke to roam top. This decision is very correct, because bottom lane has three heroes and top lane only two. However, Zippo's ES has arrived and fissures. VS uses a second magic missile. ES uses his ulti. Mu's HP is still quite high; ES's ulti must not have hit him. CK gets an Urn charge from 830 and kills ES, but SG was too tanky with Vanguard+PTs. AA's support was a tad too slow. His ulti missed, but helped Burning take down bottom tower. In the last engagement even though PanDa brought the kill score back by two they weren't able to make a lasting improvement on their situation. AA attempts a long-range kill with his ulti on CK who got an Urn charge. 830's Furion attacked top with an early Urn. It seems PanDa doesn't want to give up their tower. The healed up CK charges out again. We see CK's ability at carrying the tempo early on is indeed pretty good, but he was unlucky to get frozen. Even though Weaver has amplify damage on himself, he is very eager to fight. Four of PanDa's heroes are here, all except for VS— Ah, VS TP'd in too. I didn't notice what happened to the tower. It was probably denied. My attention wasn't on the tower. Burning's Sniper is indeed a weak presence early on. He relies on teammates to get his farm. First, he used his teammates to get bottom tower. Then he used his teammates to get room to farm middle. He now has 1500 gold saved up, but if he joins teamfights now he will be in much danger. He has 375 mana. It seems DK doesn't want to give up top lane either. Things seem to have heated up with one swoop during the mid-game. We see PanDa yield right away. After they fall back... It was close. 830's Furion only just managed to teleport away. Here, DK has saved their tower. We notice DK's valuation of towers is Huh, we see DK's middle tower was probably taken by Hao's AM. In terms of towers taken, DK is ahead by one. Hero kills, they're up by two. As for items, AA already has Arcane Boots+Mek. ES has— SG and AA, the two fighting heroes are pretty fat. Because during mid-game Burning relies on his two older brothers to carry him ES and AA to carry the tempo for him he has managed to farm 1700 gold and chosen not to get any Wraith Bands. Maybe he wants to save for a big item. DK also uses Smoke, but it wasn't as effective as PanDa's Smoke gank. PanDa's gank followed this route through the river flanking DK's two heroes here. Lion and SG. AA uses his Mek. I think PanDa can give up this tower. AM doesn't even have a TP so they're definitely giving up this tower, because right after a team completes Mek they're quite dominant. I don't know why, but my computer seems to lag only when watching replays and not when I play. However, the lag has given me an opportunity to analyze the situation. At the moment, because PanDa is a bit carry-heavy, they don't have someone to make Mek. Let's see 830's item route. Since he went Urn, he can build a Mek. Right now, 830 chose to TP bottom and help AM push. Actually, he could've TP'd bottom earlier. 830 built an RoB and is probably going Force Staff having bought the Staff of Wizardry. DK trades one tower for two here—not a very good deal. A Tier 2 tower for two Tier 1 towers. That's because AM and Furion are good lane pushers. CK is also pretty good, since he can use his illusions. Right now, DK is still leading by one tower. Hero kills, still leading by two. In terms of items, both sides seem to be even. I'm going to turn off fog of war, so I can tell you PanDa's items. AM has PTs+Vanguard and CK— Furion has 700 gold. He'll probably have Urn+Force Staff soon. The highest leveled hero on PanDa is also the highest leveled in the game. Here, Burning expresses his thoughts. He realizes after pushing the towers, they can't group up. That's why he's saying they should Smoke and steal Roshan. This is also a viable tactic. I think Smoke ganking is a viable tactic for them too, because they have a lot of disables. However, they are relatively bad at pushing, because of heroes like AA, SG, ES— all bad lane pushers. We see Burning in the blink of an eye has with the help of two towers middle has managed to farm Janggo+Blade of Alacrity. I think he's probably going Janggo+Manta. I think this item choice is very good. I like this item choice because it's good on heroes who have an innate amount of DPS. Also, it's flexible with many late-game items, because it's a stats-based build. This build not only gives you an HP boost, but improves your mana pool and DPS. As for PanDa... I think PanDa feels because they have many carries, they need to focus on farming so they're not in a hurry. Furthermore, they feel the 2-for-1 tower deal was in their favour. I was speaking of the hero with an XP lead. Mu is playing CK this match. He has PTs+Janggo+Bottle and 400 gold. He has a 2-1-3 kill score and is playing pretty well. Of course despite dying early on, Burning has fought back to a 2-1-2 kill score which is pretty impressive. Let's see whether Burning's bought anything else now. He's bought Boots of Elvenskin. He really is going— If you go into Roshan like this without Smoke... Let's look at PanDa's vision. They have a ward here, so they'll know right away DK is showing signs of doing Roshan. Let's check out PanDa's vision to see what they'll do. First off, Weaver sends his swam. They see them. There's the Medallion effect. Let's see who bought one. Oh, it's Lion who rushed Medallion. CK right away uses his stun. Sniper's HP isn't very high. SG wants to jump in and— He uses sprint and wants to initiate. Let's watch this fight. Hex— Weaver is first to go down. SG's initiation has managed to kill two of PanDa's heroes. However, the DD'd CK has killed Burning. After Burning, he wants to kill ES. He kills ES too. He was able to do a lot of DPS with Furion's arrival Let's look at AM's arrival. AM has PTs+Vanguard. The spellcasters can't do anything to him. This fight was a 1-for-2. SG didn't die having gotten away succesfully. PT+Vanguard+Dagger, pretty tanky. Weaver got killed. Aside from him, I think someone else died too. I didn't see what happened with VS. She may have died. That might've been a 2-for-2, so neither side lost or gained anything. This is what I was talking about. DK chose a strategy that makes teamfights relatively easier because they have a lot of disables. We saw Weaver get killed immediately. Weaver was also a bit bold in his positioning. He's on INT PTs. Let's see. If he's careful, he'll probably switch to STR soon. DK doesn't want to get Roshan out of their mind. Of course PanDa doesn't want to let them have it. They cosntantly see heroes going in and out, but a scream reveals Roshan is almost dead! At this HP, it's very close! ES fissures. There's a good chance they'll kill Roshan. DK chooses not to continue, instead using SG's Dagger to kill VS. AA's ulti was very nice. Also, his Mek. CK gets killed. It's completely different to what happened last time. Hao has joined the battlefield. 830 has arrived too only to find the fight's gone wrong. They choose to give up Roshan. Let's switch back to Burning's perspective. He has picked up the Aegis. He died earlier but this time he has Aegis. I think they'll let him have the creepwave at top. This way, Yasha should be easy to farm. 20min, Janggo+Yasha. Of course his items aren't as fast as on a hero like Syilabear but a hero like Sniper together with disables like ES, Lion, SG, AA— very frightening disables—I think this strategy will be extremely strong in late-game teamfights. PanDa has a many carry strategy. We see AM has made Vlad's. Vlad's is an item primarily used to help teamfights because it boosts attack, armor and gives melee heroes lifesteal. Weaver is here too. Let's see if a fight manages to break out. PanDa obviously doesn't want to fight, because they're still focused on control and farm. After pushing top lane, they're free to farm middle and bottom lanes. As for DK, they don't have any laning heroes aside from Sniper so they're more interested in grouping as four and staying near Sniper. This is DK's logic and now that SG has Dagger, they'll be very strong in teamfights. This should enter a slow farming phase. Let's continue watching Burning's Sniper. He has a Yasha recipe and a TP. Oh, the TP probably isn't his. At top lane, I think he will try to maintain creep equilibrium. I think at a time like this, B-God will try to maintain creep equilibrium. Never mind, he can't maintain creep equilibrium right now because his teammates are in danger at middle lane. He needs to push, since maintaining creep equilibrium would be too dangerous. B-God is playing very stable. He's staying at close to max range from which he can still last-hit. He also has STR PTs. Team PanDa... We can look at DK's two ward placements. A lane ward. On their team, it is mostly Zippo on support. Even when he plays ES, he'll play a full support one. At the moment, Zippo is playing a very nice ES. After this creepwave, Burning will have 800 gold on top of his Yasha. His four teammates are revolving around him nearby. Let's look at PanDa now. PanDa's CK has bottled another haste and added an Ogre Axe. He might be building BKB with this. Since I've been making a Dota Improvement Class video for CK recently I think making Manta after Janggo really does make teamfights a little difficult for you because after the disables are thrown on you and manage to hit the real you it will be awkward when you're not able to use your spells. That's why I think BKB after Janggo is quite good. Because Yaobai's Weaver wasn't able to stay in lane top with 830, his items aren't very good only having a Hood and PTs. PanDa's decision-making here is quite clear-cut. CK+Weaver push middle and AM+Furion push bottom. VS returns to base to scream slightly lowering the creeps' armor. Bottom tower has been succesfully taken. Middle tower... It looks like they don't want to trade. Even if they can take the tower, they're not willing to give up one of theirs. Already back are two hard disables. Mindgames from both sides are numerous. DK is thinking that they don't really want to push. They want to come back early for a chance to catch one of two on the retreat. They want to use SG's Dagger and an ES fissure to stay one of the heroes pushing middle. Then they could force a teamfight in middle lane, but PanDa must have guessed DK's intentions, so they intentionally left without trying to take the tower. This is quite some complicated reasoning. We see Hao's item acquisition pace gradually speeding up. Vanguard+Yasha+Vlad's. At this point, Sniper's farming ability is quite poor in comparison because he is highly reliant on teammates to cover him. He doesn't have any escape mechanisms. As Burning's teammates, they should try to appear as few times on the minimap as possible. Why do I feel that there seem to be two heroes missing? Eh? The minimap seems to be bugged. It seems I can only see three heroes on the minimap. Just a second, some problems have suddenly appeared. I don't think I missed any kills, so where did ES and SG go? Did they vanish into thin air? Oh I see. They Smoked up here. Sorry for the pause everyone, I didn't quite realize what was happening. ES and SG Smoked up as two. What kind of tactic is this? PanDa doesn't have a ward here. This is pretty interesting. Okay, they're back to normal. Let's continue watching. All in all during this period, neither side wants a teamfight too much. For DK, they don't have the resources needed to force a teamfight. They want to teamfight. If they tried to forcibly take a tower PanDa would respond by trading. If you push my Tier 2 tower, we'll push your Tier 2 and Tier 3. DK can't afford to trade, so they have to farm within their small area. As for PanDa, their rate of farm is several times greater than that of DK. However, DK has no choice—they can only wait for Sniper to get one more big item like Manta in which case they can use Aegis to seek a fight. By that time, Aegis might very well have expired. We noticed that old veteran Longdd chose his first item to be a Medallion. Even when he only had Gauntlets of Strength+Boots, he chose to build Medallion. This shows his understanding of the game. Here, DK is showing their trust of Sniper and proving that it truly is a 4-protect-1 strategy. Maybe they'll have some items up on xB and Yueru. The other heroes will revolve around Burning. Using Roshan timing, they are planning to use SG ulti+Medallion to supply Sniper with Aegis one after the other. Let's take a look at PanDa. In their vision, they're unable to see any of DK's supports. What a shame. Otherwise, they could very well come gank Sniper. This is also because hiding in the fog and baiting has become more and more severe. That's why ganks in mid- to late-game have grown more and more infrequent especially in large-scale tournaments. Both sides are very top caliber. Early-game is all about competing in inner strength. Once a fight begins, victory is decided in a few moves. We see Burning has 3100 gold. His team truly is playing around him. Either they hide in the fog or they stay near him. He has quite a lot of farm. SG must have gotten some farm. Okay, xB has 700 gold. This Ogre Axe should be his. Right, it is. Ogre Axe+700 gold, he's probably going for BKB. Let's see... This Manta should be Burning's. As for AA, let's look at his gold. AA has 900 gold on top of Force Staff+Ultimate Orb. Let's take a look at PanDa. PanDa's situation should be a bit easier to understand. Hao has Vanguard+Yasha+Vlad's as well as 2600 gold. PanDa truly is quickly making up their gold disadvantage. Even VS has two Bracers+Point Booster. Yaobai has 800 gold. He hasn't been farming much during this time. At this point, Weaver is caught a bit in between a rock and a hard place because a Weaver can only farm in lane and we don't know what position this Weaver has been allocated to play. Okay, we see SG's initiation has been very successful. At this point, Burning has Manta'd in the middle of several heroes relying on his teammates' disables. We see Weaver has DPS'd down ES. AM blinks away, but gets hit by assassinate! This was a bit lamentable. Maybe Hao didn't notice the buff on him. After he got targeted by assassinate and he still didn't attempt to retreat. He could have possibly escaped the range. We see Burning has realized how dire the situation has become after main disabler ES has died and Lion has used all his spells. A bug together with 830's ulti cleans up the Lion. Since Weaver didn't die, he can farm up some gold. However... Indeed, he completes Pipe. But Hao was killed. If he managed to live the outcome of that battle would be completely different. We see 830 immediately TP middle. It's fortunate Burning was able to use Janggo to barely escape. In the blink of an eye, the Janggo charges have all been used. Eh, VS swaps Sniper back. Don't underestimate him, VS. He has mana. This VS is going to get assassinated. Indeed she does. Speaking of other things... Okay, it's the veterans who are losing their cool. This double kill has been a timely help for Burning. Let's look at his gold, 1300. He bought a Helm of Iron Will. He didn't die in the last teamfight. The Aegis expired without being used. Some of you might question whether the Aegis should have been given to Sniper. If he didn't die at all, wouldn't it have been better to give it to someone else? I would say it was because Sniper had Aegis that the other team didn't choose to focus him right away. Here we see... They only sent illusions in to harass. Let me pause and analyze if this battle can be fought or not. This fight, PanDa has just completed Pipe. VS, AM, CK... CK has also just completed BKB. Pipe and BKB are quite crucial. Furion has also just respawned and has full HP/mana. Roshan is about to fall. Who will win this fight? The result is highly important. Looking at the positioning, I'd say it depends whether or not CK can use BKB to kill the Lion. As for stealing the Aegis, it's quite difficult. I think AM is attempting to do exactly that. Let's see what happens. Let's turn off fog of war for this fight. Lion is about to— Gets a Mek. This fissure was very nice. This fissure made it so that AM was completely without support after blinking in ending in a 1-for-1 trade AM for Lion. Burning kills AM. That division of the battlefield was really— This match, I can't help but mention Zippo. This teamfight actually ended in a teamwipe for PanDa. Burning with a triple kill. That fight, my computer was a bit awkward. However, we can see where this match is heading. That teamfight, the most spectacular probably wasn't Burning's triple kill but Zippo's fissure, because that fissure divided this from this which resulted in Weaver, CK and VS not being able to charge up. This way, the Aegis-less Sniper had the perfect spot to DPS from. There was also an AM who blinked in and was hacking away at Lion. Longdd's Lion revealed a weakness, but with the help of AA's Mek and his own movement as well as SG and ES's strong disables, he was able to guarantee his own safety. With protection from the ES fissure, his escape foreshadowed the result of the teamfight. This influenced the direction of the match, because before the fight Burning's finances weren't exceptional, but now the triple kill along with being able to farm top lan he has 3000 gold in savings. Furthermore, Hao died again. If I recall correctly, Hao died in the past two teamfights. As the b/p person on PanDa, I think Hao should ban ES when playing against DK. Otherwise, I don't think you can allay your worries. CK has managed to pull back AA. Let's see where this is going. CK turns on BKB wanting to dive for AA but AA is quite tanky. Even after he uses Force Staff, he gets caught by CK. After killing AA I think they'll retreat, because the big guns have now arrived. I think that was a win for them. SG with blink+crush, ES fissures and Lion links up with a hex. Wow, they have too many disables. Burning takes the opportunity to last-hit the hero. Let's look at Burning's gold. 4100 gold. He has farmed another 1000 gold and has an Aegis. During this time, I think PanDa has been playing less than ideally. The biggest reason is probably AM's item choice because I think this match Hao is betraying some inexperience due to his young age. I think his Manta was a mistake. If he went Manta and— Zippo has been a bit early in celebrating victory and has underestimated the opponent's gank potential During this time, Mu's performance has still been exceptional. He successfully dove for AA and ganked ES with 830 thereby bringing the match a little less to their disadvantage. However, what cannot be changed is Burning's finances. He already has Eaglehorn+1500 gold. A little bit more until Bfly. With Bfly, he'll outclass everyone else. I didn't finish what I was saying about Hao's item choice. Looking back with the advantage of being an objective spectator and as an ex-pro player, I think AM should have went BKB instead. Yasha, I think he could've built and Vlad's too, but BKB is a must. Manta is optional, because it won't do much even if you get it. What's more important is BKB to get in Sniper's face. This is extremely important. CK realized he had to get BKB, so that's normal. Weaver's Pipe is also a bit unnecessary. We see Hao kill AA again. As this match heats up, I feel DK slightly losing their full attention. PanDa has gathered for a violent push. We see that with the addition of Smoke, a game of Dota can change in an instant. ES places a sentry ward. It's possible this push cannot be stopped even by Aegis+Eaglehorn Sniper. SG is very tanky. Sniper's DPS is also pretty good. The angle of the ES fissure is also pretty good. Is there a hotkey for pausing the replay? I don't want to have to click it with my mouse during key moments. Let's watch this fight. VS swaps— Wait, there's an amazing piece of micro here. VS swaps ES out, but just as she did ES blinks into CK and used his 3-spell combo. SG is waiting in the back to join the battle. Sniper is in perfect position to DPS. At the same time, 830 has completed Guinsoo's and VS can probably provide a disable. AM and Weaver are searching for an opportunity to join. I think in this battle, the chance of DK winning is greater because in my view, the only one with killing power CK has been killed and AM+Weaver don't have sufficient DPS in the face of hard disables to pose a threat. Let's not even talk about Furion. He only has a hex. His physical DPS is greatly limited since he has Boots instead of PTs. I think even with VS's DPS, the chance of PanDa winning this fight is quite small. Let's watch. SG immediately ultis. VS falls immediately. Burning becomes godlike. SG's stun+ulti helps Burning complete a triple kill. This way, he has 2900 gold saved up and can get Bfly. During this time, I think PanDa has been playing in a confused state. Key mistakes in decision-making include AM and Weaver not having BKBs. I think strategically, PanDa's lane push strategy is pretty good. Facing 4-protect-1, getting BKBs to storm the front is a very good choice. For example, AM and Weaver completing BKBs near the same time. Together with CK's BKB, they can do a the BKB storming of the front. Furion can push the lane. This way, PanDa's chance of winning would have been high but after these two teamfights... He sent the wrong item, Slippers of Agility. I think in a fit of anger, Burning will destroy the item for wasting his time. PanDa realized they can't win a head-on teamfight so they immediately switch into lane push mode. Mek and Manta are used. They will probably take barracks in this lane. Evidently, the Slippers of Agility are on the ground and haven't been sent back. Burning didn't choose to destroy them. This match until now, I think DK has a small advantage. Now AM has realized he needs a BKB but to build it now might take too long. PanDa's heroes have all respawned, but DK still wants to force a fight. PanDa will definitely defend. Actually, they didn't choose to defend. SG has BKB for this fight. VS and CK want to kill the ES. Weaver dies in the exchange. VS swaps CK out. CK also dies from heavy wounds. This gun turret-like Sniper with Bfly+Aegis prevents PanDa's multiple carries from approaching. Weaver gets harassed away too. Only SG and Lion. I think they chose to buy back. Since there are no observers, I can't tell if he bought back or not. ES was for sure killed by the BKB'd CK which counters him pretty hard. Here, the regen'd— Lion is supporting the retreat. Longdd's Lion has done its job supporting the retreat. Hex+impale takes out 830 and Yaobai. With only two disablers, the Bfly Sniper's DPS is quite noticeable. Speaking as a spectator, I think it's a bit regretful for the PanDa side because during early-game, Sniper's farm was very slow. At 25min, he didn't even have a Manta. He might've only had Janggo+Yasha+PTs. At this time, the three carries AM, CK and Weaver all had an item lead over Sniper—AM, especially. If the carry hero AM had chosen a storm the front build then during the period around 30min, he could have put much pressure on Sniper in teamfights making him unable to provide DPS. This match would have turned out differently. However if AM makes BKB now, I think they can at least put up a fight. We see VS is pretty fat. We can compare the supports. VS already has Ghost Scepter while Lion who has won many teamfights and even taken barracks he only has two Bracers+Medallion. Yet VS two Bracers+Ghost Scepter+Point Booster. This means that even though DK has a tower advantage, PanDa's supports are richer. Weaver has 1112 gold. This match, Yaobai's Weaver was a bit lacking because to my understanding, Yaobai's mastery of this hero is quite exceptional. Maybe he wasn't comfortable with the position assigned to him this game. I don't know what position they gave him. Usually he's played in position 1 or 2, but here he's being played in position 4. 830's Furion is probably position 3, because he's been allocated more resources. As this match unfolds, I feel— ES has Dagger now. If it's like this, PanDa can't fight teamfights anymore. The item choices of AM and Weaver were a little off. Both sides are turning down the tempo a bit. DK is an experienced offline team with two veterans Longdd and Burning. Furthermore, their new players seem quite energetic. Brother Bao (Zippo) is another veteran player. Maybe not as old as Longdd, but he's another experienced old-timer with a lot of experience playing in offline tournaments. Again with Aegis. He can sell Janggo now. 5100 gold in savings. In the short 15min timespan from 25min to 40min, he farmed up a Bfly, HotD and is probably getting Satanic. Crow returns to base. He's probably getting Satanic but probably wants it delivered with the Janggo recipe. Let's see. Satanic recipe+Janggo recipe and he can sell the Janggo later because he probably wants a slot for TP. Satanic. Here, xB's BKB timing was just on, right as— Hao has completed BKB but the opponent already has Satanic+Bfly. Even though you have BKB... The opponent also has an Aegis protecting them. That's why Sniper hasn't gotten BKB. Why doesn't Sniper need to get BKB? Because his DPS environment is very good. He has quite a few disablers like Lion, ES, SG, AA—they're all strong disablers, especially AA after getting Guinsoo's. During this period, AA has been stormed by CK quite a few times, so he's gotten a Ghost Scepter. Guinsoo's will have to wait. As for Hao's side, I'd say it's their inexperience. There was nothing wrong with their strategy this match. I think a lane push strategy is perfectly fine. One thing that's a bit regretful is Weaver's Pipe build which is more suitable for a push strategy. For a multiple semi-carry lane push strategy, a Pipe doesn't serve much use. Choosing BKB to storm the front might be better. Suppose Weaver and AM both got BKBs and got in Sniper's face I think they would have had a chance. Let's see PanDa's gank attempt. Furion's hex. They successfully pick of xB. Let's look at SG's savings. I'll switch to xB's perspective. There's a chance he doesn't have gold to buy back. I think the chance is quite high. Oh, he has 2500 gold. My mistake. My prediction of his gold was off. I think the longer this match goes, the chance of PanDa winning will continue to diminish. Burning has Satanic+Janggo+Manta+Bfly. After he sells Janggo... If he sells it now, he won't much for it, so he's just using it for stats. I calculated it just now. Half of 1700 is around 800. They want to kill Burning! DK's players are coming to help. Burning immediately turns on Satanic to fight, but VS stuns him. Lion has already arrived. PanDa could probably have fought a bit here, because the support was slow in arriving and SG had not respawned yet. However, it's possible SG would have bought back if the fight dragged on. xB's SG didn't choose to buy back seeking to improve his items. With an item like AC, he can maximize their minus armor from his ulti and from Medallion. This would maximize Sniper's DPS and AM with any item would be like paper. You get the sense the later the game goes, the more stable DK plays. "push top and mid" "support will fast" "get out as soon as you clear it" DK is slowly catching on to PanDa's ganks. CK together with Furion's hex initiation. The surprise factor is quite good. That's why DK is clumped up. Did you notice? Even though DK is leading by some amount they don't have an advantage in managin creepwave position because the pushing potential of their heroes isn't very good. However, their teamfight potential is quite good. It's only to say that if they wanted to push top lane as five they'd probably lose control of middle and bottom lanes. Bottom barracks would be hard to protect. Furion has completed Agha and gone to top lane to push. DK feels the side-lanes are being pushed quite slowly so they're still considering pushing middle lane. Sniper uses Manta. A bit laggy, but if it lags now it probably won't lag during the teamfight. They destroy the barracks. Furion is pushing as hard as he can. They're preparing to switch from middle to top. PanDa activates the glyph. They won't let top fall without a fight, will they? Let's watch the effectiveness of AM with BKB. The Smoked CK has been noticed! Sniper has been swapped! Manta+BKB AM and CK have ended Sniper's beyond godlike streak. This is the right way to play—BKB to storm the front. This fight is a victory to PanDa. We saw them kill Longdd, Burning and Super. Aside from ES and SG, all heroes died. Looks like ES will die too. No problem, normal attack takes care of him. This was 4-for-0 fight for PanDa. I can't help but say they got BKB late. That teamfight was pretty dangerous for DK, because of Furion's Agha— And Longdd's courier even got killed. This match becomes even more tense. Due to AM's BKB, CK's nice combo and VS's swap, they killed Burning. Without Burning, the rest of the team was at a loss for what to do. At this moment, Burning's buy back was on cooldown so this is the most important moment! Blink+stun catches three heroes. xB's stun was too spectacular. This fight following xB's blink+stun and AA's long-range ulti support... What can I say about this fight? Furion gets killed too. Because I was getting into this match, I didn't notice who on DK bought back. Sniper definitely bought back—I know that. SG didn't die—I know that too. Let's see SG's gold. rOtK has has 1100 gold and a Hyperstone. I think the crow got killed and there was something on it. Oh right, the crow was killed by Sentinel. Burning sells his TP for a Demon Edge. He wants to boost his DPS probably feeling he's less than capable in front of CK with AC. Weaver adds a Vitality Booster bringing his HP to 1700. I want to emphasize my point once more. That is, that Weaver chose the wrong items. Yaobai, your items Pipe+Janggo+Vitality Booster don't do a whole lot. The price of Hood is quite high, 4000 gold. He could very well have gotten a BKB. His teammates' need for a Pipe wasn't as great as he imagined. DK is also feeling pretty weak, because they lost their crow. I don't know if SG lost any items. Let's look at AA's gold. Only 1300 gold. ES only has 150 gold. I get the sense that on DK, there were quite a few buybacks. It's good that xB shined in the most critical moment with his blink+stun. During Burning's buyback cooldown, PanDa weren't able to grab the one opportunity fate had blessed them with. It comes down to experience. Really PanDa didn't have to worry about pushing bottom lane until AM and CK's BKB cooldowns were up. Then they could have used VS swap to kill Burning once more. Since Burning can't buyback again, PanDa would have won. It's also to say looking back on something can help you realize— PanDa wants to claim Roshan. Such an act is very dangerous. I can only reiterate how dangerous something like that is. Burning is TP'ing in too. It seems like he's bought something. Oh, he has a completed MKB. SG has also bought AC and is waiting for it to be delivered.. Lag is getting a bit annoying. Is there a hotkey for the pause button? Let's see... Okay, there is a hotkey. If it gets laggy, I'll just pause. Let's take a look at this fight. PanDa felt they can't take a teamfight, so they've backed off. SG wants to initiate! With his teammates following up. CK! BKB+Manta. Does he want to fight? With an impale, Sniper is falling back. AM didn't choose to join CK in focusing down Sniper this time. That's why CK's pull back wasn't as effective as last time. Furion didn't join the teamfight. AM didn't choose to BKB and blink in. We haven't found Weaver yet. It feels PanDa's fights contesting Roshan has been a series of failures. This year... Here, he uses BKB to kill Lion. However, killing Lion is pointless by now and your own position is quite dangerous. Here, Burning has sold Janggo and added an MKB+Aegis. Okay, it seems I can pause when it lags. I'll remember that the next time it start lagging during a teamfight. How should I put it? I feel if PanDa continues playing like this, they've already lost because their only chance at winning is to kill off the "1" in the 4-protect-1 and their best chance was the fight on the high ground here. They had just fought the nicest teamfight of this match in a 4-for-0. VS swap with BKB'd AM and CK killing Sniper to create such an opportunity. However, continuing on from that point, it feels PanDa hasn't been able to find their direction especially with this set of items on Burning—4 big items, Aegis and this much gold saved up. I get the sense that it will be hard for PanDa to find a hole again because a 4-protect-1 after the "1" has legendary items is at its strongest. Furthermore, Sniper gets protection from his two bodyguards, AA and SG. They're like his left shoulder and his right arm. In addition, there's two supports who are the strongest of this version. Dagger ES and two Bracer+Medallion Lion are the best disablers of this version. As this goes on, it gets worse for PanDa. Even if AM— Let's take a look at Hao's situation. He has BKB, Manta, Bfly. It seems Hao has also added a Bfly. Let's take a look at this fight. I think I pressed the wrong button just now. The context of this battle is once again non-obvious. VS, CK and Weaver have encountered Sniper while AM and— Okay, the situation is like this: AM is at top, Furion is at bottom and three heroes are trying to kill Sniper. AM is posing the most threat to DK, so they're first trying to chase him away. But over here! Satanic Sniper regens his HP in an instant. As for ES's blink+ulti. The three heroes in middle have been dealt with. Through his efforts, AM has destroyed top lane. VS has turned on Ghost Scepter. Weaver can't stand against the DPS. In exchange for CK, they manage to take one lane. Facing legendary item Sniper, it seems like they're battling an immovable force. However, PanDa's AM's acquisition of Bfly lets him bring down barracks quickly. Here, we see Yueru type out "base", because he realized that continuing to screw around with the opponent... Okay, we notice the biggest change in DK. Burning has switched to BoTs. The match is about to enter its most crucial phase. Hao has also switched to BoTs. He's trying to sell his PTs wasting a bit of time. Here, DK is pushing middle with four heroes while Sniper solo pushes top with BoTs+Aegis. If right now PanDa— Oh, VS has only just respawned. Weaver is out of mana. Let's see his gold, 1400. AM can't fight Sniper head-on. His teammates are waiting to be respawned. It seems they're unable to prevent DK's plan of throning with one push. AM appears to have realized this and immediately TPs bottom to push. In such a situation— Let's watch the teamfight. SG has a bug on him, so he can't blink on Furion. This fight is very important to PanDa. If they can't defend, they'll have to GG. DK's plan is quite obvious—they just want to destroy the base. 830 has already— Let's analyze this carefully. AM's armor has been severely reduced. Even though he has BKB and 300 attack in the face of four legendary item+Aegis Sniper together with minus armor, he is very squishy. Furthermore, there's ES, Lion, AA's disables. Right now, Yaobai's Weaver is essentially playing a support role. VS and CK are two key disablers. 830 doesn't even consider returning home to defend. Let's calmly watch how this develops. CK wants to kill— He kills the Lion in an instant. However, BKB's CK— CK pulls ES back, crits for 1100. At this moment, SG blink+stuns. Sniper has found the real CK. Just now, Burning right clicked down AM+VS. Then he proceeded to click down CK+Weaver. Burning gets another triple kill. 830's Manta Furion didn't join the teamfight. DK is going for the throne. In this fight, CK brought down two heroes—Lion and CK— but his DPS wasn't sufficient to threaten Sniper, AA and SG. 830 chose not to defend and went for megacreeps but the match has ended. Congratulations to DK on successfully getting their Sniper farmed and taking the match. As an objective observer, let me comment on this match. For me, the bright parts of this match were... On DK's side, ES was quite amazing. Burning played very stable during the mid-game. Of course their whole team was relying on him as their carry. They took Sniper with their last pick and were able to use 4-protect-1 to defeat a lane push strategy. The game of Dota is like this: Neither side is completely dominant. You can say one team is the winner as determined on a match-by-match basis. As I see it, both sides are powerful teams. However since PanDa made some severe mistakes like Weaver's item choice which "totally" failed. It's hard for me to believe Yaobai's Weaver can play so poorly because I have a high standard for his Weaver. But in this match, his Weaver failed completely from laning phase to his purpose in mid-game. I can't help but mention this year's rookie Mu who played an amazing CK. He was quite exceptional, but couldn't do anything about AM's way-too-late BKB and Weaver's ineffectiveness. Furthermore, 830's rationale wasn't unified with the rest of the team. Just when everyone decided to try for one last attempt, he decided to— Actually I think 830's way of playing wasn't a very good one. Later on, Yaobai and 830 didn't play their heroes very well. 830 had 3700 gold saved up. He could've totally died and bought back. That fight, he had Manta+Agha+Guinsoo's+Force Staff. With those and a buyback I think there was a chance to bring down the Sniper with Aegis. If they really let Sniper have free rein and focused down the four supports bought back and fought another round to bring down Sniper I think they would have had a chance. I guess it's also that the legendary item Sniper with Aegis had too much DPS. Congratulations to DK on taking this year's final championship. I suppose it's also Farseer's (manager of DK) excellent way of motivating them and the players' excellent individual abilities. The most important thing is having a unified team. I'd also like to offer congratulations to PanDa for being able to show us their unique way of playing Dota at the end of the year. I'm also thankful to all my supporters. I'd like to draw attention to the clips at the beginning and the URL link. It's XM.CD—one of our sponsors. Only with financial support can we keep improving on our VODs. I hope you guys come support the new design of the website on the 15th. If during the Winter Break you haven't tried the hottest new game, you should give it a try. This episode ends here. Let's meet again in the next episode. Goodbye! Welcome to the Agilent video for Digital RF Communications Courseware for educators. This is a complete out-of-box solution focused on the area of Digital RF Communications. This courseware was designed to enhance knowledge in the following areas Digital Communication Fundamentals Digital Modulation Techniques Digital Modulation RF transceiver analysis Transceiver architectures Usage of baseband generation software tools and Usage of measuring instruments This is an integrated curriculum with a complete set of instruments, the training kits, teaching slides and lab experiments This course is targeted for the following engineering courses Digital Modulation Techniques Digital Communications and RF Communications It covers the following topics from the Principles of Communication to Pulse Transmission & Digital Modulation Techniques all the way to Troubleshooting Digital Communication RF Transceiver Let's show a demonstration of the setup This is a lab exercise with the following equipment First there's a Digital RF Communications Training Kit Two Agilent 33220A function /arbitrary waveform generators An Agilent DSO6000 series oscilloscope and a PC loaded with Agilent IQG software and 89600 VSA software. The demo lab implements a typical digital IQ modulation scheme by using two function generators. The outputs of the function generators are connected to an external IQ mixer, which is located on the training kit. The RF output of the IQ mixer is captured by the Agilent DSO6000 series oscilloscope. Finally, the error vector magnitude (EVM) of the IQ signal is measured by the 89600 series VSA software. and all of this is controlled through the automated IQ Signal generation software on the computer. So first, let me show you the set up at the IQ Signal generation software. All of the choices are in the menu structure. so you have control over the signal that you want to output. In this example we are going to have the following setup. We'll set of "Data Pattern" at the PRBS 6 "Modulation Format" at QPSK A raised cosine "Baseband Filter" with a "Roll-off" of 0.5 we will have no "Impairments" A "Symbol Rate" of 1M We choose the "Output Signals" as I and Q We'll set the "Function Generator Output"and we'll set the "Signal Generator" off. so upon completion these waveform parameters will be displayed and this you'll see is the IQ waveforms in constellation format that will be output. Take note that this software downloads settings into the function generators. If you want to change any of these settings you simply go back to the waveform settings change one factor, and then download them again into the function generator. So now that the equipment is set up for the output let's look that the RF signal coming out of the kit. It's a very simple setup with the oscilloscope and the VSA software. What you see on this screen is a simple 2 x 2 display that shows the complete EVM diagram of the QPSK signal. Now again this is a very simple demonstration but you could do this with other signals that are already built into the software. This demonstration was to show you how easy it is to use Agilent instruments to generate and analyze Digital IQ signals. This courseware introduces the powerful features in lab exercises to your students. You can show various digital modulation scheme such as BPSK, QPSK, 8PSK, 16QAM, and GSM. and together this is a complete solution for your students and for the professors. For more information we recommend that you visit Agilent Educator's Corner website. This is intended to be the resource site for teachers, students and researchers. You will find many teaching labs, instrument resources and educator promotions in Educator's Corner. Agilent education product offerings aim to help enhance your higher education curriculum and research capability visit us at www.agilent.com/find/edu . Hi, I'm Richard McKenzie. We are now in a position to develop with care, one of those abstract mod-, models of markets. In this case, competitive markets, that can be used in a variety of ways. Actually, numerous ways, to gain, insight. this model of, supply and demand is, is shown on my document camera. It brings together the two sides of the mar-, of the market. Supply, the producer side, and demand, the consumer side. This model of supply and demand will allow us to explain how prices are determined in competitive markets. And, it will also allow us to, to explore the consequences of changes in supply, and demand. As well as changes in government policies. We want a theory of price determination, because prices affect what people buy. Prices coordinate the use of resources, including valuable information on a global scale. And prices of variables firms can use to manage their sales We will also show that firm's pricing strategies are key to firm's profitability, and to their survival. Now, in order to develop the supply and demand, we must, take it apart. That is, deal with each curve, separately. albeit briefly, at this point. I have here, on my, my document camera, the demand curve. Which reflects the law of demand. That says, in effect, that if the price is at a high level, there's going to be some quantity bought. call that quantity bought, q1. And if the price is lowered, the price, the quantity demanded, is going, to, be increased. Now, we say that the quantity will go up if the price goes down, assuming everything else, her, held, is held constant. Now, price is, by no means, the only variable that affects demand. And here, I have a, an incomplete list of, of the various forces. First off, the number, variety, and closeness of substitute goods will affect, the quantity purchased by any one individual. The price of the good, itself, will affect the quantity, demanded. The prices of other goods, of course, will affect, the quantity of any particular good, being demanded. And this depends upon whether or not the pr-, goods are substitutes, or complements. That is, whether or not they are used in place of one another, or complement one another. the quantity bulk today of any good is also a function of the, expected, prices, in the future. The quantity can also be a function of the, current income And, for that matter, of expected, future income. It can also be a function of future shortages of a good. If people think there's going to be a, a, shortage of gasoline in the future. You can expect that they will, stock up, today. The quantity to the good consumed will also be a function of the count of buyers. The more buyers you have, the more of the good, you're likely, to have purchased. The tastes of consumers, of course, is by definition, a cause for the quantity, demanded. Weather, in some goods, will affect the demand. The culture can also affect the demand for various goods. Especially those that have religious overtone. And the list could go on and on. At this point, I want to talk about changes in both supply and demand. Although I will start, with the demand. An increase in demand is any outward rightward shift, in the demand. That is, if, if the demand curve goes from d1 to d2, then you have an increase, in the demand. An increase in the demand means that, at any given price, you're going to find a larger quantity being purchased. At a price of p1, q2 is going to be bought now, instead of q1. It also means that, at any given quantity, consumers are willing to pay a, a higher price. For quantity q2, consumers, at one time, were willing to pay only p2. But now, with an increase in demand. they're willing to pay a price, p, one. A decrease, in demand, is any downward or leftward shift, in the demand. That is, if the curve shifts from d1 to d3. you have a, decrease, in, in the demand. And a decrease in demand means that, at any given price, the quantity that consumers are willing to buy, goes down. At price p2, consumers were once willing, to buy q2 units of the good. Now they're only willing to buy a quantity, q q1. This increase in demand can be caused by, say, an increase in the count of, of consumers. It can also be, caused by an increase in this price of a substitute good. If a and b are substitutes, and the price of b goes up, then consumers will switch to a. The demand will go up. The demand. curve can go down. Because, for example, the price of a complement good, has gone up. If the price of a complement good goes up, then people will want to buy less of the other complement. Suppose a and b are complements. And the price of, of b, goes up. That means people will want to buy fewer of a. compliment goods. This could be cd's, and, cd, players. the in-, income can also cause an, a change in demand But income is, as we have explained in the previous lecture, somewhat un-, uncertain. For some goods, if you're talking about the demand for meat, an increase in, in income can cause the demand curve to move up. however, if you're talking about the demand for beans. An increase in the income of consumers of beans could cause the demand curve, to go down. Now, the other half of the supply and demand curve model is the, supply curve. And we have drawn it upward sloping. And I won't give you a complete explanation today as to why it is upward sloping. But basically, what it says is that, at a price of p1, producers are willing to offer a q1, on the market. At a higher price, p2, they're willing, to offer an even, greater quantity. Price and quantity are positive related. You raise the price and you increase the quantity, that producers are willing to offer on, on the market. Now, it may be intuitively plausible that the supply curve is, is upward sloping. After all, if you get a higher price, it might be, more profitable to do so. And also, it may be that the, cost of production goes up as you expand, the quantity. But you must also recognize that, when you expand quantity from q1 to q2 your cost may go up, but your revenues also go up. Why is it that producers must have a higher price in order to expand, production? The simple answer is, that producers are willing to provide q1. Because up through q1, the marginal cost of production. That is, the additional cost of producing additional units, is, is rising. The price of each of these units is greater than the marginal cost of production. as a result, there is a profit to be made on all of these units. The price is greater than their individual, marginal cost. Well, underlying the upward sloping, supply curve is a presumption that the marginal cost curve is going to continue, to rise. So before a producer is willing to offer this next unit. that producer must have a higher price. And the same is true for each of these. Now, you raise the price to p2. And the price here not only covers the marginal cost of production of all of these units. But the. price also more than covers the marginal cost of each of these units, up to the point of q, of q2. So, you've, you've implied, in the upward sloping supply curve. Is an, an assumption of increasing marginal, cost. And that is intuitively plausible. Because if you're setting out to produce, more goods, you might use your more productive resources, to begin with. And as you expand production, you're going to have to move into less an less, productive resources. Which means your marginal cost, goes up. Consider yourself the owner of a card shop If you're going to, add, more teddy bears to your, card shop. which item in the store are you going to give up, first? Well, you're probably going to give up your least profitable. Or more, most costly, line of cards. Well, if you want to expand your, your, holdings of Teddy bears even more. You're going to have to give up, some line of cards that's even more profitable. Expand Teddy bears more, you're going to give up an even more profitable, line of, of, of products. And as you expand the, spread of. of Teddy Bears. the, the cost of what you are giving up is, is, going up. Because the profitability of these alternative activities is on the rise. Now, in the case of the, supply curve, is the price quanti ty, relationship. And it, too, can be caused. Can, can shift. The supply curve can shift out to the, right. in which case, you would have an increase, in, in supply. An increase in supply means. that producers are willing to offer a larger quantity for any given, price. At a price of p2, producers were once willing to offer, a quantity of, of q2. but now, they're willing to offer a much larger, quantity. An increase in supply also means that, at any given quantity, call it q2. producers are willing to accept a lower price. They once had to have a price of, of p2 to provide q2. Now, they're willing to accept a much lower price. Say, a price Of p3. An increase, a shift in the curve in the other direction is, of course, a decrease, in supply. That is, a shift from, s1 to s2, would be known as a, decrease. And you gotta be careful about, about this decrease in, in supply curve, Because you see it shifting up. And you might, therefore, interpret this shift in the curve as an, increase in supply. And, and, and if you used increase in supply, you would be communicating a rightward shift in the curve. We call this a decrease in supply for two reasons. At any given price, say, p2. The quantity that producers are willing to offer on the market, decreases. And in this case, from q2 to q, four. It also is considered an increase in, a decrease in supply. Because, at any given quantity, say q2 Producers must, charge a higher, price. Say, p, four. Now, as in the case of, of demand. the quantity producers are willing to offer can, be affected by a number of, of forces. On my document camera, I have identified, several. But this is an incomplete lift. For example, the quantity supplied on the market can be a function of the number of producers, of course. The greater the number of producers, the greater the availability of the product. the relative profitability of the good. If this good is more profitable, then you're going to have more producers in the market, and a greater availability of the product. The, desirability of, of product ion. Can, in fact, affect, the position or the supply curve. that is, if people, think that working for high tech companies is cool. then high tech companies can hire workers at a, at lower prices. And they can increase, their supply. A freedom of market entry, can affect. the supply. Because the more free and open the market is, the more producers can move into the market. Economies of specialization, economies of scale, can affect the supply curve. As we will explain in some detail, later, in the course. the cost of, of, resources, can, in fact, affect, the, supply curve. the productivity of resources can affect the supply curve. the taxes that are imposed on producers can affect, the supply curve. And for some products, the weather. And again culture can affect, the supply curve. And of course, I could extend the list on and on. We are now in a position, to bring both supply and demand, together in, in one graph. In the graph that I showed you, at the start of the lecture. And then discuss how, price and quantity are determined, with the forces of supply and demand. And i must tell you that I am talking here about a, competitive, market. Again, consider the supply and demand curves, given. Let's suppose that the price is at p2. If it as, is at p2, the quantity demanded is going to be equal, to, q2 The quantity supplying is going to be equal to q3 We have a quantity supplied that is far greater than the quantity demanded. We have what is referred to. as a surplus. It is really a market surplus. And this market surplus is going to set up, forces, that will push the price down, to this intersection. And let me explain that the price is p2. There are sellers out there willing to offer q2 of the product. Many of these sellers have marginal costs that are lower than the price. They want to sell the good. They're not, selling, as many units as they wish. And their costs of production are less than the price. these producers will have an incentive, to lower their, their price. And when they lower their price, then the quantity demanded is going to, increase. Because there are consumers out here who will only buy q2 when the price is p2. But when the price goes down, the consumers are. willing to, buy these units that have relatively, lower, values. Well, if we were to stop here. If the price decreased, we'd stop at, at p3. We'd have the same problem as we had originally. That is, the quantity demanded would be, q4. The quantity supplied, would be q, q5. The result is that you'd still have a market, surplus, there. And you'd still have incentives for, firms. to lower the price in order to entice buyers, into the market. I can also show you how, if the price is below, the intersection of supply and demand. There will be forces set up, to, push the price, up. I'm going to use another graph. Because my other graph became rather messy, with the, price above the, intersection price. Let's suppose that you have a price here. p2, below, p1. The quantity supplied in the market is going to be q2. Now, the reason is that producers will find that their marginal cost is less than the price. And they're willing to offer up to that quantity. They're not willing to offer, q1 plus one unit. Because the marginal cost is above, above the price. add p2. Consumers are willing to buy, quantity q, three. And, they're willing to buy quantity q3, because the price is here And the value of all of these units, as indicated by the demand curve, is greater, than the price that they have to pay. And so they, they have an int-, interest in wanting as many as, q3 Quantity q3 is demanded. Quantity q2, is, being supplied. You have, in this market, a shortage. In this case, a market shortage. and, of course, this means that there are consumers who want the good. Who are willing to pay higher prices, for the good. But who are unable, to, get the good. You can imagine that consumers would start bidding the price up And as the price goes up, pure consumers would want that good. As the price goes up, however, more producers would be willing, to offer the goods. Now, I k now there are many markets in which consumers don't actually get into a bidding, uh,. war. But it's, but producers can solve the problem for them. Producers see a shortage. they know that demand curves are downward sloping. That consumers are willing to pay a higher, higher price than p2. And they can push the price up. And in pushing the price up. they can cover their greater, marginal cost. As, as they offer more on the market at a higher price, the consumers cut back, on their consumption. So what I have shown you here is that, if the price is below, this intersection price. Or what we call the equilibrium price there's going to be a, a shortage in the market. And there's going to be a force to push that price, up, toward the equilibrium or intersection, price. If the price is above that intersection. you're going to have a surplus, in the market. And that's going to be a force for pushing, the price, down. We can now use the intersection of supply and demand as a, reference point. We know that there are pressures from above and below. to get the price in competitive markets, toward that intersection, price. With that reference point, we can begin to consider, changes in supply and demand. And thereby, changes in equilibrium price, and quantity. for example, suppose that the demand for the good, increases, from d1, to d2. what's going to happen in the market? Well, we can, conclude, that, If the price remains at p1, the quantity that's going to be offered in the market is going to be q1 But notice, now, with the greater demand. The quantity that consumers want expands to q2. We have, a shortage, in the market. And with that shortage in the market, we're going to have, pressure on the price, to move up. And as the pressure on the price to move up, as price goes up. The quantity demanded is going to, go down. The quantity supplied goes up. As a result, we're going to find that, in this market, the price is going to go up from p1, to p2. The quantity offered on the market, goes from q1 to q3. So, when the demand for the good goes up. the price goes up. And the quantity goes up. Or more precisely, the equilibrium price goes up, and the equilibrium, quantity, goes up. we are now in a position to consider a, a decrease in demand. And you should expect pretty much the opposite, results. Consider, this new, graph. I drop the demand from d1 to d2. When the demand goes from d1 to d2. If the price stays at, at p1, the quantity offered by producers is going to be q1. But now, the quantity demanded by consumers is going to be, q2 With, with this chan-, with these changes, there's going to be a surplus, in the market. And as, as with all surpluses, a force will be, forces will be set in motion to lower the price. Because the price is now greater than the marginal cost of production. Some of these producers are not selling as many units as they wish. And as a consequence, you can imagine producers are going to, lower their price. As they lower their price, they're going to cut back on the quantity, that they're going to produce. Because the lower price is now going to be above, the marginal. The higher marginal costs of production of these, units. As the price goes down, the quantity demanded, goes up. The end result is that the market will settle at this new intersection. Or at a price of p2, and at a quantity, p3. the point of the matter is, demand goes down. The quantity, the equlibrium quantity goes down. And the equilibrium, price, goes down. Can we try it again, please? Okay, Johnny. Now, forget all about what they're teaching you in college. Just describe what you see. Now, go! This is Johnny Peters reporting to you from the fire scene. K.R.G.A. is watching the first of the firefighters arrive at this peaceful picnic area which is going to be the, uh, control center for the fire area. Cardinez! Go to the truck and get some shovels. żComprendez? Walker? Get some shovels out of the truck. You go with him. ( suspenseful theme playing ) Grab that end? ( speaking Spanish ) Paco. Where is Paco? Paco-- Paco Alvarez! CARDlNEZ: Paco! Let me give you a hand. Paco. Maria... Splash... Splash... Episode 1: The Song For Summer Splash! Splash... TAlYO! The sounds of waves... FANTASTlC! Since when you were here!? You're the summer guy! Why did you show up like this? Don't be embarrassed! I did feel the summer heat from you!!! What the ... I thought you've been busy lately. How did you take the summer vacation? I've been busy with my part time job too. What? Other than full time job? Yeah.... Just for surfing? Kind of... You're ready and willing already! Did you get your own board? Haven't you noticed it yet!? I never thought you were gonna get your own. Masa-Sonic is held only once a year. Can't miss it! Don't take it too serious. It's just a trip to the beach. But it's definitely summer event. Masa hasn't shown up recently anyway. Masa started this event, so that's fine! Masa only joined first 3 year. And he crashed his car after that. Let's change the name of this event. No! That car accident is one of the Masa-Sonic too. Barley tea? Feels like summer! So it's been like 10 years since Masa-Sonic had started. Kaoru is coming, right? I'm not sure. What!? You said he would! I thought he would. What!? Haven't you promised him? I just told him in front of his home. Didn't he let you in? Nope. So nothing has changed! But he said he'll come through the door. No he won't! No one wants to come after that accident! It wasn't a big problem. Do you really think he come!? Taiyo! You're so wet! You're so wet as ever! What do you mean? I know you came here to feel the summer! Stop...! I knew it. Surfin' magazine, huh? It's just.... I also started surfing too! See!? My own board! Don't talk to me as if you're a teacher or a priest. I haven't used this yet actually. See, you amateur! Before going to the beach- -how about starting with air-surfing!? Air- surfing? Only the beginners might do it. All magazines say that you need a imagination at first. Let's get on the wave in the room! Waves in the room? Not bad. Just surf with looking at the beach. I've been surfing longer than you though. I've been air-surfing longer than you! OK, OK. Feel it! Heat, Humidity, Sands, Salty scent, Blue sky- -Thunder clouds, Sea, Surf festa, Paddling out! All we have right in front of us is- -BLUEEEEEEEEEEEE!!!!!! Next Episode I had been punished already. There was an accident at last Masa-Sonic. I thought Ryo had told you to come together. I didn't want to disturb. Kaoru won't come because of it, Taiyo said. How about you? What!? Tell me something interesting. Next episode is about Kaoru. Where's Ryo by the way? That accident was actually a serious problem. Episode 2: The Story That Suits To Summer You know, God so desires that we would be with Him in heaven, that God made a way of escape for you. One afternoon, a bus driver was taking 40 children home from school. As the bus made its way down a steep gradient, the brakes failed. The driver was unable to steer the bus to the left because of a high embankment, and he couldn't steer the bus to the right because of a steep cliff. And as the bus hurtled down the hill the driver recalled that there was a narrow gate at the bottom of the hill which led into a field. He decided to try to steer the bus to the gate figuring it would eventually stop. He hoped that no cars or other obstacles would get in his way before he got to the gate. When the bus reached the bottom of the hill, the driver saw the gate approaching fast, but to his horror, he noticed a small child sitting on a fence, waving at the bus. It was too late to change his plans. If the driver avoided the gate, 40 children would die. So in anguish, he slammed into the fence and the innocent child was instantly killed, but the 40 children on the bus were all saved. Soon emergency vehicles, the parents and grandparents of the children arrived and all were happy that their children were safe. All were happy except the bus driver. Because you see, the little boy on the fence was the bus driver's son. But do you know friends, that's exactly what God did for us. You see, He sent His Son Jesus Christ into the world to be our Savior. You know, if we reject what He did for us, and the Scripture warns with these words, "How shall you escape if you neglect so great a salvation?" But you see, if we by faith accept Christ's payment for our sin, then He will forgive us and give us everlasting life in heaven. But if we reject His offer of forgiveness, then we will pay for our own sin, and that payment would be made forever in hell. In fact, that is exactly why the Bible warns with these words found in John 3: 18, "He who believes in Him (that is Jesus), is not condemned, but he who does not believe in Jesus is condemned already, because he has not believed in the name of the only begotten Son of God." And friends, there is only one name under heaven given amongst men where we must be saved, and that name is Jesus. He died for our sin, and the third day, rose again. Glory to God! And may the Spirit of God take the Word of God, and may He bless you wonderfully this day. Let's run the program, and we find that the most likely cell is the 4th cell. That makes sense, because the best match of red, red to the world is red over here and red over here. After seeing the 2nd red, the robot still moved 1 to the right and finds itself in the 4th cell as shown over here. Now I want to celebrate with you the code that you just wrote, which is a piece of software that implements the essence of Google's self-driving car's localization approach. As I said in the beginning, it's absolutely crucial that the car knows exactly where it is relative to the map of its road. While the road isn't painted green and red, the road has lane markers. Instead of those green and red cells over here, we plug in the color of the lane markings relative to the color of the pavement. It isn't just one observation per time step, it's an entire field of observations, an entire camera image, but you can do the same with a camera image as long as you can correspond a camera image in your model with a camera image in your measurements. Then a piece of code not much more difficult than what you coded yourself is responsible for localizing the Google self-driving car. You just implemented a major, major function that makes Google's car drive itself. I think you should be really happy and proud of yourself. You should say to yourself, I just implemented localization. Now why on earth did it take Google that long to build a product that drives itself. Well, the truth is the situation is a little more difficult. Sometimes road get paved over and changed, and we're working on this. But what you've implemented is the core of Google's self-driving car localization idea. Let me just summarize the essential things we've learned. My name is Sajjad (Haider Ali) Aminan and I am a member of the revolutionary armed forces of Iran. I am leader of a five-member special team. I entered Syria on October 16, 2011. The others entered Syria on different dates. (What are your names?) Ahmad Gertabadi. Hasan Hasani. Majid Qanbari. Kyumars Qobadi. My team and I entered Syria and supported the security intelligence forces of Syria in suppressing and shooting civilians. After we were done with our daily activities, we would return from our 'jobs' to where we used to live. We have killed many civilians in the city of Homs, including many women and children. We received our orders directly from the airforce intelligence forces of the city of Homs. We have a request from Sayyed Ali Khamenei, the leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, to take action in bringing back all the Islamic republic forces who are in Syria and supporting the suppression of the Syrian people so we could also come back to our homes. What I want to do in this video is think about exponents in a slightly different way that will be useful for different contexts and also go through a lot more examples. So in the last video, we saw that taking something to an exponent means multiplying that number that many times. So if I had the number negative 2 and I want to raise it to the third power, this literally means taking three negative 2's, so negative 2, negative 2, and negative 2, and then multiplying them. So what's this going to be? Well, let's see. Negative 2 times negative 2 is positive 4, and then positive 4 times negative 2 is negative 8. So this would be equal to negative 8. Now, another way of thinking about exponents, instead of saying you're just taking three negative 2's and multiplying them, and this is a completely reasonable way of viewing it, you could also view it as this is a number of times you're going to multiply this number times 1. So you could completely view this as being equal to-- so you're going to start with a 1, and you're going to multiply 1 times negative 2 three times. So this is times negative 2 times negative 2 times negative 2. So clearly these are the same number. Here we just took this, and we're just multiplying it by 1, so you're still going to get negative 8. And this might be a slightly more useful idea to get an intuition for exponents, especially when you start taking things to the 1 or 0 power. So let's think about that a little bit. What is positive 2 to the-- based on this definition-- to the 0 power going to be equal to? Well, we just said. This says how many times are going to multiply 1 times this number? So this literally says, I'm going to take a 1, and I'm going to multiply by 2 zero times. Well, if I want to multiply it by 2 zero times, that means I'm just left with the 1. So 2 to the zero power is going to be equal to 1. And, actually, any non-zero number to the 0 power is 1 by that same rationale. And I'll make another video that will also give a little bit more intuition on there. That might seem very counterintuitive, but it's based on one way of thinking about it is thinking of an exponent as this. And this will also make sense if we start thinking of what 2 to the first power is. So let's go to this definition we just gave of the exponent. We always start with a 1, and we multiply it by the 2 one time. So 2 is going to be 1-- we're only going to multiply it by the 2. I'll use this for multiplication. I'll use the dot. We're only going to multiply it by 2 one time. So 1 times 2, well, that's clearly just going to be equal to 2. And any number to the first power is just going to be equal to that number. And then we can go from there, and you will, of course, see the pattern. If we say what 2 squared is, well, based on this definition, we start with a 1, and we multiply it by 2 two times. So times 2 times 2 is going to be equal to 4. And we've seen this before. You go to 2 to the third, you start with the 1, and then multiply it by 2 three times. So times 2 times 2 times 2. This is going to give us positive 8. And you probably see a pattern here. Every time we multiply by 2-- or every time, I should say, we raise 2 to one more power, we are multiplying by 2. Notice this, to go from 2 to the 0 to 2 to the 1, we multiplied by 2. I'll use a little x for the multiplication symbol now, a little cross. And then to go from 2 to the first power to 2 to the second power, we multiply by 2 and multiply by 2 again. And that makes complete sense because this is literally telling us how many times are we going to take this number and-- how many times are we going take 1 and multiply it by this number? And so when you go from 2 to the second power to 2 to the third, you're multiplying by 2 one more time. And this is another intuition of why something to the 0 power is equal to 1. If you were to go backwards, if, say, we didn't know what 2 to the 0 power is and we were just trying to figure out what would make sense, well, when we go from 2 to the third power to 2 to the second, we'd be dividing by 2. We're going from 9 to 4. Then we'd divide by 2 again to go from 2 to the second to 2 to the first. And then it seems like we should just divide by 2 again from going from 2 to the first to 2 to the 0. And that would give us 1. The advance in the design of new catalysts will play a vital role in the Chemistry of the 21st century according to Avelino Corma, an international referent in this field. On the occasion of the celebration in 2011 of the International Year of Chemistry Avelino Corma, the most cited Spaniard researcher in the international scientific literature, has been awarded the Spanish Decade Gold Medal of Research and Innovation in Chemistry for 2001-2010. During his appointment as an Honoris Causa Doctor at Universitat Jaume I in Castelló in 2009, he announced the importance of catalysis. -We could say that catalysis will play a vital role in the Chemistry of the 21st century, concerned with the sustainability and the synthesis of molecules and materials with new chemical, biochemical and physical properties. [Avelino Corma. Director of the Institute of Chemical Technology.] We must understand that if we are capable of designing better catalysts, we will achieve a higher speed and selectivity in the chemical process, a lower energy consumption and a higher use of raw materials, producing at the same time a lower amount of waste. -But, what is a catalyst? -A catalyst is a material that increases the chemical reaction rate and directs it towards the formation of the target product, avoiding the formation of other unwanted reaction products. Therefore, the lower formation of reaction sub-products, the more selective the catalyst will be. -The scientist, born in Moncofa and one of the most prolific patents author in Spain with about 150 registrations, directs the Institute of Chemical Technology, joint centre of the Spanish National Research Council (CSlC) and the Universitat Politècnica de València. In its laboratories, they advance in the development of molecular nanoreactors capable of favouring the catalytic phenomenon. -However, in spite of the achieved advances, we are aware that our catalyst models are still limited when they are compared with the enzymes. One of these limitations comes from the lower flexibility of the inorganic systems that prevent a dynamic adaptation from the catalytic centre to the reagent molecule, as happens with the enzymes. Nevertheless, we have the advantages over the biological catalysts of the greatest thermal and chemical stability of our materials and the possibility of generating a large amount and variety of catalytic centres, which allow us to carry out certain activities in cascade, in large cascade, that did not exist until now in the field of Chemistry. This screencast will acquaint you with the Sakai CLE work space as well as some of the more commonly used tools. When you log into USAonline the first thing you see is My Workspace. My Workspace is the online worksite created for each individual both faculty and student. What is the value of this cell over here? - So, Where I am. You know, as I'm doing this visualization, I enjoyed understanding it, 'cause I felt sort of conflicting things, but it was interesting the dynamics of each one. One of them, where I am in life right now, in some ways it's absolutely wonderful but it's also a tough place that I'm in but it's been things that I've learned and things that I've experienced I wouldn't trade for anything in my life, right... but at the same time Would I wanna see myself in this position in the next five years, in the next ten years, etc.? No! I definitely wouldn't I wanna move on with my life, you know, I wanna meet a girl, marry her, have kids, all these types of things... So, I guess my thing is... How do you sort of reconcile the fact that you enjoy the experience of what you're going through, even if it is painful but also, you want change and you want it very badly, and you're willing to do just about anything to make that happen - You're already down the way, admitting that you are a combination of energies at once. Everybody is... we talk about vibrations in terms of a person holding certain vibration, but this doesn't mean that we're sort of locked in. People are multiple vibrations at once we have a vibration about every subject in our life relative to ourselves. So, the way to look at this is: Everything in the universe, every particle of energy is two attributes. It is the presence of that thing and also the absence of that thing So, what's making you feel negative is the focus on the absence So, if you are trying to rectify these two extreme differences in your life you start to just realize when it is that you're focusing on the lack, and when it is that you're focusing on the presence of something you want A lot of times, people tend to think that they know exactly what it is that they want because they know what they don't want so incredibly intensely and so, instead of our focus being on what it is that we desire, even if it hasn't manifested in the physical yet, we tend to just look for the evidence of the lack we go home and if we may be experiencing an issue in a relationship our focus isn't on the parts about our partner that we love anymore our focus is on all the little things we can't stand, this is where people... You got me off on the relationship track, but I'm going with it this way... So, In the beginning of a relationship, when you first meet someone your focus is so purely on the positive that you don't even notice the things about this partner that you can't stand They don't exist This is what I say a lot about people who are positive thinkers They can walk into a room full of things that those people would think: This stuff is horrible, I can't stand this! and they would literally don't even see it because it is not a vibrational match to their focus When we live with this partner for a while then we are starting to change the way that we are focusing, 'cause we are living with ourselves suddenly that pure positive focus was doing all because potentially you came home and you got fired from a job and that sets off this train where now you are looking for negative things So, maybe you're focusing on the fact that they leave socks somewhere on the floor that you can't stand or maybe they have this horrible habit when they're brushing their teeth or maybe you're starting to feel this insecurity you've had forever, which is coming up again for you, of not being loved for who you really are So, every time you go around that person now your focus is towards those things and because that is your focus you will attract those things So the way to get what you want in life is two things: A) Look around your life, like you said right now, the things in your life that you really really enjoy and live in an attitude of appreciation of those things and, B) Put yourself in this mental mindset of it being a reality even though it is not physically manifested This is where the visualization thing comes in handy, you hear most people who are into this Law of Attraction thing tell you to sit down and set a timer for ten minutes and visualize what it is that you want as if it's already happened If you don't understand the role that thought plays, that seems sort of... you know like, What is this gonna do for me? right? but it will get you into this strong vibrational state of what it is that you want, and because... this is the whole thing about Law of Attraction The universe is going to answer whatever you are vibrating with an exact vibration So, you will start to see slowly, the physical manifestations of whatever thoughts you are offering So, living in appreciation does that, and also living in a reality, mentally that looks like that which you want - I've noticed recently that without even trying to visualize, I am visualizing what it is that I wanna do and it actually is stronger the reason to do the things, because it's like: I can see myself doing those certain things so, so maybe that is kind of visualizing - Yes it is. And I do wanna talk to everybody, about this concept of gratitude So, you hear a lot of people who understand the way that thought influences reality, talk about how important it is to be in an attitude of appreciation and an attitude of thankfulness In the western world, gratitude comes in tact with the vibration of: "I don't deserve this" The christian religion has served us in many ways but it has been skewed... Many of us grew up... See?! Yeah! with that vibration, so... If you hear, when somebody says: "You should be thankful" There's a vibration of penance in it. Do you feel that a little bit? - Yeah! I used to have gratitude for that very reason, because I thought like I owed somebody something I'm supposed to pray to God and thank him for stuff, and it was like, I don't feel good for it, like I owe this guy something Yes, that is a basic misunderstanding of what we mean when we are talking about living in an attitude of thankfulness and appreciation To live in a true state of appreciation, is to live in a state where you are letting what you enjoy, envelop your being So, if I'm going to live in an attitude of appreciation for a human being, that means really making what it is that I love about them a part of my thought process If it's an attitude of gratitude about this room it's saying things like: "I really like that light" It's all about happiness and enjoyment "I enjoy that" is appreciation So, that's the gratitude we are talking about. - It's a very distinct difference because... I felt like I've now experienced what it means to feel in a state of appreciation for something and it's nothing at all like the previous... - Making a gratitude list - Yeah! like sitting down on a church and trying to be grateful for everything I was not grateful for - Yeah! And so, that is the issue right there I see a lot of people who come to me and they would be in an attitude of: "My life is falling apart, I can't stand it! but I have so much that's good for me" but that vibration... It's not that they are going with the flow when they say things like that They're basically pushing themselves back upstream trying to like stuff they don't like So, Find what it is you do enjoy. If you don't like a person, it's fine drop the fact that you don't like this person entirely, look for aspects of them If it's something like a fingernail, that's enough This is one of the best thing to do with someone you can't stand Everybody know that on a vibrational level, you meet somebody and sometimes there's really not a match, so if you can get to the space where you're looking at that person and trying to find one aspect that even if it was disconnected from their body, you would enjoy that aspect you are changing you vibrational point of attraction about that human being and they will, if you do this enough, the attitude and the little nuances that they have that annoy you will cease to be a match to your presence This is why it's so important to understand this In a relationship, if we are focusing this way towards another person if they perhaps, end up in a horrible mood if our idea about them and our focus about that person is no longer about that horrible mood, we can't share the same space, that means: Pretend you have a girlfriend, she's in a horrible mood but you're in a good mood because you understand this vibrational work you're supposed to meet her in a short time her car will break down See? you literally will not be able to share the same space, so all of these details in the physical are being arranged by what is a vibrational match and what isn't and it's perfectly fine in a relationship to say: "I choose to be a vibrational match to your best self" "so that is going to be my dominant focus about you" I smoke on the mic like smokin Joe Frazier The hell raiser, raisin hell with the flavor Terrorize the jam like troops in Pakistan Swingin through your town like your neighborhood Spiderman So uhh, tic toc and keep tickin While I get ya flippin off the shit I'm kickin The Lone Ranger, code red, danger! Deep in the dark with the art to rip charts apart The vandal, too hot to handle Ya battle, you're sayin Goodbye like Tevin Campbell Roughneck, Inspector Deck's on the set The rebel, I make more noise than heavy metal The way I make the crowd go wild, sit back relax won't smile Rae got it goin on pal, call me the rap assassinator Rhymes rugged and built like Schwarzenegger And I'ma get mad deep like a threat, blow up your project Then take all your assets Cause I came to shake the frame in half With the thoughts that bomb, shit like math! So if ya wanna try to flip go flip on the next man Cause I grab the clip and Hit ya with sixteen shots and more I got Goin to war with the meltin pot hot It's the Method Man for short Mr. Meth Movin on your left, aah! And set it off, get it off, let it off like a gat I wanna break full, cock me back Small change, they puttin shame in the game I take aim and blow that nigga out the frame And like Fame!!, my style'll live forever Niggaz crossin over, but they don't know no better But I do, true, can I get a "sue" Nuff respect due to the one-six-ooh I mean ohh, yo check out the flow like the Hudson or PCP when I'm dustin Niggaz off because I'm hot like sauce The smoke from the lyrical blunt makes me cough Ooh, what, grab my nut get screwed Oww, here comes my Shaolin style Sloop-B and my b-boy's U to my crew with the "suuue" watch ya step kid (8X) C'mon baby baby c'mon (4X) Yo, ya best protect ya neck First things first man you're fuckin with the worst I'll be stickin pins in your head like a fuckin nurse I'll attack any nigga who's slack in his mack Come fully packed with a fat rugged stack Shame on you when you stepped through to The Ol Dirty Bastard straight from the Brooklyn Zoo And I'll be damned if I let any man Come to my center, you enter, the winter Straight up and down that shit packed jam You can't slam, don't let me get fool on him man The Ol Dirty Bastard is dirty and stinkin Ason, Unique rollin with the night of the creeps Niggaz be rollin with a stash ain't sayin cash, bite my style I'll bite your motherfuckin ass! For cryin out loud my style is wild so book me Not long is how long that this rhyme took me Ejectin, styles from my lethal weapon My pen that rocks from here to Oregon Here's Mordigan, catch it like a psycho flashback I love gats, if rap was a gun, you wouldn't bust back I come with shit that's all types of shapes and sounds And where I lounge is my stompin grounds I give a order to my peeps across the water To go and snatch up props all around the border And get far like a shootin star Cause who I are, is dim in the light of Pablo Escobar Point blank as I kick the square biz There it is you're fuckin with pros and there it goes Yo chill with the feedback black we don't need that It's ten o'clock hoe, where the fuck's your seed at Feelin mad hostile, ran the apostle Flowin like Christ when I speaks the gospel Stroll with the holy roll then attack the globe with the buckus style the ruckus, ten times ten men committin mad sin Turn the other cheek and I'll break your fuckin chin Slayin boom-bangs like African drums (we'll be) Comin around the mountain when I come Crazy flamboyant for the rap enjoyment My clan increase like black unemployment Yeah, another one dare, G-Gka-Genius Take us the fuck outta here The Wu is too slammin for these Cold Killin labels Some ain't had hits since I seen Aunt Mabel Be doin artists in like Cain did Abel Now they money's gettin stuck to the gum under the table That's what ya get when ya misuse what I invent Your empire falls and ya lose every cent For tryin to blow up a scrub Now that thought was just as bright as a 20-watt light bulb Should of pumped it when I rocked it Niggaz so stingy they got short arms and deep pockets This goes on in some companies With majors they're scared to death to pump these First of all, who's your A&R A mountain climber who plays an electric guitar But he don't know the meaning of dope When he's lookin for a suit and tie rap that's cleaner than a bar of soap And I'm the dirtiest thing in sight Matter of fact bring out the girls and let's have a mud fight [Orchestra tuning up in background. Announcer speaks;] And now we're going to hear a piece of music that tells a very definite story It's a very old story, one that goes back almost 2000 years. A legend about a Sorcerer who had an Apprentice He was a bright young lad, very anxious to learn the business As a matter of fact he was a little bit too bright Because he started practicing some of the boss's best magic tricks before learning how to control them. [Spooky, eerie music] [background music building up to indicate increasing tension] [heavy beat, marching music] [happy, victorious music] ['oh, no, stop, boy am I in trouble' music] [building up tension] [loud, crescendo] [crashing cymbals, over and over] [sudden quiet] [gentle, quiet music] [loud finale!] Professor John Merriman: I want today to talk about two very well known crises in the Third Republic. One is the Boulanger Affair and the second is the more well known, the Dreyfus Affair. And I guess what makes the Dreyfus Affair even more poignant is that Alfred Dreyfus's granddaughter died at Auschwitz, in 1944, I think. So, and the context for this is to--most of the time I'm going to talk about the Boulanger Affair, and in a way that sets up the Dreyfus Affair, because the Dreyfus Affair is more well known. But I agree with the interpretation that views the Boulanger Affair as the emergence of the far Right in France, events that parallel, for example, the rise of the far Right in Austria, and in other places as well, and particularly the sort of propaganda campaign, the anti-Semitism, and the sort of street thug tactics are rather similar to movements that we would become all too familiar with, not personally of course, but in the 1920s and 1930s. So, that's what I want to talk about today. And the background of this is, of course, the rise of anti-Semitism. World War I unleashed the demons of the twentieth century to a great extent, there's no question about that. For Adolf Hitler it transformed his anti-socialism and subsequent anti-communism into a frenzy, but it added the dimension that was the most pernicious aspect of his horrible existence, which was anti-Semitism. But anti-Semitism was already out there. And Karl Lueger, who was the mayor of Vienna, said, "I decide who's a Jew," and the old liberal Vienna sort of disappeared in this sort of frenzy of anti-Semitism. Well, anti-Semitism was--characterized, unfortunately, many centuries in Europe, and certainly the Third Republic did not invent anti-Semitism in France, either. There were riots against Jews after 1848. One of the members of the Committee of Public Safety in the French Revolution, who was from Alsace, where there were lots of Jews, was extraordinarily anti-Semitic, and all of this is sadly known. But certainly the political dimensions of anti-Semitism in the '80s and '90s help explain the intensity of these two big affairs. And for the Dreyfus Affair, it was so important and so wrenching that people simply referred to it as I'affaire, the affair, because it was so--it preoccupied dinner-table discussions and brawls, political newspapers and everything else for a very long time. Now, in addition to the sort of growth of anti-Semitism, continued growth, in France and other places, the other part of the context that needs to be briefly explained has two dimensions. First, there was the question of revenge, of vengeance, of the recapture of Alsace and the parts of Lorraine that had been so rudely snatched away. It's possible to exaggerate, of course, the impact, as one of my former students, Rachel Chrastil has argued, of revengisme, revenge thinking, on French political life in the 1870s and 1880s. But by the end of the 1880s it still is an important part in political thinking, and Boulanger's campaign reflected that fact. And the second is that--the second sort of aspect of background is the perceived weakness of the republican government in that in order to protect France against Caesarism; which, I've explained before, was the fear of, who knows, another Napoleon or some sort of strong leader riding a horse and starting wars, or repressing their own people, rather like Napoleon ill had done--they create a constitutional framework that invests power in the Chamber of Deputies, basically. And the Chambre des Députés is a political club, which I've said before, and the same members are often returned year after year, the same bribes are given, big casks of wine or barrels of wine are put up near a voting booth and everything proceeds--at least this is in the popular imagination--as a political club of swinging door ministries. And certainly if you look at, just take 1889 to 1893--and you're not responsible for this because basically who cares about these details--but there are 546 different sessions between 1889 and 1893, 873 bills introduced; between '93 and '98 there are 633 sessions with 1,112 bills, with the government presenting on its own well over 2000. But, in fact, if you look at the accomplishments, besides providing a certain stability, the accomplishments seem to be rather pale when you've got people, both on the Left and the Right, saying that the big issue is over there; and over there is in the east of what had been France, that is Alsace and Lorraine, and--because each bill had to be discussed by a whole commission of deputies, and it went on and on, commissions become sort of mini-ministries. The perception is that this is an impotent system, it's an impotent system, that's condemned France to be less than virile. And remember, this is the time when the population--people are becoming very afraid of the fact that the population is not reproducing itself. So, this is one of the big images of simply--of instability. And it's the same people, it's the same ministries that are reconstituted, rather like Italian politics and much of the post-World World II Era. There were 180 ministries between 1870 and 1940, and the average tenure is about three years. But that's really not much. But yet, I mean, this is to exaggerate because the Third Republic does provide stability for all of these great affairs. The Republic survives these two big affairs. The Republic raises enough money to pay off the indemnity to the newly formed German Empire, but people react as to what they're thinking and not necessarily the reality of the people who are looking at this deeper. So, thus the Boulanger Affair, or the crisis, is more--let's call it the Boulanger Crisis and the Dreyfus Affair is better--is more significant than the events, which are interesting in their own way. And, of course, the other background, as I said the other day, or the other context are these political crises of corruption, which in our country we are all too familiar with as well, the Panama Crisis and the sale of Légion d'honneur by the president's son-in-law, et cetera, et cetera. But this kind of frustration then builds up an anti-parliamentarian movement in France, and the temptation of trying to find a strong man who will right this wrong and who will reattach the right arm of France, Alsace and Lorraine, to France. The General Ferry, whom you've read about, Jules Ferry, he wrote in 1885 that "the general impression is that the Republic is at the end of its rope. Next year we will have revolutionary excesses again and then a violent reaction. What will come out of this? Surely some sort of dictatorship"--the feeling that the government was powerless. Now, a guy called Paul Déroulède creates in May of 1882 the League of the Patriots. He called himself a simple bell ringer for this anti-parliamentary, ultra nationalistic movement. And it quickly has 182,000 members, which is a phenomenal amount, and there are great echoes of aggressive patriotism, et cetera, et cetera. And with this began the rapidly rising career of General Georges Boulanger, who was born in 1837, the son of a Breton farmer and a Welsh mother. He had fought in four campaigns, he was wounded six times. He was lucky in that he wasn't killed. He was wounded during the Paris Commune but before the great reprisals took place; so he wasn't identified with the massacre of ordinary people. The campaigns, he'd fought in Africa, he'd fought in Italy, and he'd fought in Vietnam, or what they called in those days Indo-China. He was a brave, heroic figure. He cut a mean image on a horse; he was a good horseman. He wasn't very bright but that never hurt him at all. He received one promotion after another. He's the head of a whole military division at the age of forty-eight, which is extremely young. He had lots of energy but, as I said, not many brains and no particular talent for organization, but he fit the image of what many people in France who were fed up with the Republic believed that they--that France needed. He was sent to the U.S. (that is, this place) at Yorktown, in order to represent France at the centennial of essentially the British surrender in the American Revolution, and he caused a stir by refusing to leave the ship on which he'd arrived in America until they took down the German flags that were also being flown at the same time. And it's precisely the '80s, when the mass press is developing in France. And so these are just fabulous gros titres, big headlines, in the newspaper. So, he becomes part of the chouchoux, he becomes kind of the darling of a press which is dominated by, as always in France, by the rightwing press because of big money, as is the case traditionally in the United States and other countries as well. But he's on good terms with Clemenceau, who was the republican par excellence. Both had graduated from the same high school, or lycée, in Nantes, on the edge of Brittany. He shared Clemenceau's residual or at least inherent anti-clericalism, and that's something he would temper later as he's going after rightwing support. He became the Director of the Infantry at the War Office and his superiors noted that he had a taste for clumsy intrigue, and complained about the civilians, or the pekins, as they were called, the Peking people, the civilians, and they were treated with contempt by the military; and of course the rule in the French Army, really all the way through to the Algerian War, has been this tension between the officer corps, very, very rightwing, and the civilian population--thus the attempts to kill de Gaulle himself, in the time of the Algerian situation. And, so, he as an operator--and he was that--he took every possible opportunity to be seen in front of his troops. He welcomed recruits with military music as well as with the Marseillaise. It was his idea to paint all the sentry boxes red, white and blue. And he at one point had been insulted by somebody in the Chamber of Deputies and he fights a duel (and people fought duels a lot then) and his adoring public forgave him for the fact that his gun actually didn't go off, and that nobody was hurt. In 1886, during the Strike of Decazville, he did a very clever thing, in one of those sound bytes before there were sound bytes. Somebody said, "what do you think about the strike in Decazville, of the miners in Decazville?" And he replied, "at this very moment French soldiers are sharing their rations with striking workers." It was perfect. And, so, he gets the support, at least in the early days, of many workers who could imagine a kind of Napoleonic figure who could at least talk a good game of caring about them, even though he really didn't at all. On the 14th of July, 1886, all eyes are on him, and they start writing songs about him: "our brave general, Boulanger, who will bring back Alsace and Lorraine." He is called General Victory, fairly soon. One of the lines goes, "look at him over there, he's smiling at us as he passes us by; he has just brought us back Lorraine and Alsace." And, so, the German situation, tensions with the German Empire increase his popularity. Bismarck himself, that is Otto von Bismarck, the cagey chancellor of the second Reich was aware of him, and he uses Boulanger's popularity for his own internal benefit in Germany, saying, "when France has any reason to believe that she is stronger than we are, on that day I believe that war is certain." And one of the few ways of--that the Reichstag had in trying to reign in the Kaiser, arguably, was attempting to have some control over military budgets. So, Bismarck uses him very effectively. And then there's a spy crisis that's terribly uninteresting, and it helps Boulanger. So, this begins to scare people, and Jules Grévy, whose son was the one implicated in the sale of Légion d'honneur, says that he's got to go. Well, what do you do with him? You can't really make him a martyr. If you make him a martyr then it looks like he--who knows? Maybe there'll be some sort of a coup d'état attempt. He is not allowed to run for office because he's still in the army, but as a write-in candidate he gets something like--he gets 39,000 votes, which is a large amount. And, so, the government says, "let's get rid of him before the next July^( )14th, so he can't ride his horse down the Champs-Elysées again." And, so, they send him to--decide to send him to Clermont-Ferrand, in Auvergne, and he's supposed to leave from the Gare de Lyon, on the train, on the 8th of July, and huge crowds start singing, "tout à l'Élysée" that is seize power, and they block the tracks. It's the first case that I know of, of people actually physically blocking railroad tracks as a sign of political protest. And they're singing the Marseillaise also which is--for one thing it's the song of the French Revolution, but you have this sort of mix, because you've got this old sort of Jacobin, "we'll take what we want" attitude, mixing with this sort of anti-republican Right; and Boulanger seems like somebody who could please everybody. In the early days he gets--well, he would soon be a real candidate--he gets votes from the Left while he's getting money, lots of it, from the far Right, and among all from monarchists who somehow see him as a way of bringing back the monarchy. There's this very wealthy monarchist duchess from--originally the family is from Uzes in the Gard, in the south of France, and she gives him lots of big bucks. And Clemenceau dumps him as a friend, saying that "General Boulanger's popularity has come too soon, for one who likes noise so very much." And then this incident I keep referring to, this crisis, this scandal of Grévy's son-in-law begins to come along, and there are demonstrations against the Republic's very existence. The Republic, again, it cannot take back Alsace Lorraine and seems as rampant by this sort of pourri, this sort of corruption, corrupt politics here and there. And who comes along to be President of France but Sardi Carnot, the same one who is going to be assassinated in 1894, as you've already heard. And when he's elected-- there was a famous line went around, somebody said--the president is elected by the deputies, not by the French population--and someone says to Clemenceau, "who shall we vote for, Georges? Who should we vote for?" And he says, "vote for the stupidest, vote for Sardi Carnot." And, arguably, Sardi Carnot was the stupidest and so he becomes President of France. I'll let any further comments go. Anyway, the contrast between Boulanger and between--and this sort of impotent republic become more and more marked. Now, one thing leads to another, and Chip Sowerwine tells the story, but it comes down to the fact that he's sitting in a restaurant, in Paris, in 1889. He's now no longer ineligible to be a candidate, and he's elected to the Chamber of Deputies, and he's dining in a restaurant near the Church of the Madeleine. One could imagine it being Maxime's, a favorite--a famous restaurant there. And there was crowds of people in the streets; and this particular restaurant is not far from the Chamber of Deputies, it's right across the river basically from the Chamber of Deputies. And he hears the crowd shouting for him to take action, to go out and greet his adorers. And then, who knows, as the rightists would try to do on February 6th, 1934, to go across the river and to end this impotent republic. But he just sits there, and he sits there--en France, on mange quand même--and he sits there and he finishes his elaborate meal. I would've been there, not with him, I wouldn't have dined with him, but I would have finished every plate myself, and every glass of wine as well. And then he goes upstairs with his mistress, to a nearby hotel, and the opportunity is past. And while he hesitates, as someone once wrote, his enemies do not. They eliminate the electoral procedure that allowed him to be elected. He is worried that they're going to arrest him and so he goes off to Brussels, he goes off to Belgium. And this makes him seem a little less dashing and a little less brave as he scurries across the frontier. And there's a committee working for him in France, but he stays there, and in the end what he does is--he was very devoted to his mistress, for all these years, and she becomes ill in 1891, and she dies after a long, horrible illness. And Boulanger, notre brave géneral, on the^( )30th of September, 1891, he went alone to her grave and blew his brains out, and that was the end of Boulanger. The Republic emerged strengthened by this crisis. But that's only one thing that's important about it. What's more important about it is what was happening to the Right, in this context, and what does this have to tell us about mass politics? What it has to tell us is that it's the mass politics--that Boulanger and this crisis is one of the great examples of this new political world that you could find. I had one of my TAs years ago, whose dissertation I directed, il y a longtemps, ça passe vite les temps, a long, long time ago, he went off for his thesis, which became a very interesting book, and was interested in this very question; and, so, I draw on some of his findings that I discussed with him very often. What he did, incidentally this is what one does with some dissertations, he went off and he looked at four different parts of France. And one was the Marne, that is the department of Reims; one was the Isère, which is Grenoble's department; one is the Gers, famous for its foie gras, and its Armagnac too, at least in part; and the other was the Orne, which is a Norman department in the west, the capital of which is Alençon. And what he was more interested in is how the message got out to very ordinary people, living in those places. How do they know about Boulanger? And what--and this is part of mass politics. One of the ways that people for centuries had learned how to read, or not, if they didn't even know how to read, but how to imagine religious and political and military events was in reading the equivalent--I'm not dissing them like calling them comic strips, but their format was rather like that; they were called the images d'Epinal; they were images that were cranked out that were produced in the town of Epinal in the east of France, in the Vosges that would describe or show you pictures of saints, it would show you pictures of generals, it would show you Napoleon, it would show you all sorts of things. And these are pedaled to villages by these colporteurs, they're called in French, by these peddlers who carry these huge leather sacks that look like medicine balls but they're about three times bigger than that. And a lot of them were from the Haute-Garonne, from the area of Toulouse; a lot of them were from the Cantal, that is in the mountains of the Massif Central, and a lot of them, above all, were from the mountains of the Alps, near Grenoble. And these people had their whole credit networks established, where they could get credit to get to their next stops, always through France. It's a tremendously interesting phenomenon, and they followed the same routes year after year. They were known, anticipated. They sold pins, they sold pens, they sold images of the Virgin Mary, they sold images of Saint-Sebastian, though you wouldn't get away with selling that in parts of France. They sold cups, anything that they could carry and they could sell. And they sold these images of--they became political life. And, so, Boulanger is plugged into this sort of popular library, if you will, at a time when most people could now read. The kinds of pamphlets and images of him arrive with these peddlers, carrying this stuff on their backs--these were hardy people--and now arriving also by train. And so this stuff is arriving in Charon, en Champagne, or wherever--this stuff gets dumped off at the dock, and it goes to its next stop on horse-drawn wagons, or on the backs of these people. And, so, what Burns found was that in all of these départements that these images just inundate the place--and this is modern political life, this is really the emergence of modern political life. So, there are two things really interesting about Boulanger in the end, besides the Republic survives. The first really is that--and I'll make this case hopefully clearer in a minute--it's the origins maybe of the modern Right, but it's also part of this sort of mass politics that happens. And these are very rural départements. The Gers--again, I'm sorry, g-e-r-s--the Gers, the capital of which is Auch, which has a wonderful cathedral, is eighty-three percent rural, at the time we're talking about. So, these peddlers are going around to farmhouses, or people are coming to the market and they're hearing these sort of speakers, along with sort of charlatans and jugglers on market day. They're hearing people talk about notre brave géneral, our brave General Boulanger; and talking about how they hate Jews. And, so, this merges with the anti-Semitism. A remarkable thing about this Department of the Marne--now, as I've said before, there's Reims, and Charon, and now all those graves, all those graves--is that the anti-Semitic propaganda has a tremendous impact in the Department of the Marne, which supports Boulanger and the people who follow him; and there were no Jews in the Department of the Marne. So, what happens is the anti-Semites and this mass politics constructs the Other, the imagined Other, that literally does not exist in the Department of the Marne. So, but it lodges in what the French would call the imaginaire, in the mental universe, the mental world of ordinary people--not all of them, to be sure. But it is this sort of onslaught of images of Boulanger that become part of this enormous propaganda campaign. In France they would print out ballots; and, so, political lists would already be printed out, and you pick your list. It's still a case in municipal elections today, at least where we live, it must be everywhere. And how many millions of the ballots are printed? In 1889 Boulanger posters, five million posters--that's a phenomenal amount-- seven million ballots and, talking about mass politics, photos. They are no longer just dependent upon images that some clever person with crayons and pens have sketched that become these images of Epinal. There are real photos of the guy on his horse. And you had--before you had to imagine what Napoleon looked like, you had to imagine what the king looked like; although Louis XVI is identified by somebody who once saw him from a distance when he tries to escape to Varenne. Somebody had actually seen him, and somebody else knew it was him because his nose looked the same as his face on a coin. But you didn't see people. But here you could see Boulanger, you could imagine what he looked like, and even if you lived in the Pyrenees, if you lived in the Ariège or the Bas-Pyrénés, you could imagine what Alsace looked like. And it feeds into this kind of frenzy of publications about Alsace-Lorraine. The most famous is called the Tour de France par deux enfants, in which two brothers promise their father on his deathbed that they will see France. And it was the biggest selling book, outside of the Bible, in nineteenth-century France; and they go around in this very banal, boring book, and they see people all wearing different costumes, and eating different things, and doing different work, but their hearts all pound the same way, and they're practically in tears and a state of collapse when they imagine Alsace-Lorraine, and these Alsatian young women dressed in Alsatian costumes, and thinking of la belle France, and having to put up les borschts, with the Germans and all of this stuff. But, so, the numbers are--they just flood the countryside, and these songs that people could sing in music halls; and a lot of the music halls in Paris--there might have been a lot of them in Montmartre--that were singing anarchist songs in the 1890s, but a lot of the other music halls are singing about General Boulanger. And songs like The Big Sweep, that is with a broom, sweeping away the corruption of these deputies, of the Chambre des Députés, and putting in your kind of big, heroic guy. And what about busts? If you think about busts, that is sculptured busts, this is the time when the image of the Republic, Marianne, as I've said before, is elbowing the Virgin Mary out of the way and there's this sort of battle over space, on classroom walls and in the streets of cities and villages and all of that. The mission crosses are being broken off in the middle of the night by their enemies, et cetera, et cetera. And Maurice Agulhon, who's a great historian, one of the books that he did, one of the many, many, many books that he did was on the images of the Republic in town halls, in the mairie where people get married and the kinds of statues that they put up in the Third Republic, comparable to the kind of work being done on war memorials after World War I. And, so, Boulanger fits right into that because there's 100,000 busts of Boulanger, and you can--you don't have to buy one, they will give one to you to put it up where you want, on your dresser or whatever. And, so, this is really mass politics. And he erodes Republican support in some places; he doesn't do well everywhere. The Republic is really stronger than its opponents, that's obviously one of the points. In one of the departments that I mentioned, it doesn't matter which one--it was the Gers--but he builds upon strong support for Bonapartism in that part of France. And of course, one thing that he does is that he is able to--it plays off beautifully with the anti-Semites and their newspapers. Drumont--there's a newspaper called La libre parole, the free word or the open word, is sort of the classic, virulent, rightwing newspaper. And Charles Maurras, who was a monarchist and he was a salaud, but he was a really great writer, Maurras was, just a fantastic writer, he also is just vehemently anti-Semitic, though in a less--well, anti-Semitism is vulgar, totally, but he's more restrained in his criticism, et cetera, et cetera. But this just fits right into the image of Boulanger. And Boulanger is willing to go along with this. Who knows if he was anti-Semitic or not? Probably because of the long traditions of anti-Semitism in the army--more about this later--one imagines that he was. But this is what's important about him, that and the fact that for the first time these people are in--the Right is in the streets, and they're toughs, they're tough guys. And this anticipates the 1920s and the 1930s also, that--and Paris has changed too. I'm going to do a whole lecture on Paris one day. But Paris is no longer the Paris of radical republican sans-culottes, of the artisans and the petty bourgeois who supported Maximilien Robespierre, in the French Revolution. It's no longer the Paris of 1848. The geographic shifts in social structure of Paris have transformed it, and henceforth, until 1968, the big demonstrations, les grands manifs, demonstrations, are those of the Right for the canonization of Joan of Arc, after 1920, against the Republic in 1934. So, it's a different Paris. But this is, as my friend William Irvine has argued, he was one of the first to argue this I think, it is a turning point in the history of the Right, as well. Now, to be sure, you can't always look through those wonderful glasses of hindsight, and if you're trying to explain Auschwitz or you're trying to explain the arrests of the Jews, the Jewish children, and their parents, and grandparents, in Paris in '42 and '43, by the French, it's a little much to go back and say, "c'est bien la faute du Boulanger," but that's the kind of connection--it's Boulanger's fault, that's the kind of connection that hindsight gives you, that you have to be a little careful with. But this stuff was out there. It was out there much more in Germany than it was in France. But Anti-Semitism was part of all of this, and it was part of the whole image of this man, of this poor man who had had enough and blows his brains all over his mistress's grave. Now, that's a long way of getting to the Dreyfus Affair, and I'll say less about that because the Dreyfus Affair is more obvious than the Boulanger Affair. The Dreyfus Affair reflects this anti-Semitism that had been accentuated by the economic crisis that begins in the mid-1870s, in 1873 and 1874, where it was easy to blame it on the Jews, blame it on the Jewish bankers, blame it on the Jewish department stores, blame it on somebody. And, but it fits rather nicely into all that, from the point of view of trying to analyze all that. Now, Drumont--Edward was his name, I never did say his first name--Edward, Edward, Drumont, his newspaper La libre parole had been very--at the forefront of denouncing the scandals of the Republic, arguing that the scandals were inherent in a Republic by its very form of--its very existence, and by the fact that it's the Jews who dominate le mur d'argent, that is the wall of money controlled by the Rothschilds and all of this, the usual kind of claims. He had published a book in which he claimed that Jewish financiers were conspiring to dominate France, and that they indeed had done so. And he is at the forefront of this, of I'affaire. And what the affair does is it pits basically against--it pits Right against Left, it pits the French Army, and the Catholic Church, and the monarchists, who are against Dreyfus, it pits them against the Republicans, against socialists who supported Alfred Dreyfus. Now, he's worth a minute. In fact there's a very good book called--written again by my former student Michael Burns, called Dreyfus, a Family Affair, about the Dreyfus family, not just about Dreyfus--there've been probably forty books written about him; but it's about his whole family. And that's interesting in itself. He was the son of an old Jewish family from Alsace. His family had been peddlers, and there were many Jewish peddlers in Eastern Europe, particularly in Poland but in other places as well. His family became textile manufacturers in the town of Mulhouse and then end up in a place, a beautiful place, called Ribeauvillé where the--oh-la-la--it's magnificent where the vineyards go right down to the bord. But they're assimilated and proudly consider themselves French. Following 1871, for obvious reasons, they move, and they move to Paris, they move to the 16th arrondissement, that is the fancy part of Paris. Now, again, in the history of Jewish movement, physical movement in France, and from other places to France, you have a growing gap between assimilated Jews with origins in Germany or Alsace and other places who were more assimilated, who come, who have more money, they're more friqué, they have more money--they're not all wealthy--but they see themselves as very assimilated and they live in the fancier quarters; and the huge number of Jewish immigrants who arrive with virtually nothing from the old Pale, from where they were allowed to settle in the Russian Empire, and from Poland; Poland had lost its independence in 1795 and wouldn't get it again until--with the Third Partition it wouldn't get it again until 1918. And they come to Paris carrying virtually nothing. There's one story about these Jews who carried an empty suitcase and they said, "why are you carrying an empty suitcase when you're leaving Russia?" And they said, "because it's too shameful to have nothing to carry. We want people to think that we have something." And they had nothing. And they get to Paris and some of the assimilated Jews said, "hey, we don't want those people here because they're going to fit into this anti-Semitic propaganda of these characters, the dirty Jew coming from Poland, coming from Congress Poland, and coming from Russia. And they settle in the Marais in Paris, and they work in the garment industry, and some of them are anarchists and some of them are Marxists, and they were all extremely interesting people. But Dreyfus and his family were extremely assimilated, they were of some means, and so they live in the fancy neighborhoods. And now, in 1894--I'll just tell this story very briefly, for those of you who haven't had time to read it yet--evidence surfaced from a wastepaper basket in the office of a German military attaché that somebody in the French Army was passing secret information to the Germans about French military operations on the edge--on the new frontier, that is the Vosges, and Alsace and Lorraine. And circumstantial evidence pointed to a captain, Dreyfus. And they confront him with the evidence. It looks like his handwriting. And when they do this--this is a very military gesture--they gave him, present him with a pistol, saying, "you too can blow out your brains." And, in doing so, it meant your guilt. And he was shocked, he said, "moi, je ne suis pas coupable"--"I didn't do this, it's not me, it's not me." But that didn't matter to the army at all. They convene him with-- and the writing did look like his writing too, but then more things would come along to devastate the whole case. They convoke a secret court martial and find him guilty of treason. He was stripped of his rank in a ceremony at the École Militaire, the big military school, and he's sent to Devil's Island, about which you have heard, off the coast of South America, the northern coast, a hellhole. Yet more documents continued to be leaked and the new Chief of Army Intelligence, a guy called Piccard--the name doesn't matter; well, it does matter but you don't have to know it for this--comes to the conclusion that it wasn't Dreyfus, it couldn't have been him, the writing is not really the same. Now, Piccard was an unlikely hero in all this scenario because he was an anti-Semite, he was a vicious anti-Semite like almost everybody in the Officer Corps at this same time. And he comes to the conclusion that they were penned by another Frenchman, Esterhazy, a Hungarian immigrant to--second or third generation, to France, Walsin Esterhazy. But high-ranking officers get together and they say, "it's better to have this Jew languishing in misery than to admit that we made a mistake." And then along comes the right wing of the Catholic Church, particularly the Assumptionist Order, which says the same thing: "he's a Jew, thus he is guilty." And, so, he is just--there he is, and nothing happens. They send Piccard off to a post in Tunisia as punishment for having discovered the truth, and a court puts Esterhazy on trial in a military court and he is acquitted. Now, at this point Zola takes up the case, he writes the famous article in a newspaper with a headline, gros titres, J'accuse. He says, "I accuse the Army, I accuse the government of covering all this up, the man is innocent." And, so, the political Right and the church hierarchy jump against Dreyfus and socialists, and generally socialists and radical republicans support Dreyfus. The newspaper of the Assumptionist Order demands that all Jews lose their citizenship and Charles Maurras, who I mentioned before, an anti-Semitic novelist, jumps into the fray against them. And soon some more documents were discovered and it turns out that these--they were added to Dreyfus's file, long after he was languishing on the island, and they were suddenly discovered by a man called Henry, an officer. And he'd forged them to make it even clearer for those people who wanted to believe that Dreyfus was guilty, that Dreyfus had done other bad things too. And, so, they--and Maurras at one point salutes Henry for his "patriotic forgery," his patriotic forgery. If that doesn't sound like some things in this country too, I don't know what does. But, anyway, finally Henry slits his throat in the military prison, where he had been condemned for this forgery, and they bring Dreyfus back from his island, a broken man, and they find him guilty again--a military court, you're not talking about a civil court it's a military court--and they say he is guilty, but with "extenuating circumstances." So, finally--and they send him back to Devil's Island--finally he is pardoned in 1906; no, he's pardoned actually before that, about 1900 he's pardoned, or even 1899, but he's not fully exonerated until 1906. But, still, this was another moment for the right, as well, particularly the anti-republican right, because they had concluded that Dreyfus was guilty by the very fact that he was a Jew, and it was better to have him in prison than to suffer the blow of the army having been caught up in its own snare. And he retreated to his own--sa petite vie, comme on dit, his own life, amazingly enough forgiving for all what had happened. And again, I said this earlier but I'll simply end with this, one of the ironies of all this, and it helps us make the point of what happens to the Right, and the anti-Semitism in France and in Europe, is that his granddaughter dies in the death camp of Auschwitz. Have a good week; see you on Monday. The surface area of a cube is equal to the sum of the areas of its six sides. Let's just visualize that. I like to visualize things. So if that's the cube, we can see three sides. Three sides are facing us. But then if it was transparent, we see that there are actually six sides of a cube. So there's this one-- one, two, three in front-- and then one-- this is the bottom. This is in the back, and this is also in the back. So you have three sides of the cube. So I believe what they're saying. The surface area of a cube with side length x-- so if this is x, if this is x, if this is x-- is given by the expression 6x squared. That also makes sense. The area of each side is going to be x times x is x squared, and there's six of them. So it's going to be 6x squared. Jolene has two cube-shaped containers that she wants to paint. One cube has side length 2. So this is one cube right over here. I'll do my best to draw it. So this right over here has side length 2, so that's its dimensions. The other cube has side length 1.5. So the other cube is going to be a little bit smaller. It has side length 1.5. So it's 1.5 by 1.5 by 1.5. What is the total surface area that she has to paint? Well, we know that the surface area of each cube is going to be 6x squared, where x is the dimensions of that cube. So the surface area of this cube right over here is going to be 6. And now-- let me do it in that color of that cube-- it's going to be 6 times x, where x is the dimension of the cube. And then the cube all has the same dimensions, so its length, width, and depth is all the same. So for this cube, the surface area is going to be 6 times 2 squared. And then the surface area of this cube is going to be 6 times 1.5 squared. And if we want the total surface area she has to paint, it's going to be the sum of the two cubes. So we're just going to add these two things. And so if we were to compute this first one right over here, this is going to be 6 times 4. This is 24. And this one right over here, this is going to be a little bit hairier. Let's see. 15 times 15 is 225. So 1.5 times 1.5 is 2.25. So 1.5 squared is 2.25. And 2.25 times 6-- so let me just multiply that out. 2.25 times 6. Let's see. We're going to have 6 times 5 is 30. 6 times 2 is 12, plus 3 is 15. 6 times 2 is 12, plus 1 is 13. I have two numbers behind the decimal-- 13.5. So it's going to be 13.5. And if I add these two together, this is going to be equal to the total surface area that she has got to paint, is going to be 37.5 square-- well, I guess they're not giving us the units. Well, 37.5 is going to be the total area of square units of whatever the units happen to be. Woman is the nigger of the world Yes she is...think about it Woman is the nigger of the world Think about it...do something about it We make her paint her face and dance If she won't be a slave, we say that she don't love us If she's real, we say she's trying to be a man While putting her down, we pretend that she's above us [Chorus] Woman is the nigger of the world...yes she is If you don't believe me, take a look at the one you're with Woman is the slave of the slaves Ah, yeah...better scream about it [Verse 2] We make her bear and raise our children And then we leave her flat for being a fat old mother hen We tell her home is the only place she should be Then we complain that she's too unworldly to be our friend [Chorus] Woman is the nigger of the world...yes she is If you don't believe me, take a look at the one you're with Woman is the slave to the slaves Yeah...alright...hit it! [Verse 3] We insult her every day on TV And wonder why she has no guts or confidence When she's young we kill her will to be free While telling her not to be so smart we put her down for being so dumb [Chorus] Woman is the nigger of the world Yes she is...if you don't believe me, take a look at the one you're with Woman is the slave to the slaves Yes she is...if you believe me, you better scream about it [Outro] We make her paint her face and dance[x6] Hi! Thanks for joining me today. My name is Tim Reed and I'm an Implementation Associate at Teaching Strategies. This video is part of a series on how to use Teaching Strategies GOLD online. Today, I'm going to walk you through on how to transfer a child or a teacher within Teaching Strategies GOLD online. Let's start with transferring a child. First, sign in to your Teaching Strategies GOLD account. Once you're signed in, go to the "Administration" tab and select "Manage Children." Then, select "Children." As you can see, a list of children appears. To transfer a child, click the "Go" button next to the child's name. I'll select Adam's as an example. Once I click "Go," I'll be taken to Adam's information page. Now I'll use the gray "Action" menu on the upper right and select "Transfer" from the drop-down menu. From here, I can select the new class and the age or class/grade that I want to transfer Adam to. Once I've made my selection, I can click "Change." Notice that once I've transferred a child and selected "Change," I'm on a screen that lists all the other children in the class I just transferred from. If you'd like to move other children from the class, you can use the checkboxes to select those children and then click "Transfer." Now let's look at how to transfer a teacher. From the "Administration" tab, select "Manage Users" and then select "Teachers and Administrators." Once the list of teachers and administrators appears, I can simply use the dropdown menu on the right and choose "Transfer User" and click "Go. Select the new site that you want to transfer the teacher to, and hit "Transfer." Please note if there are classrooms and children underneath the teacher's profile, they will transfer along with the teacher. If you need more help transferring a child or teacher, use the Support links on the right-hand side of the screen. You'll find a resource guide and information on how to contact us for support. Thanks for watching our video on how to transfer a child or teacher in Teaching Strategies GOLD online. Please take a moment and "like" this video, share it with a friend, or leave a comment and tell us what you think! This is Calculus in a Single Variable. I'm Robert Griest, Professor of Mathematics and Electrical and Systems Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania. We're about to begin Lecture 22, Integration by Parts. We're going to turn now to one of the best general purpose methods for computing an indefinite integral, this is the integration by parts formula. In this lesson, you'll learn what it is, why it is, and under what circumstances it's effective. Recall our principle for integration rules as differentiation rules run in reverse. Today, we're going to consider the product rule. Recall the product rule for derivatives says that the derivative of u times v equals u dv plus v du. To get an integration rule, let's integrate both sides of that equation. On the left, the integral of d of uv equals simply uv. On the right, we have two integrals where the u and v terms are mixed up. A little bit of rearrangement yields what is called the integration by parts formula. Namely, that the integral of u dv equals u times v minus the integral of v du. Now, in this case, u and v are both functions of x. What you are, given is the integral of udv. This is typically a difficult integral, one that you don't know how to do. The way to use the integration by parts formula successfully is to replace that difficult integral with one that is hopefully easier, in this case the integral of vdu. The best way to learn this is through lots of examples. Let's do that. Compute the integral of x * e^x dx. We have to choose the appropriate u and v. Let's let u be equal to x, and the leftovers, namely e^x dx, we'll set that as being dv so that we've represented our integral as the integral of udv. Now, given u, du is equal to dx, and v is equal to e^x. Now, should we worry about putting in a constant of integration and solving for v? No. Let's drop that. We'll take care of it at the end. Using the integration by parts formula, we get that the integral of x, e^x is equal to x, e^x, that is u times v, minus the integral of v, e^x, times du or dx. Note that the integral at the right is easy to solve. The integral of e^x is just e^x plus a constant. Factoring out the e^x, we get a very simple form namely, quantity x minus one times e^x plus a constant. And we can check that indeed, differentiating this result gives the original integrand. Let's do another example. Consider the integral of log of x, dx. This one is a bit more mysterious. What do we choose for you and what for dv is simplicity tends to be a good guide in these things. Let's set u equal to log of x. And since, if I set dv equal to log of xdx, well I wouldn't know how to integrate that. dv, the only thing that's left over is dx. When we differentiate u, we get one over x dx. When we integrate to get v, we get simply x. Doesn't seem like we've done anytihng, but look what happens when we use the integration by parts formula, u times v is x times log x minus v du is minus the integral of x, times one over x dx. That integral simplifies dramatically. We integrate to get x. Factoring, we get an answer of x times quantity log of x minus one plus a constant. Again, we can check that differentiating that gives us our original integrand back. Let's do another example. This time, the sine of x over x. What's the integral of that? Well, let's, let's pick something and see what happens. If we set u to be sine of x and dv to be one over x dx, then du, naturally, would be cosine of x dx. And v would be log of x. Using the integration by parts formula, we would get u times v, namely log of x times sine of x minus the integral of v log of x times du cosine of x dx. Well, that does not appear to help very much. And I think that the integral of log of x times cosine of x is, if anything, harder than the original integrand we began with. Well, that doesn't mean we should give up. Let's try again, perhaps we simply chose poorly. Let's reverse things. Let's let u be one over x, and dv be sine of x dx. In this case, du is minus one over x squared, dx and v is minus cosine of x. Now, if we apply the integration by parts formula again, we get that u times v is minus cosine x over x, and then the integral of vdu is cosine of x, or x squared. Ooh. That, too, does not look simple. That looks even harder than what we began with. What does this mean? Well, this means that this method is not going to work. And, in fact, one reason I know this is not going to work is that this is a particular integral that determines the sine integral function, si of x. The moral of the story is that no single integration method works every time. Try and keep trying. Here's another example. Let's look at e^x times sine of x dx. If we let u be sine of x and dv be e^x dx, then computing du is cosine of x dx and v is e^x, plugging that into the integration by parts formula. The integral we get on the right hand side is the integral of e^x cosine of x. Hm. That does not appear to have helped us at all. But, instead of giving up, let's try again. Let's try to solve for what e^x cosine of x integrates to by again applying integration by parts. If we choose u to be cosine of x, and dx to be e^x similar to what we did before, then we obtain e^x cosine of x plus the integral, e^x sine of x dx. and at this point we are ready to give up. We've tried integrating by parts twice, and what we've obtained is the original integral. It would be a mistake to give up at this point. Let's take a look at what we've done. Let's call this integral of e^x sine of x, I. What have we shown? We've shown that I is equal to e^x sine of x minus the integral of e^x cosine of x dx. And that the integral of e^x cosine of x dx integrates to something else, involving that original integral I again. If we set j to be equal to the integral of e^x cosine of x dx, then we notice that I and j are, are all wrapped up and entwined. And writing the equation out a, a, bit more clearly, we get something interesting. I is equal to e^x sine of x minus j. And j is equal to e^x cosine of x plus I. This is two equations, two unknowns. If we substitute j into the first equation, we get that I equals e^x sine of x, minus e^x cosine of x, minus I. It's good that we were very careful with our pluses and minuses. Because moving the I's to one side of the equation gives us not a cancellation but a multiple of two so that we can solve for I. Our original integral is one-half quantity e^x sine of x minus e^x cosine of x, plus a constant. This is one example where not giving up was a good idea. Sometimes you have to keep trying. Now, this example prompts the question, how many times should you try integrating by parts before calling it a day, giving up? Well, I have bad news for you. There are some problems where you have to keep trying several times. Sometimes with several different methods in order to get a solution. However, sometimes integration by parts can help you in a slightly different way, in the form of a reduction formula. It's best to illustrate by an example. Consider the integral of x to the n cosine of x dx, where n is some positive integer, let's say. Let's begin by setting u equal to x^n, and dv equal to cosine of x dx. Differentiating u, we get n * x^n-1 dx. Integrating for v, we get sine of x. Applying the integration by parts formula gives us x^n sine of x minus the integral of x times x^n-1 times sine of x dx. Well, what happens if we integrate x^n times sine of x dx? That's the form of the integral that we get on the right-hand side up to that constant n. Let's apply the same technique. Let's let u be x^n dv be sine of x dx. du is n * x^n-1 dx, and v is now minus cosine of x. Applying integration by parts gives us -x^n cosine of x, minus a negative integral n x^n-1 cosine of x dx. Notice that these two results are entwined, much like the last example that we looked at. Integrating x^n cosine of x leads to an integral involving, x^n-1 sine of x and vice versa, switching sines and cosines. If we feed one formula into the other, what will we get? The integral of x^n cosine of x dx equals x^n sin of x - n * -x^n-1 cosine of x plus the integral of x minus one times x^n-2 times cosine of x dx. On e has to be a bit careful with the exponents here to make sure that we follow things carefully. Simplifying a little bit gives us x^n sine of x plus n times x^n-1 times cosine of x, minus n times n minus one, times the integral of x^n-2 cosine of x dx. Now, we might be inclined to give up, since we started with something of the form x^n times cosine of x, and we've ended with something of the form, x^n cosine of x. But notice that our exponent on the x has dropped by two. This hasn't given us an answer, but it has given us a means of reducing to a simpler integral. This is the essence of a reduction formula. If one repeats the same process with x^n sine of x feeding the formulae that we have derived one into another and following the algebraic manipulations carefully, one will obtain a similar reduction formula involving x^n-2 sine of x dx. We have once again shown how to take a complicated integral and replace it with a somewhat simpler integral. For any finite value of n, a sufficient number of applications of this reduction formula will lead you to an answer. There are several similar reduction formulae in integration, most all of these are obtained from integrating by parts. The integration by parts formula is one of the most important in this course. You're going to want to have that well practiced, well memorized. In our next lesson, we'll return to the idea of integration by substitution and focus on a class of problems that are particularly immutable to a trigonometric substitution. I'm excited to have our first student speaker to do a community talk today. Please give Teddy your attention. [applause] Hi. I'm Teddy. When I was born, I had a severe hearing loss in my right ear, and a profound hearing loss in my left ear. This means that I'm deaf. My hearing loss was discovered in a newborn hearing screening when I was only one day old. My parents worked really hard to find the right doctors and audiologists, so I could get my first pair of hearing aids when I was only 8 weeks old. So, I've never really known what it's like to be deaf, in the way that you might see on TV or in movies. And, growing up, I always went to regular schools. Instead of playing sports, I was in speech therapy. I'm just a regular kid, like most of the other people in this room, there's just a little something about me that's different. Like, if I'm in a noisy environment, I might not be able to hear people properly, because there's just all sorts of noise coming from everywhere, and my equipment can't properly differentiate what the noise is. [camera shutter clicks] And if somebody far away is trying to get my attention, I probably wouldn't be able to hear them. Some people might think that it's easier to hear noises when I essentially have a giant earbud right in my ears, but truthfully, it's pretty difficult. Even without my hearing aids and my cochlear implant, it's even more difficult. I mean, the only way that I could possibly hear somebody is if they yelled really loudly into my right ear. And I can't hear anything at all out of my left. I don't know what it's like to wake up in the morning with an alarm clock. I need this giant industrial bed shaker that I put between my box spring and my mattress that not just wakes me up, but practically the entire neighborhood. [laughter] Despite all of these extra things that I need, I'm not that much different from most of you. I am much, much different though, than the kind of deaf people that you might see on movies or in TV. Whenever I see a TV show or a movie with a deaf person in it, they usually seem so angry, so serious, so dissatisfied with their disability, their lives, and I am not like that at all. I love telling jokes. I love hearing jokes. I have a satisfying social life. And I play guitar. Three of my five closest deaf friends actually play an instrument. And while I'm not much different from a lot of you in personality, I still do have a disability. I need thousands of dollars worth of equipment in order to make it through my everyday life. I often need to ask my teachers and my friends to repeat themselves because I didn't understand them the first time. And, some of you might think it's annoying at first, but imagine how annoying it is for me. And if I go to a movie theatre, I probably wouldn't be able to understand all of the dialog because I don't have access to captions. And this is precisely where diversity comes into play. Diversity doesn't just revolve around the color of a person's skin, or where they're from, or what language they speak. It can include people who have physical and learning disabilities as well. People who have autism are diverse. People who are born without a leg are diverse, I'm a privileged white kid from the suburbs, and I'm diverse, because... you know. I also think it's important to recognize that diversity is not the only important thing that can happen in a community. Diversity focuses on people's differences, and in some cases can create a divide right through a community. But what's important about diversity is that it can lead to a much more important thing, and that's unity. Unity is all about briging people together. It's celebrating their similarities as much as they do their differences. And that's what I love about Rocky Hill. I feel like I can come in here and be open to every single person in this room, and be completely comfortable with it. Certainly I'm different from you. Like, I don't know what it's like to hear when I take a shower, because my hearing aids aren't waterproof. Even if it's really humid outside, my hearing aids might go on the fritz. Thunderstorms don't wake me up. And if my parents are yelling at me, I can just turn my stuff off. [laughter] I bet you're jealous right now actually. But even so, I love a lot of the same things that a lot of you people love. I love movies, I love rock music, I love Breaking Bad. [laughter] And just because I have one difference from all of you doesn't mean that I'm completely different, it doesn't mean that I'm an outsider, or should be excluded from anything. I just hope that me being here has enriched all of your lives as much as your being here has enriched mine. Thank you. [applause] Does anybody have any questions? [man] How did you learn to speak? You speak very well and it's hard to tell that you're a deaf person just by the way that you speak. Sometimes deaf people have a different tone to their voices and different pronunciation. [Ted] That's a very good question. Since I got my hearing aids at 8 weeks old, I essentially have the speaking ability of a normal person. I was never, I never went to a deaf school I've been in the public school system and eventually the private school system my entire life. And just being around normal people and being taught by the same teachers as them is what makes me the person that I am today. [man] Can you explain all the equipment you wear? Would you be comfortable explaining how it works? [Ted] Of course. My hearing aid is essentially a microphone with a giant amplifier in it. It receives noise, and pumps it at high volume straight into my ear. Whenever I get a new one, I usually program it so that it's not super quiet or super loud. And my cochlear implant is much more complicated actually. So, as you can all see, the microphone is right here, this little bulge, and it takes the sound and transmits it into this tiny little middle part, and then the sound is transformed into an electrical signal that goes down this wire, and into this headpiece that is magnetically attached to my head. I have a magnet in my head, basically. So if I ever needed to put a shopping list up there... [laughter] The signal is sent across the skin into a small computer that's in my head. The computer translates that into small electrical impulses that go into an electrode array inside my cochlea. It's basically a tiny little pea-sized organ in your inner ear that takes noise and turns it into signal that's sent to your brain. And the electrical impulses that the computer in my head does, it's basically simulated sound. [young man] Do you have any difficulty going through, like, metal detectors or anything like that? [Ted] Sometimes. But a more interesting fact, you know the backscatter machines, the big cylindrical ones that violate your privacy? [laughter] Yeah, well, I can't go through those because the x-rays mess with my implant and can permanently damage it, so I need to get patted down every time I take a plane. [audience 'awwww's] [young lady] You said that some of your deaf friends played instruments too. Are any of them fully deaf? [Ted] Well, they're varying degrees of deaf. One of them has two cochlear implants, yeah, I think another one has two hearing aids, and I think the other has one just like me, an implant and a hearing aid. [young lady] Do you know how to, like, understand sign language? [Ted] No. I don't actually. I never really saw a need to do it. I kind of wish I did know it then, because I could speak to my deaf friends more easily. [man] Do you read lips? [Ted] Yeah, I do. A lot. [laughter] [young lady] How old were you when you got the implant? [Ted] I actually just got it last year, yeah, I got it when I was a freshman. It's kind of a funny story. My mom wanted me to get a cochlear implant for a long time during my life, and I never really wanted to do it because I was scared of surgery. Especially on my head. But then one day during summer vacation, when we were riding in the car, she said to me, you know, because you'd have a magnet in your head, you can stick stuff to it. [laughter] That's what hooked me on to it. [laughter] It hooked me on to it, it's not the only reason. [laughter] [man] So that implant connects magnetically? [Ted] Yes, it's magnetic, yes. [man] I was surprised when you pulled it off, I thought you couldn't do that. [Ted] Well no, it's a magnet, there's a magnet inside my head, and this is a magnet, and it's magnetically attached. [man] In addition to what you already shared, what's the one message that you want all of us to take from you today? Everybody is diverse. Everybody has a difference, whether it's a disability like mine, or if somebody has an injury somewhere in the audience, or if you were born someplace else. Even if you were born in Canada, and you came down here, just a week after that, you're diverse. The slightest difference makes you diverse. [young man] Did they do something to keep the magnet from, like, affecting your brain? [Ted] The magnets don't affect my brain, I'm not a conspiracy theorist. [young man] OK, sorry. [applause] I wasn't ready! I have no arms and no legs but I'm very thankful that I have my little chicken drumstick here. People freak out when they see me for the first time. It's so cool. I was at a water slide, all by myself, Everyone out beside the bottom of the slide just looking on or waiting for other people to come down and here I come and they're freaking out. They're like -- Yeah, like this. And I also attempted to look at myself and go -- "what happended?!" You know. And there were times when I sort of looked at my life and think of it like "I can't do this and I can't do that" And you keep on concentrating on the things that you wish you had or the things you wish you didn't have. And you sort of forget what you do have. And there's no point, I believe, in my life where "I wish I had arms and legs," I wish I had arms and legs, I wish I had arms and legs," 'cause wishing won't help. But what I've seen in life were just a couple of key principles and the first thing that I've seen is to be thankful. It's hard to be thankful, man. I'll tell you, when I was 8 years old I sort of summed up my life and thought, "I'm never gonna get married," I'm, you know, I'm not gonna have a job, I'm not gonna have a life of purpose. What kind of a husband am I gonna be if I can't even hold my wife's hand? It's a lie to think that you are not good enough. It's a lie to think that you're not worth anything. Oh boy! Ooooh~ It's freezing, I can't feel my hands...Ha, ha, ha. I love life. You know so many people come and say "how come you smile so much?" And I'm like, well, it's-it's a long story, but it's very simple at the same time. You see it's very hard to smile sometimes in life. There are things that happen That you don't know and you don't understand, and You don't know if you're gonna get through it. You know you go through your storms in life, and, You don't know how long this storm's gonna be. And today I wanna share with you some principles that I've learned in my life that you can use in yours... Being patient is beautiful I'll tell you it's the hardest thing! But I realised I may not have hands to hold my wife's hand, but when the times comes, I'll be able to hold her heart. I don't need hands to hold her heart. You know it is scary to know how many girls have eating disorders. It is scary to know how many people are just angry at life because of their situation at home. and angry at others. It's scary to know how many people actually feel like they're worth nothing. Every single girl right here, right now, I want you to know that you - are - beautiful! You are gorgeous just the way you are. And you boys - you're da men! On this DVD I share my experiences in life of how I've overcome challenges and seen a new, fresh perspective in life. To be thankful, to dream big, and to never give up. I speak to children, youth and adults About key issues and principles that I've applied in my life that has given me the strength to conquer all that comes before me. So the trick to understanding this quiz is noticing that myfun has a formal parameter named x, and when we're inside myfun, when we're inside the body, when control has reached these statements, we need x to refer to the actual argument and not the outside value. So when we get in here, myfun x = outside x. This can't happen because we've passed in os lusiadas. My Portuguese pronunciation needs work. Imagine I'm pronouncing that correctly, and that's going to shadow or replace the old value of x. However, there's only 1 variable here, x. So y never changes. So we will print out myfun y = outside y. Similarly, since we are passing in os lusiadas to myfun as x, we can print out myfun x is os luciadas, but there is never an assignment of y to os luciadas so we'll never end up printing out this variant. So again, the key concept, we can have multiple values of x in different contexts. Out here, x is outside x. In here, x is the value of the actual argument, os lusiandas, which we often--let's say aggressively pronounce in English as The Lusiads , a Portuguese epic poem in 1572, entirely worth checking out. -B-b-b-b-b-b-b-b-b-b-b-b-b-b-b-b-b-b-bored! [laughs] -Ooh! -Hey! Hey, Space Taco! Is it time for blastoff? [laughs] -It's B-b-b-b-b-burrito. -"Brr" is right. What's the matter? You need to defrost? [laughs] -Whoa, ese, hands off! -Yeah, I was only joking. -Uhh... why is Burrito in the microwave? -Well duh, he's too big for the toaster. [laughs] -Uhh... is anyone else worried about that warning label? -Aw, that's just a birthmark. I've had it forever. [beeping] -Yay! Everything's hunky-dory! -Yep, nothing to worry about at all. [zapping noise] Whoa. [rapid beeping and zapping] -Whah! -Ahh! [crackling] Hey! Hey, Apple! Hey, hey Apple, hey! -What? What? What is it? -Orange you glad I didn't say "apple" again? [laughs] -Yeah, yeah, that joke was funny the first 400 times you-- [zapping noise] -Whoa! -What the heck? [poof!, Marshmallow cheers] -(all) Whoa! -Oh, great. There's two of you? -Whoa! That guy looks just like me! -Nuh-uh, you look just like me. -Nuh-uh, YOU look just like me. -Nuh-uh, you look just like-- -Knock it off. -Oh, boy! Twice as much Orange means twice as much fun! Yay! -Again, am I the only one that read that warning label? -Huh? What are you talking about? -[groans] Microwave plus burrito equals time machine! It brought us here from the future. -Okay... so if you're from the future, then why didn't the future me come back with you? -Oh, that's easy. It's because you're-- -On vacation! Yep, yep, someplace really nice and, uh, and fun. -Huh? What are you talking-- -Orange, you can't tell him what happens. It could change the past and, as a result, the future. -Right. So don't mention the K-N-I-F-E, okay? -The kuh-niff-ie? What's a kuh-niff-ie? -That's "knife," you idiot. He's not supposed to mention the-- Wait a second. I'm gonna get knifed? -Okay... uh, it's been fun, but we, uh, we should get goin', huh, guys? -Yeah, yeah, yeah, give me a minute, homes. I'm a little new to this. -What's the matter? You need a "time" out? [both laugh] -That's what I was gonna say! [rapid beeping and zapping] -Wait! Take me with you. You can't just leave me here. [poof!] -Whoa! Hey, hey Apple! -Uhh... -Hey! Hey, Apple! Hey! -Uh... no!!! -Whoa! That guy really knows how to roll. [laughs] Hey, Pear! -Oh, God. [zapping noise] [poof!, Marshmallow cheers] -(all) Whoa! -The future really is bright. [laughs] -Whew, we're back. I just hope everything's the same way we left it-- Uh-oh. This is-- -So awesome! -Yay! -(Midget Apple) There's apples everywhere! -Hey! Hey, apples! Hey, apples, hey! [all screaming] Yep, they're apples, all right. -Hey, it's okay, guys. Everyone just calm down. -It's a midget apple! -Hey! Knock it off! Only we get to call Midget Apple a midget apple. -Gee, thanks, Orange. -What is wrong with them? Why are they freaking out? -(Grandpa Lemon) I can tell you why. Because a long time ago, they took our kitchen. -Whoa! Grandpa Lemon! -What? W-- where? -Yeah, and those of us that weren't destroyed by the Robo-Apple were enslaved. -Wait. Did you say Robo-Apple? -[robotic voice]: Intruder alert. Intruder alert. Unauthorized produce, put your hands in the air. -But, we don't have any hands. -Good work, Robo-Apple. Now fire at will! -Yes, Your Eminence. [lazers zapping] [fruits scream] Ha ha, ha ha. -Burrito, you gotta get us back to the past! We have to fix this! -Don't worry, Pear. This little doggy is ready to ride. Br-r-r-r-ah-ha-hai! [rapid beeping] [poof!] -Wait! Take me with you. You can't just leave me here. [zapping noise] [poof!, Marshmallow cheers] -(all) Whoa! -[sighs in relief] Yes, you came back. -Hey! Hey, it's Apple! -Yeah--yeah, we covered that. Now get me outta here. -Hey! Hey, Apple! -Shut up! -No, not him. Me! Over here! -Apple, listen to me. -Stop! -Me! Hey! Apple, Apple, Apple... -(both) Apple, Apple, Apple, Apple, Apple, Apple, Apple... -Oh, for the love of Pete, what is it?! -(both) Knife! -Ahh... -Ugh... that really looks like it hurts. -See? I told you that apple was rotten to the core. [laughs] -All right, Neato Burrito, beam us back... to the future! [rapid beeping and zapping] -Aww... but I wanted to-- [poof!] -Whoa, that was crazy. Phew, looks like everything is normal in the kitchen again. Hmm. Hey, hey pears! -(pears) Oh, God. -(Orange) Hey, you're an apple! What's wrong, Banana? You don't look like you're "peeling" very well. [laughs] Captioned by SpongeSebastian This question is simply crying out for recursion. We're given a recursive formula for the Stirling numbers, which is S(n, k) = kS(n - 1, k) + S(n - 1, k - 1). What we need to think about, though, is the base case, which isn't given. When do we stop? Well, if we have some objects, and we want to split them up, if we have more piles that we're going to split them in, some pile will be empty. That's not allowed. That means that if we have more piles-- piles is the k and object is the n-- if we have more piles than objects, we want to return 0. We can't do it. That's one case. If we look at our formula, we need to stop in other cases as well. We can't just return 0 all the time, because then our sum will be 0. What happens when these two values are the same? Well, if the two values are the same. If n equals k, then how many ways are there of splitting up the objects into the same number of piles as there are objects? Well, there's just one way. The other case we need to consider or we can consider, is if k is 1. What if we want to split the objects up into 1 pile? Well, there is only one way to do that, so we can return 1 there as well. Now to look at the code, I'm just going to code those two conditions. If we have fewer objects than piles, then there are no ways to arrange the objects. If we have the same number of objects as piles or if we have just one pile, then there's one way to do that. If we're in neither of those cases, then we're going to return the formula that we were given-- the recursive formula. That completes the Stirling number part of the question. For the Bell numbers we just need to sum the Stirling numbers for k equals 1 up to n as stated. We need a variable to keep track of the total that we're going to return, and then we need to step through the values of key from 1 up to n. For k in the range 1 up to n + 1. Don't forget the +1 on the end, because range stops one before the second input number. Then we just need to add the Stirling number n, k. Finally, we need to return the total. Say MashaAllah! Determine the sine of 135 degrees the cosine of 135 degrees and teh tangent of 135 degrees so lets start off just by drawing a 135 degree angle in standard position so to do that let me draw some axis and I'll put a unit circle on that axis that's about as good as I can hand draw the unit circle and let me mark this up I'll mark it up a little bit neater so this is when x is equal to one and this is when y is equal to one. this is when y is equal to negitive no excuse me this is when x is equal to negative onw and this is when y is equal to negitive one and the only reason why I had to draw kind of a dotted line is that I find it easier to draw a dotted line we can fill it in and it actually should be a filled in line so there you go now lets draw a 135 degree angle in standard position so lets sit the vertex of that angle at the origin, let me do this in a new color so this is going to sit at the origin the initial side is going to go along the positive x-axis just like that draw it as a ray. and then the terminal side since it's a positive 135 degrees we're going to go in a counterclockwise direction if we go straight up to the y axis that gives us 90 degrees we have to get to 135 so we have to go another 45 so we have to go another 45 it takes us about right about half way or exactly half way through the second quadrant so it takes us right over there. so that is 135 degree angle now we know from our the unit circle definition of trig function that the intersection between the terminal side and the unit circle is going to have some coordinates (x,y) we know from the unit circle definition that x is equal to the cosine of 135 degrees in this case and y is going to equal the sine of 135 degrees and we know that y over x is going to be equal to the tangent of 135 degrees so if we can figure out this intersection point the x and y coordinates we've essintially figured out this entire problem. and there is a little bit of a hint, what i'm going to do is create a triangle here and this really does show the connection that show's that the unit circle definition is really just an extention of the traditional soh cah toa right trainagle definition so what i'm going to do is drop, i'm gonna do is create a right triangle let me do it in a different color a color different from the unit circle so i'm going to drop a right triangle here that's 90 degrees this magenta line has gone straight down and if we can figure out the base if we can figure out this distance, let me do it in a different color here, if we can figure out this blue distance we know that it's in the negative direction so if this blue distance is what ever it might be, the negative value of that because we're going to the left of the origin is going to be our x coordinate and whatever this height is in magenta that's going to be out y coordinate do you see it right over here so the x coordinate is where ever this blue distance takes us to the left the height in magenta is out y coordinate so lets think about what we know about this triangle right over here so my first question to you is what is the length of the hypotenuse of this triangle right over here the one that is formed between these points the origin the intersection between the unit circle and the terminal side of the angle and where this and where this vertical line intersects the x-axis so these three points right over here what is the hypotenuse formed by these three points Well this hypotenuse right over here this distance this distance right over here it is a radius it is a length of the radius of the unit circle and by definition the unit cirle has a radius of length one so the hypotenuse here has length has length one. Now my second question to you is can you figure out the angles of this triangle and in particular can you figure out the measure can you figure out the measure of this orange angle right over there? Well let's think about it. It is essintally or it deffinitely is suplementary to the 135 degrees. 135 plus this orange angle must be equal to 180 degrees so 180 minus 135 gives us 45, 45 degrees. and this is often refered to as the reference angle. It is that positive angle between the terminal side of an angle whether that 135 degree angle and the x-axis. Now my next question to you is can you figure out the last angle in this triangle? We know that is one is a right angle we know that this one is 45 degrees can you figure out what this top angle is right over here. Well we know that the angles in a triangle have to add up to 180 degrees so if you call this angle theta, if you call that angle theta we know that theta plus 45 degrees plus 90 degrees must add up to 180 degrees or theta plus 135 must add up to 180 so if you subtract 135 from both sides you get that theta is equal to 45 degrees so this is also equal to 45 degrees. let me zoom in on this triangle because it is getting a little bit messy so let me zoomin so this is the exact same triangle i'm just going to blow it up and I'm going to try to use the exact same colors. So this is just a zoomed in version of the same triangle this right over here is a right angle we know that the hypotenuse has length one it's opposite the right angle, we know that this angle right over here is 45 degrees and we know that this angle up here is 45 degrees so my next question to you is can we figure out the length of these sides? and the first thing, well i'll let you think about that for a second. The first thing you might realize from your traditional geometry is that this a triangle that has two angles that are the same and if the two angles are the same the two sides here are going to be the same aswell so we know from our geometry that this side is equal to that side. some times it's easier to visualize if you have a triangle like this and these two base angles are congruent then you know that these two sides are congruent this is one of the fundamental things that we learned in geometry, this is just reoriented in a different way. So we know those those two sides are going to be the same thing. and what we're eventually going to realize that triangles like this 45 45 90 triangles we're going to use the pythagorian theorem this time but, these are good triangles in general to know the ratio you know that the two sides are going to be equal and that the ratio between them and the hypotenuse but we'll figure it out this time. So we can use the Pythagorian Theorem, we can call that x actually let me not call them x Don't steal from people that can't afford it... Don't hurt people that don't deserve it... But if you say you'll do something and you don't... - We made a deal ... I'll make sure you regret it. You're gonna kill them aren't you? When I say I'll do something... I always follow through. - Who the hell are you? Parker [bang] How do you sleep at night? I don't drink coffee after seven. To be a human in Gaza, or to stay human is to know every thing about us to know what's happening in Gaza this small area of the world to watch the little child hugging his scared mother when the bombs are coming his mother who needs to be hugged so how will he hug his mother while she needs hugging how to stay human? Is to record this video on this candle, while you have no power and polluted water. Staying human To see how this world thinks about you, how they feel you, if they are ready to defend you when you are in pain or when you are being harmed. To be with you, to say your words, to be there for you. When I get bombed they feel my pain, to stay human, to feel each others, that when a little child dies in this war, when more than 100 person dies in a war most of them are children and women. What did they do to deserve this? What was their fault? That what it means to be human: to feel, to live, to breath, to live, to love. This all is in Gaza. And we will all live under the flag of humanity. Hello guys today i will show you Wait...i want to show you Minecraft 1.1 Yes i have a Update first... You see in creative mode Superflat I hope it working with the seed Yay i spawn in a NPC Village AWESOME! you can see... all is flat uh uh I am tired today ....... Today i have bad School and the Squidward want to say Hello Toturial video you see from my Lets Play Episode 1 to 4 i can walk on wheat but... you see i walk in whet but when i jump on the Wheat uh its evolve to ..... Dirt uh yes you can see slimes waaaaaaaaahhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhh a slime see me!!! ok wow wow ok oh SHlT! oh fuuuuuuuuuuuuuu problem Muddha fuka ohhhhhhhhhhhhh Fucking Sh... oh no what ever i change easy the world so i am... back now in creative so.. sing you see there is badrock i build now see you later so you see i now in the sky i j...# in the death huuuuuuuuuuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii BOlNG! you see i build HlGH higher slime want to rule the world i rescue you See ya Welcome to the second part of the presentation on basic trigonometry. In the last 10 minutes, I had trouble getting in a lot of examples, so I want to do a couple more with you guys. OK. So, let me start over just because this got messy. And we're just going to do what we did in the last time around. So let me just draw another right triangle. And make sure it's not going to be too big. Here's my right triangle. And let me just throw out some random sides. Let me say that this is 6. Let's make this side 5. And then, if this is a right triangle, Pythagorean Theorem tells us that this would be the square root of what? 36 plus 25 is equal to the square root of 61. I think that's right. I've gotten feedback on some of my other videos that I tend to get this type of addition wrong. I malfunction sometimes. But anyway. So this side is the square root of 61, and that's the hypotenuse. So let's get started with some problems. If I were to give you-- if I were to ask you. Well, let's see. Let's call this angle theta. And I want to know what is the tangent of theta? And we'll shorten that as tangent of-- tan of theta. What is the tangent of this angle right here? Well, you probably already forgot what the definition of tangent is. So I will repeat it. In fact, I will write up in this corner. Soh cah toa. So I think now your brain might be refreshed and you'll remember that toa is the mnemonic for tangent. And it says that tangent is equal to the opposite over the adjacent. So the tangent of theta is equal to the opposite side-- well, that's this side, that's the side of length 5-- over the adjacent side. That's this side. The side of length 6. That's pretty easy, huh? The tangent of theta is 5/6. And we'll just do a couple more. All right? We'll just go through all of the trig functions, or at least the basic trig functions. What is the sine of theta? Well, let's go back to our mnemonic. Soh cah toa. This is one of the few things in mathematics that you should probably memorize. It's kind of a funny word anyway. And soh-- to find sine. It tells us that sine is opposite over hypotenuse. Well, the opposite side, once again, is 5. And what's the hypotenuse? Well, the hypotenuse, we just figured out, was the square root of 61. And a lot of people don't like irrational denominators. So we can rationalize the denominator. And we do that by multiplying the numerator and the denominator by the square root of 61. So if we say that this is equal to 5 over the square root of 61 times the square root of 61, over the square root of 61, right? We're just multiplying it by 1. Because this is the same thing top and bottom. This equals 5 square roots of 61 over-- what's the square root of 61 times the square root of 61? Oh yeah, it's 61. So the sine of theta is 5 square roots of 61 over 61. And then finally, let me make some space here. Let me erase some stuff. Let me erase this one right here. And you're probably still wondering, OK, I kind of get this whole sine, tangent, cosine thing. What is it useful for? And all I can tell you right now is, get to know how to use these, soh cah toa, and in the next presentation and onwards, we're going to show you that trigonometry is actually probably one of the most obviously useful things in math. You can figure out all sorts of things. How far planets are, how tall buildings are. I mean, there's tons of things you could figure out with trigonometry. And then later, we'll study sine waves and cosine waves, and all that. You'll learn that it actually describes almost everything. But anyway. Going back to the problem. All we have left now is cosine. Oh, look how big that is. Cosine of theta equals-- we'll go back to our mnemonic. Soh cah toa. Well, cosine is adjacent over hypotenuse. So once again, what's the adjacent side? Well, this is the angle we're finding the cosine of, so the adjacent side is right here. So length 6. So it equals the adjacent side, which is 6, right? And we figured out what the hypotenuse was. That's this side. And its length, square root of 61. And if we rationalize this denominator, we get 6 square roots of 61 over 61. It's kind of messy numbers. But I think now you get the hang of figuring out-- if you know the sides of a triangle-- figuring out what the sine, the cosine, or the tangent of any given angle in that right triangle is. And obviously, you can't figure it out for this angle, because for this angle the opposite and the hypotenuse are actually the same number. So actually-- never mind. You actually can figure it out. But it actually gives something-- an interesting number. So with that said, I will finish this presentation. And in the next presentation, I will show you how-- if we know what the sine, or the cosine, or the tangent of an angle is, and we know one of the sides-- how we can figure out the other sides. See you in the next presentation. Bye. So, we decided to call the price per wiper set w. That means that if Grant sells one set of wipers, he'll earn w dollars. If he sells two sets, he'll earn w+w dollars, which is 2w dollars. If he sells three sets, he'll earn w+w+w, or 3w, and so on and so forth. Since you know that he is going to sell 36 wiper sets, that means he's going to make 36w dollars off of the wipers alone. So, 36w is the correct answer. bjbj"9"9 JEFFREY BROWN: And we turn to Egypt, where the vote count from round one of the presidential elections reveals deep rifts among the public. Preliminary results showed the two most-polarizing candidates for president might very well face each other in a mid-June runoff. That would set up a battle between the secular, military-backed elite that's ruled Egypt for decades and the Islamist forces it long suppressed. The leading vote-getter appeared to be the Muslim Brotherhood's candidate, Mohammed Morsi, with roughly 25 percent. The Brotherhood was banned in Egypt until last February's revolution toppled Hosni Mubarak. It dominated parliamentary elections late last year. Neck and neck with Morsi in the voting was Mubarak's final prime minister, Ahmed Shafiq. The former general promised a return to law and order amid a cresting crime wave. On Cairo streets today, the stark divisions were clear. AHMED IBRAHlM, Egypt (through translator): Morsi is a religious man, not corrupted, and this is what we need. DALAL ANWAR, Egypt (through translator): I am very upset with the results. I don't want an Islamist for president, and if there is a runoff, I will vote for Shafiq. JEFFREY BROWN: In third place for now, just behind Shafiq, sat Hamdeen Sabahi, a socialist whose candidacy attracted liberal and leftist voters. ADHAM EL KAMOUNY, Egypt (through translator): Hamdeen Sabahi is like what he says. He is one of us. He is not considered an Islamist or from the former Mubarak regime. He is just an Egyptian. JEFFREY BROWN: Largely left out of the bidding was the fractious liberal contingent that fomented revolution in early 2011. It didn't coalesce behind one candidate, splitting its vote among several. Two men who had recently shared frontrunner status with Morsi appeared well behind. Abdel Moneim Aboul Fotouh's liberal Islamist candidacy had attracted voters seeking to blunt the Muslim Brotherhood's political force. And Amr Moussa, a former foreign minister and Arab league secretary-general, finished with a small percentage of the vote. The runoff election is scheduled for the weekend of June 16 and 17, with a winner declared June 21. hEw\ urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags City urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags country-region urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags place JEFFREY BROWN: And we turn to Egypt, where the vote count from round one of the presidential elections reveals deep rifts among the public Normal Microsoft Office Word JEFFREY BROWN: And we turn to Egypt, where the vote count from round one of the presidential elections reveals deep rifts among the public Title Microsoft Office Word Document MSWordDoc Word.Document.8 We touched on this in the video on resonance, but I want to devote an entire video to aromatic compounds. And one of the big mysteries in chemistry is why they were named aromatic compounds. Because you know it clearly comes from the word aroma. So one would think maybe all of these compounds smell good, or smell bad, or don't smell at all. But actually it turns out that a lot of them don't even smell at all. So it's a little bit of a mystery. Some people think that they have some relation, the gentleman who named them, saw that they had some chemical relation to things that did smell, so that he named them aromatic compounds. So it is a bit of a mystery. In general, the most common aromatic compound-- and really this is like 99% of the time what you're going to see in chemistry class as an aromatic compound-- is either benzene or a molecule derived from benzene. Let me draw benzene right here. So benzene is normally drawn like this. So it's a six carbon ring. And it has three double bonds. It has three double bonds like that. And we learned in the resonance video, that this isn't actually the only configuration for benzene. It could just as likely be in this configuration. That this electron up here, this electron up here, might move there. This electron might move over there. And then this electron might move over there. Let me clear that up, so you don't make it too confusing. So it could just as likely be in this configuration. It could just as likely be in this configuration right here, where the double bonds are on the other bonds that aren't double bonded over here. So it could just as easily be over there. And we learned in the resonance video that the reality is that it's actually in between. And sometimes it's drawn like this. It's going back and forth between these configurations. But the reality-- and you'll sometimes see it drawn like this. You'll sometimes see it drawn like this, with just a circle in between, in the middle of the hexane ring, I guess you could say, or the benzene ring. Which is showing that the electrons, those pi electrons, those electrons that form the double bond are actually just, they're going back and forth between this. They're just spreading around the entire ring. And what makes aromatic compounds interesting is because these pi electrons can spread around the entire ring, it's actually a much more stable configuration, or a much more stable molecule, than what you would predict if you just looked at one of these two configurations. Another way that it's often drawn looks something like this. And I'm just doing it in yellow, just to have something in a different color. Sometimes you'll just see this, that you know, is someplace in between that and that. So you'll have a dotted line there, dotted line, dotted line, dotted line, dotted line, dotted line. This is the most common kind of short hand for showing both benzene and for showing that it's experiencing this resonance, that you have this conjugated system of pi electrons. And I'll help you visualize that in a second. But you also might see something like this. It can go back and forth, and everything in between, between these two configurations. Now just to visualize what's going on. Because you'll sometimes hear people talk about conjugated system of pi electrons. I want to actually think about, help a little bit more visualizing what the molecule might look like in three dimensions. So that is the six carbon ring right there. So it's carbon, carbon, carbon, carbon, carbon, carbon. And then each of these carbons is bonded to three other atoms. It's bonded to 1, 2 carbons. And it's also bonded to a hydrogen. So let me draw the hydrogens here. They're also bonded to hydrogen. So this one will have a hydrogen over here. This will have a hydrogen over here. That will have a hydrogen over there. That one has a hydrogen over there. Hydrogen and hydrogen right over there. So if we talk about hybridization, we have three hybridized orbitals. This is sp2 hybridization. And each of these have a leftover pi orbital that has not been hybridized. It's not directly bound to, or that does not have a sigma bond to another atom. So you have these pi orbitals. You know, these pi orbitals look like these dumbbells. So you have a pi orbital over here. You have a pi orbital here. Pi orbital over here. Pi orbital over there. You have another pi orbital over there. Pi orbital and pi orbital. And you know, pi orbital, I drew them like this, because if I drew them bigger than that, the diagram would get messy. But in general, whenever you have double bonds, like this double bond. Let's say that this carbon-- let me change colors, so we know what we're focused on. So let's say this sigma bond right over there, let's say that sigma bond right over there, is this sigma bond. Actually let me do another one, just so it's easier to see. Let's say that this sigma bond right over here is this sigma bond, between these two carbons. This double bond, the double bond in blue, this one, or in purple right over there, that's due to these overlapping pi orbitals. That carbon's pi orbitals and that carbon's pi orbitals overlapping. I haven't drawn them overlapping, but-- well, actually an electron can really show up. It's all probabilistic anyway. But I could draw them big enough, they would overlap, and these electrons would form that extra pi bond. What happens in a conjugated system of pi electrons. Let me write that down. It's just a very fancy word. Conjugated system of pi electrons. These guys, at we see, they could be bonded with each other. These guys could overlap. So there could be an overlap going on over here. Or we could flip into this configuration, where this guy would overlap with this guy over here. And the reality is that these pi electrons will actually be able to float around the ring. They'd actually be able to float around all of these pi orbitals right over there. They'd actually be able to float around the ring. So that's what people are really talking about when they talk about aromatic compounds, or aromaticity. That because of this, this is a more stable compound. The most typical one that you're going to see is a six carbon chain with three double bonds, benzene, or things derived from them. But there actually are more general ones. In general, you're going to see anything that has 4n plus 2 pi electrons in a cycle is going to have aromaticity. Or is going to be an aromatic compound. Let's just confirm this actually makes it. Each of these guys over here have one pi electron, even though this looks like two bonds. Remember, this is one pi orbital right over here. And you have one electron that's going to be in this entire pi orbital. So this has one pi electron, two, three, four, five, six. Another way to think about it, each of these double bonds involves two pi electrons. So one, two, three, four, five, six. So that follows what is called Huckel's rule. I think there's two dots above the u. Huckel's rule, maybe. That follows Huckel's rule. Because if you said n is equal to 1, 4 times 1 is 4 plus 2 is 6. So 6 pi electrons work. If n was 2, you'd have 4 times 2 plus 2, which is 10. So if you had 10 pi electrons, it would also work. So a molecule that looks like this-- let me see if I can draw it. A molecule that looks like this would also work. So if you have one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, ten carbons. And then you had five double bonds. So, one, two, three, four, five. Just like that. You could imagine, these guys could flip around. But this would also be an aromatic compound. This has 10 pi electrons. Each of the carbons have a pi electron. Or you could count the pi electrons on each end of these pi bonds. One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten. Now this is one thing that I always wonder. It's like OK, it worked with six. It worked with 10. But what about eight? It seems like with eight, maybe these electrons, these double bonds, could flip around just as easily. So what if I had, what if I had-- or even four. What if I had a molecule that looked like this? What if I had a molecule that looked like this? Or a molecule that looked like a stop sign-- so one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight-- that had double bonds that alternated like this. You might say, hey, maybe those also are aromatic compounds. Those also experience aromaticity. Because couldn't this guy jump around here, then that guy over there, and the electrons cycle around. Or this guy jump over, these electrons move there. Those move there. Those move there. And those move there. And it turns out that in these compounds, the electrons do not, the pi electrons do not stabilize the system. But this is actually less stable than if it was not in a cycle. So actually this is-- these right here, that don't follow the 4n plus 2. So 4n plus 2, you're talking about 6, 10, 14 pi electrons. Which usually means 14 carbons, or 10 carbons, or six carbons. The ones that don't follow them but are still cyclical, and still have these alternating bonds, these are called anti-aromatic. And are actually very unstable. These are very, very unstable and are more likely to break into a non-cycle. Anyway, hopefully you found that vaguely useful. NNNNOOOO! I need some help! Whoo hoo-hoo-hoo! Yeah! Whoo! Yeah! AAAHHH! What are you looking at?! AAAAHHHH! Hahahaha. Help me! Bad! Stop it stop it stop it! Poo-ha-ha! Damit! AAAAHHHH! Hear the spenciar- hear the spenciar- here-- Pills! HAX! Need some help here! AAAAAAAAAAAHHHHHHHHHHHH!!!!!!!!!!! Good bam indestructible. HAX! Spy around here! Spy! Blodest spy! Right behind you. Magits! AAAAAHHHH! Good bam indestructible. What makes me a good pebbalbomb? If I were a bob-debel-bob, I wouldn't be sitting here disscussing-- AAAHHH! You see yourself dominated you-- Gonna keep killing you and keep killing you and I'm going to kill you. You're a backpoking snake AAAHHH! HAHA Gentlemen? Peekaboo. ARGH!!!!!! Splendid. Unfreakin' touchable. AAAHHH! HAX! AAAHHHH! /OOF! Good bam indestructible AAHH! One zebra? Teddy have you seen my cards? Goodbye Daddy where are my cards? Maybe Rose is playing with them. There is one The lion ! Here,let me fix your box. Caillou was disappointed ,He want to play with the cards. Are you looking for your cards? I know where you can find.... You do mommy? I saw in the bathroom a ..... was exciting Where could the while cards be? Yeeah I found it! Got the kukuryku Thank you Rosie Mine! No Rose,it's mine! Caillou did not want to hend of over the box of cards to Rosie, He was playing with it Caillou! What's going on? It's my turn to play with the cards. It looks like there a lot of cards still missing. I can go find them ! and maybe Rosie can join you on your safari Yeaah! What's a Safari? When you are on the safari you look around very carefully the spa.. animals. Caillou love the idea.He decide to pretend missing cards all real animals to find Come on Rosie,Let's go on a Safari Look! a snake,tsss Caillou and Rosie keep their eyes open where where they animals going to show up next? Caillou! They like pretendi to be the animals they found a Crododile Caillou like crocodiles becaouse they were big and strong Dinner is ready you two But Caillu and Rosie want to continue they Safari Come on Caillu you can play some later. I'm not Coailu I'm a Crocodile Really?Let's come back because Caillou on this one is his favourite foods.Hamburgers! Ohh.Hamburgers?!Look Daddy It's really me,Caillou! Hi Rexi! Oh Hello my friends today we're going to play the guessing game ! I'm going to imagine an animal and you're going to use your imaginations,to guess what it is. Are you ready to play? Yeah! You should sounds Ready Now,I'm going to use my imagination firs and think of an animal.Then id show you some ne... pictures and then you guess what animal it is. Okey? Here we go! My imagination words , it's long and green and a little scary Do you know what animal it's belongs to? a Dinosaur! A dinosaur ? Were , were ?! Wait a minute I'm a Dinosaur and I don't have a teeth like that. He's another clue with big bolging eyes Aliser U close , but that's not it.Here's the last clue. It has a long ... with very pointy teeth. Good for snapping a thing. Can you guess what it is ? an alligarot ! You're....to be right.Okey you blow in a alligator . Now my Rexie super hipier imagination it's going to think of something a little nicer.But much , much bigger.Ready ? Ready ! It has very big , very fat feet.Can you what it could be ? a dinosaur ! No , that't just silly.I don't have fat feed.Okey here's another clue . It has big floppy ears.I wonder why he has big floppy ears. Oh meybe it...very , very lovely with them Hello , big floppy ears , big fat feed animal.Who are you ? It big long , long nose.I that you know what it is ? An elephant ! aha it's my imagination good and so are you Raar.Okey , see you next time. Dear photography friend, hi! I'm Michael Zelbel. I'm over here in Beijing, in an apartment hotel in the center of the city. With me I've got my friend Linxi and we will shoot some cool photos. I will show you exactly how we are going to do that, so keep on watching! This is our bathroom. I will take a shower now and I am going to film, how I take a shower. I'm just kidding. Is still anybody watching? OK, if you are still watching: I am not going to shower. I just wanted to show you the bathroom, not because it is a good bathroom, actually, it is tiny, it is not very posh, but that's OK, given the fact that this here is pretty much the most affordable apartment hotel I found in Beijing. But it has got one very valuable thing: It is this little sucker, it's a shower curtain. A white shower curtain, a bit translucent, which acts as a great diffuser for flashlight. I am going to detach it from over here. I am going to attache it somewhere else in front of a cupboard. I am going to simulate something like a softbox, just using my speedlights and this shower curtain. I hope I can make some really cool photos with that. Ha! Mine! There we are! This is the cupboard I am going to use to simulate a softbox. It got a number of compartments so we can put speedlights into them, so that the softbox will be powered by two speedlights. Canon EX580, both set to 50mm and to slave. I will trigger them with an on-camera flash. To put the diffuser material in front, I just use a heavy water bottle and place it ontop of the shower curtain over here and another one over here. I have to get a little bit tricky but that's OK. That already looks like it is going to work. The camera I set to f/8, which is not a lot of depth of field, but it should be enough for me. I choose ISO200. The slaves I will set 1/8th of power and the on-camera-flash I set to 1/32nd of power. The on-camera-flash I will just use to fill in the shadows a little bit, It is on 1/32nd but it's from like 4 meters away. I will shoot from somewhere over there. At the same time this is from just 1 meter away. The model will stand pretty much over here where I am standing right now. The slaves over here go through the shower curtain, which may swallow 2 f-stops or something, but still they are much, much closer, so there should come a lot of light from over here and just a little bit of light from on-top of the camera. Let's try out the slaves, if they are working properly. Yes, that's already cool. For all practical purposes this is a softbox. I will do one more thing, because the model is posing over here and I am shooting from over there and I've got the bright windows in the background. I don't want that. I want a black background. To achieve that I will use my reflector, which got a black side. I've got lightstands to stabilize my reflector somewhere over here. Yes, that should be good. If I now let the model pose over here and shoot from over there, then in the end I will hit the black reflector in the background. Light is coming from over here. It is not falling to over there because of this door. So the background should be really black. Ok, let's try it out! Ok, the trick with the little shower curtain softbox worked quite well for me. I'm very happy with the photos that we did. I hope it is also useful for you. I hope this gives you some inspiration for something which you can do one day, with something like this shower curtain, but also with other material. If you find it useful, please give me feedback! I am always so happy about feedback. Anyway, I wish you a lot of fun with your shootings and Good light! Bye! We've decided to take measures like these in order to put pressure on the system on the government and to tell them that we need an alternative to what we have at the moment. What we have at the moment is 1.5 million unemployed people in Andalucia. We have the highest unemployment rate of any autonomous region in Europe, more than 30 per cent so there is a kind of [ensalabo] among the people of Andalucia and the working class towards the repression we are facing from the government and the system. We've been waging this struggle for decades in Andalucia it dates back to past centuries as far back as the nineteenth century and the struggles over land distribution and the injustices of the agricultural sector by farm workers. During the Second Republic there was an Agrarian Reform and one of the things we are continuing to demand is that agrarian reform is brought about in Andalucia in a similar way to the reforms of the Second Republic where the rights of the working class are defended where land is shared out, so that it can produce food and work and land shouldn't remain in the same hands as always: in the hands of the very richest the capitalists, the landlords like it is now, unevenly distributed. even in the case of Somonte, which is a farm made up of 400 hectares and which was owned by the Andalucian regional government. It was owned by the regional government for decades they then decided to auction the land and in the end, we decided to occupy it as it was a neglected, uncultivated piece of land which wasn't producing anything or creating any jobs and so we decided to take action. One of the issues that arises in this type of activism in this struggle that we are bringing about through direct action is how to create a symbol to follow in terms of platforms, social collectives, trade unions, affiliated unions in places outside of Andalucia that should be an example of how to fight we haven't just occupied this land without thinking about it we are generating work, we are productive it's ecological our aim is to create a functioning collective and to be able to bring about land redistribution independently of the system, of the capitalist empire. We won't allow them to impose their terms on us we are going to impose our own terms and redistribute land independently of the system. It's not about occupying just for the sake of it but occupying with from a series of bases and that's what we are bringing about here in Somonte. What we are doing is addressing some of the basic needs of the people of Andalucia and the Andalucian working class. What we also want to do is spread the word about our struggle beyond Andalucia and beoynd the Pyrenees. Consequently, we are receiving substantial support from hundreds of collectives and various trade unions and also through a lot of media and social collectives including people who come and help us from other countries. And we are functioning like a symbol, an example of struggle by that I don't mean to say that we are going to launch an international [inaudible] but yes we are taking that path at least in terms of being an example to follow at the international level from a very local set of problems that of the underdevelopment of Andalucia the injustice of which is what has motivated us as well as the social, institutional and labour injustices in all of the sectors of the economy where the Andalucian working class has been, denigrated, shall we say, by the system, and by both local and central government. As well as being a workers' struggle, a trade union struggle our struggle is also about sustainability and ecology at the moment everything we are producing here in Somonte is 100 per cent organic and sustainable. We don't use chemical products no pesticides or insecticides only natural products and we work the land with our hands. And the other thing we are trying to do is distribute our products indepedently. We are always taking steps along that path and at the moment we are managing it. In fact, what we are producing is [ inaudible] and since we started occupying we've been distributing it ourselves. One of the phases of our struggle, apart from the Andalucian Nationalist struggle, the struggle for workers' rights and the people of Andalucia is that we're trying to do this the right way and we've adopted a stance that is ecological, green and sustainable. We always look after the environment. We who work on the land are the main guardians of the environment. This has always been part of our way of working: we aim not to harm humanity but to benefit humanity we strive to do what is best and what is healthiest for human beings. At the moment we are trying to spread the word about our struggle and we are receiving a lot of support from the rest of the collective. Additionally, we are learning about what the rest of the union is doing and discussing it at our assemblies and as well they are coming here to do their assemblies and so there is a feeling of unity between our struggles It's fundamental to have this unity with comrades from other parts of Andalucia as well as those from further away who we are able to host. There is a feeling of mutual support: tomorrow I could go and take part in a similar struggle in a different part of the world that we have suppported. So this is something primordial: both the support we receive from others and the visits we make to other regions where they are facing similar social or institutional injustices I think things are going down the avenue of mutual aid and feeling a sense of unity with other struggles. Right now, we are organising an assembly and we are organising the different work groups for the next few days. We have a fixed group of workers here and we then organise the different tasks that need doing and rotate them. You can see here some of the crops we are growing the orchard and there at the back we have another hectare being farmed. Let's go and have a look.... Those warehouses are where we store our goods and we also put up our comrades who come to visit over there we have maintainence areas. On the farm we have 20 sheep, 10 [inaudible], chickens, [inaudible] This one of the areas we are farming and we have different crops: different kinds of peppers, courgettes, tomatoes, watermelons and melons as well we are trying to grow lettuces, potatoes, it's a continual process of production. We want to keep up on growing but two issues we face are having the labour power and water, most importantly, water. Water is a problem for us because it hardly rains in Andalucia. Last year it rained... [inaudible] We are dependent on water for growing our crops and another important struggle is not only over the distribution of land but also the disstribution of water which we need to make the land productive it's very important. So it's a problem for us that we need to solve. It's our most pressing issue at the moment. [MARlA] It's called 'pisto'. It's homemade from the vegetables grown in the orchard. It's made of tomatoes, peppers, onion, courgette, pumpkin and aubergine. And olive oil! The weavers come here too they're also from the union. They distribute and sell the products. Also, on Mondays, they take our fresh produce to sell. There is no money to experiment or anything like that. That doesn't bring us work. This is like a subsidy for them. But it doesn't bring work. What we are doing now, we've managed to do since we occupied the land. The way I see it, this place was abandoned. With two new houses that they'd built. For whom? We don't know. Definitely not for anyone poor! And so I think what has to be done is to occupy farms that are lying there without providing work for some rich person to come and buy. Occupy them! And stay there, just like we've done here in Somonte. [ROMAN] I don't belong to any union. But I've come here to support this movement, which is backed by the SAT union. I think it is a very just cause It's a cause that has to be taken forward. It's an anti-capitalist cause anti-fascist, of course and i think that the whole country will have to take action against this capitalist system that is attacking us. Andalucia faces a very particular type of situation: The latifundio system. These are huge areas of land owned by a small handful of people and the number of farm workers is huge, they make up most of the population. In this situation, the struggle is very clear cut: the workers know exactly who they are facing because the objective is very clear, it's right in front of you. There are other parts of Spain where the areas of land are smaller and it's a bit more difficult to see who is reponsible for creating this system, which is like a social pyramid but you can analyse it in other situations as well just like it's been analized here. One of the things I like a lot about this region is that the people really know how to fight. They put a lot into the struggle. I come from Valencia and you don't find the same intensity of struggle in Valencia. By that I don't mean that it doesn't exist but that here the people do it differently and here it's much easier to identify a very clear objective which is enslaving us. This farm is a public farm. At the start of the Somonte occupation you couldn't tell that it was a public farm because nothing was done in order for people to be able to work the land. And so it what sense was it a public farm? In reality,'public' is a term they used to sell the land but what we are doing now is really making the place public All the work that we are doing is going towards making this place genuinely for the people so that the people can make use of these resources and it was an aberration that the regional government wanted to sell the land to other large and powerful landowners it was something that we couldn't accept because the regional goverment had the money to give to the landowners the majority of the workers faced the same situation: poverty and unemployment and that wasn't acceptable. [PEPE] We Andalucians submitted to oppression under the dictatorship. After the dictatorship, the socialists arrived waving their left-wing flag but waving the flag was all they did, because they weren't really left-wing. It is our right to lead a dignified life which we haven't had because we've always been punished by capital, by capitalism and now the moment has arrived for Andalucians to take to the streets to demand what is ours, to demand land, because the land is Andalucia's treasure and it should be for the Andalucian people all we're trying to do is demand the right to land, nothing else. We want to work the land, we don't want it for hunting or anything like that we want to work it and that is what we are struggling for. I believe that 90 per cent of Andalucians want land to work on in order to live and to lead a dignified life and nothing else, we don't want big organizations or big chalets or anything like that. here in Andaluica we want to farm the land. We don't want a big chalet every 1000 metres the main thing we want is to work the land, and have a good life and that's it. There's no mystery here! Andalucians like me want to work. Why? to have a dignified life, and that's it we're not asking for more anything more. Here we are showing it's possible to survive with little. We work, but we have little and still eat and so we are demonstrating that if we can do it, others can too. If you work a little bit, you'll be able to eat and that's what we're going to fight for. And Somonte? Somonte is like our Olympic torch: it starts out from here and heads to other places and we hope that it does, we hope that the movement spreads to the eight provinces of Andalucia. We hope all the eight provinces are able to see the torch that started from Somonte and I think we will make it if everyone takes part in the struggle. I lived under the dictatorship for 25 years. Dictatorship is a form of capitalism as well. What's happened is that democracy has displaced capitalism to an extent but capitalism continues doing what it always has because capital only wants more money nothing else matters not human beings, the environment, nothing. Those things are just numbers. And ordinary people don't want numbers. What we want is work. And to live a dignified life and that's it. Work and dignity. Full stop. The type of revolution we want to bring about is a psychological one. If we are able to bring about a peaceful, psychological revolution we will be able to win. We will never win with violence because they have the numbers if we have sticks and they have rifles, we're going to come out worse. But if we use our minds, we are going to have more possibilities open to us. The union is doing things very well because it's doing things intelligently. There's been no violence, no one injured or arrested there are no big problems And that's what doing things intelligently means: getting to where you want to get to without using any force and that is what the union is doing, and it's doing it very well. The Andalucian people and our land. What we have are hidden treasures, and all we need to do is bring them to light because those treasures have existed as long as the Earth itself and now what they are going to try and do is bring them out into the light. It can't be right that the regional government has 22,000 hectares what do they want with them? What does Somonte want with them? We want to grow four...wheat not just wheat but also oats, barley because they haven't done anything. And also, as an Andalucian, I'd like to know how much did Somonte cost to run when it was being managed by the regional government? I wish they would have the dignity to at least tell us what it cost them. Because it is a lot more know than before. But much less than before as well. So there's a big difference between ordinary people working on the land and them administering it. It has already been proven than when they ran the farm, it resulted in nothing. Because they don't look at what is here. Now that that's been proven, with the little time that i've been here what it's doing and you can see it and that's why you are all coming because if this wasn't having repercussions around the world you wouldn't be here neither would the Brazilians, the Germans because people are conscious of what is happening people aren't stupid because journalists like you aren't just coming to hang around for the day. Journalists are coming because the issues are important and when something is important, you have to give it the attention it deserves while politicians only think about what will bring them votes unfortunately because they think badly of people. But there it is, this is how the system works. Personally, I believe that this system is finished. It's not dead, but it's on the way out. Now, things are very dangerous but for me, this system is dead And what we have to do is this: sometimes history is on our side Andalucia has always been the at the bottom but with time, maybe we will reach our rightful place: at the top. Because we have something that very few regions have. In the eight provinces, we have eight cultures. People think all Andalucians are the same. No! All Andalucians feel part of Andalucia but we don't have the same culture Cordoba has its culture, its ways, its traditions Granada has its ways and traditions each of the eight provinces has something distinctive about it both in terms of the people and the type of agriculture, and the type of countryside. Granada has sun and snow to get from the beach to where there's snow takes an hour and you can ski. At least the capitalists can, not the poor! But they can and what we have all across Andalucia is the richness of these eight cultures in one region, in the same community. If you go to Barcelona, all the Catalans are pretty much the same. We on the other hand, we have this richness of the eight regions, which is fantastic we have our culture, our customs, our way of being but what we all have in common is that we all love Andalucia. And people who come from outside fall in love with Andalucia it is a mystery how is it that everyone who comes to Andalucia is marked by the place? everyone is touched by our way of life and our land. These are things that the politicians should start to value so that Andalucia doesn't suffer even more poverty. I started working when I was 10 years old. I couldn't go to school or college because my father was a pastor there were many millions like me who didn't go to school and it's shameful and things are almost the same now people are being squeezed to the extent that they are only being paid 40 euros a day it's really shameful I'd like to see the politicians living on that wage and trying to send their children to school and buying clothes on that little. The problem is we don't have enough work. So on top of being paid poverty wages, we don't have work every day we don't want more poverty or unemployment we just want dignified work not unemployment, nor benefits, or any of that that's what they want and if this ends up in one of the magazines: this is what the majority of Andalucians think we don't want more unemployment we don't want hand-outs and politicians think it's acceptable to pay 40 euros for a day's work that's what they spend on coffees every day they can indulge themselves but we have to live on that amount. This is what Andalucian and Spanish politicians are doing. Before, we had the Socialists, who cheated us for 30 years, and now we have the Conervatives. It's always the same. Before that, we were under Franco. The multinationals are the ones who really run things. And we have to take the politicians' masks off. They are to blame for the power of the multinationals. Because the multinationals buy them off with presents and bribes. And what the multinationals do is sell their products how they want and they buy them how they want. And we're fed up of it. Because if the workers had those 22,000 hectares the multinationals would take the peppers that we grow instead they grow them in Morocco or in Singapore, or wherever cereals too, and milk. These are all things we could produce ourselves. And that is what we're going to do. We are going to produce what we need. And if we need to buy something... we want to be autonomous from Madrid, Catalunya, The Basque country. What we want to do is produce what we need for ourselves. And if we need something that we can't grow, we'll bring it in from one of our neighbouring regions whether that be the Catalans, the Basques, Madrid or Valencia and that's what we have to do but capitalism is like a hunter: it's searching for new prey. Because it has already ruined Europe, so now it's looking to the Eastern countries or Africa and that's what they're doing. They provoked this crisis because it's in their interests they prepared all this it's not a bubble that appeared spontaneously out of nowhere that's a lie they've been preparing the path we're on now for 20, 30 years and it's always been their path, never ours. They always prepare the path for you to walk down. But I think this will come to an end in Andalucia. Here, the only path is the Andalucian one. Here, all the landowners, who receive all the subsidies from the European Union what they do is sow what the machines want. They don't want people to do the work, they want machines everything they do is geared towards machines it's not geared towards working people. 80 per cent of the land is farmed by machines. Because they don't want human beings to work it. They only want people to serve them. They'll pay two euros for someone to clean up their shit in their house to fix things for them, to do their garden. Always for two euroes Because now in the agricultural sector the aim is to dispense with human labour. But they are mistaken. I for one, think they are gravely mistaken. Because the land has to be worked . I'm 62 years old. And i've been doing this type of work since the beginning. I would love to see the end of this because I know the outcome will be good because we Andalucians have a special type of character. How can i put it? we're not conformists we have an intuition there's nothing we love better than the land. When we go for something, we get it. If only the working classes of Europe had the power to unite... it's a grand dream, but it's not impossible. I hope that the workers of Europe have the ability to get to that point. It would be a huge success for the whole world. It wouldn't just be about us. But it's a long path which you can walk down, but it is very long. I wish it could be shorter, because i'll tell you something: when you start something like what we have here in Somonte, things could move more quickly. Obviously, the idea of Europe uniting against capitalism - they won't make it easy. They will use all the traps that they have. But as I said before, we're going to keep going. The great strength of Somonte is that we have a union behind us. That is our pillar apart from everyone who is here. The fact that we have the backing of a union has meant we've made a lot of gains and we know the outcome will be good. [INTERVlEWER]: what's happened with the situation of the sale of the land following the occupation? [LOLA]: We've managed to paralyse the auction and sale of the land. But, the majority of the hectares they were going to sell this year which was 22,000 when we occupied Somonte, we already knew that much of the land had already been sold. So, we couldn't stop that but the rest, we stopped it being sold. We haven't just done this occupation, but we've also had lots of mobilisations we've opened up new struggles and the truth is that, we have a huge number of people behind us not just those who are here occupying the farm but also the many people across Spain and other countries who are helping us and the government knows it because our supporters blocked the main road three times in solidarity with us and said no to the eviction of Somonte. That caused repercussions and the government started to rethink it's sell-off of public land. We're not only fighting for the land, because they are privatising it but also we don't believe that public services that human beings rely on should be privatised they should be publicly run because the right to a free public education should be open to all children and young people, everyone who wants to study The right to medical treatment should be open to everybody. We're leaving people to die because there's not enough money to pay for medicine or doctors and the doctors, who've worked hard to build themselves that career can't find work because everything is privatised and they can't support themselves when public health is being cut and there are less doctors than the public needs we have to fight for it. These services should not be privatised. They should be publicly run because access to these services is a human right. and In this episode of salon secrets we are going to have a look at what to expect when you get a brazilian also known in the industry by therapists as "the brazi" For this demonstration the model will be wearing underwear. If you can shower at home before your brazilian if this is your first brazilian, or you haven't had a brazilian for a while do not shave the hair, just trim it. it when you arrive for your brazilian your therapist may have your room ready with a towel, a g-string and wipes if this is your first brazilian you should let your therapist know. used the alcohol wipes to freshen up dispose of the alcohol wipe in the bin. if you choose to wear the g-string, your therapist will form a kind of "front wedgie" so that she can get to the hair Your therapist will ask you to remove everything from the waist down Use the towel to cover you and lay on the bed on your back, ready for your brazilian Your therapist will use the towel to keep you partially covered during the brazilian or the therapist will completely remove the towel your therapist may ask you to put your legs into the "frog position" the frog position looks like this to explain the frog position and why your therapist needs you to do this. it makes it easier to put on several patches of hot wax and wait for each one to cool as you remove and put on and remove and put on the wax if you cannot get your legs into the frog position comfortably you can instead put can leg out straight and put the other leg out to the side if your therapist is using hot wax, she will first dust the area with talcum powder the hot wax should feel warm but not hot, it is like a chewing gum consistency at first and as it cools it hardens once a patch has cooled down enough the therapist will gently push on the patch, flick up an end and remove it she may push on the area to help with the pain If your therapist is showing strip wax or sugar, like in this case she will place the sugar or the strip wax on with a spatula however she will remove with a strip Your therapist may ask if you want "the back" done this means the hair on our inner bottom cheek the easiest way to get to the hair on the bottom would be to roll over onto one side and place the knee further over the therapist will lift up the towel, you hold up the bottom cheek and she will remove the hair after that side you can roll over to the other side and do the same aftercare may consist of the therapist using aloe vera gel, or teatree lotion, this will soothe your skin everybody has a different threshold of pain but the majority find that the top is a medium type of pain underneath (labia area) is more painful and the back is virtually painless to ensure hygienic working conditions and your safety your therapist should NEVER double dip their spatula into the wax once used the therapist will get the hot wax out and she'll apply that to your skin instead your theapist should use a fresh NEW spatula every time once she has applied the wax to your skin, the therapist needs to get more wax... she shouldn't use this wax stick again that is called "double dipping" and unhygenic you could have bloodspotting when you have hair removed from areas that haven't had waxing before the therapist should be flicking over to the clean side or breaking the stick or getting a new stick A therapists tweezers should always be sterilized between each client This is the 2nd episode in our Salon Secret Series if you want to watch our 1st episode which is about saving money you can go here We'll have another episode to you soon, so subscribe thumbs up and comment down here So, let's again look at how we solved for the last confidence interval. We still know that the true population mean, Mu sub BT, is going to be within 1.96 standard deviations of our sample mean. So, our sample mean is 40. And if we subtract 1.96 standard deviations, we subtract 1.96 times 1.01. So this is 38.02, approximately. And then, to find the upper bound of this confidence interval, we just add 1.96 standard deviations from the mean. So, this is about 41.98. It's pretty simple when we lay it out like this, just generically x bar plus or minus the z score, in this case 1.96 since we want a 95% confidence interval, times the standard deviation. But, really understanding the concept of the confidence interval is really complicated. So, if you need to, keep replaying these videos. Keep thinking about it. Don't worry. It took me a really long time. I'm still completely understanding this stuff. It's complicated and it requires some thought and patience. When does someone get to the community? When does somebody transition from youth to adulthood? So, our whole focus has been, let's put a target in the ground. Let's think like, for everybody else right? That employment and careers really represents inclusion in the community. Now we know that to get there, but that's a specific target, very measurable. Did you get there or not? But we know there's a whole lot of steps And these steps are very different for every individual on what kind of supports they need, do they have adequate housing? Are they medically sound, are they healthy? Do they have transportation? Do they have the education that's needed to pursue the job or career that they're looking for? So, there's lots of steps to go through. Some will go through post-secondary education Some will go through a trade school. Some may go right into a job. Every path is different. But we have to have the supports in place on an individualized basis to help people make that transition. But our whole focus is employment, because we think that's most representative of true independence and true self-sufficiency. New research developed at MlT's CSAlL and Quanta Research enables the visualization of temporal variations that are too subtle to be seen by the naked eye alone. For example, it can reveal the subtle change of redness in the face due to blood circulation, so that you can see someone's pulse flow through their face. Using the signal, we can automatically extract vital signs such as the heart rate, without touching the patient. Our tests show that the results accurately match that of state of the art solutions, such as the monitors used in hospitals. The method can amplify not only color changes, but also small motions that are impossible to see in the original video. For example, we reveal here the artery pulsation in the wrist. We can also amplify the subtle breathing motion of this baby, which can be useful for baby monitoring and SlDS prevention. Let's have a look at how the method works. We take a regular video as input. We first decompose it into multiple spatial scales using a so-called Laplacian Pyramid. This allows us to treat differently large-scale features and small details. The heart of the method is then the temporal processing of the resulting pyramid levels. We extract temporal variations in a band of frequencies. For example, for a pulse visualization application, we would extract frequencies around 1Hz, which is the typical adult pulse at rest. We then amplify these variations and recombine the video. The computation is cheap, and can be performed in real time, as demonstrated here. The user has a number of sliders to choose the frequency band and the amplification factor. In this input high-speed video, the top two strings of the guitar were struck. We show two different amplifications of the same input corresponding to different temporal frequency bands. The middle video shows amplification around 82.4Hz, the frequency of an E, and the top string's motion is revealed. At 110Hz., shown at the bottom, the second string gets amplified. This input video is a simple blend between two still images, taken 15 second apart. The output video reveals changes in the scene, even within this short time period. Finally, in this high-speed video of a DSLR taking a picture, we manage to amplify the very subtle vibrations caused by its shutter and flipping mirror. Hey, I try not to vent a whole lot, because I like keeping my vlogs positive, but I was calling my mom today and just talking to her about a unrelated thing. And she says "well im over at Elaine's house", my sister, "and do you want to talk to her, do you want to say hi to her?" Surrre, because I haven't talked to her since the big blowout really. And she's like, hi James! I'm like, Hiii. So are you going to the Thanksgiving? Yeah I was planning on it. And I was like, "i'll be going as Janie." And I, in retrospect I should've said "i'll be going as myself," because she should know that's what i mean by Janie. But, I mean either way she should figure out by now that this isn't some thing i'm doing for fun. This is me. (Michelle: "I have something that might brighten up your day just a little bit.") Okay, i'm recording, do you want to come in? ("Well you have to come here...pause it"), no no ("It's about Malik") what happened? ("She's walking on the clothes in mom's closet, the shoulders of the clothes"). ("On the hangers"). Nah ("Yeah she is") That's okay, ("Isn't it funny though?") yeah, ("Bye). I love you, ("I love you for being you, I love you because you're a girl). ("And I think your sister's just a bitch") So, so anyways then my mom also chimed in right after and "no one's going to call you that." Like, okay. What I wanted to say was like "I fell, I give my, the entirety of my family a little more credit than that." Especially since, um, Michelle has been talking to my cousin Jennifer, and using my name and, and, um. There hasn't been any issue with it. Like she hasn't said anything, it's just normal talking. And she friended me on facebook after I was out. So, I assume some people, may be her, might be okay with me being Janie. So i don't know. But I at least I would give the entirety of my mom's side of the family a little more credit than, um, being obstinent. My sister,still being bothersome. My mom, there's only so much I can dismiss as she doesn't know any better because I think there's a difference between trying to understand or trying at anything to be supportive at all. There's a difference between that and just dismissing it entirely and be disrespectful about it which is what I think they're doing. But i dont know, like i said I don't like to vent too much because I know my issues are not as bad as a lot of trans people's issues; dealing with family, and people around them So, I don't want to be a whinner. I just want to say that i've lost a lot of faith in my sister. Anyways, it'll get better. And i hope that thanksgiving goes well. If it doesn't, we're just going to hightail it out of there. Just going to politely say okay goodbye, if you don't want to be around us that's fine. Cause we're not going there to cause a ruckus. We're just going there as family. And if they don't think that we're family, then that's fine. But I give them a little more credit than assuming that there's going to be a problem. Just because I show up as myself. Anyways, thanks for watching. I'll try to make happier posts in the future, it's just today my sister made my blood boil. Anyways thanks for watching bye. [music] This is Noiret. It was recently released by Cornell University. I consider it the best alternative to Chambourcin, that we grow in the Southern part of the state for our Northern growers. Excellent grape that does not rot. Nice loose clusters. Very cold hardy, moderately disease resistant so we have very few problems with this variety. Plus it's productive, you can see that there's a lot of grapes on these vines. Since we've only recently started using it in wine making, one of the things that we noticed with it in the experimental wine making was, it's got more tannins than many of the other hybrids and not very much of the hybrid character that a lot of the older hybrids were known for. Little bit of a metallic, herbaceous kind of character. This variety doesn't have that problem. Plus with the added tannins, and kind of a pepper flavor, this was a great blender with some of the others. It comes in with relatively low type titratable acidity every year. But also kind of low in sugar. It's just not one that's going to accumulate real high levels of sugar. It's a great blender with a high sugar, high acid grapes. So this is a perfect blender. And good color and with that pepper and the tannins that it adds to the blend, it can be the backbone of a lot of red blended wines. [music] "To Appreciate and Serve Mankind" I grew up in Kapchomuso a small village near Kabarnet town in the Rift Valley province of Kenya. My parents were devout and strict disciplinarians, they were also supportive and generous of spirit. Today, I look back and marvel at the image of my mother working on a small farm all day and still managing to gather all ten of her children and any guests to share the meal and an evening of spiritual instruction and discussion. No one received special treatment in my home. We children were treated equally along with the casual and domestic workers. There was a lesson in my parents generosity of spirit. We helped my mother care for the sick, for the elderly and the poor - relatives or not. Our neighbors children found refuge in our home. One picture still remains in my memory: that of our neighbor who always drank, constantly leaving her little kids hungry, with the house sometimes locked through the night. Her children would quietly sneak into our compound, sit at the back verandah of our house and endure the chilly evening temperatures in the hopes that someone would notice them and come to their aid. Many were the evenings we shared our food with them and offered them a safe place to sleep. My fathers constant encouragement and support to pursue education planted in me a strong thirst for education. I admired his own teaching work and so I chose to become a teacher too. My experience as a teacher is the single greatest influence in the way I view life and relate to young people today. Like the teachers I respected, I demand from my students completed and on time homework. But many times I am told, "Teacher I am unable to submit my homework because our house got damaged last night by the heavy rains and my books were submerged". One student unable to pay the school fees exclaimed, "Teacher, it takes God's grace, for us to even have a meal in our home". These children, in such heart wrenching situations, come from single-parent homes living in the slums or are one of the many who lost their parents to HlV and AlDS. I go out of my way to help in such cases. But in these moments, I also have felt so much pain - knowing that my support may only be minimal and temporary relief to the daily struggles of those young people. But hope always prevails - which is why I have continued to participate in campaigns against HlV and AlDS and in activities that help youth and women realize economic independence in my community, enabling them to achieve a sense of dignity. enabling them to achieve a sense of dignity. The concepts of sharing, service to others and human equality have stayed with me from my childhood. I consider myself fortunate to have married someone who shares a common vision. David and I continue in a small way to support education of children from less privileged backgrounds in our community, especially girls. I hate to see people suffering and truly believe that every human being deserves to have a decent life. I look forward to advancing this vision as a Global Associate of the Goldin Institute whose own mission provides the platform for connecting all members of the community and lifting the voices of those most vulnerable. I believe that the lowly, the unappreciated and those unable to pay back need someone to accompany them in their life struggles. Like my parents, I believe in generosity, service, and our common humanity. - So I am here with my good friend Richard Curry, from my university days and basically we are having a bit of giggle as we always do but there is a more serious point why we are here today and that's to talk about volunteering and Rich has had a lot of experience in that world, so do you want to give a little introduction to yourself Richard Curry. - Yes I will, I mean, my name is Richard Curry, obviously I live in Machester, I am 30 years of age and I have got Cerebral palsy. - Ok, so we knew each other back in Coventry Uni days, a lot of people know about how difficult the transition from Uni. Also leaving home can be in its own right separate to employment and you had a... well, a bad experience when you moved to Manchester which I think is the back story as to why volunteering was beneficial. Do you want to talk us through what happened? - I will try and do it in a concise manner, but basically I moved to Manchester to study in 2006 and it was very difficult moving from one Local Authority to another and I struggled to complete my MA in Applied Social Research at Manchester because of the social care difficulties I was facing because of that was such a difficult time. I unfortunately developed anxiety and depression because I didn't really have any structure in my life and as you will know, Martyn, for a good 2 years I was in a very dark place with my depression and anxiety and I didn't really have any structure or direction in my life and it was very frustrating, for me as an individual but also for my friends. Now fortunately my social care problems got resolved to an extent and then I still didn't really have any structure to my life so I was just looking at and unfortunately I had financial difficulties that meant I had to contact the citizen advice bureau to help me deal with that process and the CAB were superb and that got me thinking about what I wanted to do with my life and how I wanted my possible career to develop and I decided I wanted to help people and so I had a look at the CAB website and saw that they had voluntary training opportunities to become a general advisor and because the CAB had been so brilliant with me I felt I wanted to give back to that organisation but I also believed that I could volunteer with a purpose gaining skills and will add a kind of structure to my life to help me get back on my feet. - So it was sort of framework that you could get the areas of your life moving forward again but without that framework and structure it might not have happened? - I think so yes, now it was also like the skills development thing but it also gave me a reason for being, to go outside the house and socialise with other people - Yes absolutely - To rebuild my self-esteem and my confidence and that was really vital for being in the position I am today, whilst I was at the CAB, there were a few difficulties around making it an accessible thing for me to do, so it took a few weeks / months for them to sort out the right equipment and to get transport issues and accessible toilets sorted but once that was resolved I begin the CAB training. Now unfortunately after a period of doing my CAB training I had health problems with my foot, which was causing me a lot of pain - Yes - So I kind of dropped out of the CAB thing slightly and kind of got out of a rhythm so I did attempt to do the volunteering but the issues outside of my control it went on the back burner and that caused me a slight bit of frustration but then I was surfing through my emails one day that said did I want to be part of a group called the Design Group. Undertook, helping Manchester Local Authority in doing a trail blazer around social care, hoping to give disabled people more choice and control over their lives. Now because of my experiences with the negative aspects I wanted to do something again that would build my skills up but would also try to resolve a problem. So I went along to these meetings to begin with and then I have never really looked back. Since then I have undertaken a level 1M in advocacy training and peer support training so I can help other disabled people if they have similar issues to myself but to kind of improve the process, so that the things that happened to me, I can't stop them happening to other disabled people but I can guide them through that process more effectively and maybe ameliorate some of the difficulty - Brilliant - And from that I have now because I have done things like giving speeches, I have written a policy consultation for the Greater Manchester coalition of disabled people on how to get disabled people into employment and all of these things contributed, in short, to me undertaking, soon to be undertaking an internship with Breakthrough UK, which is an employment and disability rights organisation in their policy and research section. - Brilliant - So I am really looking at contributing to making change for disabled people and I think more than just job related stuff, I think it has done things for me as an individual. As you know, Martyn, during those difficult times I was very low and very introspective and I didn't really have any self-worth but through volunteering, which was structured and had a purpose to it but didn't have the pressures and anxiety's that could be related to holding down a full-time job, something you know of yourself, I was able to rebuild my confidence and I am now in a position whereby I am relishing to looking forward and working out a pathway into paid work at some point in the future but with the proviso that I will undertake such a path when its right for me as an individual and I think that's one important thing that I want to state. - Sure - Next that volunteering is positive for individuals but you need to do it in your own time and at your own pace but to have a structure and a purpose to it, I think it can be beneficial to individuals and I would just like to take some time out to thank people for listening to me today and I hope my video has contributed in a small way to giving them the confidence and belief to at least look at the volunteering route as a way to add value to their lives. So thank you very much. - Brilliant, well that was perfectly put Rich, I mean obviously individually you are one of my best mates in the world so I would sing your praises to the hills but you know you are a top guy and volunteering has definitely been a vehicle, you have been able to press on after some very difficult moments and I think equally everyone watching that can take a lot away both in a sort of general things can improve, get better and progress. And in a kind of informational sense of certain ways to approach it and attack it as well so thanks for taking the time out to share that and I think anyone can get in touch with you later if they have any individual questions. - Yes, feel free to pass along my details. - Brilliant, thanks for that Rich. We have three different number lines here and on each number line they mark of a couple of these marks-- this is -2 this is -10, -5, -11. And then we need to figure out what the blue dot represents. And as a little bit of a hint, each mark here is not necessarily incrementing by one-- it could be by more than one. So I encourage you to pause this video and to try it on your own. To try to figure out what number does this blue dot represent on these different number lines. So let's tackle this first one. So we're gonna go where they give us-- this mark is negative 2, this is negative 10. And we need to figure out this blue on this further to the left of -10. We'll just going from -2 to -10. How much-- how-- what has to happen to -2 to get to -10. Well, we'll have to subtract 8. And so if we move to the left that's the equivalent of subtracting 8. So if we move 2 to the left again, that's subtracting 8 again, so this must be negative 18. And so, if move to the left again that also must be subtracting 8. -18 minus 8 would get us to negative-- that gets us to negative 26. Now another way we could have thought about it is if we jump two to the left, and that's -8, then one jump to the left is going to be negative 4. So you could say well this is negative 4, that would get you to -6. The negative 4 again get you to -10. This would be -14, -18, -22, -26. Now let's tackle this one So, here we're gonna which throughout this blue dot years on the right so if we started at 11 we started 11 you make two jumps to go to -5 so after add to -11 to get to -5 I have to add 6 so if I had six over two jumps that means that each of these jobs that must be plus three and this one must be plus three so now each each mark we just add three so -5 plus three so plus three is going against a negative to you plus three gets us to positive one -2 plus three is positive one plus three gets us to for so you're getting 826 here we get two for now list tackle this one so where -7 or this is nigga 7 this is one in the reef figure out this mark read over here so if you take two jobs to the right from negative 721 how much did we have to add well get from negative 721 you have to add 8 you have to at eight so that if we make another two jobs to the mystery number that means we at it again so one-plus 8 is 9 another way we could have thought about it if we added eight over two jobs at ways we added four on each job so this one must be negative 3 at four you get to one at four you get 25 ad for you get 29 In this video, I'm going to explain, how a Boltzmann machine models a set of binary data vectors. I'm going to start by explaining, why we might want to model a set of binary data vectors, and what we could do with such a model if we had it. And then I'm gonna show how the probabilities assigned to binary data vectors are determined by the weights in a Boltzmann machine. Stochastic Hopfield nets with hidden units, which we also call as Boltzmann machines are good at modelling binary data. So, given a set of binary training vectors, they can use the hidden units to fit a model per assigns the probability to every possible binary vector. Per several reasons, why you might like to be able to do that. If, for example you had several distributions of binary vectors, you might like to look at a new binary vector and decide which distribution it came from. So, you might have different kinds of documents, and you might represent a document by, a number of binary features each of which says, whether there is more than zero occurrences of a particular word in that document. For different kinds of documents, you would expect different kinds of the different words, may be you'll see different correlations between words And so you could use a set of hidden units to model the distribution for each document. And then you could pick the most likely document, by seeing. And then you could assign a test document to the appropriate class, by seeing which class of document is most likely to have produced that binary vector. You could also use Boltzmann machines for monitoring complex systems to detect unusual behavior. Suppose for example that you have a nuclear power station, and all of the dials were binary. So you get a whole bunch of binary numbers that tell you something about the state of the power station. What you'd like to do, is notice that it's in an unusual state. A state that's not like states you've seen before. And you don't want to use supervised learning for that. Because really you don't want to have any examples of states that cause it to blowup. You'd rather be able to detect that it's going into such a state without every having seen such a state before. And you could do that by building a model of a normal state and noticing that this state is different from the normal states. If you have models of several different distributions. You can complete the posterior probability that a particular distribution produced the observed data by using Bayes' Theorem. So giving the observed data, the probability it came from Model I, under the assumption that it came from one of your models, is the probability that Model I would have produced that data, divided by the same quantity for all models. Now I want to talk about two ways of producing models of data in particular binary vectors. The most natural way to think about generating a binary vector is to first generate the states of some latent variables, And then use the latent variables to generate the binary vector. So in a causal model, we use two sequential steps. These are the latent variables, or hidden units, and we first pick the states of the latent variables from their prior distributions. Often in the causal model, these will be independent in the prior. So their probability of turning on, if they were binary latent variables, would just depend on some bias that each one of them has. Then, once we picked a state for those, we would use those to generate the states of the visible units by using weighted connections in this model. So this is a kind of neural network, causal, generative model. It's using logistic units, and it uses biases for the hidden units and weights on the connections between hidden and visible units to assign a probability to every possible visible vector. The probability of generating a particular vector v, is just the sum of all the possible hidden states of the probability of generating those hidden state times the probability of generating v, given that you've already generated that hidden state. So, that's a causal model, factor analysis for example is a causal model using continuous variables. And, it's probably the most natural way to think about generating data. In fact, some people when they say generated model mean, the causal model like this. But just a completely different kind of model. A Boltzmann machine is an energy based model, and, in this kind of model, you don't generate data causally. It's not a causal generative model. Instead everything is defined in terms of the energies of joint configurations of visible and hidden units. There's two ways of relating the energy of a joint configuration to its probability. You can simply define the probability to be the probability of a joint configuration of the visible and hidden variables is proportional to e to the negative energy of that joint configuration. Or you can define it procedurally by saying we are going to define the probability as the probability finding the network in that state after we've updating all the stochastic binary units for enough time so that we reached thermal equilibrium. The good news is that those two definitions agree. The energy of a joint configuration of the visible and hidden units has five terms in it. So I've put the negative energy to save having to put lots of minus signs. And so the negative energy of the joint configuration VH. That's with vector V on the visible units, and H on the hidden units, Has bias terms where VI is the binary state of the Ith unit in vector V. And the bk is the bias of the kth unit, in this case, a hidden unit. So that's the first two terms. Then there's the visible-visible interactions, And to avoid counting each of those interactions twice, we can, just say, we're going to count within c's, I, and j and make sure that I's always less than j. That'll avoid counting the interaction of something with itself, and also avoid counting pairs twice, and so we don't have to put a half in front. Then there's the visible hidden interactions. My WlK is a weight on a visible hidden interaction. And then there's the hidden to hidden interactions. So the way we use the energies to define probabilities is that the probability of a joint configuration over vnh is proportional to e to the minus vh. To make that an equality we need to normalize the right hand side by all possible configurations over the visible and hidden and that's what the divisor there is. That's often called the partition function. That's what physicists call it. And notice it has exponentially many terms. To get the probability of a configuration of the visible units alone, we have to sum over all possible configurations of the hidden units. So P of V is the sum over all possible Hs, of each of the minus the energy you get with that H, normalized by the partition function. I want to give you an example of how we compute the probabilities of the different visible vectors, because that'll give you a good feel for what's involved. It's all very well to see the equations, but I find that I understand it much better when I've worked through the computation. So let's take a network with two hidden units and two visible units. And we'll ignore biases, so we just got three weights here. To keep things simple, I'm not gonna connect visible units to each other. So the first thing we do is write down all possible states of the visible units. I need to put them in different colors, and I'm going to write each state four times, Because for each state of visible units, there's four possible states of the hidden units that could go with it. So that gives us sixteen possible joint configurations. Now, for each of those joint configurations, we're going to compute it's negative energy minus E. So if you look at the first line, when all of the units are on. The negative energy will be +two -one, +one is +two. And we do this for all sixteen possible joint configurations. We then take the negative energies and we exponentiate them. And that will give us un-normalized probabilities. So these are the un-normalized probabilities of the configurations. Their probabilities are proportional to this. If we add all those up to 39.7 and then we divide everything by 39.7, we get the probabilities of joint configurations. There they all are. Now, if we want the probability of a particular visible configuration, we have to sum over all the hidden configurations that could go with it. And so we add up the numbers in each block. And now we've computed the probability of each possible visible vector in a Boltson's machine that has these three weights in it. Now let's ask how we get a sample from the model when the network's bigger than that. Obviously, in the network we just computed, we can figure out the probability of everything'cause it's small. But when the network's big, we can't do these exponentially large computations. So, if there's more than a few hidden units, we can't actually compute that partition function, there's too many terms in it. But we can use Markov Chain Monte Carlo to get samples from the model by starting from a random global configuration. And then picking units at random and dating them stochastically based on their energy gaps. Those energy gaps being determined by the states of all the other units in the network. If we keep doing that until the Markov chain reaches its stationary distribution, then we have a sample from the model. And the probability of that sample is related to its energy by the Boltzmann distribution, that is, the probability of the sample is proportional to each-(the of the minus energy. What about getting a sample from the posterior distribution over hidden configurations, when given a data vector? It turns out we're going to need that for learning. So the number of possible hidden configurations is again exponential. So again, we use Markov Chain Monte Carlo. And it's just the same as getting a sample from the model, except that we keep that we keep the visible units clamped to the data vector we're interested in. So we only update the hidden units. The reason we need to get samples from the posterior distribution, given a data vector, is we might want to know a good explanation for the observed data. And, we might want to base our actions on that good explanation. But, we also need to know that for learning. You can have her. I go away. I'm gonna disappear. You'll never see me again. Please, Tony, I don't want to die. I never did nothing to nobody. No, no, you never did nothing to nobody. You had somebody else do it foryou. Tony, I am begging you-- Get up! Get up now! Jesus! No! God! [ Sobbing ] [ Sobbing Continues ] Look. Tony, no, don't kill me, please. [ frank Moans ] I won't kill you. Oh, Christ, thankyou. Get offmy foot. Thankyou. Thankyou. No! No! No! Oh! [ Sighs ] Evey dog has his day, huh, Mel? I told him... it didn't make any sense, clipping you when we had you working for us. He wouldn't listen. He got hot tonight, about the broad, you know? He fucked up. You too, Mel. You fucked up. Don't go too far, Tony. [ Sighs ] I'm not, Mel. You are. [ Groaning, Gasps ] Fuck. You can't shoot a cop! Whoever says you was one? Wait a minute! You let me go. I'll fix this up. Sure, Mel. Maybeyou can hand yourself... one ofthem first-class tickets to the Resurrection. Fuckin' punk! Son ofa bitch! - So long, Mel. Have a good trip. - Fuckyou! Okay, come on. What about Ernie? You want ajob, Ernie? - Sure, Tony. - Okay, then you call me tomorrow. Hey, man, you got ajob! [ Chuckles ] Hey, Tony! Thanks. [ Chi Chi Chuckling ] Often when I advise people or invite people to trust themselves what gets touched on is self-hatred. Because they feel they have failed themselves or failed others. They've failed the test. We have failed the test so many times. I know when I would look into myself I didn't like what I saw. But really what I was looking into was my personality. And it was a mess. You know there were wounds and concrete blocks and [laughs, crowd laughs] there was just all kinds of stuff there. It was like, oh my God - and so the thrust was for me to escape that. Or fix it. To get help for it, to fix it. And I spent years both escaping it in many different ways and fixing it. But however I fixed it there would always be something, sort of burbling up from the depths that would destroy it and I had to recognize it was my own self-hatred. And by self-hatred I meant hatred of this body and its limitations and its, what seemed to me, inherent ugliness and filth. And though I liked it sometimes you know, if it got fixed up. Particular mirrors. [crowd laughs] But that was there, this hatred and so like the fear of death or nonexistence, self-hatred is a, it's a horrific gift. And it seems to come with most humans who were raised by most parents. Just gets inbred in there. Bad girl, wicked girl, stupid girl, mean girl, selfish girl. It's like, it's right, you have the proof of all of that. And so the trust when you trust yourself is actually willing to penetrate that to discover what's underneath it. And the byproduct of that penetration is the liberation of this wicked, bad, ugly, filthy little girl. Bad seed. Throwback. However we formulate it and whatever support we've gotten for that formulation. That's what gets liberated. And the trust is still opening to what's underneath that, but to get underneath it there has to be a penetration of what the barrier is. The disbelief. The fear. The self-hatred. With all of our proof of how that is so. So I've shared with people before finally I didn't see myself as an image, I just saw dark murky energy. And I had already met sort of the frantic hysterical crazy energy. This was under that. The frantic hysterical energy was an attempt to escape this dark murky stuff. It's like, oh my God, not that. But here it was. And for much of my life I had spent avoiding it, circling it, dramatizing it, fixing it, hating it. And I just opened as I invite you to open, too. I experienced it and it felt like it moved through my body. Like it was maybe a curse, say we've all been cursed and you could feel this demonic curse moving through and then it was gone. A self-exorcism. That's what a priest does, right? Brings the light of the spirit. Or it's what a rabbi does, brings the truth of God so that the dybbuk can be released and God knows we are carrying around centuries of curses. Curses on our family, curses our family did then ricocheted back on them. And we know we have cursed. We have wished the worst for other people and other people have wished the worst for us and so as a metaphor there is a sense of this morass of hatred coming and going. So to open to hatred? We mostly just want to get to love. Great, get to love, that's the refuge and from the refuge you can actually open to whatever else is here and if there is hatred or if there is dark, murky energy you can very simply, although it may be extremely challenging, very simply open. And it is a great discovery. The only thing that stops that opening is a continual discussion. Internal discussion. What will happen? What will be the result? Yes, but . . yes, why is it still here? ba duh ba duh. Just recognize that discussion. Recognize the complication of the discussion and then you are open. And you'll see it's trustworthy. Opening is trustworthy. And it's not like I walk through parts of town or to downtown Manhattan or anyplace opening [crowd giggles] whatever may be dark and murky. I don't advise it [giggle]. But there's an intelligence then that's freed of the body. I don't need to do that I used to do that, you know - "Oooh hiiii!" because I was trying to escape this. And I thought if I could make enough friends, make enough allies, make enough people love me, then I wouldn't - then that would cleanse this. I would be rescued, I would saved. Jesus would save me or a teacher would save me. But my teacher, he said stop searching. And I heard that as stop running away, stop running toward, stop hiding. Oh boy, this is serious. This is big. It's not child's play. It's for an adult. It's sober. It's ruthless. It's rigorous. And it's simple. And I can't even begin to explain the byproduct of that. The Self-confidence. I don't have confidence in my personality, my confidence in my ability to speak what can't be spoken. But absolute total confidence in the Truth of who I am. And that's available for you because it's the same 'I am'. Whatever distortions of your personality or dysfunctions of your physical/mental/emotional life, the ground is the same consciousness. Radient in itself. Are we showing that video tonight? There's a video tonight that we've compiled different clips about self-hatred because Ramana says the last obstacle is self-doubt. But I've discovered that, that's true because self-doubt keeps us in this internal convervation of "Yes, but, well maybe" but really that's - under that is because we don't trust ourselves. We hate ourselves. We want to escape ourselves. And if we open to what's here there's no room for doubt. Hi, I'm Lisa Edelstein for PETA. Vegetarianism is a really important part of what we need to do to help the environment. The meat industry is really toxic to the environment. The cattle industry, besides the fact that there are a lot of cruel things happening, the manure is extremely toxic. We just need to pull back as a culture as much as we can. And finding a way to do that for yourself in the most comfortable way is all I would ask. And that requires a little bit of education. I have 2 dogs; they are both rescues. I am very much in favor of rescuing animals rather than buying animals. When you buy from a pet store, a lot of them, most of them, are getting from puppy mills. So it's a really important thing that you rescue animals. There are in the millions of animals that are put down every year in shelters, not because they are evil people, but because they have no more room. The best thing about being a vegetarian is that, I feel like what I put into my body is what I want to have in my body. The relationship between what I eat and how I feel is a direct link. I like to encourage people to be a vegetarian once a week, and then maybe twice a week. Because that makes such an enormous impact for the whole world. It's really valuable for everyone. So, I'm just trying to push that campaign forward with my body apparently. [chuckles] For more information about vegetarianism or how to help animals, please visit the PETA website. As a rational actor. I consider the problems and my goals with relations to them. For example, a storm is coming and will likely flood the city and create problems we can only partially address. We have various options, to treat this problem. First off we can do nothing we can build up the levies better possibly. We could evacuate before, do have enough time? Timing is an issue there. We can evacuate after. We can serve and protect all the while, and drain and rebuilds afterwards. So, I think about all the other actors involved as well. There's FEMA, The Governor, The government agencies, army corps of engineers, red cross, police, fire department, national guard, etcetera. And as a rational actor, I'm going to assume my staff and others are on the same side if I can relate to them the costs or consequences of flooding and lacking a good response. Something like any death toll is too much. By relating the consequences of various options or not taking the ones proposed. And identifying how the least cost in life is accomplished, I should be able to get everyone to mobilize and respond in an optimal way. But, I know people don't always have the same goal, nor are they always motivated by consequences. Some actors and organizations may think the walls will hold, others will think ten or even 100 deaths won't need a response. At the other extreme, they may be so overwhelmed with the flooding that we won't get them to act on instrumental grounds. For example, The National Guard may be flooded themselves. So, we have to invoke identity expectations, notions of duty, etc. To get standard operating procedures rolling from each of these organizational actors. From an organizational process standpoint. We need to start position, partitioning the problem up, so the appropriate organizations with experience and standard operating procedures are assigned to each part. The city has evacuation plans, etcetera, that we can commence and coordinate. We know police and fire will assist there. But will there ability to perform standard operating procedures remain if they're overwhelmed? That's a good question. What if their homes and families are flooded too? Will they privilege their family identity? So perhaps having police and fire family protection plans set, its a very good idea, as well as drills to prepare fire and police for the worst. Also, we might know that some of these standard operating procedures work better in some neighborhoods than others like poor neighbor hoods, may be more difficult to enact these kind of procedures. And we can allocate more where it's needed such as in those neighborhoods that are more low lying and what not, okay? That said, we know it's likely we'll be overwhelmed anyway, so we need to appeal to other organizational actors who coordinate a wider array of participants and relevant standard operating procedures. For example, Governor Blanco. Blanco, I'm not sure how to pronounce it, the FEMA Director and the President. We ask them to commence standard operating procedures that are under their jurisdiction. We might even explain our reasoning by the rational actor model in COS. Here we'd hope to get National Guard support in evacuating remaining citizens with helicopters, delivering needed supplies and maintaining order. We'll also need to appeal to the Army Core of Engineers so as to be ready with equipment to repair any walls after flooding occurs. But we all know this may not work. Actors and organizations have parochial interests. Hence the National Guard will have it's own problems if flooded. The Army Core of Engineers won't want to be blamed for faulty walls. Fema won't want to look inept or totalitarian. And the governor won't want to have her authority circumvented by outside organizations. Hence, we can bargain with them, but what do we bargain? Our public claims that they have not worked appropriately or diligently or you know? Or even that they have been neglectful or prejudicial etcetera. Are kinds of threats and cajolings that would, that might get people to act in those government positions. In short, our theories each one of them offer you ways of organizing and ways of getting coordinated action. They're descriptive and possibly and feasibly prescriptive, if you so wish. All of this is kind of a character, caricature of course. I mean I don't want you to think this is a wonderfully elaborate case depiction. But hopefully it gets you to think more about how to apply theories to cases. Many of you are welcome to consider this case in greater detail and how our theories might apply. There's a multitude of information on Hurricane Katrina online. And it's a case well worth analyzing, and especially since many more hurricanes will hit the gulf coast and eastern sea border in United States in the years to come. The same could be said for earthquakes, tornadoes, tsunamis etc. Through the careful study of cases and applications of organizational theories, we likely improve our management of these recurring problems. All of this kind of begs the questions. If you were a manager, or an analyst, why would you want to learn this theories and apply them? And I, I see at least three huge benefits. Imagine you're called into an organization to help them with a problem. Your training in organizational theories gives you a few useful skills. First, you have the broader range of experiences than just the ones you first hand had. You know other histories, you know other examples. Companies and accounts that are different from your own personal experiences. Second, you have a systematic way of thinking about an organization and its problems. What's likely to happen is that the employer brings you into their office and explains their problem. We have a problem with how the employees relate to each other and there seems to be a manager who is really trying to drive a wedge between everyone they may say, and you'll hear that and understand this is a problem with regard to social structure. And that current interpretation of this company manager is that the conflict is intentional or driven by a particular actor. Now you probably don't want to use all of our academic jargon to relate this to them but you can recognize this is an issue they see as focused on certain aspects of the organization, and has one kind of explanatory logic applied to it. By relating that back to them, you help them better understand what it is they are seeing and thinking. You're paraphrasing in a way they might not have considered before. Third, as an analyst trained in this class, you're able to elude to other facets of the organizations. So you don't just see it in one way, you see it in multiple ways. Other actors, their beliefs, influences from the environment, technologies, competing goals, and so on. You can also offer another form of explanation. That, actors are just following standard operating procedures. And there is a conflict between those emanating from different units of the organization. In this manner, you help the client see things differently in a different way. And most likely, in a more useful way as well. Most of you who become analysts will be working in non profits and governmental organizations. Most every organization seldom wants an outsider to come in and tell them what to do. And if they do, it will likely fail in implementation. They'll want you to help them figure out what is going on, so they can propose solutions on their own. You can help with that process and by placing them as central actors in the decision process, they're more likely to adopt some kind of solution or reform that resolves at least some of their issues. The Universitat Jaume I has joined research groups from the Valencian Community and Catalonia in the first Workshop on Advanced Materials for Solar Fuel Applications, organised by the Group of Photovoltaic and Optoelectronic Devices from the UJl. -Solar fuels have recently awakened a great interest, [Sixto Giménez. Coordinator of the Workshop] particularly the hydrogen production from the molecular rupture of water and the reduction of CO2 in the formation of hydrocarbons. All these subjects are included in the artificial photosynthesis, and the development of an energy technology based on these processes constitutes a promising alternative to change the current energy model towards a model based on natural and renewable resources such as water or sunlight. -The workshop's organisation counts on the contribution of the INCE -Institute of Nanotechnologies for Clean Energies- which aims to encourage the knowledge transfer in nanosciences and nanotechnologies applied to renewable and sustainable energies. -We want to make publications. We have a large team of people who like making publications but do not like reading papers. [Joan Bisquert. Director of INCE] Reading papers is something that young researchers avoid. The only way that we have to be in the loop is returning to the pre-Gutenberg times and doing that researchers explain us directly in their own voice the things that we need to know. We are going to do a programme of seminars, and we hope that they are didactic contributions to learn many things. We have already done two seminars in València, and another one today. I would like to thank professor Sixto for his labour in the organization, and also the guests. -In the workshop, recent advances in the field of solar fuels and artificial photosynthesis have been shown from a physicochemical perspective. The most outstanding intervention has been done by Doctor Antoni LLobet, an internationally renowned researcher who has analysed the systems of formation of fuel, such as hydrogen directly from sunlight. The entire lecture can be viewed on the channel Ciènciatv of the Universitat Jaume I. Scientific Culture and Innovation Unit Communication and Publications Service -(announcer) He's cute. He's annoying. He's an orange. -[laughs] -(announcer) There's no new video this week, but starting next week, we return with all-new Annoying Orange episodes and you won't believe all the exciting places he's going. -Like where? Where we going? -(announcer) We can't tell you. -Why not? -(announcer) It's a surprise. -Can I drive? -(announcer) You don't have arms. -Should I bring a coat? Is it gonna be cold? -(announcer) No, it won't be cold. -Is Pear going? -(announcer) We can't tell you that either. -I'm not going if Pear's not going. -(announcer) [scoffs] Let me finish. New adventures, new friends, new foes. -Have I met them before? -(announcer) No, you haven't met them before. That's why it's new. -Bo-ring. -(announcer) No, it won't be boring. It's actually going to be very exciting. -Whatever. Hey, voice! -(announcer) [sighs] What? -Can you do this? Na-na-na-na-na-na... -(announcer) Stop that. -Na-na-na-na-na-na... -(announcer) Quit it! -Na-na-na-na-na-na... -(announcer) Stop that! Would you... -Na-na-na-na-na-na... -(announcer) Hey! Would you let me finish talking? -Fine. Geez. -(announcer) Tune in next week for an all-new episode of Annoying Orange. It's guaranteed to be-- -Hey, voice! -(announcer) What? -Text. -(announcer) Ow! That hit me in the head! [Orange laughs] Captioned by SpongeSebastian [intro music] This is a very traditional 19th century painter studio in Paris. and I'm not using any artificial light here and all I do is shading up and down and then I can control the light. To me, this system, this method still makes the best color picture. Our, we think we keep making inventions and making tools as sophisticated as possible. But to me contemporary people tend to rely on the computer method and all the machines. That's not good enough. You need something more than that. So, this system is very hard to control but still makes the best pictures. So, I'm against that kind of evolution, you know, [laughs] I am sticking to the traditional method. I'm a filmmaker. For the last 8 years, I have dedicated my life to documenting the work of Israelis and Palestinians who are trying to end the conflict using peaceful means. When I travel with my work across Europe and the United States, one question always comes up: Where is the Palestinian Gandhi? Why aren't Palestinians using nonviolent resistance? The challenge I face when I hear this question is that often I have just returned from the Middle East where I spent my time filming dozens of Palestinians who are using nonviolence to defend their lands and water resources from Israeli soldiers and settlers. These leaders are trying to forge a massive national nonviolent movement to end the occupation and build peace in the region. Yet, most of you have probably never heard about them. This divide between what's happening on the ground and perceptions abroad is one of the key reasons why we don't have yet a Palestinian peaceful resistance movement that has been successful. So I'm here today to talk about the power of attention, the power of your attention, and the emergence and development of nonviolent movements in the West Bank, Gaza and elsewhere -- but today, my case study is going to be Palestine. I believe that what's mostly missing for nonviolence to grow is not for Palestinians to start adopting nonviolence, but for us to start paying attention to those who already are. Allow me to illustrate this point by taking you to this village called Budrus. About seven years ago, they faced extinction, because Israel announced it would build a separation barrier, and part of this barrier would be built on top of the village. They would lose 40 percent of their land and be surrounded, so they would lose free access to the rest of the West Bank. Through inspired local leadership, they launched a peaceful resistance campaign to stop that from happening. Let me show you some brief clips, so you have a sense for what that actually looked like on the ground. (Music) Palestinian Woman: We were told the wall would separate Palestine from Israel. Here in Budrus, we realized the wall would steal our land. Israeli Man: The fence has, in fact, created a solution to terror. Man: Today you're invited to a peaceful march. You are joined by dozens of your Israeli brothers and sisters. Israeli Activist: Nothing scares the army more than nonviolent opposition. Woman: We saw the men trying to push the soldiers, but none of them could do that. But I think the girls could do it. Fatah Party Member: We must empty our minds of traditional thinking. Hamas Party Member: We were in complete harmony, and we wanted to spread it to all of Palestine. Chanting: One united nation. Fatah, Hamas and the Popular Front! News Anchor: The clashes over the fence continue. Reporter: Israeli border police were sent to disperse the crowd. They were allowed to use any force necessary. (Gunshots) Man: These are live bullets. It's like Fallujah. Shooting everywhere. Israeli Activist: I was sure we were all going to die. But there were others around me who weren't even cowering. Israeli Soldier: A nonviolent protest is not going to stop the [unclear]. Protester: This is a peaceful march. There is no need to use violence. Chanting: We can do it! We can do it! We can do it! Julia Bacha: When I first heard about the story of Budrus, I was surprised that the international media had failed to cover the extraordinary set of events that happened seven years ago, in 2003. What was even more surprising was the fact that Budrus was successful. The residents, after 10 months of peaceful resistance, convinced the Israeli government to move the route of the barrier off their lands and to the green line, which is the internationally recognized boundary between Israel and the Palestinian Territories. The resistance in Budrus has since spread to villages across the West Bank and to Palestinian neighborhoods in Jerusalem. Yet the media remains mostly silent on these stories. This silence carries profound consequences for the likelihood that nonviolence can grow, or even survive, in Palestine. Violent resistance and nonviolent resistance share one very important thing in common; they are both a form of theater seeking an audience to their cause. If violent actors are the only ones constantly getting front-page covers and attracting international attention to the Palestinian issue, it becomes very hard for nonviolent leaders to make the case to their communities that civil disobedience is a viable option in addressing their plight. The power of attention is probably going to come as no surprise to the parents in the room. The surest way to make your child throw increasingly louder tantrums is by giving him attention the first time he throws a fit. The tantrum will become what childhood psychologists call a functional behavior, since the child has learned that he can get parental attention out of it. Parents can incentivize or disincentivize behavior simply by giving or withdrawing attention to their children. But that's true for adults too. In fact, the behavior of entire communities and countries can be influenced, depending on where the international community chooses to focus its attention. I believe that at the core of ending the conflict in the Middle East and bringing peace is for us to transform nonviolence into a functional behavior by giving a lot more attention to the nonviolent leaders on the ground today. In the course of taking my film to villages in the West Bank, in Gaza and in East Jerusalem, I have seen the impact that even one documentary film can have in influencing the transformation. In a village called Wallajeh, which sits very close to Jerusalem, the community was facing a very similar plight to Budrus. They were going to be surrounded, lose a lot of their lands and not have freedom of access, either to the West Bank or Jerusalem. They had been using nonviolence for about two years but had grown disenchanted since nobody was paying attention. So we organized a screening. A week later, they held the most well-attended and disciplined demonstration to date. The organizers say that the villagers, upon seeing the story of Budrus documented in a film, felt that there were indeed people following what they were doing, that people cared. So they kept on going. On the Israeli side, there is a new peace movement called Solidariot, which means solidarity in Hebrew. The leaders of this movement have been using Budrus as one of their primary recruiting tools. They report that Israelis who had never been active before, upon seeing the film, understand the power of nonviolence and start joining their activities. The examples of Wallajeh and the Solidariot movement show that even a small-budget independent film can play a role in transforming nonviolence into a functional behavior. Now imagine the power that big media players could have if they started covering the weekly nonviolent demonstrations happening in villages like Bil'in, Ni'lin, Wallajeh, in Jerusalem neighborhoods like Sheikh Jarrah and Silwan -- the nonviolent leaders would become more visible, valued and effective in their work. I believe that the most important thing is to understand that if we don't pay attention to these efforts, they are invisible, and it's as if they never happened. But I have seen first hand that if we do, they will multiply. If they multiply, their influence will grow in the overall Israeli-Palestinian conflict. And theirs is the kind of influence that can finally unblock the situation. These leaders have proven that nonviolence works in places like Budrus. Let's give them attention so they can prove it works everywhere. Thank you. (Applause) Yo. Hey, I was doing some research for next year... ...and I think I figured out which website I wanna subscribe to. - The Vag-tastic Voyage. - Which one is the Vag-tastic Voyage? The Vag-tastic Voyage is the one where... ... they find random girls on the street, and they invite them into a van... ...and then they bang them in the van. It's like 13 bucks a month... ...and you get access to other sites. Like one's Latina, one's Asian, you know, there's one for fetishes... ...like feet and pee-pee and shit and stuff like that. That's disgusting. You're like an animal. I'm... What? I'm disgusting? You're the weird one, man. Don't make me feel weird because I like porn. You're weird for not liking porn. I'm normal as shit. Peeing on people. That's normal? Evan, I'm not saying I'm gonna look at it. I'm just saying that it comes with the site, okay? I don't know what I'm gonna be into 10 years from now. I'm just sick of all the amateur stuff. I mean, like, if I'm paying top dollar, I want a little production value. Like some editing, transition, something. Some music. Yeah, well, I'm sorry the Coen brothers don't direct the porn that I watch. They're hard to get ahold of, okay? Plus your parents are gonna be looking at the bill, dipshit. Yeah, you're right. I probably should pick the one with the least dirty name. What about, like, Perfect Ten? Something like that, you know? Like Perfect Ten? Because that could be any number of things. They can't really get you for that. That could be, like, a bowling website. Yeah, but they don't really show dick going in, which is a huge concern. I didn't realize that. Plus, have you ever seen a vagina by itself? Not for me. Hi. - Thanks for taking him, Seth. - No... No problem, Jane. - How are you? - Good. Beautiful. - Don't touch that. - What are you...? - I'm not a piece of meat. - You two are funny. I can't imagine what you're gonna do without each other next year. Evan told me you didn't get into Dartmouth. I got into some schools, some pretty good ones. So I'll be fine. - You gonna miss each other? - No. Miss each other? No, thank you. I don't... I don't miss each other. I'm gonna cry myself to sleep every night. - Me too. - When I'm out partying. Go to school, boys. - Bye, Mom. - Bye, Jane. I am truly jealous you got to suck on those tits when you were a baby. Yeah, well, at least you got to suck on your dad's dick. Hey, Seth, you can't park in the faculty lot. Don't be such a vagine, man. I gotta get a Red Bull before class. You're being an idiot. You shouldn't have parked there. Fuck it. I'm about to graduate. They should be sucking on my ball sac. It's the least they could do for stealing three years of my life. - Oh, fuck me. - Look at those nipples. They're like little baby toes. It's not fair they get to flaunt that stuff... ...and I have to hide every erection I get. You know what I do? I flip my boner up into my waistband. It hides it and it feels awesome. I almost blew a load into my bellybutton. I mean, just imagine if girls weren't weirded out by our boners... ...and just, like, wanted to see them. I mean, that's the world I one day wanna live in. It's been two years since I've seen an actual human female nipple. Shauna? Shauna was two years ago now? Yeah. Yeah, I guess so. But she was insanely hot. Exactly. She was too hot, okay? That's what sucks. How can that suck? I'd be psyched if I got with her. You got, like, two dozen handjobs. Yes, and three-quarters of a blowjob, but who's counting? Look, it was the peak of my ass-getting career... ...and it happened way too early. - You're like Orson Welles. - Exactly! If I'd paced myself, I'd be having at least steady sex... ...with a decent-looking girl. I honestly see now why Orson Welles ate his fat ass to death. You'll have sex in college, everyone does. But the point is to be good at sex by the time you get to college. You don't want girls thinking you suck dick at fucking pussy. I still think you have a chance with Jules. She got incredibly hot over last summer... ...and she obviously hasn't realized it yet... ...because she's still talking to you and flirting with you. Are you out of your mind? Look at Jules' dating record, okay? She dated Dan Remick, who's had a six-pack since, like, kindergarten. Jason Stone, who looks like fucking Zack Morris. And Matt Muir. Matt Muir. He's the sweetest guy ever. Have you ever stared into his eyes? It was like the first time I heard the Beatles. Why would she end her high school career with me? Becca dated Eric Rosecrantz for like two years. Yeah, but he's a fucking idiot. You're a step up from that dick-load. That's why you need to stop... Will you get this? That's why you need to stop being a pussy and nail her. You could bang her before you leave. And I'm not gonna dance around it, she looks like a good fucker. I'm tired of you talking about her like that, man. What, you can talk about her all day and if I say one thing, it's blasphemy? Well, I don't constantly insult her. I'm not trying to insult her. I'm just saying that she looks like a good fucker, okay? She looks like she can take a dick. Some women pride themselves on their dick-taking abilities. Dick-taking abilities? You think that's good to say about someone? The fucked-up thing is, I actually do, okay? If a woman tried to compliment me on my dick-giving abilities, I'd be psyched. Hey, yo, Seth. What? Did you hear I'm having a big grad party next Saturday? - No. - Yeah. - Oh, shit! - You're not coming. Tell your fucking faggot friend he can't come either. So Jesse wanted me to tell you... ...you're a fucking faggot and can't come to his party. You really bitched out back there, man. I bitched out? You bitched out, man, you fucking Judas. You fucking left me hanging. Did you want me to dive in front of his spit? Come on, guys, let's go! This is bullshit. Pussy. If I equals the square root of negative one... ...then I squared equals negative one. Okay? In other words, if you consider I as a constant... ...you can then define the square roots of all the negative numbers. So I is an imaginary number. It doesn't really exist. If I equals the square root of negative one... ...then I squared equals negative one. Is this making s...? Okay. - Okay, bye. - Evan! - Evan, hey. - Hey, Becca. - Hey, thank you for your pen. - Hey. No problem. No, no, don't worry. No worries. You keep it. You won't have to borrow one again because you'll have that one. - Thank you so much, that's... - You're welcome. Don't worry about it. So I was gonna ask you... ...did you hear about Jesse's grad party next weekend? - It should be fun. - I heard. L... It's a maybe. - Really? - For me at the moment. - My R.S.V.P. - Just a maybe? So far. There's so much other fun shit that's gonna be happening... ...that I can't really commit and, you know, hurt someone's feelings. Fun shit? But I never see you at parties or anything. That's because of all the other fun shit I'm off doing. I'd love to be at all of them, but... Why weren't you at Dimitri's on Saturday? There was so many things going on. I couldn't find a minute to make an appearance. - What did you do? - Saturday was a crazy night for me. I had some friends over, we had a few drinks. That's Vag-tastic! I hung out in my basement, the chill zone, where we chill-lax. Like "relax" and "chill" all at once. Seth's parents were throwing a party. We got to hang around adults, which was a nice change of pace. You converse, you talk to people and they have interesting stories. I talked to a man who claimed he had climbed five mountains in his life. Then we went to a nightclub, which was incredible. This big, fancy one. - Gonna look at tits right now! - I'm feeling crazy. I said that. - You got in? - We got right in. - Wanna do this, 'roid monkey? - Fuck you! Then we called it a night. We were all just really exhausted. What the fuck?! You would've loved it. It was an incredible, unbelievable night. That sounds like a lot of fun. You know, I'd love to go do something like that sometime. Who wouldn't? I mean, it was like... ...me and Seth are always kind of cooking up these... ...fun, sort of, little, you know, events. I guess you guys are really gonna go crazy next year together. We were going to, but we got into different schools. Really? That sucks. Yeah, I mean, it's not too bad. I mean, it should be okay. Not too worried about it, really. Don't worry about it. I'm not worried at all. - All right, well, thank you for the pen. - Yeah. No problem. - Bye. - Bye. Bye, Evan. Mrs. Hayworth, I joined this class because I'd be cooking with a partner. But she's never here, and I don't get twice the grades for doing all the work. I didn't invent odd numbers, Seth. I know, but look at Evan, okay? Just look at him. Don't keep me waiting much longer. I'm getting impatient up here. You know what I'm talking about. Miroki, you're embarrassing me. I'm here in my unit, isolated and alone, eating my terrible-tasting food... ...and I gotta look over at that. Looks like the most fun I've ever seen in my life. And it's B.S. Excuse my language. I'm just saying that I wash and dry. I'm like a single mother. We all know Home Ec is a joke, no offense. Everyone takes this class to get an A. It's bullshit, and I'm sorry. I'm not putting down your profession, but it's just the way I feel. I don't wanna sit here alone cooking this shitty food. No offense. And I just think that I don't ever need to cook tiramisu. When am I gonna need to cook tiramisu? Am I gonna be a chef? No. There's three weeks left in school. Give me a fucking break. I'm sorry for cursing. All right, Jules' partner isn't here today either. Pair up with her. Station four. Jules? All right. I'll give it another shot. I'll give Home Ec another shot. Hey, Jules. Your partner didn't come today? - That's kind of a personal question. - What? Nothing. It's my attempt at humor. I was just... Oh, like coming. Like "coming" coming. Wow, that was a little too far right there. The gesture. Yeah. It's pretty far. Shit, I do that... No, don't worry. I'm actually used to it. My older brother says, like, the nastiest shit. Like he called me "hymen" until I was 12. - That's sick. That's not even clever. - I know. I know. I would've gone with something at least mildly entertaining. You know, like... Like... Like "family Jules." Or like "nuts." Yeah, that's funny. That's a fucking funny joke. Fucking funny. - I can't believe that. - So, all right. We gotta... ...mix it up. Yeah, Hayworth will notice this, if we cover it with chocolate. - The whole thing? - Just dump it on. I'm serious. Okay. - And now it looks professional. - That's really impressive. - It's beautifully done. - I think we're gonna get an A. So, what are you doing tonight? - Probably nothing. Why? - I don't know. My parents are gone so I'm having a party. I don't really know how many people are gonna be there... ...but you could stop by if you wanted to. Yeah, I love parties. Really? I just don't really ever see you at them. You know, it's a love-hate thing. So, like, you know, right now, I really love them, though. - Yeah. - Good shit, right, Miroki? Yeah. Hey, Miroki, could we have a minute alone? Just... Thanks. Dude, Jules is having a fucking party. Hey! - Don't tell Fogell about the party. - Gangsters. What's up, guys? I was just walking down the hall and Nicola was right in front of me. She's wearing these tight white pants with this black G-string... ...and you could see right through the pants. It was so sweet. It's 10:33. What? I told her what time it was. That's the coolest fucking story I've ever heard in my entire life. - Can I hear it again? You have time? - Yeah, yeah, Seth. I'll miss your knee-slappers when me and Evan are at Dartmouth. While you guys are at Dartmouth, I'll be at State... ...where the girls are half as smart and twice as likely to fellash me. What are you guys doing tonight? Asshole. We got nothing. Nothing tonight, Fogell. No? Well, if nothing comes up, we can get shitfaced again, yeah? You're always calling me a pussy, but today you're wrong. At lunch, I'm going to the same place Mike Snider went... ...to pick up my brand-new fake ID. Yeah. Fake ID. Fake ID. I'm tight. That's insane. Evan was like, "I heard about this party. We shouldn't tell Fogell." I was like, "No, we should tell Fogell." You could buy us booze now. It's awesome. Yeah, I'll... Sure, I'll buy the booze. Yeah, we're gonna get our drinks on. We're gonna party and get crunk and rock out, dude. If you're not in this class, leave this class. Fogell! Hi. Okay. Gotta go. Well done. Seriously. See you after class. You tell that idiot you're not rooming with him? Not yet. No. All right, well, you better. That guy's the fucking anti-poon. Seth, it's dishes time. What's the holdup? We're getting a fake ID, so... - It's not like a big deal. - Wow, that's cool. But you guys have, like, four more years to go... ...so do you wanna get to work? Well, we got into different schools, so... So you're cutting the cord? What's gonna happen? Nothing. Jeez, what does everybody think is gonna happen? The world's gonna explode if we don't spend every second together? I mean, we're not dependent on each other, you know. We met when we were 8. We were fine before then. I was. I mean, it's like, we don't do everything together. No. All right, I gotta take a piss. My dick's not gonna shake itself. Come on, babe. - He's a crack-up. - I'm just gonna go. Well, at least we're getting a graduation party. Thank God, man. I'm excited. I would do terrible, disgusting things to hook up with Jules. - Unforgivable things. - I hear you, man. I'd give my middle nut to start dating Becca. Becca's a bitch. You know what? I'm seriously getting fucking sick of you... ...talking about her like that, if we can be honest. - Me too. - Why do you hate her so much? You've never given me a reason. I think you like her. - Fuck no, man! I hate Becca. - Why, man? Fine, Evan. Here it comes. When I was a little kid, I kind of had this problem. And it's not even that big of a deal. Something like 8 percent of kids do it, but whatever. It's... For some reason, I don't know why, I would just kind of sit around all day... ...and draw pictures of dicks. What? Draw pictures of dicks. Dicks? Like a man dick? Yeah. Like a man dick. I'd sit there for hours, drawing dicks. I don't know what it was. I couldn't touch the pen to paper without drawing the shape of a penis. - That's fucked. - No shit, it's really fucked up. Here I am, this little kid... ... and I can't stop drawing dicks to save my own life. All right. I mean, I don't see what this has to do with Becca. Just listen. Okay? Your precious little Becca sat next to me for all of fourth grade. And in the classroom is where I did the majority of my illustrations. I was very secretive about this whole dick operation I had going on. Even I thought I was fucking crazy. Imagine what everyone else would think. So I would stash all of my dick drawings... ... in this Ghostbusters lunchbox that I had. So one day I'm finishing up this real big, veiny, triumphant bastard. All of a sudden... Pussy! You hit Becca's foot with your dick? Yeah. I know. Oh, my God! She starts crying. She flips out. And she rats me out to the principal. He finds this Ghostbusters lunchbox dick treasure chest... ... and he fucking flips out. He calls in my parents. Turns out this principal is some religious fanatic... ... and he thinks I'm possessed by some dick devil. My parents make me see a therapist, and he's asking me dick questions. They made me stop eating foods shaped like dicks. No hot dogs, no Popsicles. You know how many foods are shaped like dicks? The best kinds. Yeah. Well, I don't... That's really messed up. - Super gay. - All right, let's stop this madness. - Let's just go get some dessert. - I can't, I gotta go meet my counselor. I'm picking out my classes for next year. So I gotta sit and eat dessert alone, like I'm fucking Steven Glanzberg? I gue... Yeah, I mean, what do you want me to do? I don't know. Nothing. It's fine. - Just relax, man. I'll see you later. - That's fine. I'll be fine. Hey, pussy. Fuck off. Just the one. Just the one. Not both. - So I'll call Andy and Greg. - Okay. And I'll bring the '80s dance music. - Yeah, yeah. - Right on. Seth! Hi. There you are. We were just talking about you. - Here I am. - That's weird. So you're coming to my party tonight? Because it's fully on. Yeah, why? Should I not come? Because I could think of other shit... Oh, no. No. I want you to come, I just... You said something earlier about, like, a fake ID or something, right? Yeah, I'm gonna get one. For sure, for sure. I'm getting that for sure. Can you get us booze? Yeah. I can. I can get you guys alcohol. - Really? Seriously? - Yes, for sure. That would be awesome. Thank you. Because we were worried about that. That would be great. Plus, you know, you scratch our backs, we'll scratch yours. Well, Jules, the funny thing about my back... ...is that it's located on my cock. So you do want alcohol? You want some or no? You do or you don't? You do want alcohol. - Yeah. - Either way. - Well... - Either way. Either way's fine. This is actually kind of a big favor. Because my parents left me like 100 bucks to feed myself for the week. But the house is full of food, so I just thought I'd spend it all... ...on, you know, extra drinks for the party, so... That's really nice. I don't think I've ever done anything that nice. - It's cool? - Yeah. - Okay. Thank you. - Awesome. I mean, seriously, that's really... That's nice of you. Thank you. So should I just get a shitload of different shit? Well, you gotta get me some Kyle's Killer Lemonade. Kyle's Killer Lemonade. That's kind of gay, but I can get it for you. So... Okay, so then we will see you tonight. Go to the ball, guys. Evan. Get into the game. Kick it over to me. Seth! Get off the field! Get out of here. They're gonna make me run laps. Just fucking listen, okay? Jules and her stupid fucking friend asked me to buy her alcohol. But not just her, for her whole party. You know what that means? By some miracle, we were paired up and she actually thought of me. Thought of me enough to decide I was the guy she would trust... ...with the whole fun-ness of her party. She wants to fuck me. She wants my dick in or around her mouth. Did you think that maybe she's using you to get her alcohol? - She doesn't want your dick. - Of course I thought of that. The first thing that came to my mind. Listen. My older brother always says the nastiest shit. Like he called me "hymen" until I was 12. Seth, I wanna blow you. She didn't say that. Come on. She didn't say the second part, the first... She's got an older brother. She could have asked him. She looked me in the eyes and said: "Seth, Mom is making a pubie salad. I need some Seth's Own dressing." She's D.T.F. She's down to fuck, man. P in vagi. She wants to fuck, man. Tonight is the night that fucking is an actual possibility. You sound like an idiot. You're not gonna sleep with her. No. Dude, I know I talk a lot of shit, okay? But she's gonna be at the party and she's gonna be drunk. She likes me at least a little. At the very least, I'll make out with her. Two weeks, handjob. Month, blowjob. Whatever. And then I make her my girlfriend. And I've got, like, two solid months of sex. By the time college rolls around... ...l'll be like the Iron Chef of pounding vag. Can we talk about this later? What the fuck, Evan? We're down two points. Fucking calm down, Greg. It's soccer. - It's soccer. - Fuck you, man. Hey, Greg, why don't you go piss your pants again? - That was eight years ago, asshole. - People don't forget. Do you wanna hear the best part? Becca. You do the same thing with her. When you guys are shitfaced, you get with her. This is our last party as high school people. I've ignored my hatred for Becca in coming up with this plan. I'm flexing nuts. Just fucking come with me on this voyage... ...and stop being a pussy for once... ...and we can fucking fuck some girls already. - I should buy Becca alcohol? - Yeah, it'll be pimp. That way you know she'll be drunk. You know when girls say: "I was so shitfaced last night. I shouldn't have fucked that guy." We could be that mistake! Have you talked to Fogell? All right, you talk to Becca. I'll talk to that retard, Fogell. Don't worry. - Seth, get off the field! - Goal. - You're getting that! - No, I'm not! Hey, Becca. Hey, hold up. - Oh, hey. - Hey. Hi. Did you hear about the party tonight? Yeah. Yeah, I just heard. It sounds awesome. Yeah. Yeah, I'm going. - Really? - Yeah, I'm gonna go. That's why I came looking for you. Me and the guys are gonna go to a liquor store. And I just thought, you know... ...if you needed someone to get you yours, I could do that. I could be that person. Yeah. Yeah, no, that would be great. That would save me such a hassle, because I was gonna beg my sister. Could you get me, like, a bottle of Goldslick Vodka? Yeah. That's the one with the little golden flakes in it? - Yeah. The girly one. - That's classy. Well, I'll pay you back at the party. No, you won't. No, it's my treat, miss. - Really? - Yep. That's that. It's the first of many too, so get used to it, sister. Well, thank you. Yeah, no problem. - I'm sorry. It was an accident. - It's okay. I was gonna give you a nudge... A punch, the friend thing. I didn't mean... - Hey, Becca. - Hey. - Hey. - Gaby. - What's up, Evan? - Hey, Gaby. - We should get to class. - We're gonna go. - So I will see you tonight. - Okay. - Really, don't worry. - Okay. Sorry. - Bye. - Sorry. Bye. Sorry. Where's that sack of shit, Fogell? He said he'd be here. I'm here with my thumb up my ass. I did it, dude. I even offered to pay for it. It was pimp. I feel like a pimp right now. - Like one of those pimps. - That is fucking pimp. - That's what I was afraid of. - Why didn't I think of that? Shit. Sh... We're screwed. - Okay? We're screwed. - Okay. This is what we get for trusting Fogell, okay? He pussied out. I know he pussied out. What are you making? I'm just drilling holes. The last two weeks. Fuck it. What do we tell the girls, we couldn't do the one thing... ...we promised because we're dickless incompetents? Now we're never gonna bone because of that used tampon, Fogell. How'd he get into Dartmouth? I don't get it. He's got shit for brains. All right, how else can we get alcohol? - Yo, guys! What's up? - Fogell, where have you been, man? You almost gave me a goddamn heart attack. - Let me see it. Did you pussy out? - No, no, man. I got it. It's flawless. Check it. Hawaii? All right, that's good. It's hard to trace, I guess. Wait, you changed your name to McLovin? - Yeah. - McLovin? What kind of a stupid name is that? Are you an Irish R & B singer? They let you pick any name you want when you're there. And you landed on McLovin? Yeah, it was between that or Mohammad. Why the fuck would it be between that or Mohammad? Why not just pick a common name? Mohammad is the most common name on earth. Read a fucking book. Have you ever met anyone named Mohammad? Have you ever met anyone named McLovin? No, that's why you picked a dumb fucking name. - Fuck you. - Give me that. All right. You look like a future pedophile in this picture, number one. Number two, it doesn't even have a first name. It just says McLovin! What? One name? One name? Who are you, Seal? Fogell, this ID says you're 25 years old. Why wouldn't you just put 21, man? Seth, Seth, Seth. Listen up, ass-face. Every day, hundreds of kids go into the liquor store with their fake IDs... ...and every single one says they're 21. How many 21 -year-olds are in this town? It's called fucking strategy. Let's stay calm, okay? Let's not lose our heads. It's a fine ID. It'll... It's gonna work. It's passable, okay? This isn't terrible. I mean, it's up to you, Fogell. This guy's gonna think, "Here's a kid with a fake ID"... ...or "Here's McLovin, the 25-year-old Hawaiian organ donor." Okay? So, what's it gonna be? I am McLovin. No, you're not. No one's McLovin. McLovin's never existed... ...because that's a made-up, dumb, fucking fairy-tale name, you fuck! Jeez, man. It'll work. Give it a chance. Did you move my...? Where is my car? Oh, my God, man. What did I say to you? I told you not to park here. Why would you park in the staff parking lot? Shut the fuck up, Fogell. I mean, because you're not staff. I know that, Fagell! I know that! Evan, let's go to your house. Wait, are you guys still picking me up from work? Can you answer me? Man, don't you have any non-infant clothes? - It'll be fine. - Yeah. Why don't you just wear what you wore to school? I can't do that. I can't let Jules see me in what I wore to school. It's completely unbecoming. No one's gotten a handjob in cargo shorts since Nam. I have to kill these guys. You don't negotiate with terrorists. Really? Yeah, that's what we should be talking about right now. Then why don't you go and get some of your own clothes? That's the dumbest thing ever. My parents will see that my car's been towed and I'll be grounded. These fucking terrorists multiply like bunnies. Where did I leave the M16? Do you have any bigger clothes or do you only shop at babyGap? Fuck me. I can't... That's fun. Why do they make that? If you can't even win, then why am I fucking playing? Do you wanna go see what my dad has? What the fuck? What the hell is that? It's a fucking vest, dumbass. - I'm trying to look older. - You look like Pinocchio. - It's just a vest. - They got a lot of booze in there. If we get it now, we can get to the party faster with Jules' shit. No way, man. I work there. They know I'm not 25. Nobody said anything about you, dick-mouth. You really fucked me on this one. So now I'm gonna steal the booze. Don't do this. I promise you I'll get the liquor later. Mike Snider's ID always works. So will mine, man. Mike Snider's ID doesn't have one fucking name on it! Okay? I thought you Dartmouth guys would be smart enough to understand that. Now Seth's gotta pick up all the pieces. He won't do it. Don't worry. I forgot to tell you, my mom said we can have the TV from the basement... Shut the fuck up, he's gonna hear you. Just be quiet. Wait until he goes away. You still haven't told him that we're rooming together? Fogell, shut the fuck up. And take off your vest. You look like Aladdin. Okay. You got it. Hope piggy can run. How old are you? Twenty-two. You certainly are. That'll be 80 dollars. Okay. Thank you kindly. Will that do? Certainly will. Thank you, Seth. Hey, thank you. You dropped your purse, ma'am. Would you like some help? Well, that would be lovely, young man. Would you like me to buy you alcohol? That would be lovely. - Enjoy your remaining years. - I will. - Enjoy fucking Jules. - I will. Don't do it, kid. I never had a choice. You fucking killed her! No! Where's all the stolen liquor? Did you hide it up your butt? Piss off! I was gonna do it, but there was a security breach. You never would've done it. Let's go to a liquor store and watch your stupid ID get rejected. Wait, I'm gonna go put my vest back in my locker. All right. Here we are. This is it. - You ready? Yeah? - Yeah. - Here's the money and the list. - Change is yours. Keep the change. - Thank you. What's the list for? - The alcohol. We're gonna get alcohol for the whole party, okay? We put a lot of time into this list, so don't fuck it up. It's perfect. Ouzo, bourbon, spiced rum, Goldslick... Goldslick Vodka. That's for Becca. Don't forget that. Raspberry vodka, Scotch... And Kyle's Killer Lemonade. A six-pack. This is a lot. I don't know if I can get away with all this. What difference does it make? I don't know, man. I'm, like, really nervous. - Are you okay? - No, man. I should have wore the vest. - Calm down. - What the fuck are you doing? What if I go in and they turn me down, man? Then we're in the same place we're in now. - Who cares? - It's fucking humiliating! Everybody sees them kicking me out. What if they make me put the liquor back? I can't do that. This whole thing is bigger than you, Fogell! So grow a pair of nuts and fucking walk in there and buy the alcohol! What if I don't feel like it anymore, Seth? What? Then I'll fucking kill you, okay? I'll stab you through your fucking heart. No, you can do this, man. Come on. Killing me won't get you alcohol. I'm the one with the fake ID. Then I'll cut your dumb fucking face off... ...throw it over mine and get your ID and buy it my fucking self! Oh, really? You don't have the technology or the steady hands... ...to pull off a procedure like that, so ha! Peace. Fogell, just be cool, man. Get in and get out. You're the hero. Sorry. Is there a problem here, sir? No. No problem whatsoever. Sir, did you do this? On the floor? No. And you should really clean this up. Someone could really hurt themselves. Fuck my life. We're so fucked. We're so fucked. This plan's been fucked since Jump Street. Okay, just calm down. Just calm down, all right? Hey, so did you bring a condom for tonight? You brought a condom with you? Yeah. I figured I might as well, you know? I brought a little bottle of spermicidal lube too. You laughed in my face when I said I'd be having sex tonight. That doesn't mean you shouldn't always be prepared. - You didn't even bring a condom? - No. No, Evan, that wasn't part of the plan. You did this without consulting with me. We've never discussed, like, any plan, but you keep saying we have a plan. I had, like, a general outline. You know? I was gonna go down on her for, like, several hours, okay? She would love that. She'd be smitten. She'd go out with that. Or I dry hump the shit out of her leg. Well, I just... I don't see the harm in bringing one little condom. And one little bottle of spermicidal lube? Yeah, one little bottle of spermicidal lube. - Evan, that's psycho shit, man. - No, it's not. That's, like, Charles Manson shit. What, do you think Becca's gonna be psyched that you brought lube? "Oh, Evan. Thank you for bringing that lube for my pussy. I never would've been able to handle your fucking 4-inch dick... ...inside my pussy without that gigantic bottle of lube." - Okay, that's... That's enough. - Fuck. These girls are 18, they're not dried-up old ladies. - They're good to go. - Then I won't bring the lube. Don't make me feel like that. I thought it was cool. - This is a nice kind. - Let me see that for a second. - An impressive kind. - It is kind of cool. - That's cool. - Fucking dumbass. Lube? - That's funny. - You brought lube? You owe me 6 bucks because I'm not walking over to get it and it exploded. Hello, Mindy. I love that stuff. Been drinking it for years. You know, I heard they recently decided to add more hops to it. Okay. I'm gonna need to see some identification. Really? Makes me feel young again. There you go. Oh, shit, it's Cary Hutchins. She had the biggest tits I've ever seen. I heard she got breast-reduction surgery. What? Making your tits smaller? That's like slapping God for giving you a gorgeous gift. She had back problems, man. And it's not just making them smaller. They completely reshape them. They make them more supple and symmetrical. I gotta catch a glimpse of these warlocks. Let's make a move. - She's going around the corner. - Come on! Okay. Your total is 96.59. I don't believe it! Are you okay, mister? What the shit was that? I don't believe it. I don't believe it. I don't believe it. I don't know, man. I think she looked better before. But now that she can jog comfortably, she's in the best shape she's ever... What is this? What's that? Oh, man. Holy shit, they busted Fogell. How did this happen, Evan? Fuck, man! His dad's gonna fucking kill him. Look, okay? He assaulted the customer, grabbed the cash and ran out. So... - How...? - How...? How...? How...? - Say when, height-wise. - I'm gonna start up here, tell me when. - I'll start on the bottom and... - When. Whatever 5'10" is, he was 5'10". Ethnically, I mean, did... What...? I mean, was he...? Was he like us, or...? A woman? - Female? - No. - Is that what you're asking? - No, no. Was he...? - Like... - What? What? - African? - Af... Af... - Was he African? - African. No. He was American, and he was like you. - He looked just like you. - He was Jewish. Okay, Jew. - It's an odd crime for a Jew. - They're pretty docile. Okay, so we have an African Jew wearing a hoodie. No, you don't. No. That's not what I said. Is that what you heard me say? I said he looked like you. Do you look like an African Jew? - No, I look like a cop. - Yeah. He was Caucasian. - Caucasian. - All right. - Okay. - Well, touché. Kind of looked like Eminem. Does that help you? - An M&M. - An M&M. - So he was circular...? - Marshall Mathers. Eminem? - The rapper, Eminem. - Did he look like this? - I'm an amateur. I kind of... - That looks like an M&M. Longer face? Bigger nose? Would you say his mouth was wider? Open? A gap? Is there another squad car in the area that could be of further assistance? I don't seem to be getting any. Okay, so just walk me through again what this guy did. He... He... He came in, he's wielding... He's wielding something. He hits this small gentleman in the slacks. And then he jumps over you, he feels you up, violates you. - I did not say that. - No, he doesn't. Look, I can't do this. I told you already, I have an exam tomorrow. Can you understand that? I have a goddamn veterinary exam! Goddamn it. This is bullshit. This is some bullshit. I got an exam tomorrow. Forget this. Well, apparently someone has an exam. How'd you know? You. You're the one that got punched? - Yeah. - Okay. First things first. What is your name? My name? It's M... McLov... McLovin. McLovin? Yeah. Now, what's your first name? What? - Your first name? - My first name? Technically I don't have a first name, so don't worry about my first name. But we're the police. We just wanna get the story straight. - Come on. - Fuck, man. - Come on! - He must be so afraid. I don't believe this bullshit. I can't believe this is happening! I didn't know you could get arrested for this shit. We need that liquor. - Are they gonna take him downtown? - Fuck Fogell. He got arrested, okay? We're on our own. We need a new way to get liq... Fuck! The money, man! Fuck! How much money can you get? Why are you talking about money? What about Fogell? That doesn't matter anymore. I lost a hundred dollars of Jules' money. Are we gonna bust him out of jail? Bake a cake with a fucking file in it? Fuck Fogell. We need a new way to get liquor, which is fucking impossible. All right, you need to calm down. We need to think for a second. - We need to think this out. - Fuck thinking, we need to act! Seth! - What the fuck happened? - Just... Just get up. Slowly. You all right? You okay? I am so sorry, man. I am so sorry. I didn't even effing see you at all, man. Are you okay? So it's just McLovin? Yeah. - That's badass. - That is badass. - Really cool. - A badass name. - Lot of people with weird names. - Chingy. Shakira. Rafe. Pax. We arrested a man-lady who was legally named "Fuck." Think he was Vietnamese, it was with a P-H. But it's still shocking to see on a license. - Okay, and how old are you, McLovin? - Old enough. Old enough for what? To party. Can I see your ID? Yeah, I think I have it. - You're an organ donor. - What? I didn't wanna, but my wife insisted. I give him shit for it too. All the time. I say, "It's just like a woman. Even after you're dead... ...they wanna tear your heart out." - They wanna tear your... - I say it weekly and it's still funny. - It still makes me laugh. - Really funny. - There you go. I'm sorry, guys. I don't really have any information. He just hit me, and I didn't see what he looked like. - I don't know if I can help you. - You in a hurry? Yeah, kind of had to catch that bus. - Where were you headed? - Near 13th and Granville. - We can take you there. - Get your information on the way. - Why waste 2 bucks? - We'll take you. No problem. Please don't report me, man. We can figure this out, right? Why the fuck wouldn't I report you? You just hit me. Because I'll do anything. Please, okay? Anything. Like, literally... ...fucking anything. Name anything. Name it. Name it. All right, look. Hey, man. All right. Listen, you can trust me, okay? I'm gonna be totally honest with you. I have a warrant out for a totally nonviolent crime. Okay? There. Mercy Street, guys. I'll be honest with you for a second. You better get us a shitload of cash or a shitload of alcohol... ...or you're going to fucking prison. What are you doing, man? You don't need to... No, let's not... Let's hang on a second here. - Cough it up. - Fine. Don't know if we should be doing anything official. We're working together. It's like Let's Make a Deal. Here we go. Seven bucks? Are you fucking serious? This isn't enough. What are you, a 6-year-old? - It's all I have, man. It's all I have. - You better think of something quickly. - My back! My back. Cops, my back. - No, no, no. Wait, don't do that. All right, listen. I can get you alcohol. I'm going over to this party right now, bro. Okay? It's got booze, it's got girls. Booze and girls equals... I don't know. Do you? I don't know. Do you? - I think you do. Do you? - Yes. That's a definite yes. Definite yes, then. - Give me one sec to talk to him. - Stay right here. Yeah, yeah. Do what you gotta do. Mix it over. I'll be over by the car. Just talk it out. Hey, I'm a nice guy. - Come on, it's great. - What are you thinking? - What are you doing? - What? I lost Jules' money, Fogell's dead to us now... ...we don't have any choice. Let's go. I don't like this idea. This guy's fucking creepy, man. Look at him. What? He looks like a guy. That's what guys look like. - What is your problem? - You guys know a guy named Jimmy? You totally look like his brother. You totally look like his brother, man. You do. You promised Becca you'd get her alcohol. If you don't, she's gonna have a shitty night. That's all I'm saying. Come on. We bingo, bango, ready to go, go? - Good luck on your exam tomorrow. - Good luck on your exam. - You don't wanna ride the bus. - Buses smell like piss, generally. - You know why? - Why? People piss on them. You know, one of you bros could've come up and sat up with me. - We're fine back here. - Back's fine. Safe in the back seat. - Oh, my God. - What's up? - Hey, Jules. - Who is it? Who's on the phone? Seth. Hey, where are you? I'm in a cab right now, on the way to a liquor store. Good. I can't wait for you to get here. Well, I hope your friends are ready to get fucked up. I'm sure they will be. - Okay, I'll see you soon. - Peace. Oh, man! Dude, this is crazy. She called, she said, "I can't wait for you to get there." That sounds like she fully wants it, man! Oh, yeah! Who's gonna give it to her, huh, my man? You, that's who. Man. You guys on MySpace, or...? Officers? I can answer those questions now if you want me to. We get the gist of it. You were buying beer, some guys punched you. Don't worry about it. We're not gonna find them. - Case closed. - But it was only... - But it was only one guy. - Only one guy? Shit. How am I supposed to find one guy? This job really isn't how, you know, shows like CSI make it out to be. When I first joined the force, I assumed there was semen on everything... ...and there was some, like, huge semen database... ...that had every bad guy's semen in it. There isn't. That doesn't exist. I often go to sleep and dream of waking up in a world where... ...everything's covered in semen. - I mean, who doesn't? Lt'd be nice. Like that crime scene today. If the man had ejaculated and then punched you... ...we'd have a shot at catching him. - No way. - Just punched in the face, no semen. - No semen. - Story of my life. Michaels here, he's six months in. He's young, but the Force is strong with this one. Learning you are, young padawan. Thank you very much. - That's Yoda. - Are you familiar with Yoda? From Attack of the Clones? We have a 245 at East 24 and Montgomery, Bailey's Bar and Grill. Car 98 on it. See, Michaels, you always take a call at a bar because... ...better or worse, you get a beer out of it. Pretty sweet, huh? - True that. Amazing thinking. - Hey, McLovin. We got a situation at Bailey's, so we'll drop you off after, all right? Actually, I kind of have to be somewhere... - Sweet. Sit tight. - Set course for Bailey's, warp 10. Engage. Yeah. Welcome to the Thunderdome. Hey, man, are you sure it's cool that we're here with you? Oh, definitely, man. I'm essentially best friends with the guy... ...so a bunch of my buds are coming. We're gonna rock out with our cocks out. Just kidding. - We are gonna rock out. - Just go, just go. What's up? What's up? What's up? Hello, hello. Hey, guys. This is something a smart person wouldn't do. Look, just act cool and act casual, and try and look old. We'll get the booze and get the fuck out of here, okay? Hey, where the party at? Right. - You got those shots, bro? - It's coming. Come on, let's party. Come on. Do it up. We should grab one of these buckets and get out. You out of your mind? How are we gonna get a fucking bucket out? - Dude, what the fuck? - Hey, man. What the fuck do you think you're doing? - What are you...? What? Nothing. - You using my phone? - What do you think you're doing? - Hang up. Nothing. What... What... What's wrong, Mark? You weren't invited. Get the fuck out of here. - Come on, Mark. It's cool, man. - You using my fucking phone? You calling your fucking friends again? You calling your friends, your fantastic friends? No. I mean, yes. But I mean I'll... Come on, man, just relax. Mark, please. Get the fuck out of here. The fuck out of my house. Get the fuck out of my house. - This is my house. - Don't be such a dick, man! What the fuck? Mark! You really wanna do this, man? Here we go. We're really gonna do this? That's right, motherfucker. Come on, pussy. Get up, dude. Oh, shit. I'm sorry, bro. I'm sorry, bro. I'm sorry, bro. Tiger got out of the cage, man. All right? I'm sorry. Come on, Mark. Let's just chill. Everyone just chill out. Truce, man. Right in the nads! This is for your friends. Here, have another one. Shit. Oh, shit, oh, shit, oh, shit. Oh, my God. What do we do? - Come on. Come on. - Choose one. - We can slip out the back, man. - Come on. Let's hurry up and do this. Are you crazy, man? Wanna end up like that guy? Not me. I need my nuts, man, for a lot of things. - We need liquor. - You need it. I don't. I'm gonna tell Becca how I feel. Maybe she'll get with me. I'm not gonna get her drunk out of her mind. Oh, really? Then how come you never made a move, you pussy? Because I respect her, Seth. I'm not gonna put unfair pressure on her. I don't see a problem. Let's just do it. We're leaving, okay? You wanna get killed for liquor? No, but I would get killed for pussy, no questions asked. - Fuck this, man. - You're just gonna bail on me? - I'm going. - Fucking bitch. Move, people. - Thank you. - Oh, I love this place. What the hell is going on in there? If the bullets start flying, hit the deck. You pissed everywhere, you son of a bitch! Everywhere? You didn't see me pissing anywhere. I don't know what you're talking about. Take your nuts out of your shells! Michaels, I got your back. Why don't you show this rummy how we roll? 10-4. Excuse me, sir. Stop what you are doing at once. - Blue guys! - Resisting. Resisting! - Slater! - Michaels! Everybody stay calm. - Everybody stay calm. - Get the fuck out of my way! Stay calm! Fuck! - Should I shoot him? - No, no, no! - No! - Stop him, McLovin! McLovin, stop him! Do it, do it, do it, do it! Please stop it, you fucking bum. What the fuck? McLovin! Nice! He just came at me. I took him down. - I'm buying you a beer, McLovin. - I'm buying you one too. Take note. That's how you take down a motherfucker. That's right. McLovin in the fucking house! Hey. You dance hot. Thank you. Okay, okay. Here we... Here we go. - Hello? - Evan, it's Becca. Oh, Becca. Hi. Hey. Hello. Hey. Becca. - Becca... - Evan, can you hear me? - Hello? What? - Can you hear...? Piece of shit! Guy sells me a piece of shit fucking phone. - Becca? - It's Becca. I get one bar everywhere I fucking go. - What is he saying? - Fucking asshole. - I think... - What happened? Son-of-a-fucking-bitch phone company. - What? It's rude. Hello? - Fuck. You suck. Bullshit phone. Piece of shit. I swear I'll bitchslap you so fucking hard. - What? - Bec...? Thanks. This is fucking crazy. Hey. Look what fell out of the truck! You're full of shit. Yeah, I know. Dude. Dude. We're so gonna get fucked up. - All right. - Hey. What is that? I don't know. What? That fucking stain on your pants, idiot. What is that? - What are you talking about, man? - Dude. - Is that blood? - What the fuck is that? - Are you bleeding? - I'm not cut or anything. - Why would I be bleeding? - It's fucking blood, man. Were you dancing with some chick in there? - Yeah, so? - It's blood. - Dude, that's not funny. - It's blood, dude. But why would I be bleeding? Why the fuck would I be bl...? Dude, why would there be bl...? Oh, fuck. Oh, my God. Oh, shit. I'm gonna fucking throw up. Someone perioded on my fucking leg? - Oh, shit. - What the fuck do I do? I've never before seen that in my life! This is so disgusting. - Yes, it is. - I'm gonna go get Bill. - He's gotta check this shit out. - Fuck, yeah. No. Who's Bill? Don't tell Bill! Bill has nothing to do with this! Hey, calm down. Let me get a picture of that real quick. No, you can't have a picture! - Dude, stop! - Bill, Bill! Check it out! This kid's got period blood on his slacks. It's merlot. That's what you don't get. Hey, Pat! This jerk-off's got period blood on his pants! - Please stop. - God, man, let me see. Oh, my God, that's a fucking man-gina, man. - Do you need a tampon? I could... - Wait, wait. I have one! I have one! Yeah, right? I don't know. - I gotta wash this off. Is this the line? - What does it look like? Fuck me, right? "Yeah, I'm McLovin. I'd like to buy some..." Shit. - Rewind, rewind. - Rewind it. Yeah! So hot. Let's see it again. - Your legs lifted off the ground. - That is bona fide badass, man. You gotta keep that tape, McLovin. It is badass. - It really is. - Really? Well, don't you guys, like, need it for, like, evidence or...? The only thing that's evidence of is you can take a hit like a champ. Seriously. Take that. Are there any ladies we'd like to show this tape to? No. You don't wanna meet a chick in a bar, man. Seriously. That was a turning point in my life, when I realized that. You gotta go to other places. You gotta go to a spin class, a farmers' market... ...pumpkin patch, given the time of year. Just somewhere social, non-threatening. - You know, something like that. - Yeah, I met the missus at paintball. Yeah, I shot her in the neck. And we just... And we just hit it off, you know. My first wife... Who is a whore, by the way. - Where do you think I met her? A bar. A bar. - It was this bar. - It was this bar. Yeah, it was this bar. Bought her a Binion's, complimented her on her tote bag... ...and next thing I know, she's putting her mouth around the tip of my penis. You don't have to tell me that. - Right in there. - She opened up my world, sexually. On our wedding night, we had group sex. I wasn't involved in it. - But I could hear it through the wall. - I was. She was amazing. And then it was exactly 23 months later... ...that I found out she was an actual whore. - We discovered her on the street. - Yeah. I'm sorry. She was bad. Fucking whoring bitch. - But you got a new wife now, so... - Yeah. Yeah. And she is wonderful. - Yeah, yeah, yeah. - You'll meet her. You know what? I bet I know your trick, McLovin. - You play the whole myst... - Calling all units. Just turn that off. Send backup! There's so much blood... I bet you play the whole mysterious-guy thing, right? Yeah, seriously. How's it going with the ladies? It's not the going with the ladies I care about... ...it's the coming. - I get it. - What is it? What is it? Like: Like coming. - That's funny. That is really funny. - Oh, my God. All right, looks like we got a call. We can't pay for these. 10-4. We'll be right there. - Speedy Gonzales, let's go. - We should get road beers. Hell, yeah, we should get some road beers. Can I have 13 beers to go, please? Please. God, my fucking leg. Fuck. - I think it's him. - Is it him? - Hello? - Hey, Becca. Hi, I had a bad reception. So about your Goldslick... - Guys, shut up. - Hey, what's going on over there? It's nothing. It's just... I was just calling, you know, to see if you were coming... ...because I thought maybe you were stuck at, like, a nightclub... ...or a cocktail party or something. No, no, I'm gonna be there for sure. Full throttle. - Charlie's Angels 2. - Awesome. - I can't wait to see you. Evan? - Okay, bye. That was the first time I ever did coke. Off that bitch's nipple. That was so... - A little white sniff. - That was awesome. That was gorgeous. Hey, hey, hey. You guys, stay in this room, man. They're gonna kill that guy tonight. That chick's boyfriend is pissed. Yeah. He's a beast. I've been praying for a fight. I'm literally waking up and praying... ...to see a fucking fight. - Hey, hey, hey. Who's that guy? - Hi. - Who is that guy? - Who's this guy? - Pleasure to see you fellas. Hi, everyone. - Who are you? - I'm nobody. No, no, no. I know you. I know you. He was at that party I was telling you about. - No, no. - Who is it? Remember? He's Jimmy's brother. The guy. The singer. - No. - He's the guy with the beautiful voice. - The fucking singer, Jimmy's brother! - That's not me, man. - Oh, my God. - Sing for us! Sing. "It's not me"? You fucking lying? No, I don't mean to accuse you guys of being ill-informed, but... My brother came from Scottsdale, Arizona to be here. You're not gonna sing for him? - Fucking bullshit. - Sing. - You're a fucking singer. - You sing good. - Sing it again. - Like a bird. - No, I know, I just... I want to. - You want a line of cocaine? - No way, man. - Yeah. Don't make this weird. Sing. - Sing it again. - Turbo. - Fuck! Over! - Okay, watch this. I'll get it right on the nose. You're gonna fuck it up. You're gonna fuck it up. Under! I feel hammered. That doesn't make any sense. - You're a fucking pussy. - Okay, okay. Great, great. - Okay, McLovin, see if you can do it. - The kid's gonna nail it. Come on, McLovin. Do it, buddy. Come on, buddy! - Bring it! - 0.08, motherfuckers! - Man! - That's my boy! - Yes! - Beginner's luck. Beginner's luck. So, what's it like to have guns? It is awesome, McLovin. - I mean, it's mindbl... - It's great. I haven't had one for long, a few months, but I'll tell you... ...it's like having two cocks. - Yup. If one of your cocks could kill someone. - Can I hold one? - What? Can I hold one of your guns? - Yeah, sure. - Fine with me. Why not? Everyone should hold a gun at least a couple times. Yeah, there you go. - Have a blast. - "Have a blast." - That's funny. - I've never held one of these before. - Are they hard to shoot? - Lf you're Michaels, they are. - He can't shoot worth dick. - What? I can shoot. What are you...? Wait. - I can't shoot worth dick? - You cannot shoot. - I shot that cat last week. - It was already dead, man. - I still shot it. - That cat was dead. There's only one way to settle this, guys. - Shoot-off. - Shoot-off. - Shoot-off! - Shoot-off! There's a lot of reasons why I like you. I mean, you're handsome and you're a good friend. Dude, there he is. That's the guy. Hey, Mark, right there. Oh, you got a stain too. - We're blood brothers. - Shut the fuck up. You're in my house, you answer my questions. What were you doing dancing with Jacinda? I don't even dance. I just... I don't even dance ever, so... I've never even tried it. Then where the hell did this come from, asshole? Maybe you and I rubbed up against each other at some point. I don't remember. Maybe it was some ricochet scenario. I don't know. - How am I supposed to know? - Kick his ass, Mark. Shut the fuck up, Scarlett. Where do you get off dancing with my fiancée? To some girl. Talk about the hurting. - Shit. - All right. - Yo! Fight! - Move it! - Go, check this out! - Oh, fuck! And what the hell is this? - I don't fucking... It's detergent. - Yeah, what are you doing with it? I got fucking blood on my pants. Get down. What the fuck is this all about, man? Are you...? - Well, fuck me. - Fellas. Oh, shit, I've been tackled by little girls! You die! You're next! I should fucking kill you, you motherfucker! - Hold him, Jimmy's brother! Hold him! - What do you mean? No. No way! - You humiliated me! - I'm sorry! - You used my leg as a tampon! - I'm calling the cops. Evan! Come on! Move! Oh, fuck. Oh, fuck. Yeah. Fifth and Paysview. Hurry. Mark, I called the cops. You should hide your gun. You're a fucking pussy. Don't listen to him, officer. If you make this, we're no longer friends, Michaels. - You're a fucking pussy. - Cheating. You're cheating. - Fuck me. - Oh, suck on my nuts, Slater! All right, you... That was a lucky shot. - That was a lucky shot. - I rule. I got jizzed on. All right. - Can I shoot one? - Yeah, go nuts. Go nuts. Have a good time, man. Empty the clip. Empty the clip on it, man. Shit! The cops! Bail! Bail! Bail! Shotgun, shotgun! Damn it! Shotgun. - What a rush. - What do you guys wanna do? - Man, let's get drunk! - Let's get more fucked up! You're fucking living the dream, Michaels! Oh, man. This is gonna be the best night ever. - Got a 257 at Fifth and Paysview. - Shit. All units in the area report to Fifth and Paysview. - Car 98, that's you. Do it. - Fuck. - Shit. - Shit. Car 98 on it. You dumb fucking whore. Hey, did she say we're gonna get to shoot somebody or something? Oh, God, I wish. It's probably some lame house party. We'll drop you off after. Cool? Yeah, man. Let's show these fuckers how we roll! - You fucking prick. - What? - You bailed on me. - I didn't bail on you. Yeah, you did. You said you were gonna do something and you didn't do it. That's bailing. You're the one that dragged me to that fucking party with those lunatics. - I didn't bail on you. - You bailed on me, okay? You bailed on me this morning when Jesse spat on me... ...and you're bailing on me next year. What the fuck? It finally comes out. That's good, man. We were supposed to go to college together. Since we were kids, since elementary school... ...that's all we've ever talked about, us going together. And you got into fucking Dartmouth. You're making me feel like I'm a bad guy. What...? The insomnia then is sleep deprivation, which then causes more stress, and you have to try to break that cycle. Anyway, the result is some pretty jittery and hyperactive people. Another one I think we need to look at is not being taught the rules of behavior. Many of you here, probably when you were children, you had dinner with your parents or your caregivers, you sat down, you talked about what's going on in school and they found out how things were going, they taught you by their way. I know my parents did. "There are some things that you can do here at home that you'd better not do in school and you'd better not do in church and you'd better not do in the supermarket." And so we learned that there are certain rules of behavior that went with certain environments. What's happening today is they don't have that conversation very often. A surprising study that came out just two years ago show that kids spend 15 times more time in the course of the week attending to their technology than they do talking to their caregivers. So they're spending that much more time connected to their outside world than to their inside world, where they should be learning what the rules of behavior are. So, these kids are not malevolent, they're just ignorant. And they need to be taught what those rules of behavior are. They don't have ADHD; they just don't have the information they need to know how to behave in certain circumstances. Another one I'd like to look at is school-induced ADHD. You might think about that for a moment. What does he possibly meant by that? What can we mean by school-induced ADHD? Well, we got a 21st century brain coming across our thresholds and that 21st century brain is now used to interact with this environment, to be part of the learning process, to search out information. That's what that brain is used to now. But if you have a school where it's just, "Sit down, listen to the teacher, listen to the sage on the stage give the information," then the environment is incompatible with the way the brain is trying to learn. And so, one way you could summarize it is to say that what I mean by that is you've got a 21st-century brain in a 20th-century school. And these kids get restless, they don't see the meaning of what they're learning, and that's the result. They become hyperactive. And there are a couple of other things too that can cause these ADHD-like symptoms: environmental factors such as drugs, of course, and also heavy metals in the environment. We've done a pretty good job of getting lead reduced dramatically in our environment. But there are some others, cadmium now is becoming a problem because cadmium was in batteries up until about ten years ago. That cadmium now, because those batteries were thrown away in the garbage dumps and as the batteries disintegrate, the cadmium bleaches into the water table and eventually into our environment. So, that's another one to watch for. And heavy metal poisoning, one of the signs of it is hyperactivity. And also, of course, physical disorders such as obsessive compulsive behavior and psychological disorders too. Dyslexia: the child's having trouble reading the information, then becomes restless and hyperactive. So, my whole purpose here today is to say: look, kids will be kids, they'll act out, they'll misbehave, their attention will drift because they've found something else that captures it. It doesn't mean they have a psychological disorder and some of these other things. All I'm saying is we want to make sure that before we put a medical diagnosis on the kid and say, "You have to go on medication, prescription medication," that we are sure we've looked at all these other things, checked out all these other possibilities before we decide that medical evaluation is their final resort. Thank you very much. (Applause) We're on question 95. A certain sales person's weekly salary is equal to a fixed base salary plus a commission that is directly proportional to the number of items sold during the week. So let me write this. 95. So the salary is equal to some base plus a commission that is directly proportional to the number of items sold during the week. So let's say the number of items sold is x. x items times the commission per item. So, I'll call that lowercase c. And this is the total commission. Fair enough. If 50 items are sold this week, what will be the sales person's salary for this week? OK, so they actually told us that there's 50 items. Fair enough. What will be the sales person's this week? So statement number 1 tells us, last week 45 items were sold. So 45 in last week. That alone doesn't tell me much. Because I don't know how much he made last week. Statement 2. Last week's salary was $405. Well, does this help me still? Last week. Because in order to figure out--we need to figure out-- right now we need to know how much of his salary in any given week is base, and how much commission does he get per unit. And the only way we can figure that out is if you tell us that last week we know that he sold 45 items. So, for example, last week he made $405. If I use both statements, let me see if I can get anywhere. He made $405 last week, which is equal to his base plus 45 units sold times his commission per unit. So that's all this information gives me. Actually if I use both statements, that's all it gives me. That 405 is equal to b plus 45 times c. And we need to figure out s is equal to b plus 50c. What is s equal when you sell 50 units. And so we have two linear equations. But we have how many unknowns? We have one unknown, two unknown, three unknowns. Sorry. One unknown, two unknown, three unknowns. b and c was already there. So we have 3 unknowns, but only two linear equations. So we don't have enough information to solve it. So the answer is E. All of these statements still do not give us enough information. 96. If Juan had a doctor's appointment on a certain day, was the appointment on a Wednesday? So we want to know, was it on a Wednesday? 1, exactly 60 hours before the appointment it was Monday. 60 hours before the appointment it was Monday. This is interesting.OK, so how many days? 60 hours is 2 days. 2 days is 48 hours. It's exactly 2 and 1/2 days. 48 and then another 12. So this is equal to 2 and 1/2 days. So this is interesting. If we said that 2 days before, it was a Monday, then his appointment had to have been on a Wednesday, right? Because if you pick any hour in Wednesday and you go exactly 48 hours ago, it would be that same exact hour on Monday. So if you said 48 hours ago it was Monday then this would be enough information. This is 2 and 1/2 days ago. So for example, if his appointment-- and you know it might sound weird-- but if his appointment was at Thursday 1 a.m. and you go 2 and 1/2 days before-- let's see if you go 2 days before you to Wednesday 1 a.m., Tuesday 1 a.m., and then you go 12 hours before. You would end up at Monday at 1 p.m. So, I've given a case that meets condition 1, where his appointment wasn't on Wednesday.It was on Thursday. But of course, I can give a condition where his appointment was on Wednesday. His appointment was on Wednesday at 10 p.m. Then if you go 1 day back you're at Tuesday 10 p.m. I'm sure you can't read that. Then you go another day. You're at Monday 10 p.m. And then you go a half a day. You're at Monday 10 a.m. So, statement 1 does not give us enough information. That's because of this pesky half day. Now let's see what statement 2 gets us. Statement 2. The appointment was between 1 p.m. and 9 p.m. Now, this by itself,obviously,is useless. I mean, you could have an appointment any day between 1 p.m.and 9 p.m But used in conjunction with each other, it seems like I have enough information. Because let's say the appointment was at 9 p.m. and 2 and 1/2 days ago it was a Wednesday. So let me see, sorry, 2 days ago it was a Monday. So if I have it at Wednesday 9 p.m., if I go back 1 day, I'm at Tuesday 9 p.m. Sorry. 1 day back I'm at Tuesday 9 p.m. 2 days back I would be at Monday 9 p.m. And then if I go 1/2 a day more, I'm at Monday 9 a.m. And if I take the lower bound. Wednesday at 1 p.m. Do the same logic and you're going to end up at Monday 1 a.m. So at either end of this range, if I know that if you go 2 days ago, you end up at Monday, the only day that works is Wednesday. You could try this with Thursday or Tuesday. You won't end up on Monday if you go 2 and 1/2 days back. So for this problem, both statements are necessary in order to know whether his appointment was on Wednesday. Next problem. 97. What is the value of 5x squared plus 4x minus 1. First they tell us, x time x plus 2 is equal to 0. Well let's see, can we use this alone? Let's just multiply it out. We get x squared plus 4 x is equal to 0. And that tells us that x squared is equal to minus 4x. Well maybe we could substitute this in for 4x, or for x squared. So we get 5 times x squared. Well we know that x squared is minus 4x. Minus 4x plus 4x minus 1. That's minus 20x plus 4x minus 1. No it doesn't get us anywhere, even playing around with the algebra. So we get minus 16x minus 1. So statement 1 by itself,at least as far as I can figure out, does not help us solve this problem. Statement number 2. x is equal to 0. Well that's all we need. x is equal to 0, then this is 0. This is 0. And we're just left with negative 1. So this is the only piece of information we need to solve this problem. And statement 1 doesn't really help us much. So only statement 2 is necessary. What is that, B? Next problem. 98. At Larry's Auto Supply Store, brand x antifreeze is sold by the gallon. So x by gallon. And brand y is sold by the quart. Excluding sales tax, what is the total cost for 1 gallon of brand x antifreeze-- so 1 of x-- and 1 quart of brand y? OK, so we want to know the cost. Equals how much dollars? So let x be the number of gallons of x and y be the number of quarts of y. So we'd have to know their prices in order to figure out how much the combination costs. So let's see, at least I think. Statement 1. Excluding sales tax, the cost for 6 gallons of brand x antifreeze and 10 quarts of y-- so plus 10 of y-- is equal to $58. Well this, once again, by itself does not help me much. I have two unknowns with one linear equation. So I can't solve for what x plus y is equal to. If I could have factored out-- if this was 10x plus 10y I could have factored out a 10, and I would have had x plus y sitting there. So actually I probably could have solved, if it was that way. But this isn't quite as easy. So statement number 2. Excluding sales tax, the total cost for 4 gallons of brand x plus 12 quarts of brand y-- so it's 12 quarts of brand y-- is equal to $44. And actually,just to be exact,I realize I misspoke something. Let x be the cost of x antifreeze per gallon. And y is equal to the cost of y antifreeze per gallon. And so we are still trying to figure out x plus y, but I just wanted to be exact. Because we've got 6 gallons. So the cost would be 6 times x plus 10 quarts of y. So this would be 10 times y to get 58. Et cetera, et cetera. But now we have two equations with two unknowns. So it's trivial now to solve for x and y. This is your algebra 1 problem. So, both equations combined are enough to solve for it. But each independently are not enough. Because you can't just factor out a number and just be left with x plus y here. That could have been a trick, if this was a tricky problem. But it's not. Anyway, see you in the next video. [music] [Questioner] I have two questions. The first one is about sadness. [Mooji] About? [Q.] Sadness. [Mooji] Is it the more important one of the two questions? [Mooji] Of the two questions, give me the best one first. [Mooji] Because if you give the less important one first, [Mooji] then your mind will be on the second question, waiting. [Q.] OK, the other one. [laughter] The other one is about relationships. [laughter] [Mooji] I think this is the important one. [Q.] Yes. [laughter] [Mooji] The relationship and then the sadness. [laughter] [Mooji] I am only joking. [Q.] It's about when I am in a relationship, when I feel near, when I feel very intimate with a person and there comes a separation or the person pushes me away, I totally freak out. [Mooji] Yes, yes. [Q.] There is a feeling, it's like an automatic reaction. It comes by itself. [Mooji] Automatic reaction. [Q.] Automatically, yes. [Mooji] Why do they push you away? [Q.] Because I want to catch. [Mooji] Yes. [Mooji] You want to hold something. It's too much for another person. It's nice only for a short while. It's nice only for a short while. Somebody who feels insecure, maybe, they may like this. 'You need me', but after a while it's too much. You must not try to catch anybody. You are not a spider. [laughter] It's a reaction that comes inside because something feels maybe you are not worthy enough by yourself, without any technique. Then, already, it's not such good ground. You must be aware of this. Not that you can be automatically strong like that. But relationships also offer some opportunity to discover what is true, and to discover what within ourself is so quick to compromise. [Q.] Yes, I can see. But it's still there. [Mooji] Then it's a good thing you come to satsang because you can begin to look at this tendency to cling. Or it may be a fear of rejection, or something like this. Relationships don't work by trying, like you try so hard. It doesn't work like that. They don't work. There has to be a freedom. There has to be an inner strength, a clarity, a wisdom - all of these things. It doesn't work on, 'How much you give', 'I give so much'. It's not a payment. And how much you try, and you try, and you talk - it doesn't work, it pushes people away. Because this is too beautiful to try. Something must come and it must be there as a freedom. If you are aware of this, intuitively you know when to allow space. All this will come. I believe you must also make use of this insight. You've come now and you see that there is something that feels, 'I need to hold this thing'. It's the same thing with freedom also. Sometimes, you feel, 'Ah'. As soon as you realize the true state, you feel the immensity of Being, something goes, 'How can I keep it?' This one is the same one in the relationship. 'How can I keep it?' How are you going to keep it? A relationship is not something to keep. It's to be enjoyed out of your freshness. In your strength, you find that everything becomes more pure. Everything wants to be with you, when you are empty of intention. Too much intention creates tension. When you are empty of this need, from any kind of need, and this is not an arrogance, it means, in your natural state of being, you don't need, you don't need to be approved of. You don't even feel you need to be loved. Can you imagine such a thing, being in a place where you don't even need, you don't need to be loved? It's a very quiet place. In this place, your love becomes very open, very broad, very beautiful, very strong. But, for now, I am not asking you to jump over this thing. I say, Look at what it is that feels, 'Anything good, I must grab it'. Just look at that. Who is doing this? Who needs this thing? And be very, very quiet with this kind of question. Just be very quiet. In fact, I am going to ask you to do this exercise. Maybe tell me tomorrow what happened. Just look and feel this, recreate that scenario in your mind and see what comes up and feels, 'Arghh', if you are going to be abandoned or left, something is behaving like this. Take a look. What are you afraid of? Push it to the extreme. Go to the extreme in your image and see what will be the worst. In the worst case what is going to happen? How is it going to feel? And see who suffers it. Who really is suffering it? But don't forget that you are also observing. So these three things. One is, what do you imagine is going to happen if your fear comes true? That you are going to be rejected. You cannot keep what you want to keep and you'll feel pain. Already, I look in your eyes, I see, 'Arghh, something is going to leave'. Then you go and see what happens. So you are left now, abandoned. 'Don't want you!' Then feel what comes up but also be very present in the place where you are looking. And be at the same time with the feeling. See what happens. What are you afraid of? This is very intelligent work: looking at it. And then, somehow, you feel maybe the worst feelings of what you imagine is going to happen. And then see, actually who really is suffering it. See if you can identify the one who is suffering it. Don't fall inside the story though, just look. Be very present, that you are looking at this, but at the same time, give it the best shot at really trying to see and look. You can do this with any feeling, any kind of thought, you can do it. Then you will come to see what is functioning in your name and find out, is it really you? Or is it just some kind of image, that is a projection of your mind? And some space will come. And that space will be something very important to recover again. Do not be afraid of this experience. Invite it even! Next time you invite the experience to come and throw the best punch. 'Throw the best punch. Go to extreme. But I will look at you only through my eyes.' Look. Don't interfere. Don't judge. Don't interpret. See if you can do it. It's a skill that you will quickly develop because the fruits of your looking are so sweet. It will be sweeter than any relationship, to discover your freedom. 'Aah, I am free of this thing.' 'It wasn't that I needed this thing but what is more important is that I see that I am free of the need to be this.' And amazingly, amazingly, when that space is cleaned inside you, what a beautiful attraction also. People want to come. If you have some agenda in your mind, already you have an eye on someone, 'Hmm'. And then you start to get all your best fire power together ... But they will smell it. If they are a bit intuitive, they'll smell, 'This one's dangerous'. 'She's going to hit me on the head and pull me inside and I am finished.' But, honestly, this is a good thing to do. Any sort of thing that you feel is keeping your mind or your attention trapped in a kind of scenario, which you're afraid of, then you start to protect. We protect our fears and our attachments, our sense of vulnerability. And it's not a good way to go through life at all, as you know. I don't even have to tell you, because it takes so much energy. So this is a way to go through these things. If you like, if you've really understood what I am asking, then look at it. I don't know if you're able to do it outside of the actuality of the situation, but some people can do it. They can really re-present and create their worst case scenario of suffering. And they can really be present and watch what happens inside. If you are able to do this, it will be a very good exercise for you. And please, come, and give me some feedback on what you have found. [Q.] OK, yes, I think, I can. [Mooji] Yes. ...and don't forget that you are also observing... [music] Video extract from the Satsang DVD 'Don't fight with Mind' 13th January 2012 Tiruvannamalai, India Forgive me, Hera, I cannot stay. He cut out my tongue, there is nothing to save. Love me, oh Lord, he threw me away. He laughed at my sins, in his arms I must stay. He wrote, I am broke, please send for me. But I am broken too, and spoken for, do not tempt me. Her skin is white, and I'm light as the sun, so holy light shines on the things you have done. ♪ So I asked him how he became this man, how did he learn to hold fruit in his hands, ♪ and where is the lamb that gave you your name, he had to leave though I begged him to stay Left me alone when I needed the light, fell to my knees and I wept for my life. If he had of stayed you might understand, If he had of stayed you never would have taken my hand. He wrote, I'm low, please send for me, but I am broken too, and spoken for, do not tempt me. And where is the lamb that gave you your name, He had to leave though I begged him to stay. Begged him to stay in my cold wooden grip, begged him to stay by the light of this ship. Me fighting him, fighting light fighting dawn, and the waves came and stole him and took him to war. He wrote, I'm broke, please send for me. But I'm broken too, and spoken for, do not tempt me. Forgive me Hera, I cannot stay, cut out my tongue, there is nothing to save. Love me, oh Lord, he threw me away, he laughed at my sins, in his arms I must say. We write, that's alright, I miss his smell. We speak when spoken to, and that suits us well That suits us well. That suits me well. Subtitles by DramaFever <i>The NSS is a secret National Security Service.</i> <i>Before President Jo Myung Ho was elected, its true identity was kept in complete secret.</i> <i>All the NSS agents have signed the agreement to carry out their mission in the shadows.</i> <i>Although they may succeed in their mission, their country will never know their names.</i> <i>Should they fail, they won't receive protection or recognition from the country.</i> <i>IRlS. IRlS is a secret organization that incites and controls</i> <i>assassination, coup d'etat, terrorism and the destruction of social orders hiding in the shadows.</i> <i>Korea, the last and only divided country.</i> <i>IRlS moved North Korean hard-liners to plan nuclear terrorism in Seoul, South Korea.</i> <i>The nuclear terrorism in Seoul would lead to a full-scale war between North and South Korea.</i> <i>Using the war as an opportunity</i> <i>IRlS plotted to establish a new pro-IRlS government in North Korea.</i> <i>This is how the conflict between IRlS and the NSS began in the shadows.</i> <i>Many nameless NSS agents were sacrificed during this process.</i> <i>Baek San had been working for IRlS long before he became the Director of NSS.</i> <i>However he believed he'd made the best choice for the protection of his country.</i> <i>The nuclear terrorism attempt failed and Baek San was arrested for being a spy for IRlS.</i> <i>North Korean moderates, Park Chul Young and Kim Sun Hwa</i> <i>helped to stop the nuclear war and returned to North Korea. </i> <i>And the man, who saved his country on the verge of nuclear crisis</i> <i>decided to live a normal life with the woman he loves.</i> <i>He resigned from the NSS. With a ring, he was on his way to Jeju island to propose. </i> The lion is fast asleep. We are heading back to the base. <i>[Three years later]</i> Is it so difficult to get live ammunition? What about the North Koreans? There are plenty of guns to smuggle out. But live ammunition is difficult to find even in North Korea. Alpha. Bravo. Close in about 30 meters from the target. - Alpha copy. - Bravo copy. In order to sell these guns, I must have 7.62 ammunitions. These are completely useless as they are. Just wait a while. We'll be receiving some goods from the Philippines. Wait and don't move. I heard there is a supply coming in from Africa. Let me know as soon as you get some ammunition. Don't worry. I've been doing this business for a long time. <i>[Episode 1]</i> 182. A vehicle heading toward the target has been detected. What kind of vehicle? It's a construction dump truck. The truck is about 50 meters away from the target. Section Chief! Who are you? Don't move! Speak Korean, you bastard. I know you are here for ammunition. Man, it's cold. Did you come alone? Hey, take care of this. That bastard. What are you doing you bastards? Get in there! Who are those kids? They say the are from the Seoul Regional Investigation Unit. Well, well... We are from the NSS. This area is under our jurisdiction, what do you think you are doing? I don't know what you guys are up to but... Anyway where the hell is this bastard? He's coming. Oh, over there. What's this? Did you get him knowing who this is? Yeah. Take him away. How about you bring him back? I don't know who you are but... if you point a gun at me one more time, you are dead meat. Hey, you think I'm easy? <i>[15 years ago]</i> [Jung Yoo Gun] Man... Are you going to stay like that all day? You scoundrels. Do you know how long I have left until I retire? Why do I need to know that? That means I have only a few years left to bail you out from the police. I never asked you to bail me out. Do you like to fight? By any chance, some of the bullies are... because you don't have father... Nobody fights because he likes to. Sometimes I'm put in the situation and I can't help it. And the kids nowadays aren't so childish like that. You've grown up quite a bit. The school I went to only had two paths. Either you become a gangster or a cop. You should become a cop like me. Then you get to beat up bad guys every single day. - Let's eat. - Yes. Yoo Gun! I heard you fought again. Who are they? I'll take care of them. Whoever is bothering Yoo Gun, I'm not going to leave them alone. You don't need to worry about that, Soo Yun. Because Yoo Gun has fists made of steel, all the neighborhood gangs have disbanded. It's no doubt Yoo Gun. But mister, isn't too lonely for you to live here alone? I've lived alone my whole life. Moving from a city to the countryside doesn't make much difference. You don't know what you're talking about. In the city, you at least had a chance of meeting a pretty lady. But here, it's zero, none. Yes, I guess you are right. By the way, mister... Do you know anything about the NSS? It's called the National Security Service but... I think it feels different than the National Intelligent Service. There is not much known about them at all. What about NSS? Did get tangled up with them? Ah... well... they approached me and asked me to join them. Since I'm so capable... <i>[Jung Yoo Gun] [He is scouted by the NSS. Is it fate?]</i> Four. Now, it's just two of us. The other side has only one. Let's split up. Tell me right away if anything moves. - Location secure. - Okay, I'm going in now. You're sure there's nothing in the surrounding area? Seo Hyun Woo. Can you hear me? Seo Hyun Woo. I think I've made it clear it's suicidal to come out in the open. The situation is over. It's so cold that I'm going to die. You were not dead for that long. I was lying here for over three hours. Good work! Good work! Okay, now you guys! Are you ready to drink all night long? - Yes, we are! - Fighting! Everyone worked so hard today. Happy birthday. What makes you think you did so well? I died today because of him. Unlike me, someone died just walking around. - What? - I thought you had narcolepsy. Hey, he died as soon as we began the mission. That's a real misunderstanding. Well... this is kind of unfair. I can't fight with all my might. You might be sorry acting up like that. Stop. Come forward. Trainee. How do you feel if your opponent takes it easy on you because you're a woman? It doesn't feel good. Seo Hyun Woo. In real situation, do you think Ji Soo Yun will be taken easy because she's a woman? No, she won't be. Face her as you would in a real situation. If not, both of you will be disqualified. Yes. Stop. Wow, the food is real good here. It has a good ambiance, too. Why aren't you eating? You have no appetite? Yes... since I have to eat with this cold-blooded instructor... it's rather difficult. Why? - Yoo Gun. - What? Ah, because of the judo test? I thought women were given a handicap? So you expected something like that? Fine. I'm cool so... I should acknowledge things. But... if I drop out because of the judo score... you're going to hear an earful from me and I'm going to try again next year. Like a cool person would. If you don't make it this time, you're going to try out again next year? Of course. Don't you know that the phrase 'giving up' is not in Ji Soo Yun's dictionary? Never mind next year, I'm going to try out until I make it in. Until I become a decrepit old woman. Challenge. She says she's going to try again. I think she will, too. <i>Once she sets her mind to something, she never gives up.</i> Yes. <i>Anyway how did she do? Did she score above the cut-off line?</i> She's scored more than enough to make it in. <i>But as parents we're not just happy about it.</i> <i>What good is it working for the country if she gets hurt during the process?</i> Don't worry. I'll watch over her so that she doesn't get hurt. <i>I'm counting on you.</i> Yes. Are you in or not? - Are you in or not? - Be quiet, you bastard. Hurry up and make up your mind. Flush... Straight... Are you going to stay up all night? In or out? In or out? In or out? I'm in. Okay. All in. You aren't getting fooled. I'm out. Ha! I got you bastard. Hey! Ace. Three of a kind. Okay? Wait! What? Show me. What? Straight. Did you escape North Korea risking your life... so you can live like this? Talking to me? Who are you? Did you escape so you could live like this? Are you... Are you Yun Hwa? How did you know I was in Cambodia? At what point did you start following me? Rather than North Korean escapee Yoo Joong Won from the Room 35... you are better known as an information broker. Ah, man... seriously. I'm going to have to move again. But... why did you come to see me? I need some information and... I want you to come with me. To where? Budapest. Where? Let's say we didn't see each other today. Thanks for the drinks. If I could do it alone, I wouldn't have come to see you in the first place. Hey... you completely ignored me when I chased after you. Now you show up with a completely different face. Where'd you get it done? I want to get it too, so you can't ever find me again. Do you know how I lived until now? How I.... Am I curious how you escaped the North? The answer is no. I'm not curious at all. When I crossed Amrok River risking my life, I left my entire past behind. Understand? I'm no longer the Yoo Joong Won you knew. Don't delude yourself. You still like me, don't you? They say 10 years is enough time to change mountains and rivers. But why is it so hard to change my heart? I got caught again. Let me hold you once. Let me hold you. I know. I know. I was just joking around. You still have no sense of humor. If we finish this job safely, you'll be able to get a hold of quite a big sum of money. Money? You've learned such trashy things somewhere. You think life is about money? Don't live your life like that. You are not even worthy of these drinks. The new deputy director is coming. Here name is... Choi Min and... she's from the Pentagon. This is called the Task Force A-Team, which gets the most field work assignments. Including North Korea, they're assigned matters concerning four countries in the Far East Asia. In short, we call them TF-A. Okay. Team Leader Jung. I'm the new NSS deputy director, Choi Min. Nice to meet you, Team Leader Jung Yoo Gun. Nice to meet you. If it's Far East Asia, it's a potential battlefield. I'll looking forward to the TF-A. I accepted it because of the direct communication from the presidential office. But you came at a bad time. Was there ever a good time at the NSS? Korea is very different than your former field such as the Middle East or the Pentagon. Palestinians would resort to suicide bombing for their survival. But this country is crawling with people who wouldn't hesitate to sell the country's intelligence for some money. Survival and money... If you look at it from a different angle, aren't they the same thing? Their level of desperation is clearly different. I'm so not sure. Anyway, it doesn't matter. I have no intention of risking my life for the country. I only chose the NSS as my weapon in order to fight IRlS. The moment I find out that the weapon I chose to fight is actually hopeless... I'm going to leave the NSS immediately. I'll be watching. We've prepared everything in a hurry so you may not feel settled here, yet. If you need anything else, please let me know. I think I'm all set. Bring me all the past and present NSS secret mission files. Bring me profiles for agents from all the teams as well. You mean right now? Yes. And also include all the files related to Baek San. The NSS was first established in 1976. It was discovered there were double agents working for the Central Intelligence Service, Presidential House, and the ClA. President Park Jung Hee needed an intelligence agency that could evade their surveillance. But most of all, the nuclear development program was the major reason. - The nuclear development program? - Yes. I think the program had made quite a head way at the time. And the newly established NSS managed the nuclear development program. Even with change of government, I believe they continued to manage the program in secret. That means rather than an intelligence agency... the NSS was an agency established to hide the nuclear development? Not exactly. While the National Intelligence Service strove to produce 'white agents'... the NSS produced real 'black agents'. They carried out secret missions called, 'dirty jobs'. It was an NSS agent who eliminated the North Korean agent responsible for assassinating South Korean consular officials in Vladivostok in 1996. In 1997, it was also NSS agents who went all the way to China to eliminate the assassin who killed North Korean defector Lee Young Han. Is it your opinion that the former NSS director Baek San has the key to all the secrets? Yes, I'm sure he's hiding something. As soon as the former president Jo Myung Ho came into the office... I heard he was briefed by Director Baek San about the NSS. No one knows what was exchanged between them and there is absolutely no record of it. Would you like for me to go meet the former president? I think that'll be easier than making Baek San talk. I heard you managed nuclear development under President Park Jung Hee. How far did the nuclear technology advance? Based on what I heard, they almost completed making a nuclear arm. Is that true? Yes, I believe so. Where is it? The nuclear arms technology that was almost at its completion? Just because you gave up on producing nuclear arms, its technology doesn't simply disappear. So under the Park administration, the nuclear arms technology was almost at its completion? Well, there is no way to confirm it. Director Baek San didn't provide any verbal or written information confirming that claim. Are you aware that all the nuclear scientists involved in the program... were murdered by the order of Director Baek San? I read it in the report. I understand even some of the scientists who escaped aboard, have gone missing. Baek San was the head of the secret agency that managed nuclear development. When he eliminated all the scientists who worked on the program... and claimed that there was no relevant information left anywhere... I'm pretty certain that he's hiding something. <i>This is NSS-H0304.</i> <i>Operation number 00589.</i> Calling for confirmation on landing. 1,430 feet. Flight course C-247. Radar on 4728. Operation 00589 has requested confirmation for landing. Check with the headquarters. The code? B-house 1395. What is the purpose of this contact? Operation 00589 has requested landing on the B-house. We ask for a confirmation. 00589. NSS-H0304. It's good for landing. This is B-house. H0304. Helicopter number two is confirmed for landing. Get ready. You are ahead of schedule. It's matter of urgency. Follow me. What are you doing? Excuse me. We've come... to escort you out, sir. It's Rey. Yes, the mission was a success. We're on the move to the next point. Yes, sir. Check the N-6 point. Secure the S-5 area. Move. Investigating the S-5 area. Nothing unusual detected so far. They've gotten through by faking the communication with the headquarters. Yes, all other prisoners are safe. Baek San is the only one who escaped. Code nine. Copy. I want to speak to Section Chief Park Joon Han. Is that possible? Situation code nine. I'll apply an emergency code. Three. Two. - One. - Don't shoot. I'm going to ask you again from the beginning. Name? What kind of work did you do prior to your imprisonment? What was your objective in escaping from the prison? You are not going to say anything? Section Chief. After what happen to agent Ji Soo Yun... it won't be easy for Chief Jung to interrogate him. Okay, then... why don't you open the door? I'm going to take over from here. So go outside and wait for me. It's a shame that I see you again under such circumstances. Director Baek. It's been a while. Seems like nothing much has changed around here. What's the reason for surrendering to the NSS? Isn't it your job to find out the reason? Since today is the first day, I'm going to stop here. I hope you abandon any expectation for manners the next time. Director Baek. Let me ask you a favor. New York Post, Washington Daily... The Moscow Times... Can you get them for me everyday? You know better than anyone that's not possible. I thought you wanted to know the reason why I surrendered myself, don't you? Where is the nearest safety house? It's the Camp KC. We can keep him there. Move him there and the A-team should take charge of the security and the interrogation. Yes. <i>It's me. How is Soo Yun?</i> I heard the surgery went well. But she hasn't woken up yet. <i>We should've stopped her from going to the NSS until the end.</i> <i>Her mother has been nagging me saying that all day long.</i> I'm sorry. <i>This was something we had to experience sooner or later.</i> <i>I'll let you go now. Call me when she wakes up.</i> Yes. That's okay. You were just following the manual. I would... I would have done the same thing. Is Soo Yun doing better now? Yes. Can you stop by at hospital and see Soo Yun after we leave? Sure, I'll call you if anything changes. So don't worry. Yes. Oh, you are here. Baek San. From the mid 70's, he's was in the security team in the Central Intelligence Services. It's not too much to say all the dangerous missions in Korea were formed by Baek San. Can I have access to Baek San's profile? Why? You have something you need? No, it's just... I think it'll be good to know him better. What to do? From the orders above, the information related to him is completely tied up. The security team is on basement level one. The swat team is on basement level two. Okay, then let's just watch him for now. - Continue checking. - Okay. What are you doing now? You scared me. I thought it was the Director! It's rumored that you made a fortune watching the market. No, this is not about making money. This is about the table of randomly occurring numbers... I guess not. So what brought you here? Ah, yeah, yeah... you know... I came to get the results of the code-breaking analysis on the newspaper I gave you. - What? - There is nothing. It's totally clean. That can't be right. He wasn't just reading the paper. I've put it through the decoder many times and I didn't get anything. Perhaps my capability has reached its limit. - These are yesterday's papers. - Thank you. And this is what you asked for. I can see well now. As I grow older, it's getting more difficult to read newspapers. - I'll take away the old papers. - Ah, that's right. How is the agent who got hurt? [IRlS hideout] It's for you. Who is it? Mr. Black. Yes. Alright. I got it. Operation's a go. Commence Separation X. Get ready. Did you find anything from the translation yesterday? As expected, there is nothing in the text itself. We're hoping to find something from the code-breaking analysis. - Hi. - Hi there. - Did you get the result? - Yeah. According to the code-breaking team, they found nothing out of the ordinary. Then why the papers... Well, I guess he could be doing that just to confuse us. But his behavior is too consistent and regular to see it as a tactic for confusion. But I guess the decoder couldn't find anything. In my opinion, there is something more complicated... Oh, according to one of your team members Byung Jin... he thought Baek San was trying to find a connection between the titles and the pictures. Ah, that's right. Hyun Woo, you should go to back to HQ. A new ID card has been issued for you. You can get disciplined for losing your ID card. You know that? I'm going to head over. See you later. The 21st hour security status check. F1? - F1, all clear. - F2? - F2, all clear. - B1? B1, all clear. - D2? - D2, all clear. All clear. Let's move. Subtitles by DramaFever What does IRlS want from you and... what are they trying to find by making such a fuss? That's the problem you need to solve. I'm going to make him confess why he surrendered to the NSS. It's the plot I received from IRlS. You've gone completely insane. There could have been nuclear terrorism in Seoul in 2009. IRlS has never shown itself since that incident. But it's showing itself again now. Do not come and see me again unless you leave IRlS. There's still IRlS's showdown left behind at the NSS. In addition to the former Director Baek San's warning... and based on the current circumstances, I believe there is some kind of conspiracy. The safety house is under attack. MALE SPEAKER: Let's do a quick review of the isolate scope options. So we have the at sign, which is basically shorthand for reading in an attribute. So I'm just passing in these numbers. Those numbers could have been on the controller, but I didn't want to set up individual properties just for those numbers. So I just passed them in. Then there's the equal sign, which is going to set up a bidirectional, two-way binding, so that anything I update on here in the directive itself will also update everything in the controller scope. And then the and sign is going to be able to make a call on something in the controller scope, and invoke that within the inside of that scope. So we're going to call that leave voicemail and then pass in those parameters. And that's pass through make call. So if we look at this, I typed in a message before I started here. So if I click Call Home, I sent the number back and passed the message along with it. And if I try and change my network, since all these phones are on a family plan-- we'll just assume that-- this is where the two-way binding takes effect. If I change to Sprint, they all update to Sprint. Not because there's any sort of relationship between the directives themselves. They all have isolate scopes. It's just that it's binding to the network property inside of AppCtrl, which is basically set up here and automatically created there. So these will all auto update and reflect the changes across all the directives. And if there's anything else bound to it in the controller scope, those would update as well. And then the make call, that is simply when I click the button. I'm able to execute the expression that it gave me. So make call is an index. It's mapped to this leave voicemail. And then I pass in those parameters. And then in our controller, we can leave a voicemail. So that's isolate scope in a nutshell. That's when you would use each one. There are some other scenarios there. You can ask in the comments, and I can do further examples along this stuff. But I think that's a pretty decent overview of how they're different, when to use them, and why to use them. Again, the number one reason-- and people will forget this sometimes-- if you create a directive, you're probably going to use it, especially an element directive, multiple times. And if you don't isolate the scope, that's going to do something called polluting the scope of the parent, meaning that you're going to bind to things, and it's going to start updating across directives when you don't want it to. So make sure that if you're going to make a reusable directive, like an element or something, to isolate the scope. And then if you want to do that binding across directives, or with the parent scope, use that equal sign. If not, you want to keep them separate, which is usually the case, just leave the scope as isolated. [music] Paul Steely White: Parking policy in New York City and certainly parking policy. in cities around the country is broken [music] Ethan Kent: Allowing cars to park for free on the street, to dominate that space for long periods of time with no added activity, is the lowest possible use for our streets and public spaces. Elly Blue: Even in the most dense cities new developments are often required to add a certain number of car parking spaces and the on-street car parking is made very cheap. This makes it way easier to drive than it should be, and it also keeps our parking spaces. full longer than they should be. The policies don't make economic sense. Paul Steely White: Our parking policy is exacerbating traffic congestion, giving a secret subsidy to the tune of billions of dollars per year to the automobile. Elly Blue: In the US, the average car parking spot costs $15,000. Bike racks cost about $200 each. We work really hard to make it easy and convenient to park cars but then we don't put as much effort into making it easy to park your bike. Rachel Weinberger: So we're kind of in this never ending cycle, more storage, more cars, more storage, more cars. And then we have more storage, more cars you have fewer and fewer houses, fewer recreational facilities. And so in a way it's a kind of downward spiral because then what you end up having is less city. Ethan Kent: The problem with how we're planning our streets for cars and for parking is that it's allowing our streets to be privatized. Paul Steely White: So virtually every block in New York City is lined with free parking. Only a fraction of New York City's on-street parking is actually metered. And of that metered parking, it's still about 12 times cheaper than you would pay in a private garage. You have about ten spaces per side on most blocks. And these spaces average about 200 square feet in area. So that works out to about 4,000 square feet of parking per block. There are 6,000 miles of streets in New York City and that works out to about 10,800 acres of parking in New York. How large is 10,800 acres? Well it works out to about 13 Central Parks. Imagine what you can do with all that space. Rachel Weinberger: Two parking spaces actually make a decent size studio apartment. Elly Blue: A bike corral is a car parking space that has been converted into multiple bike parking spaces. In the space where you can park one single car, if you turn that into a bike corral, you can park anywhere from 8 to 22 bicycles. Paul Steely White: When we talk about parking policy, we're talking about you know the vacancy rate or the cost per hour or how many square feet of parking is devoted on a particular street. This can like quickly get a little boring for people and it's hard for people to kind of grasp why our parking policy is broken or why it's problematic, or why the opportunity cost of devoting so much public space to car parking is a problem. So with Parking Day we have really tried to give people a very visually impactful experience of how our public space is really being squandered. People inhabit this space. Sometimes we'll put sod down or benches, but it's really a way to humanize what otherwise would be used for simply automobile storage. Rachel Weinberger: Well I think historically the parking problem had been defined as there wasn't enough convenient places to put your car. But increasingly cities are starting to understand that the parking problem could be defined differently, and in fact it might be the case that there's too much parking. Andres Power: We sort of got the idea sort of inspired by the use of the reclamation of parking lanes, you know with programs like Parking Day and such, and looking for places where we could really repurpose and sort of more aptly distribute the limited road right-of-way. And from behind us we have the first pavement of park, parklet, and the idea here really is to sort of very simply and relatively cheaply build out a platform into the parking lane and just providing on top of that sort of a variety of different amenities, so café tables and chairs where appropriate, benching, bike parking, some landscaping. [music] Ethan Kent: We need to put parking back in its place. Paul Steely White: The grail of parking reform is to make it so that parking is not subsidized. Rachel Weinberger: Space is a scarce resource in cities and we're not making more of it and so we have to manage what we have in order to get the right amount of movement for people rather than for vehicles. [music] (knocking on door) Twilight: (opens door) Oh! Hi, Pinkie Pie. (upbeat party melody) Pinkie Pie: (singing) This is your singing telegram I hope it finds you well You're invited to a party 'Cause we think you're really swell Gummy's turning one year old So help us celebrate The cake will be delicious The festivities first-rate (piano interlude) There will be games and dancing Bob for apples, cut a rug (poppers blast) And when the party's over We'll gather 'round for a group hug (off-rhythm piano interlude; song tempo decreases) (exhausted) No need to bring a gift Being there will be enough Birthdays mean having fun with friends Not getting lots of stuff (plodding piano interlude; song becomes slow and dissonant) (ragged) It won't be the same without you So we hope that you say yes So please, oh please, R.S.V.P. And come and be our guest (song ends, Pinkie Pie collapses) Pinkie Pie: (hoarse, raspy voice) Next time, I think I'll just pass out written invitations... (Pinkie Pie collapses) (theme song begins) My Little Pony, My Little Pony, ah, ah, ah, ah, (My Little Pony) Twilight: I used to wonder what friendship could be (My Little Pony) Until you all shared its magic with me Rainbow Dash: Big adventure Pinkie Pie: Tons of fun Rarity: A beautiful heart Applejack: Faithful and strong Fluttershy: Sharing kindness Twilight: It's an easy feat All: And magic makes it all complete, yeah (My Little Pony) Do you know, you're all my very best friends (splash) (Applejack chomps loudly) Rainbow Dash: Nice one! Now, lemme show ya how it's really done. Pinkie Pie: Hey, girls! Rainbow Dash: Hey, Pinkie Pie! Applejack: Howdy! Pinkie Pie: I just wanted to tell you how happy I am that you could make it to Gummy's party! Applejack: Are you kiddin'?! I wouldn't have missed it fer the world! Rainbow Dash: Me neither! When Pinkie Pie throws a party, I am THERE! (splash) TA-DA! Pinkie Pie: Aw, it's just a boring old apple! Don't worry! There are plenty of other surprises in there! Rainbow Dash: (spits apple out) What kind of surprises?! Pinkie Pie: I can't tell you that, silly! Then it wouldn't be a "surprise!" (Rainbow Dash and Applejack "hm," filtered as gurgling) (Applejack strains, grunts; water splashes) (Applejack chuckles) (Rarity slurping through straw) (punch pours into glass) Rarity: This punch is simply divine. Is this the same recipe you used for your "Spring Has Sprung Party?" (Rarity slurping through straw) Pinkie Pie: Nope, something new! (Gummy blows bubbles) (Rarity spittakes) Pinkie Pie: It's Gummy's favorite! (Rarity gulps nervously) (Rarity slurps through straw; party music plays) OOH! This is my JAM! (Rarity spits out punch) Pinkie Pie: Having fun? Twilight: A blast! Fluttershy: You always throw the best parties, Pinkie Pie! Pinkie Pie: They're always the best parties because my best friends are always there! (Twilight and Fluttershy yelp and crash into wall) COME ON, EVERYPONY! Gummy wants to dance! Go Gummy, it's your birthday! Go Gummy, it's your birthday! Applejack: Hoo-wee! I am beat! Haven't danced that much, since...well, since your last party! Thanks again fer the invite! Rainbow Dash: See ya later, birthday alligator! Rarity: Bravo for hosting yet another delightful soirée. Fluttershy: It's been lovely. Pinkie Pie: You sure you don't wanna stay? There's still some cake left! Twilight: Uh, I think I'm gonna pass. Great party, though. We should do this again soon. Pinkie Pie: (gasps) We SHOULD do this again soon! (knocking on door) Twilight: (opens door) Oh! Hi, Pinki- Pinkie Pie: IT'S "SOON!" Twilight: ...Pardon me? Pinkie Pie: You said we should have another party soon, and...it's "soon!" Here's your invitation! Twilight: (reading) "You're invited to Gummy's After-Birthday Party. This afternoon at 3 o'clock." Pinkie Pie: All our bestest friends are invited, and there's gonna be dancing, and games, and cake, and ice-cream, and punch! Twilight: (hesitantly) THlS afternoon...? As in, "this afternoon," this afternoon? Pinkie Pie: Yes, indeedy! Twilight: (nervously) Oh, gosh, I wish I could make it, but I've gotten a little behind in my studies. (books pile up) I've really gotta hit the books. Pinkie Pie: I understand. Your studies come first. But don't worry! We'll be sure to save you some cake. Twilight: Please do! Pinkie Pie: Oh! And Twilight? You shouldn't "hit" the books. You should really just READ them. Twilight: I'll keep that in mind. Applejack: (startled) Huh?! Oh, hi, Pinkie Pie! What brings you around these parts? Pinkie Pie: Who's ready to shake their "hoove-thang?" [hoove(s) + groove] It's an invitation to Gummy's After-Birthday Party this afternoon! There's gonna be dancing, and games, and cake, and ice cream, and punch! Applejack: ...THlS afternoon? As in, "this afternoon," this afternoon? Pinkie Pie: That's funny. That's just what Twilight said. And the answer is, "YES! It's this afternoon!" Applejack: (stammering nervously) Uh, well, uh...uh...I-I don't think I can make it, 'cause...uh... I have to, uh...uh, you know what, I...uh... PlCK APPLES! Yep, apples! 'Cause...that's...what we do! With the...apples, we uh...pick 'em. (ominous music) (Applejack chuckles nervously and gulps) Pinkie Pie: (sweetly) Okie-dokie-lokie! A party is still a party, even if there are only THREE guests! (Applejack sighs with relief) (garbage can clanking, Spike grunting) Spike: (dreamily) Anything else I can do for you, Most Beautiful One? Rarity: (sniffs, recoils) Perhaps you could take a bath. How do I put this delicately...? You smell like a rotten apple core that's been wrapped in moldy hay and dipped in dragon perspiration. (Spike sighs dreamily) Rarity: Ooh, looove the new hat. Very modern. What's the occasion? Pinkie Pie: Gummy's After-Birthday Party is this afternoon! I'm delivering the invitations! Rarity: ...The party is THlS afternoon? As in, "this afternoon," this afternoon? Pinkie Pie: It's so strange! Everypony keeps saying that! Rarity: (feigning ignorance) O-oh, do they...? Pinkie Pie: I know it's short notice, but we had such a great time at his birthday party, I thought we could have even more fun at his after-birthday party. Rarity: And I'm sure that we would, but I'm going to have to decline. I have to...wash my hair! Pinkie Pie: Don't be silly! Your hair doesn't look dirty. Rarity: It doesn't? Pinkie Pie: Nope! (splorch) Rarity: (nauseous) See...? (gurgles) Dirty... I have to go... (door slams) Pinkie Pie: Huh...No Twilight, no Applejack, no Rarity. Oh well! A party is still a party with only two guests! Rainbow Dash: THlS afternoon? Fluttershy: As in- Pinkie Pie: (losing patience) YES! As in, "this afternoon," this afternoon! Rainbow Dash: (stalling) Oh, man, we'd love to, but...we're...house-sitting this afternoon! Pinkie Pie: (sighs) BOTH of you? Fluttershy: It's, uh...a big house. Rainbow Dash: Uh, look at the time! We'd really better get going. Pinkie Pie: WAlT! Maybe I could bring you some after-birthday cake and ice cream! Who are ya house-sitting for? Rainbow Dash: Harry. Pinkie Pie: "Harry?" Rainbow Dash: Yeah, I don't think you know him. Pinkie Pie: That's strange. I know just about everypony around here. Fluttershy: He's a bear. Pinkie Pie: A bear...? Rainbow Dash: Yup! He's a bear, all right, and he'll be pretty upset if we don't get over to his house soon! Pinkie Pie: Wait! There's a bear around here who lives in a house? Fluttershy: It's, uh, really more of a cave. Rainbow Dash: But he's fixed the place up so much it FEELS like a house. Fluttershy: And, uh, he wants us to look after his house...uh, cave...while he's, uh... Rainbow Dash: At the beach! Pinkie Pie: He's vacationing at the beach? Rainbow Dash: Yup! He loves to... (simultaneously) Fluttershy: Collect seashells. Rainbow Dash: Play beach volleyball! (simultaneously) Fluttershy: Collect seashells. Rainbow Dash: Play beach volleyball! (simultaneously) Fluttershy: Play beach volleyball. Rainbow Dash: Collect seashells! (simultaneously) Fluttershy: Collect volleyball. Rainbow Dash: Collect seashells! Rainbow Dash: Goootta go! (zoom) Pinkie Pie: Something strange is DEFlNITELY going on around here, Gummy. Sure, Rainbow Dash and Fluttershy had to house-sit for that vacationing bear, but what are the chances all my OTHER friends would have plans this afternoon, too? Rarity has to wash her hair? Applejack has to pick apples? Twilight is behind on her studies and has to hit the books? The more I think about it, the more those are starting to sound like... (gasps) EXCUSES! (Pinkie Pie stifles a gasp) ("Mission: Impossible"-like music plays) (door slams) That doesn't look like studying...OR hitting! (bell dings, swinging doors open) Mrs. Cake: Oh! You must be here for- Twilight: SHH! (whispering) Is Pinkie Pie around? Mrs Cake: Oh, I don't think so. (aluminum can dangles down noisily) Twilight: Good. I don't want her to know anything about this. Mrs. Cake: Yes, of course! I'll be right back. Pinkie Pie: (anxiously) But we're friends. What wouldn't Twilight want me to know anything about? (hooves clopping) Pinkie Pie: (gasps) She's coming back! Mrs. Cake: (echoing through can) There you go! Twilight: (through can) Thanks. And remember, not a word to Pinkie Pie. ...Hey! What's with the tin can? (Twilight yelps in pain) (can clatters on floor) Pinkie Pie: (resolutely) Time to get to the bottom of things. Pinkie Pie: (gasps) I think our cover's been blown! I'll need a new disguise... (Rarity opens door) Rarity: (furtively) She didn't see you at the Sweet Shop, did she? Twilight: (hushed) I don't think so. Rarity: Oh, good. I'd hate for her to ruin everything. Twilight: Me, too. (box lands on ground) (disguise pops out of hay followed by Gummy) (Gummy sneezes) Rarity: (furtively) Have you seen her? Fluttershy: Not since this morning. Rarity: Me neither. Can you believe she was planning on throwing an after-birthday party TODAY?! Fluttershy: I'm just glad I was able to come up with an excuse for why I couldn't be there. Rarity: Me, too. This is obviously going to be so much better. Fluttershy: As long as we keep her from finding out about it, it will. Rarity: (whispers ostentatiously) SEE YOU LATER. (Pinkie Pie bounces, crashes into wall, yelps) (Fluttershy grunts) (Fluttershy screams) Pinkie Pie: (downtrodden) I thought everypony loved my parties... Rainbow Dash: (nonchalantly) Hi, Pinkie Pie! Uh-oh... Pinkie Pie: Rainbow Dash! Wait! (Rainbow Dash sighs with relief) Pinkie Pie: WHERE ARE YOU GOlNG! (Rainbow Dash gasps) Pinkie Pie: (frenzied, echoing) WHAT'S THE REAL REASON YOU WON'T COME TO GUMMY'S PARTY?! (bell rings loudly) (Rainbow Dash grunts) Pinkie Pie: (screaming) WHAT'S IN THE BAAAAG?! Rainbow Dash: (anxiously) Applejack! We have a problem! (Applejack gasps) (barn door slams shut) (Pinkie Pie slams head against door repeatedly) Pinkie Pie: I KNOW YOU'RE IN THERE! (door creaks open) Applejack: (nervously) Uh...Howdy, partner! Pinkie Pie: (suspiciously) Mind if I...take a look inside the BARN? Applejack: (stumbling over words) No- Uh, I mean, yes- I mean...you can't come in here. Pinkie Pie: Rainbow Dash just went in there. Applejack: Oh, she was just bringin' in some, uh...supplies! Yep! Supplies for the...renovation! Fixin' up the whole thing, top t'bottom! (ostentatiously) Uh, LOTS OF CONSTRUCTlON GOlN' ON IN THERE RlGHT NOW! Rainbow Dash: (whispering audibly) You heard her! "Construction!" (Twilight, Fluttershy, Rainbow Dash, and Rarity mimicking various construction tools unconvincingly) (Pinkie Pie yelps) Applejack: Yep! Construction! That's my story, and I'm stickin' to it! (chuckles weakly) (gulps nervously) Pinkie Pie: (threatening monotone) Okie-dokie-lokie. (Applejack sighs with relief) (Applejack sighs heavily) (others sigh) Pinkie Pie: (frustrated) Secrets and lies! It's all secrets and lies with those ponies! They're up to something, Gummy! Something they don't want me to know about! Well, I'm gonna know about it! I'm gonna know about it BlG TlME! And I know just who's gonna tell me all about it! TELL ME ALL ABOUT IT BlG TlME! Spike: Wow! Nice spread! Pinkie Pie: (genially) It's all yours, Spike. (Pinkie Pie drags lamp over) (Gummy chomps Spike's tail, light clicks on loudly) Pinkie Pie: (flatly) All you have to do is talk. Spike: (oblivious) That's it? Oh, you got it! Okay, uh, beautiful weather we're havin', eh? I LOVE a sunny spring day, don't you? The birds chirpin' and the flowers bloomin'... Pinkie Pie: (pointedly) Nonono. Talk about our friends. Spike: (oblivious) Oh! Okay. Let's see...well, there's Twilight Sparkle. She's a unicorn. Good with magic, a real brainiac... And then you got Rarity! Total. Knockout. Twilight seems to think I don't have a chance with her, but...eh, what does SHE know? Let's see. There's...There's Fluttershy, a pegasus who's afraid of heights. Spike: Heh. What's up with that? Pinkie Pie: (groans) NO! You're NOT understanding me! I want you to CONFESS! Spike: Confess...? Pinkie Pie: (threateningly) CONFESS!! Spike: (fearful, rapid pleading) I'm the one who spilled juice all over Twilight's copy of "Magical Mysteries and Practical Potions!" Pinkie Pie: And...? Spike: And I'm the one who used up all the hot water yesterday when I took a seven-hour bubble bath! Pinkie Pie: (impatiently) And...? Spike: ...And sometimes, when no one's around, I do this: (macho) Lookin' good, Spike! Lookin' REAL good! Pinkie Pie: (seething) No, no, NO, NOOO! Spike: (pleading) W-what do you want to hear?! Tell me what you want me to say, and I'll say it! Pinkie Pie: Tell me that my friends are all lying to me and avoiding me because they don't like my parties, (frenzied shouting) AND THEY DON'T WANNA BE MY FRlENDS ANYMORE! (Pinkie Pie panting furiously) Spike: (repeating obliviously) "Your friends are all lying to you and avoiding you 'cause they don't like your parties, and they don't wanna be your friends anymore!" Pinkie Pie: (triumphantly) AHA! I KNEW IT! (hair "pops" and "deflates" like a balloon) "Pinkamena": (morosely) Oh no! My friends don't like my parties, and they don't wanna be my friends anymore... Spike: (clears throat) Uh...sooo...? (plate scrapes, Spike begins chewing noisily) (Pinkamena sighs dejectedly) Pinkamena: (cheerfully) Thank you all SO much for coming! It means SO much to Gummy. (lowers pitch) "Could I have some more punch?" (normal pitch) Why, of COURSE you can have more punch, Mr. Turnip! (butch Brooklyn inflection) "Dis is one great pahty! You really outdun yerself! (normal) Why, thank you, Rocky. (bourgeois accent) "I'm having a delightful time as well!" (normal) I'm so glad, Sir Lintsalot [Lancelot]! (donkey brays) (extremely high pitch falsetto French accent) "Might I tro'ble you for anoozher slaice of cake?" (normal) Anything for you, Madame LeFlour [LeFleur]! (Rocky's voice) "I'm just glad none o'dem ponies showed up!" (normal) Oh, they're not so bad. (Rocky) "'Not so bad?!' Puh-lease! Dey're a buncha losahs!" (normal) Oh, come on, now. "Losers" might be a little strong, don't you think? (Sir Lintsalot) "After the way they treated you? I say 'losers' isn't strong enough!" (normal) Well, it WAS pretty rude... (Madame LeFlour) "Preetee rood? Eet vas downright deespeecable!" (normal) It WAS, wasn't it?! (Mr. Turnip) "If I were you, I wouldn't speak to them ever again." (normal) You know what? I'm NOT gonna speak to them ever again! And I'm not gonna invite them to another party as long as I LlVE! They don't DESERVE to be invited to my parties, (twitch) not after the way they've been acting! ("voices" talking over each other) (Rocky) "You show 'em!" (Madame LaFlour) "Deespeecable! Yes, zat's right!" (Sir Lintsalot) "Such losers! Yeah!" (Mr. Turnip) "Well done!" (knocking on door) (normal) Who could that be? Rainbow Dash: (opens door) Hey there, Pinkie Pie! Sorry I was in such a rush earlier. Had someplace to be and couldn't slow down and say, "Hello." You know how it goes. Pinkamena: (clenching teeth) I know how it goes, all right. Rainbow Dash: (apprehensively) Yeeeah...so, why don't you come with me over to Sweet Apple Acres? Pinkamena: No, thanks. I'm spending time with my REAL friends. Isn't that right, Madame LeFlour? (Madame LeFlour) "Oui! Zat ees correct, Madame!" Rainbow Dash: Uh...Pinkie Pie? (Gummy bouncing on balloon) Pinkamena: (normal) Another slice of cake, Sir Lintsalot? (Sir Linstalot) "I'd love one!" Rainbow Dash: ...Aaallrighty. What do you say we get out of Creepytown and head over to Applejack's- Pinkamena: (Mr. Turnip) "She's not goin' anywhere!" (normal) I most certainly am not! I'm having a wonderful time right here! Rainbow Dash: You should really just come with me. Pinkamena: (Rocky) "You hoid da lady! She ain't goin' nowheres, CHUMP!" Rainbow Dash: (losing patience) Who you callin' a chump, CHUMP? (rocks clatter to ground) (sighs) That's it. Party's over. Rainbow Dash: Come on, Pinkie Pie! Pinkamena: No! Rainbow Dash: Pinkie Pie, let's go! Pinkamena: I said, "NO!" Rainbow Dash: (straining) You...have to...come with...ME! Pinkamena: No...I...DON'T! (Rainbow Dash crashes into wall) Rainbow Dash: Oh, you wanna do this the hard way?! We'll do this the hard way! (Rainbow Dash grunting, Pinkie Pie dragging) Rainbow Dash: (panting) We're...here... Twilight, Fluttershy, Applejack, Rarity: SURPRlSE! Fluttershy: I really thought she'd be more excited... Pinkamena: Excited?! EXClTED?! (voice breaking) Why would I be excited to attend my own farewell party?! Twilight: "Farewell party...?" Pinkamena: YES! You don't like me anymore, so you decided to kick me out of the group and throw a great, big party to celebrate! (flailing) A "Farewell to Pinkie Pie" party! Applejack: Why in the world would you think we didn't like you anymore, sugarcube? Pinkamena: Why...? Why? WHY?! (Fluttershy collapses) (flailing) Because you've been LYlNG to me and AVOlDING me ALL DAY! THAT'S WHY! Rainbow Dash: (dryly) Uh, yeah! Because we wanted your party to be a SURPRlSE! Rarity: We've been planning this party for such a long time. We had to make excuses for why we couldn't attend Gummy's party so that we could get everything ready for YOURS! Twilight: If this is a farewell party, why does the cake I picked up from Sugarcube Corner say, "Happy Birthday, Pinkie Pie?" (Pinkie Pie's mane puffs out) Pinkie Pie: Because it's my BlRTHDAY! Oh, how could I have forgotten my own birthday?! (all but Pinkie Pie sigh with relief) And you like me so much, you decided to throw me a surprise party! Rarity: That's what we've been trying to tell you, darling! Pinkie Pie: You girls are the best friends EVER! (ashamed) How could I have ever doubted you? Twilight: It's okay, Pinkie Pie. It could have happened to any of us. (ponies agreeing) Rainbow Dash: I'm just glad I haven't been replaced by a bucket of turnips. Twilight: Huh? Rainbow Dash: You don't wanna know. Applejack: All right, girls. Enough o'this gab. (record scratches) LET'S PARTY! (party music plays, ponies laugh) Twilight: (voiceover) "Dear Princess Celestia, I am writing to you from the most delightful party. I'm not only having a great time with my friends, but also was given the opportunity to learn a valuable lesson about friendship. Always expect the best from your friends, and never assume the worst. Rest assured that a good friend always has your best interests at heart. Your faithful student, Twilight Sparkle." Pinkie Pie: You girls wouldn't mind if we celebrated Gummy's After-Birthday Party too, would you? His party was cut short, and he's pretty upset about it. (ponies laughing and agreeing) (ending theme begins) My Little Pony My Little Pony (instrumental) My Little Pony, friends In the last video, we talked about vision, and this time we're going to talk about the other senses. The other ways in which we can gather information from the environment send it to the brain so it can be interpreted. First we have vision. We talked about that in the last video. But we also have the sense to be able to hear things in the environment. Sense of audition. We have two chemical senses, the sense of smell and the sense of taste that actually detect chemical molecules. We have the sense of touch, which really consists of several different kinds of receptors. There's a pressure receptor sense of touch. There's a receptor for heat. There's a reception for, receptor for cold and then there are pain receptors. Go into effect when we have some kind of tissue damage. Then we have Proprioception, which is basically determines the sense of balance and it sends information to the brain from other parts of the body, kinesthesis, and it actually goes to the sensory area in the central tissue that we talked about earlier and we've discussed the brain, remember the homonculus, it sort of shows information from the tongue goes here, information for the hand goes here, that's information coming from a, parts of the body telling us that part of the body's doing, giving us feedback on that. Then we have the vestibulus, vestibulus senses that are located in the inner ear and allow us to detect whether we are moving or not. Detect where we are in relation to gravity all those are very important things to help us stay in balance. This is the ear of course and it's where audition occurs an information actually comes in, the stimulus for hearing obviously is sound pressure waves or air pressure waves that come into the outer ear travel to the tympatic membrane or ear drum and then. Cause that to move and vibrate as the sound, simulating the sound pressure waves. Then it goes to the smallest bones in the body, the osicles, which actually mechanically transfer the information from the eardrum into the beginning of the cochlea, a window there that enters, that moves back and forth and causes, causes the chemical fluids in the cochlea that actually vibrate and produce changes that really are simulations of the air pressure waves. Now, the cochlea is a, you see it's sort of wound up here and as the information comes in from the round window, it sort of travels through that area. And stimulates different parts of the receptor cells that are located in the cochlea. They're hair cells. They're located in something called the Organ of Corti. And the, they're hair cells. And they actually are stimulated by different frequencies. Of, of the information coming in so if, if it's a high pitch tone, it will stimulate one particular part of the Organ of Corti and the hair cells, if it's a low pitch tone, maximally will stimulate other parts of the organ of corti and those hair cells. So pitch. A frequency is actually determined by hair cells located in the cochlea. They're also able to sort of submit volleys of information to allow us to hear the wide range of pitches that we can, we can actually sense. Loudness is the, are the amplitude of the sound waves simply the, the number of hair cells that are stimulated That, that produce our sense of loudness. So audition has several qualities to it, it has loudness and pitch that are determined in the hair cells in the cochlear, on the organ of corti. And whether they, and they produce the action potentials that travel up to the brain through the auditory nerve. We have also the ability to detect location And we do that because we have two ears. And if information is coming from this side it goes to this ear before it goes to the other ear. So the difference in timing of the sound as it reaches both ears the brain can interpret and give us information about where the sound is coming from. It's much more difficult to detect sound coming from directly in front of you. And directly behind you. That is, where we get the information from our 2 ears. Interesting development is the fact that we have the ability to put implants in the cochlea. Electronic implants that stimulate the different parts of the cochlea. And thus, sort of, can be interpreted, as sound. In fact, if you, if you put cochlear implants on an infant, they can actually, by the time they grow up, they can actually be able to detect, understand and detect speech very, very well. It's a little bit more difficult to do that with adults, but with infants they can. It's a very expensive operation, and it only helps with, when you have damage to the inner ear, damage to the cochlea itself. If you have conduction deafness, which is where the information's not getting to the cochlea properly. It doesn't help with it. But it does use stimulation coming from a microphone. Not, not from the outer ear, middle ear, but from a microphone. It goes and actually stimulates the cochlea itself, producing action potentials. That, can be interpreted by the brain as sounds of different pitches. Now, we have two chemical senses. The sense of smell, and the sense of taste. And the sense of smell is caused by hair receptors that are located at the top of the nose here. Really, in the olfactory bulb. Which is a part of the brain that is sticking out right on the top part of the nose. It is hair cells hanging down. And these different kinds of hair cells can detect different chemical molecules. Producing different odorants. And thus, different kinds of smell. We estimate there are 5 million receptors located on the olfactory, olfactory bulb. And there'll probably be as many as 1,000 different kinds of receptors to detect different kinds of molecules that have different odorants. So we have a very complex ability to detect the chemicals in the air that produce different kinds of smells. We also have taste. Like smell, chemical receptors, in this case chemical receptors are located on the tongue, and they're located on taste buds, which by the way last a very short time, so that tongue is constantly replacing taste receptors, taste buds. Receptors are located on the, on the taste buds themselves. And, and as we grow older, the ability to reproduce new taste buds declines and thus, we, our sense of taste actually declines with aging. Because we must constantly be able to reproduce those taste buds to keep the same level. The different kinds of receptors located on the taste buds, receptors that detect salty, that detect sweet, bitter, sour, spicy and umami, which is actually a savory kind of, taste, and a combination of these. You know, we can eat food that have the taste of both sweet and sour or spicy and bitter. Because as they reach different parts of the tongue we can have different sensations with the same foods. Proprioception is important for us, it's a balance, and there are two kinds of proprioception. One is information that comes from a different parts of our body from our fingers from our foot that go up to cortex around the central fissure where they Last time we showed you the homunculus, so it goes to different places depending upon what part of the body part of the body is providing that information. That's called Kinesthesis, which is sort of telling us what am, different parts of the body are doing in relation to each other. And then there's another proprioceptive. Since this located along with the cochlea, and that's the vestibular senses. The semi circuit canals and the otolith sacks. Here's a picture of the inner ear and you can see the cochlea where we detect sounds, and then we have the semicircular canals, each one a different axis which tell us. Where we're moving, and in what direction we're moving. And then these little parts here called the otolith sacks, which are actually container like substances with hair cells located all around it. And it has something like little stones in there. And that, depending on where your head is in relation to gravity. Those stones can fall down and stimulate the, the stimulate the hair cells located around the container, so if I move my head from here to here, then the little stones are going to move down and stimulate different hair cells, constantly telling me where my head is located. Now, like I said, these are important for balance, and if you overstimulate them, the, the semi-circular canals in the otolith organs, those little stones that moving all around like riding a roller coaster. Sometimes that can create a reaction, which it can be nausea, or certainly dizziness, you know inability to really figure out where we are in terms of the balance, so Proprioceptive cues, the vestibular senses tell us where we are in relation to gravity and whether we're moving, and in what direction we're moving. Sense of touch, I've mentioned there are four kinds. There are receptors that receive pressure, receptors that receive information about how hot something is, cold, and then pain. Interesting that there are also combinations. Like, for example, if I take Two small rods, one filled with cold water and one filled with warm water, and that the fluids are traveling through those rods, and I hold it in my fist I will perceive hot. Which is a combination of those 2 receptors being fired. There's also if I move my hand across a part of the body, stimulating different pressure receptors, that will lead to a sensation of tickling. Combination of different receptors produce different sensations. Pain is an interesting one, because pain it, it goes up from the body when it's damaged up to the up to the brain, and they're caused by these small fibers that go into the spinal cord and go directly to the brain. There are also some large fibers that are part of the pain Perception that when their stimulated they have a tendency to actually inhibit the small fibers so to do things like rubbing a wound the pain is sort of abated a bit and that's because the large fibers are inhibiting the small fibers and the sense of pain. Pain is very complex though because pain is, is perceived by the brain depending upon things you've learned. Brains of some people are very highly sensitive to pain, some less sensitive to pain. Also pain can be abated by the large fibers. Given the fact that, like if you in, playing in a football game and you hurt something, you might not really feel that pain because your really working to, to do the task at hand, until the game is over and then the pain hits. So, we've dealt with the senses. How information gets into the brain, and how the brain interprets that information that allows us to do things in the enviroment. Thank you. The writer George Eliot cautioned us that, among all forms of mistake, prophesy is the most gratuitous. The person that we would all acknowledge as her 20th-century counterpart, Yogi Berra, agreed. He said, "It's tough to make predictions, especially about the future." I'm going to ignore their cautions and make one very specific forecast. In the world that we are creating very quickly, we're going to see more and more things that look like science fiction, and fewer and fewer things that look like jobs. Our cars are very quickly going to start driving themselves, which means we're going to need fewer truck drivers. We're going to hook Siri up to Watson and use that to automate a lot of the work that's currently done by customer service reps and troubleshooters and diagnosers, and we're already taking R2D2, painting him orange, and putting him to work carrying shelves around warehouses, which means we need a lot fewer people to be walking up and down those aisles. Now, for about 200 years, people have been saying exactly what I'm telling you -- the age of technological unemployment is at hand — starting with the Luddites smashing looms in Britain just about two centuries ago, and they have been wrong. Our economies in the developed world have coasted along on something pretty close to full employment. Which brings up a critical question: Why is this time different, if it really is? The reason it's different is that, just in the past few years, our machines have started demonstrating skills they have never, ever had before: understanding, speaking, hearing, seeing, answering, writing, and they're still acquiring new skills. For example, mobile humanoid robots are still incredibly primitive, but the research arm of the Defense Department just launched a competition to have them do things like this, and if the track record is any guide, this competition is going to be successful. So when I look around, I think the day is not too far off at all when we're going to have androids doing a lot of the work that we are doing right now. And we're creating a world where there is going to be more and more technology and fewer and fewer jobs. It's a world that Erik Brynjolfsson and I are calling "the new machine age." The thing to keep in mind is that this is absolutely great news. This is the best economic news on the planet these days. Not that there's a lot of competition, right? This is the best economic news we have these days for two main reasons. The first is, technological progress is what allows us to continue this amazing recent run that we're on where output goes up over time, while at the same time, prices go down, and volume and quality just continue to explode. Now, some people look at this and talk about shallow materialism, but that's absolutely the wrong way to look at it. This is abundance, which is exactly what we want our economic system to provide. The second reason that the new machine age is such great news is that, once the androids start doing jobs, we don't have to do them anymore, and we get freed up from drudgery and toil. Now, when I talk about this with my friends in Cambridge and Silicon Valley, they say, "Fantastic. No more drudgery, no more toil. This gives us the chance to imagine an entirely different kind of society, a society where the creators and the discoverers and the performers and the innovators come together with their patrons and their financiers to talk about issues, entertain, enlighten, provoke each other." It's a society really, that looks a lot like the TED Conference. And there's actually a huge amount of truth here. We are seeing an amazing flourishing taking place. In a world where it is just about as easy to generate an object as it is to print a document, we have amazing new possibilities. The people who used to be craftsmen and hobbyists are now makers, and they're responsible for massive amounts of innovation. And artists who were formerly constrained can now do things that were never, ever possible for them before. So this is a time of great flourishing, and the more I look around, the more convinced I become that this quote, from the physicist Freeman Dyson, is not hyperbole at all. This is just a plain statement of the facts. We are in the middle of an astonishing period. ["Technology is a gift of God. After the gift of life it is perhaps the greatest of God's gifts. It is the mother of civilizations, of arts and of sciences." — Freeman Dyson] Which brings up another great question: What could possibly go wrong in this new machine age? Right? Great, hang up, flourish, go home. We're going to face two really thorny sets of challenges as we head deeper into the future that we're creating. The first are economic, and they're really nicely summarized in an apocryphal story about a back-and-forth between Henry Ford II and Walter Reuther, who was the head of the auto workers union. They were touring one of the new modern factories, and Ford playfully turns to Reuther and says, "Hey Walter, how are you going to get these robots to pay union dues?" And Reuther shoots back, "Hey Henry, how are you going to get them to buy cars?" Reuther's problem in that anecdote is that it is tough to offer your labor to an economy that's full of machines, and we see this very clearly in the statistics. If you look over the past couple decades at the returns to capital -- in other words, corporate profits -- we see them going up, and we see that they're now at an all-time high. If we look at the returns to labor, in other words total wages paid out in the economy, we see them at an all-time low and heading very quickly in the opposite direction. So this is clearly bad news for Reuther. It looks like it might be great news for Ford, but it's actually not. If you want to sell huge volumes of somewhat expensive goods to people, you really want a large, stable, prosperous middle class. We have had one of those in America for just about the entire postwar period. But the middle class is clearly under huge threat right now. We all know a lot of the statistics, but just to repeat one of them, median income in America has actually gone down over the past 15 years, and we're in danger of getting trapped in some vicious cycle where inequality and polarization continue to go up over time. The societal challenges that come along with that kind of inequality deserve some attention. There are a set of societal challenges that I'm actually not that worried about, and they're captured by images like this. This is not the kind of societal problem that I am concerned about. There is no shortage of dystopian visions about what happens when our machines become self-aware, and they decide to rise up and coordinate attacks against us. I'm going to start worrying about those the day my computer becomes aware of my printer. (Laughter) (Applause) So this is not the set of challenges we really need to worry about. To tell you the kinds of societal challenges that are going to come up in the new machine age, I want to tell a story about two stereotypical American workers. And to make them really stereotypical, let's make them both white guys. And the first one is a college-educated professional, creative type, manager, engineer, doctor, lawyer, that kind of worker. We're going to call him "Ted." He's at the top of the American middle class. His counterpart is not college-educated and works as a laborer, works as a clerk, does low-level white collar or blue collar work in the economy. We're going to call that guy "Bill." And if you go back about 50 years, Bill and Ted were leading remarkably similar lives. For example, in 1960 they were both very likely to have full-time jobs, working at least 40 hours a week. But as the social researcher Charles Murray has documented, as we started to automate the economy, and 1960 is just about when computers started to be used by businesses, as we started to progressively inject technology and automation and digital stuff into the economy, the fortunes of Bill and Ted diverged a lot. Over this time frame, Ted has continued to hold a full-time job. Bill hasn't. In many cases, Bill has left the economy entirely, and Ted very rarely has. Over time, Ted's marriage has stayed quite happy. Bill's hasn't. And Ted's kids have grown up in a two-parent home, while Bill's absolutely have not over time. Other ways that Bill is dropping out of society? He's decreased his voting in presidential elections, and he's started to go to prison a lot more often. So I cannot tell a happy story about these social trends, and they don't show any signs of reversing themselves. They're also true no matter which ethnic group or demographic group we look at, and they're actually getting so severe that they're in danger of overwhelming even the amazing progress we made with the Civil Rights Movement. And what my friends in Silicon Valley and Cambridge are overlooking is that they're Ted. They're living these amazingly busy, productive lives, and they've got all the benefits to show from that, while Bill is leading a very different life. They're actually both proof of how right Voltaire was when he talked about the benefits of work, and the fact that it saves us from not one but three great evils. ["Work saves a man from three great evils: boredom, vice and need." — Voltaire] So with these challenges, what do we do about them? The economic playbook is surprisingly clear, surprisingly straightforward, in the short term especially. The robots are not going to take all of our jobs in the next year or two, so the classic Econ 101 playbook is going to work just fine: Encourage entrepreneurship, double down on infrastructure, and make sure we're turning out people from our educational system with the appropriate skills. But over the longer term, if we are moving into an economy that's heavy on technology and light on labor, and we are, then we have to consider some more radical interventions, for example, something like a guaranteed minimum income. Now, that's probably making some folk in this room uncomfortable, because that idea is associated with the extreme left wing and with fairly radical schemes for redistributing wealth. I did a little bit of research on this notion, and it might calm some folk down to know that the idea of a net guaranteed minimum income has been championed by those frothing-at-the-mouth socialists Friedrich Hayek, Richard Nixon and Milton Friedman. And if you find yourself worried that something like a guaranteed income is going to stifle our drive to succeed and make us kind of complacent, you might be interested to know that social mobility, one of the things we really pride ourselves on in the United States, is now lower than it is in the northern European countries that have these very generous social safety nets. So the economic playbook is actually pretty straightforward. The societal one is a lot more challenging. I don't know what the playbook is for getting Bill to engage and stay engaged throughout life. I do know that education is a huge part of it. I witnessed this firsthand. I was a Montessori kid for the first few years of my education, and what that education taught me is that the world is an interesting place and my job is to go explore it. The school stopped in third grade, so then I entered the public school system, and it felt like I had been sent to the Gulag. With the benefit of hindsight, I now know the job was to prepare me for life as a clerk or a laborer, but at the time it felt like the job was to kind of bore me into some submission with what was going on around me. We have to do better than this. We cannot keep turning out Bills. So we see some green shoots that things are getting better. We see technology deeply impacting education and engaging people, from our youngest learners up to our oldest ones. We see very prominent business voices telling us we need to rethink some of the things that we've been holding dear for a while. And we see very serious and sustained and data-driven efforts to understand how to intervene in some of the most troubled communities that we have. So the green shoots are out there. I don't want to pretend for a minute that what we have is going to be enough. We're facing very tough challenges. To give just one example, there are about five million Americans who have been unemployed for at least six months. We're not going to fix things for them by sending them back to Montessori. And my biggest worry is that we're creating a world where we're going to have glittering technologies embedded in kind of a shabby society and supported by an economy that generates inequality instead of opportunity. But I actually don't think that's what we're going to do. I think we're going to do something a lot better for one very straightforward reason: The facts are getting out there. The realities of this new machine age and the change in the economy are becoming more widely known. If we wanted to accelerate that process, we could do things like have our best economists and policymakers play "Jeopardy!" against Watson. We could send Congress on an autonomous car road trip. And if we do enough of these kinds of things, the awareness is going to sink in that things are going to be different. And then we're off to the races, because I don't believe for a second that we have forgotten how to solve tough challenges or that we have become too apathetic or hard-hearted to even try. I started my talk with quotes from wordsmiths who were separated by an ocean and a century. Let me end it with words from politicians who were similarly distant. Winston Churchill came to my home of MlT in 1949, and he said, "If we are to bring the broad masses of the people in every land to the table of abundance, it can only be by the tireless improvement of all of our means of technical production." Abraham Lincoln realized there was one other ingredient. He said, "I am a firm believer in the people. If given the truth, they can be depended upon to meet any national crisis. The great point is to give them the plain facts." So the optimistic note, great point that I want to leave you with is that the plain facts of the machine age are becoming clear, and I have every confidence that we're going to use them to chart a good course into the challenging, abundant economy that we're creating. Thank you very much. (Applause) - There's a problem downstairs. - Wait. - Will you shoot me? - OK. Look through here and press the red button. No, wait. - Now? - Yes, now. Come on. Wait. IN THE WHlTE ClTY One beer. Beer. - You speak English? - No. - French, a bit. - That's fine. That clock over there goes backwards. No, it goes alright. - The world is going backwards. - Yeah? Interesting. If all clocks went backwards... the world would work properly. Yes. - You work in a ship? - No. In a floating factory with some madmen. - You're mad too? - I don't know. - Is this a hotel? - Yes. - Any rooms available? - Yes. I'll take one for tonight. - A guest, speaks French. - Good afternoon. 304 is beautiful, this way. Take over. - You're not needed at the bar. - Fine. You have to be pretty for the bar. Looking like that, you can only be a cleaner. What's the difference? Cleaning is not like attending the bar. - Don't you see? - No, I don't see. Dress up, put on some make up. Cleaning here is not like attending the bar. Make it visible in the salary. - What? - It's two different salaries. What are you saying? Listen. I'm the same here, at the bar and in the rooms. If you don't like it, bad luck, I don't care. I always do my job, at the bar or cleaning rooms. Don't push me with that make up thing. I'll wear make up if I want to. You make the rules about my work, and it's always well done. What do you want? - What? - What do you want? - This man is mine. - No, it's mine. What? Why? Why not? What? - Why not? - Get out of here. He was with me. Go ahead. - Can I make the bed? - No. Fine. I'll clean up the basin. What are you doing? I don't like having pictures made of me! - Your ship ain't sailing? - It can't without me. - You also clean the rooms? - Yes. That's why I get mad at the boss. I can't close it. Bloody package. "It seems I'm not able to write. I have got some images, but I can't write. I've had a dream. I dreamt I left the ship, went into town... and rented a room... without knowing why. And I stayed there, waiting, unable to move. I dreamt the city was white, the room was also white... and loneliness and calm were white too. I' m tired. I wish I could learn again to talk about things." "The room was white, and loneliness and calm were white too. I'm tired. I wish I could learn again to talk about things. I think of you. I love you very much." I feel fine. I'm free. I don't do anything, but I'm not on vacation. When on vacation you do things, you arrange your free time. I don't. I don't do anything. My adress: Mayling list, Lisbon. The Shipping Company asked regarding your whereabouts. What shall I tell them? Nothing. Nothing at all. Shall I tell them you created an inner world of your own... and you'll tell me about it at some point? I'd love it if you told me. I don't know how to grasp that "I don't do anything". I don't think I'll get to understand it. Maybe that's the reason why I work. I love you and everything turns around inside my head. If you wanna play, deal cards better. A beer! - Hi. - I've walked a lot. When I walk a lot, I think about things. Very interesting things. I've thought about you. What's your name? Paul, and you are Rosa. - How do you know? - I just know. Were you expecting me? In a way. The bar is closing. I buy you a drink upstairs, in my room. Not here. - At your place? - It's very small. So much the better. I must go to work. Hurry or I'll be late. - I'm on vacation. - I'm not. My ship is in the Atlantic, or the Pacific. - I'm a desertor. - What? I'm in the mood for sleeping, walking, dreaming, sleeping, not moving. You're not on vacation. You sell dope. A sailor was arrested at the boarding house for doing that. I sell nothing. I stayed for you. Really? Yes, really. For you... and also for me. Lock it and leave the key at the bar. Where are you from? Me? I was born here, near the castle. My father was a peasant's son. He came to Lisbon to become a baker, and met my mother. - What does she do? - My mother? She makes other people's laundry. And you? My father was a peasant's son too. He left the countryside, was more interested in machinery. So he became a mechanic. My mother is Italian. She left Switzerland when she was 14. Worked for some rich people. - You got any siblings? - Yes, and you? Three brothers and one sister. - And you? - One brother. What do your brothers do? They live abroad. Two of them are... I don't know, plumbers, mechanics... I don't know the right word. The others work in a restaurant in Canada. And your brother? He works in a ship too, he's a sailor. It's open. How is it like, when you're out in the sea? The cabin is tiny and outside it's huge, infinite. That's why sailors are nuts. You never know what day it is. Don't you enjoy travelling any more? I don't travel. I spend 8 hours every day with noisy machines, at 50º and, when the sea is twirling... it's like being inside a moving factory. Then, we stop at some horrible places to download the cargo. Some travels. The best wine of all is the one you haven't drunk yet. He's not paying much attention to me. He prefers to eat. And you don't think I'm right? You know what they say about sailors? I better don't say it or he'll kill me. Isn't that so? Three fingers is the limit, it's almost finished. Three fingers is the limit. From here on, you ask for a new one. You know how important this measure is? You know? He woukldn't know. It's the distance between the vagina and the anus. What? What did he say? Tell me. Here's a waitress... with a black diamond between her legs. I don't think she's what's keeping me still, but I love two women at the same time. I feel confusion and happiness. I've been with Marianne for a week. I'm happy I'm one of the two women you love. The other one can talk to you, touch you. I see pictures, get weird letters from Lisbon, sometimes from Yoklahoma. You saw it? - What? - That guy's wallet. He's alone. Yep. Let's go! Well. Fuck! - You had it all in your wallet? - Yep. Even dollars. You have nothing left? Not a penny. Nothing. What will you do? A romantic film. - A beautiful one. - Yep. A beautiful romantic film. What will you eat? I'll manage. Drop that. I tried to steal some fruit and got caught. Buy me a sandwich. - That's not the problem. - It's the problem indeed! The being hungry issue is solved. What's the other one? It's you. - Hi, you speak French? - A little. I've been told I could sell my watch here. Wait. Samuel, come here. Someone wants to sell a watch. - Good afternoon. - Hi. I want to sell my watch. It's Swiss, solid gold. How much? Ten thousand. - Ten? - Yes. Three thousand. No, no. It's not possible. I paid one thousand Swiss francs for it. All right, five. Five? OK, hold on. - Five and some scotch. - Fine. Come. No. Why? - I don't sleep with strangers. - What? Are you crazy? I'm not, you are. What are you doing here, who are you? My skipper said I'm an axolotl. A what? An axolotl. What is that? I don't know. It might be an animal... or a tree. A tree, rather. A mistery. "Dear Paul: You asked me once why your skipper called you... an axolotl, and what was it. It's not a tree, but a salamander's larva... that lives in some lakes in Mexico. There's a quote of Julio Cortázar in the dictionary "What fascinated me was their stillness... the first time I saw the axolotl, and I soon thought I understood their secret will: To abolish space and time with an indifferent quietness. They seemed to be spying on something, some remote extinguished realm, a time of an aloof and absolute freedom... when the world belonged to the axolotl." Mr Jose. I haven't seen Rosa in two days. She comes one day and the next day she doesn't show up. That's the way people are. I don't know anything. - She doesn't like working here any more. - Not any more. Will you buy me something? - What? - Beer. - Where are you from? - Cascais, Nuevo Mexico. - Cascais. - Nuevo Mexico. - Ñaca, ñaca. - Ñaca, ñaca? You understand me? Time has decomposed. I drink in the mornings, but there's no longer mornings afternoons or nights. I also drink in the afternoons, and also at nights. I sleep in the daytime, nothing really exists. Silence is heavy and light. Three fingers separate... a woman's vagina from her anus. I'm a liar who wants to be sincere. I didn't ask you how long your cock is. One day you'll go away. - I never said that. - But you'll go away. Maybe I'll go too. Where will you go? I'll find a job in France. I have friends there. I worked there. I love you. And I love you. But you won't be here for ever. I'll sleep at home tonight. Why? - É melhor. - What? É melhor. - É melhor. - It's better. - Besser. - What? Migliore, mejor. É melhor. - Bye. - Bye. Go now! - What do you want? - Where's my wallet? - What are you doing? - I want my money. My money. My money. Don't do anything foolish. I'm going to kill you. Rosa. Have you seen the guy in 304? Not in last eight days. He sailed? - He didn't pay. - I don't know. - Mr José. - What happened to you? Nothing really, a little accident. And Rosa? She's gone. - She's gone? - To France. To France? - You have her address? - No. I'm going upstairs. She flew. Fuck. Shit. What do you want? - Rosa's address in France. - I don't know. And her parents'? Yes, that one I have, just a minute. Thanks. Good morning. - Good morning. - How do you do? - Are you Rosa's parents? - Yes. I'm a friend of Rosa's. I'd like to know Rosa's address in France. We don't have it. She's always going from one place to another. She doesn't call us, we don't know anything. - You don't have it? - No. - Thank you. - You're welcome. If you're going to come home, come back soon or don't come back at all. If you come, you'll have to tell me everything and we'll talk about us. It's almost certain we'll have a war. We may lose it, but History teaches us... that those who lose a war are strengthened by it. I will also talk about me. I'm waiting for your answer and your love. No mail. Zico? Zico plays well, he's very good. Rossi! Get out of here. The referee's lost it. He's an asshole. Brazil has lost to Italy. They don't know, they haven't seen it. But... In Brazil they have Zico. He's a fine player. Great champions. But you're not interested. I'm not either. I don't care! Mr Jose, I'm leaving. I'll send by mail what I owe you, do you believe me? I do. But I don't have the train fare money. I'm selling you this. - What could I do with that? - I don't know. Will you buy this? This is German, and this is Japanese, they're good. They fit in your pocket. Great, ha? - How much do you want? - Five thousand. It's not bad. All right, yes. People are weird, but that's life. Do you have some paper, please? - Paper? - Writing paper. - Big or small? - Big. A pen? A pen? - A fountain pen? - Yes. Thank you. - A post office? - Down there. - Down there? - At the bottom of the stairs. Thank you. I'm going to emerge... to the surface... again. Stop. Rosa... is gone. I don't have a clue... where to. Stop. The only country... I really love... is the sea. Stop. I love it. Stop. I love you. I embrace you tenderly. A woman's body is too wide. Stop. So there'll be a war between us. Stop. Memory... and oblivion come from one single source. Women are too beautiful. Stop. Trains are not in time. I don't know more than I used to. Stop. Vegan Chili Recipe - Vegetarian Chili Recipe Hey my sweet Vs, it's The Sweetest Vegan here. Today on the show I am going to teach you a really simple and easy way to make vegan chili. Really just so we can make vegan chili cheese fries later on. So, here we go. vegan chili. Really just so we can make vegan chili cheese fries later on. So, here we go. Vegan Chili Recipe - Vegetarian Chili Recipe So basically we are just going to dump everything into a large pot. I have some kidney beans here. They came out of the can, you drain the can, you put them in the pot. Then I am going to add in some marinara sauce. It is regular marinara sauce. It has no meat products, no cheese products, and it just came from the regular marinara pasta sauce aisle. Next I'm going to add in vegetable broth, and one cup of the vegetable broth, I am going to put into the marinara jar, shake it up just to get all those tidbits out. And, then the other cup I am just going to pour it in like it is. Then this is the really big cheat, now I have this packet of chili powder chili sauce stuff that my grandmother had in the cabinet and it expired like a week ago, so who knows how long it has been up there. But it didn't have any animal products, it did have a couple of chemicals, but basically it had all the things in it that I had seen other people put in their chili recipes, which were chili powder, chili peppers, cumin, onion, sugar, garlic, and other people put in other things like cocoa powder. So you can really be adventurous with lime or whatever sugar, garlic, and other people put in other things like cocoa powder. So you can really be adventurous with lime or whatever sugar, garlic, and other people put in other things like cocoa powder. So you can really be adventurous with lime or whatever sugar, garlic, and other people put in other things like cocoa powder. So you can really be adventurous with lime or whatever else you want to put into it. We are going to stir it up and honestly this looks good just how it is, but it is cold so lets go ahead and cook it. We are going to bring it up to a boil then let it simmer for about 30 minutes. We are going to come back to stir it occasionally, you don't want the beans to settle at the bottom and burn all up. And then we are done. I am going to serve this over rice, you can serve it over corn bread or whatever you have that you like to traditionally serve your chili with. And, let's give it a taste, or whatever you have that you like to traditionally serve your chili with. And, let's give it a taste, The chili taste great. It really is a great week day meal recipe to keep on hand. The beans did a very good job, and if you just have to have that ground beef, turkey, whatever thing going on, you can just get some tofu crumbles, or some other faux ground beef, tempeh or something like that. I didn't think it was necessary, and I still don't think it was necessary. It was great without it. And also if you want to add in extra salt, I can taste where some one who wasn't used to abstaining from salt, like I don't sprinkle extra salt or use a lot of salt, they probably would think it needed some more salt. So if you are used to that, you may want to add in some more salt. And that is it for today. I hope you all had a good time on the show today. Leave comments below, video responses are always welcome, and I will see you all tomorrow. Bye. Vegan Chili Recipe - Vegetarian Chili Recipe Why don't I sing a song about love... Why don't I make up a new genre, with a pop motif and some lyrics, and then collect royalties for the rest of my life. My song will be heard by thousands, hundreds will buy my photo, my dearest will tell me 'This is about us!', and my best friend will laugh at the lyrics. I'll become a brand new superstar -- lots of money, fancy car, the whole nine yards. Smiling, you'll say: "Like a big shot!" I'll embrace you, you're right. Like a big shot, you're right. Like a big shot, I'll embrace you. I think I'll write a song about love... it's just that my guitar string snapped, and my pen broke. Forgive me. Maybe next time. But now it's time for bed. English subtitles provided by A. Gadassik "Tell us what it's like to be the greatest hero in the universe?" No questions, just pictures. "Yeah baby!" "That's humiliating!" Deep in the heart of the universe, these brothers do everything in their power to protect their galaxy. "I'm the brains, and you're the brawn." But there's one place. " We've received an SOS from the Dark Planet." Even they're not safe. "It's so beautiful! Commencing rescue OPS" "Greetings! We've heard you called for help." "Don't you die on me buddy!" [blowing of air] [fighting] "Who's next?" "Okay, I love you guys! " "Welcome to earth." Now... "Scorch has been captured." ... to save his brother, "Self destruct sequence, initiated." Rescue parts don't self destruct! "Welcome to earth blue buddy!" No! [Inaudible] "It's called a brain freeze, you need to learn this up." Get in there, alien! [Music:] I love you so, hey! These, teaming up. "This is area 51 men! There's no way out." "You can't do this!" "Hey, are you finish with the toilet?" "You got to forgive those guys, they got no manners." [swallowing] [Burp] With earth's best kept secrets " Who do you think invented the internet cellphones social networking? we did! "You think humans can built this stuff? I don't think so!" "Give them time, they're trying to get some shot out." This February, "What have you done with my brother?" "I'm going to wipe up the alien infestation one planet at a time." Get ready, "Scorch, are you okay?" "Of course, I am." "Nobody can stop Scorch Supernova! whoa!" [thud] "That was amazing!" for the ultimate family escape. "I'm going to miss this place." "Fly, Blue buddy, fly!" [laugh] Woop! Escape from planet Earth "I thought this movie was suppose to be in a 3D." "Okay, that's better." [music playing] . Thank you very much for spending this week with me. I think we have learned a lot, we learned a lot of very important basic concepts on image enhancement. And next week we are going to learn even more and we are getting close to the end of the first half of this class which is basically the basic fundamental the mentioned concepts. And as we talk earlier, the second half will be about more advanced topics in image processing. For those that are interested, we are going to conclude this week with some hints in my board that I left you to prove what we saw in the previous video about gradients, and what's a gradient? What that it means to go in a gradient. What is the direction of maximal change? So if you can sneak in the back, and actually have half of the proof there. That's unnecessary for you to keep understanding what's going to happen in the next six weeks. This is only if you're super curious about that concept. Thank you very much. It's very dark here. It's night at Duke University and I'm going to see you again next week. Thank you. Bye-bye. When you choose Western illinois University-Quad Cities, you pay the same tuition as illinois students pay even if you live in Iowa. Convenient classroom locations that are close to home. Personalized instruction from talented faculty and experiences that will challenge and prepare you for a successful career. Western illinois University-Quad Cities - we're the public choice, with big plans for your future. Apply Now. ya eyyuhel muminun salams from our Shayk to everyone who is watching to everyone who is in this gathering to everyone who is connecting their heart to our Seyh insallahu rahman we are here to remember the 40th day since the time our seyh vailed himself from this world 40 days have past 40 days this whole world was finished in the flood of Noah in 40 days so many things happened to this world since to beginning of time this 40 days are we being busy with sit and think what we have gone thorough how much we folowing our seyh still holding on strongly or in this 40 days we letting our ego plying tricks on us and foul us and the make us busy with malayani we are here to become servants to be servants we are here first to be servants of our seyh dunya and ahiret zahir and batin that time insallahi rahman as He likes we'll be servants to our grand seyh Holly prophet SAW and Allah subahane ve teala There is divine protocol in everything do not jump you are jumping hell is waiting for you You jump you gonna fall very difficult for you to come out that time so 40 days have passed and it's an islamic tradition which in so many islamic countries forgetting this also it's a good thing to remind us to death to remind us that what has passed to remind us that we still have long ways to go to remind us that is our future. Each and everyone of us And insallah we'll have good people praying for us too there is no guarantee no guarantee that Muslims nowadays when they have passed to even have people behind them to pray salatul Cenaze. Isn't it? that's way in this naksibendi way every magrib prayer we praying salatul cenaze el gayibin. for those who have passed but they have no one that they know they have passed no one prayed for them. It's happening. Feel that. Feel what they are feeling. Feel the pain that is the ummet is feeling That time you gonna get together in the mosques in the mescids and you gonna pray Allah subhana ve teale Bring back the Sahibul zaman. Bring back? To bring Him. Bring him to all this tyranny to end.That's what we are praying for. we not living in the beginning of the world or the middle this is the end of the end of the times. This is not to time for us looking at this world and saying this world is going to continue so nice and sweet and full of love for the next hundred years. five hundred years,five thousand years .No time is very short one and a half days is gruanteed to the nation of Muhammed SAW One day in presence of Allah is 1000 years because this nation has diviated Allah SWT has given us half a day 1500 years do your calculations understand we're living in the time of cebbabire, it's not the time of love, no this is the time of tyranny Who are those who love, the other ones who is loving what Allah and his Prophet has brought to them who is loving the laws and the rules, they've brought to them and who is living and dying for that purpose InsAllah ur Rahman this tradition that we're having may be accepted... We're nothing, we're no one, I'm nothing, we know nothing, we know one thing that we follow our Seyh, Sahib ul Seyf, our Sultan Seyh Abdulkerim El Kibrisi El Rabbani And he's here with us, inside of us, around us, just as Holy Prophet SAV is hazir and nazir, he is also in that way He is hazir and nazir, he is everywhere And he is giving us warning, guiding us from the other world, from the other side If we're following and we're listening then blessings will come to us, we're not going to fall into the wrong ways of this Ahir Zaman where billions and billions will be tricked At the end of the race they will be tricked At the end of the race whem you see the race is just about to finish and you're going to rest forever, seytan and the ego trick you and you make a deviation you make a detour and that time all the time that you spend is nothing and the fire of regret is going to enter in to you no one can remove it and that's going to be a hell for you Estagfurillah el Azim ve Tubuleih we're asking Allah SWT to forgive us and raise the station of our Seyh higher and higher to make our connection to him stronger and stronger to open the way for us to continue to his work to his mission not letting the fitna to enter for us to be bigger and stronger insAllah for the sake of Allah and his Prophet for the sake of our Seyh for the sake of our Grand Seyh That is what we must live for that's what we're willing to put our lives for InsAllah ur Rahman we are weak creatures we are weak creatures We're not claiming any makam and station nothing We know where our makam is, that makam is the dirtiness the toilet we're still carrying it inside of us But we're following that one, who is now behind the mountain of Kaf He is looking down, yes, he sees us holding on tightly to the way, smiling down to us, sending us his blessings insAllah VeminAllah u Tevfik, Fatiha As DNA is transcribed into RNA it needs to be edited to remove non-coding regions, or introns, shown in green. This editing process is called splicing, which involves removing the introns, leaving only the yellow, protein-coding regions, called exons. RNA splicing begins with assembly of helper proteins at the intron/exon borders. These splicing factors act as beacons to guide small nuclear ribo proteins to form a splicing machine, called the spliceosome. The animation is showing this happening in real time. The spliceosome then brings the exons on either side of the intron very close together, ready to be cut. One end of the intron is cut and folded back on itself to join and form a loop. The spliceosome then cuts the RNA to release the loop and join the two exons together. The edited RNA and intron are released and the spliceosome disassembles. This process is repeated for every intron in the RNA. Numerous spliceosomes, shown here in purple, assemble along the RNA. Each spliceosome removes one intron, releasing the loop before disassembling. In this example, three introns are removed from the RNA to leave the complete instructions for a protein. The vast majority of behavior problems in the classroom involve minor breeches. of discipline These incidents frequently originate in the classroom situation itself and are within the control of the teacher. Disciplinary problems in the classroom are symptoms of underlying weaknesses in total learning situations. Mr. Grimes, mathematics teacher, is displeased with the progress of his 9th grade class in mathematics. "You see what low grades you made on your weekly mathematics test. More than half of you failed. Most of those who passed just got by. Nobody had 100%. This is the poorest class I've had in a long, long time. Most of you have no foundation at all. Now the troubles with your attitude. You don't pay enough attention in class. You don't do enough work outside of it. You don't know what the word study means. You haven't the slightest idea. Don't you realize that mathematics is an important subject. I tell you right now that unless you get over your lazy habits and come up to the standards I have set for this class, most of you will have the pleasure of repeating this class next semester. Now what is it?" (Boy entering room) A note from Dr. Williams. I have to leave for a few minutes. Now open your books and work out solutions for the problems you missed. I can't make any sense out of this. I may just quit. He never even taught us this problem. He's got me scared to death. I'll never pass this course. I'm afraid to take my paper home. HE'S JUST A SOUR PUSS. The trouble is, you don't know what the word study is. You haven't the slightest idea. (laughing) What kind of behavior do you call this? Wait a minute, you stay where you are. This is the kind of behavior I might have expected out of you. All I do is leave the room for a few minutes and what do I find. Confusion, disorder. And you. What were you doing? I was... It's a good thing I caught you. I'll make an example out of you. Leave this room and report to the principal's office immediately. (laughing) Who did that? Alright since you think it's so funny. The whole class can stay in for 45 minutes this afternoon. Then you'll see how funny it is. Remember the whole class is to report back here at 4:00. I can't come I got a newspaper route to do. I got football practice he can go fly a kite. I have a piano lesson. I think he's horrible. Stop that whispering. Mr. Grimes did not have a happy time this week. Who dropped that book? Alright I'll wait til you're quiet. Many of you failed to hand in your homework yesterday. (Nose blowing sound) Now you know that that is... (More nose blowing) What is this? 2 detentions 3 detentions Leave this room and don't come back until you are ready to apologize. (Narrator) Well this is going to get us nowhere. Maybe we'd better go back and see if we can find some of the causes of this undesirable learning situation. (Narrator) Just what was Mr. Grimes purpose in making such statements as these? This is the poorest class I've had in a long, long time. (Narrator) Hmmm, this is hardly the way to win friends or influence people. You don't know what the word study means. You haven't the slightest idea. (Narrator) It might not be a bad idea to show then how. I tell you right now that unless you get over your lazy habits and come up to the standards!¶ --I have set for this class, most of you will have the pleasure of repeating this class next semester. (Narrator) What kind of motivation is this? To what does it lead? The trouble is, you don't know what the word study is. You haven't the slightest idea. (laughing) (Narrator) This reaction is the answer. It was the result of Mr. Grimes provocative remark. (Narrator) Now take this: It's a good thing I caught you. I'll make an example out of you. (Narrator) Oh come now Mr. Grimes. By taking it out on the boy, aren't you covering up your own deficiencies? (Laughing) Who did that? (Narrator) Yes who did? (Narrator) Some boy probably, but the chances are it summarizes the feelings of the group. There is an unwritten code covering such situations. Why try to buck it? Alright since you think it's so funny the whole class can stay in for 45 minutes this afternoon. (Narrator) Mass punishment is a dangerous weapon and doesn't work too well. 2 detentions 3 detentions Leave this room and don't come back until you are ready to apologize to me. (Narrator) It's a long way til the end of the term When will this end? Thus what should have developed into a sequence of pleasant and valuable learning has deteriorated into a series of disagreeable personal tensions. This is all wrong. Need any of these indecencies have occurred at all? Suppose Mr. Grimes had tried another approach. (Mr. Grimes) Most of you are disappointed in the grade you received on this test. So am I. Nearly all of you had trouble on that last problem on ratios. Perhaps I didn't do a good job explaining ratios. Ratio is commonly used in everyday life. Mother uses it in the kitchen when she takes a recipe for a big cake and uses proportional amounts to make a little cake. If the recipe called for 8 cups of flour and 4 eggs. I want to make a cake half that size. How much would I use? (Student) You'd need 4 cups of flour and 2 eggs. That's right. You boys use this in shop when you read a Blueprint. As you know a blueprint is merely a scale drawing of something that is usually larger. Suppose I had a blueprint of a bridge. It's going to be 100 feet wide. But on this drawing the bridge is only 10 inches wide. How many feet would each inch represent? (Student) 10 feet That's right. That's ratio. Let's see where we made our mistakes. The problem was this. What is the ration between 4.5 yards and 1.5 feet You said the answer was 3 and that's where you fell into a trap. What you forgot was that before you can divide you have to reduce all units of measurement to the same unit. Now what's the unit here? (Student) feet I sure fell for that one. First of all let's change the first one to feet. That gives us 13.5 feet. Now we can divide 13.5 feet by 1.5 feet. The right answer is 9. Wow I see where I made my mistake. I want you to look over your papers very carefully and see where you made your mistakes. I'll come down the aisles and if there are any questions please don't hesitate to ask. I have to leave for a few moments. On p.15 of your books the first 3 problems are exactly like #1 on the test. Do as many as you can until I get back. I'm glad he's going over these questions. I would have never made heads or tails out of them otherwise. You know I'm beginning to make sense out of this. I hope I do better next time. I'd hate to bring another paper like this home. The way he explains it it doesn't seem too hard. Ah come on, cut it out. I want to do these problems. Let's have some fun while Mr. Grimes is out. Who wants to do these problems anyway. You know where that eraser belongs. Grimes sure caught him in the act. Grimes is a pretty good egg. That's more like it. Now you're getting it. Let's see if you can do the next one. (Narrator) Classroom control and learning efficiencies are products of good teaching. Learning must be made meaningful. Interest in work for which learners see a purpose provides its own discipline. But in spite of interest and meaning, It must be remembered that some incidents will occur. Skill in handling such occurrences prevent their growth into problems. Well, that was a pretty good catch. For a moment I thought you'd miss. I'm sorry but I owed him the apple. Well, I guess a fellow is expected to pay his debts. I'd suggest though in the future that you do your baseball practicing outside of class. laughing A friendly attitude with a sprinkling of humor Goes a long way in winning the regard and cooperation of the class. For respect is a more desireable molder of behavior than fear. The development of mutual understanding between teacher and pupil will help eliminate discipline problems. (birds chirping) Hello. We are going to make a cat. Inflate a balloon leaving a five inch flat tail. The first three bubbles you twist in the bird body fold to make the muzzle. Twist the 1st two inch bubble. Twist the 2nd two inch bubble. Lock both ends of the chain of the first two bubbles in one lock twist. (birds chirping) Twist the 3rd two inch bubble. Lock the free end of the 3rd bubble between the 1st and the 2nd bubbles. (birds chirping) Roll the 1st and the 2nd bubble around the 3rd bubble. (birds chirping) You have made the muzzle of the cat. (birds chirping) Twist the 4th one inch bubble. Twist the 5th one inch bubble. The next five bubbles you twist to make the head. (birds chirping) Twist the 6th two inch bubble. (birds chirping) Twist the 7th soft less than one inch bubble. (birds chirping) Twist the 8th two inch bubble. Twist the 9th soft less than one inch bubble. (birds chirping) Twist the 10th two inch bubble. Lock both ends of the chain of the last five bubbles in one lock twist. (birds chirping) You have made the loop of five bubbles. Push the chain of the first three bubbles through the loop of the last five bubbles. Fix the 4th bubble half way through the loop. (birds chirping) Lock both ends of the 7th soft bubble in one lock twist. (birds chirping) You have made one ear. (birds chirping) Lock both ends of the 9th soft bubble in one lock twist. (birds chirping) You have made the 2nd ear. (birds chirping) Fix all bubbles in proper positions. (birds chirping) You have made the head. The next two bubbles you twist to make the front legs. (birds chirping) Twist the 11th two inch bubble. Twist the 12th two inch bubble. Lock both ends of the chain of the last two bubbles in one lock twist. (birds chirping) Twist the 13th two inch bubble. It is the body. The next two bubbles you twist to make the rear legs. Twist the 14th two inch bubble. Twist the 15th two inch bubble. Lock both ends of the last two bubbles in one lock twist. The rest of the balloon is the 16th bubble. It is the tail. (birds chirping) Fix all bubbles in proper positions. Use a permanent marker to draw the face. (birds chirping) Eyes. (birds chirping) Whiskers. (birds chirping) And lovely nose. (birds chirping) Congratulations. You have made the cat. (birds chirping) As you may guess already, it is simple matter to choose the orange balloon to make the tiger using the same sculpture. Don't forget to draw black stripes on the body and tail to make it look like a tiger. (birds chirping) And you may easy use the same sculpture of the cat to make a lion. To make it looks like a lion you have to add a brown or black mane to the sculpture. (birds chirping) I am going to show you how you can change this cat to a beautiful lion. (birds chirping) Put the sculpture aside for now. (birds chirping) Inflate a brown or black balloon leaving a six inch flat tail. The next three bubbles you twist to make the mane. (birds chirping) Lock the nozzle of the brown balloon between the head and the body of the cat. (birds chirping) Twist the 1st three inch bubble. (birds chirping) Lock the free end of the 1st bubble of the brown balloon around the ear bubble. (birds chirping) Twist the 2nd three inch bubble. (birds chirping) Lock the free end of the 2nd bubble around the 2nd ear. (birds chirping) Twist the 3rd three inch bubble. (birds chirping) Lock the free end of the 3rd bubble between the body and the head of the cat. The rest of the balloon is the 4th bubble. Cut off the 4th bubble and tie off the end. You can use scissors to do it. (birds chirping) Fix all bubbles in proper positions. (birds chirping) Congratulations. You have made the lion. Let me fix his ears. (birds chirping) Well, as you can see, it is quite easy to make many different animals using basically the same sculpture. (birds chirping) Just choose the right color balloons for your animal. (birds chirping) Here is the top view. (birds chirping) Have fun :) (birds chirping) (Dice rolling) Hello, ladies and gentlemen. The title of my talk today is "God does not play dice." From this title, maybe you can guess that this will be something about God, something about religion, actually nothing in that direction. My talk today will be about quantum physics, why it's interesting, why I am passionate about quantum physics and why I think it should be interesting for you, as well. Actually, I will start with this first slide in which you can see Albert Einstein, and actually the title of my talk is a quotation from Albert Einstein. And this quotation means that actually this very famous physicist who was mentioned already several times today, was extremely unhappy about quantum physics, despite that he got his Nobel Prize for discovery which led to the quantum physics. In this picture, you can see Albert Einstein on the cover page of TlME magazine, actually, this TlME magazine issue was published on the 31st of December, 1999. If you are paying attention to the date, it means it was exactly on the eve of the 21st century. TlME magazine during the year 1999 conducted a public survey, and they asked one question: "Who was the most important personality of the 20th century?" Who was the one single person who influenced our attitude, our thoughts about the 20th century the most? According to the readers of TlME magazine, it appeared that it was Albert Einstein, that Albert Einstein was the most important person of the 20th century. And still, he was very unhappy about quantum physics. You can think that maybe he was a stiff person, maybe he was not open-minded enough, if you are looking at this picture, and it was taken when he already was a Nobel Prize winner, you can see that actually he was very open-minded, very lively and was not hesitating to express his opinion and his attitude towards different things. So, what was wrong with quantum physics? Actually, the things which were wrong with quantum physics according to Albert Einstein, are exactly the things which, I think, are fascinating about quantum physics. These are the things why I am so in love with quantum physics, why I am so passionate about quantum physics. And I will try to describe several of these things to you, and try to convince you that it's interesting, and will try to convince you that it is meant for everybody. But when I'm trying to describe quantum physics, actually, I'm in a tough situation, because if I would be willing to do this professionally, I would be forced to go to these equations which belong to one of the most famous physicists, Erwin Schrodinger, you can see his picture on the slide, but of course we understand that it's absolutely desperate and divorceless if I will try to go into the very basic equations of quantum physics. Actually, quantum physics is much more complicated than this one. This is why I am choosing a [somehow] different way, I will try to use some analogies, some pictures and try to show you what is peculiar about quantum physics. And, on this slide you can see the cover of one of the professional books about quantum mechanics, and the title of this book is "Quantum Paradoxes". It means that there is something paradoxical in quantum physics. And actually, I would like to ask you to pay attention to the picture on the cover of this book. If you are looking at the trail of this skier, probably you will notice that something strange is going on there, something that you cannot imagine in real life. In quantum mechanics, actually this is a reality, this is what can happen in quantum physics, and this why Albert Einstein was unhappy about quantum physics, and this is why many people think that actually quantum physics is interesting and fun, quantum physics is something worth to discuss. And, what was depicted in this picture, actually, in quantum physics, we call it non-locality. It means that in quantum physics, the same object can be in several places at the same time. It sounds a little bit bizarre, but this is actually what can happen. There is the very famous double-slit experiment in quantum mechanics in which we are claiming that the same electron, the single electron, can pass [through] two openings at the same time. When I am telling this to you, and if you are thinking at what I am trying to tell you, then probably you are thinking that something strange is going on there. But if a professor is standing here and is to convince you about an electron, maybe you are ready to believe, but if I would be telling you that when I'll finish my talk, I would leave the stage on both sides simultaneously, probably you will not believe that. But again, this is exactly what can happen in quantum physics, and this is one picture which in some sense illustrates that. If you are reading what's written there and if you are taking it literally, it means that people are asking you to leave the platform on two sides at the same time. You will agree this sounds a little bit strange. Another thing which is very peculiar for quantum mechanics is entanglement, or the notion of entanglement. And again, if we are looking at the classical picture, and we assume that there is a bowl, in this bowl there are some dice, and dice are kind of the test objects for me today. If you are tossing this bowl and the dice are bouncing against each other, of course, these dice are interacting. When I am throwing these dice on the table, I will be telling you something like that, "Look, there is one die with three on top of that." And I am looking at this die, everything is OK, everything is fine. If I am telling you that immediately, just because I am looking at that die the stage or the position of another die is changing, that these dice are somehow interconnected, again you will be telling that something wrong is going on, that it cannot be right. But again, this is exactly what's happening in quantum physics. This is one of the paradoxes devised by Albert Einstein when he tried to convince people that there are some problems with quantum physics. We call it quantum entanglement, and it means that if, for example, two quantum particles, two electrons are on the opposite side of the Universe, but these particles are entangled. We are measuring one of these electrons, and immediately, at the same time, instantaneously, the state of the other electron has changed. Strange, sounds strange, but this is what is really happening in quantum physics. And the third notion of quantum physics is duality, and I am showing you a picture of also two great physicists, in one of them is the already mentioned Albert Einstein, in the another one is Niels Bohr. They discussed all their lives these quantum paradoxes, never agreed. Einstein was always trying to convince Niels Bohr that there are problems with quantum physics. Niels Bohr was always convincing Albert Einstein that this is life, this is how the Universe is functioning and we should live with that, there is no way to change quantum physics, simply, we should accept that this is the world in which we are living. And if I am trying to illustrate duality, I am using a book from my childhood. It's about Buratino, those of you coming from other parts of the world, maybe you know him better as Pinocchio, it is the same wooden puppet. And there was a situation. At some point, Buratino got into some trouble, and his friends were not able to tell if he was still alive, or he's already dead, and then they invited the wisest bird in the forest, of course, it was an owl, and the owl was supposed to tell what had happened to Buratino. The decision, and the medical doctors will probably agree with me, the decision was very simple; the owl said that if Buratino is alive, it is an absolutely clear sign that he is not dead. (Laughter) If Buratino is dead, it's a clear sign that Buratino is not alive. An absolutely logical statement. Actually in quantum physics, it's the opposite. In quantum physics, Buratino can be dead and alive at the same time. What does it mean practically? Practically, we know about quantum duality, we know that in quantum physics an object can be a particle and a wave at the same time. We call it quantum wave duality. Again, it is absolutely counterintuitive to what we are used to having in our real life. And now, I will try to convince you that actually, what's interesting aren't just the quantum paradoxes, the quantum properties, but it's something that we meet in everyday life. As an example, I will use the discussion between two famous gentlemen. One of the was Wolfgang Pauli, a famous physicist, one of those who invented quantum physics. The other was Carl Jung, you know, a physician, the inventor of psychoanalysis, and all their lives they discussed why we are so interested in understanding how the world functions, why it's important, and does quantum physics has some implications for our everyday life. First of all, Carl Jung convinced us that actually the willingness to understand the world around us is one of the basic instincts. One of the instincts is to have food, we would like to survive as individuals. There is an instinct to have some sex because we are willing to survive as a human kind. But there is an instinct to understand the world around us, because due to this understanding, we can predict what will be happening next, how the world around us will be functioning. And if we are able to do that, we are in a better position, when there are complicated situations in life. As a result, we are better positioned to survive. It's one of the basic instincts why we are so passionate about understanding the world around us. But there is, of course, another implication, because sometimes we would like to connect somehow quantum physics with what is happening among people. And there is some... - I would stress here from the very beginning that to my mind these are speculations - to try to demonstrate that, "Look, there is entanglement, maybe this can explain" - what some people at least claim - "that if we are in love with somebody, and something terrible is happening to our partner, we can feel it from the distance." Why not to try to connect this entanglement, sometimes in physics we call it 'spooky action at a distance', why not trying to connect this spooky action at a distance with some psychological real situations, or situations which we are imagining? Actually, this is a little bit risky and actually I would claim that this is not true. And one of the physicists who actually proved that it's not true, and you cannot transfer ideas from the quantum world directly to the macro world, this person was, and is, Wojciech Zurek, he is here in this picture. And I think this general picture about quantum world and classical world demonstrates that there is a very distinct border between classical physics and quantum physics, and ideas which are relevant for quantum physics. And you can see this cat which is alive and dead at the same time; in quantum physics, we sometimes call it Schrodinger's cat paradox. That Schrodinger's cat can exist in quantum realm but definitely and clearly, it cannot exist in the macro world. So, it is a very distinct border, very clear theory, mathematical theory which shows how the quantum properties are losing their power when they are coming from the quantum properties to the classical world. And finally, I would like to conclude with some, I would say, I would call it a philosophical discussion, and these philosophical discussions are based on the book by one very famous philosopher of the first part of the 20th century, Oswald Spengler, and his famous book 'The Decline of the West', in which he actually predicted that at some point, when theories which we are devising, are becoming so complicated that even professionals have hard time understanding them. And I believe that quantum physics is something in that direction, that it is so complicated, bizarre, and strange that sometimes it is not easy to convince even people who are open-minded, that is is what is really happening in our world. So, Oswald Spengler predicted that if some civilization is approaching the stage where they are devising such strange theories, that means that this civilization is going to decline, that this civilization will not survive, some new civilizations will be appearing. This was written in the first part of the 20th century, and he predicted that the West, the Western civilization or the European civilization, how we sometimes call it, is going to decline. Actually, I think that I managed to convince you that fortunately, he was wrong, that actually we now can understand physics around us, we can understand the world around us. Even more, we can not only understand it theoretically, we can use it for our own good. For example, if we are seeing pictures on the screen, if I am using laser pointer, you are using your mobile phones, we all are using mobile phones, these are 100% based on quantum physics. If we would not be able to understand quantum physics, none of this would be existing around us. We can understand theory, we can use it for our own good. I hope that I managed this morning to convince you that quantum physics is cool, that it is good to learn a little bit more about quantum physics, because 15 or 20 minutes are not enough to tell everything about quantum physics. So I hope that this slide means that the end is indeed a happy end, and this professor with his blackboard - on which, if you are looking carefully, you can see some quantum mechanical expressions - managed to convince you that quantum mechanics is really interesting. Thank you very much. (Applause) Hello! You must be Francisco. How are you? This is a great realty, you shall love it! It is an enormous lot, an ancient indian cemetery that is terribly bad located. There's a deactivated prison around the corner, ...a public hospital in the front, a vacant lot on the back... A great find! Well, the house is falling to pieces. It had just been bought by a young couple trying to save their marriage. But it's helpless. Either the house and the marriage. This is the living room. It has a wonderful echo. The linoleum is from the 70"s. It is peeling up and creaks like hell. It gives a suspenseful tone to the house that will never go out of style. The kitchen is perfect. It's humid, it's has low light, a musty smell... And the rat feces helps with the look of abandonment, it's very interesting. The best thing is that it's equipped with a whole set of pans. Having a midnight craving, you just pick one to bang. Take a look at this piece of furniture. It's legitimate rosewood. Warped and entirely infested with termites. The good thing about these books is that a single spark would start a fire. The books, this furniture, the entire house would burn down in 20 minutes. This is an old bed with a traditional spring mattress. It makes a lot of noise. It's nothing like those today's modern beds, like futons or those box springs that you cannot hide underneath. The bathroom is an event itself. It has old and stained tiles. It still has a bidet. There's a radio by the bathtub, it's very dangerous. And there's a mixer shower that kills more than an electric shower. Oh, they have an adopted child who has a crazy face. He pees on the bed, he has an imaginary friend, he can talk to us... This place is perfect for him. Did you like it? Oh, and there's more, lots of amusements ahead. At times some mormons show up. Oh, it's your lucky day! Get them! Come back later for us to arrange the details! Tradução e legendas: Melissa Prado Baked sausage sandwich Sausage Olives Tomato Sliced loaf Cheese Mayonnaise Bake for 30 minutes at 350 degrees F (180 degrees C) [cars driving up the street] [kids laughing in a playground] [a mans voice] Music! [cymbal splash and beach keyboards] [enter surf guitar alternate strumming] [bass single notes] [alternating guitars] [beat kicks in with surf song riff] [turnaround] [beach keyboards] [strumming] [double snare beat] [fills] [Beach keyboard] [guitar alternates down the neck] [surf neck slide] [turnaround] [guitar alternates on both sides of speaker] [splash] [builds momentum like wave] [fill] [rockin surf riff] [soloing guitar] [mellows] [turnaround] [double snare and rhythm section] [back to surf riff with tom drums] [crying solo] [male voice] Incredible! [cars and sounds of beach fade in and then fade out] Ah! What whas that? A jungle monster! Positions everybody. FlREEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE! NO! WHY?! Please don't eat us Mr. Jungle Monster! I'm Not a monster i'm Zoe and i'm a curly girl who has been on this island for so long now she's imagining that... squirrels can talk? mm.. we're chipmonks, yeah, Alvin and the chipmonks? Who and the what? Maybe this will help.. "Rararaaaaa rama ramama Gaga oh lalá Caught in a bad romance" "Oooooooooh! Caught in a bad romance!" Ok, stop. I don't know who you are. mm..Exactly how long have you been here? Eight or nine... ehm.. years Wait, you've been here nine years?? What if we're here nine years!? What if where here.. FOREVER! (Zayn) Oh I just wanna take you anywhere that you like We can go out any day any night Baby I'll take you there, take you there Baby I'll take you there, there (Harry) Oh tell me tell me tell me how to turn your love on You can get, get anything that you want Baby just shout it out, shout it out Baby just shout it out, yeah (Liam) And if yooou You want me to Lets make a move, yeah So tell me girl if everytime we... (All) Tou-ou-ouch you get this kinda ru-u-ush Baby say yeah a yeah a yeah, yeah a yeah If you don't wanna take it slow And you just wanna take me home Baby say yeah a yeah a yeah, yeah a yeah And let me kiss you (Zayn) Oh baby, baby don't you know you got what I need Lookin' so good from your head to your feet C'mon come over here, over here C'mon come over here, yeah (Niall) Oh I just wanna show you off to all of my friends Makin' them drool down their chiney chin chins Baby be mine tonight, mine tonight Baby be mine tonight, yeah (Liam) And if yooou You want me too [ From: http://www.metrolyrics.com/kiss-you-lyrics-one-direction.html ] Lets make a move, yeah So tell me girl if everytime we (All) Tou-ou-ouch you get this kinda ru-u-ush Baby say yeah a yeah a yeah, yeah a yeah If you don't wanna take it slow And you just wanna take me home Baby say yeah a yeah a yeah, yeah a yeah And let me kiss you (Zayn) Let me kiss you Let me kiss you Let me kiss you Let me kiss you (All) Na na na na na na na na Na na na na na na na na Na na na na na na na na (Louis) So tell me girl if everytime we tou-ou-ouch (All) You get this kinda ru-u-ush Baby say yeah a yeah a yeah, yeah a yeah If you don't wanna take it slow And you just wanna take me home Baby say yeah a yeah a yeah, yeah a yeah And let me kiss you Everytime we to-ou-ouch You get this kinda ru-u-ush Baby say yeah a yeah a yeah, yeah a yeah If you don't wanna take it slow And you just wanna take me home Baby say yeah a yeah a yeah, yeah a yeah (Harry) And let me kiss you Read more: ONE DlRECTlON - KlSS YOU LYRlCS My story is different from most, because I had to undergo a bone marrow transplant when I was just 6 months old, and now I have Pulmonary Fibrosis, which is a serious lung disease, and my lung capacity is now only 20%. My name is Aisha Chaudhary, and I am 17-years-old, and today I would like to talk about -- what really matters most to me in life. Now, life can be tough, when every single breath you take is a struggle. And the slightest infection causes a serious life-threatening exacerbation. And the last one for me was in November last year, when I went from being able to walk around freely and go to school, to suddenly being bedridden, unable to turn over in bed without getting out of breath. And I must confess that I did wonder if I was going to die, and I would have sleepless nights, just thinking, tossing and turning with this idea that -- soon I may be gone, and if that is going to happen -- then what's the point of anything? I'd think about this for hours and get nowhere, but then it suddenly struck me that I am not really alone in all of this, is it not true that not just me, but all of us are going to die one day. Yes, all of us are going to die. I'd like you all to just think about that for a moment. In the next 100 years, all of us sitting in this room today will be gone. Just at different times, some sooner than the others. So then, If death is the ultimate truth, what should really matter most in life? The only thing that matters to me is being happy, and happiness is a choice one makes, it's simply an attitude, I can either choose to be happy and try to smile through all of my difficult times, or I can choose to be miserable and get overwhelmed by it all. Now it's not that by being miserable that I am going to get any better. So, I may as well choose to be happy. And if I have to have Pulmonary Fibrosis, I choose to have a happy Pulmonary Fibrosis. Now, I would like to share with you a few difficult moments in the recent past, where I have chosen to be happy. This year I was quite unwell, and I had to undergo several medical tests. And one such test was a sleep study, done to check if my oxygen levels were okay when I sleep. And this picture was taken right before the study, and you can see that I am almost trapped in a bunch of wires, some stuck to my face and some to my body, to monitor my heart, my brain, and my breathing. Despite all of this, I am still smiling because I refuse to let this illness get the better of me. I just won't let it. And I chose to find humor in observing the man who was doing my sleep study. I couldn't help but laugh at the way he would just put up his own feet on my bed, and go off to sleep himself, snoring away. And this obviously made it difficult for me to sleep, and maybe that's why my results were so bad. "How ridiculous!," I thought to myself. Later that month, my family and I had to go to England for a full medical check-up. And the days were filled with long boring medical appointments, talking about lung transplant, and what seemed like endless amounts of tests. This is a picture of my brother and I, just after I had spent one long day at the hospital. But guess where we were headed in this photo -- to see a broadway show in London. And it was fabulous, I was able to put the trauma of the day at the hospital behind me. And I still managed to find the will and the excitement in going out for a play, and spending quality time with my brother. I believe that it's important to create many happy memories, so that we can try to wipe out the sad ones. After having quite an unpleasant summer with all of these medical issues, my family and I decided to take a holiday to the Maldives, and there was so much to do in the Maldives. But of course, my health didn't permit me to do a lot of the things that I wanted to. And one of the main activities was snorkeling, and I desperately wanted to try it. But, how could a person who has difficulty breathing go snorkeling? Well in this picture, you can see me in my snorkeling gear, right after I had popped my head out of the water, I'd seen the most beautiful, vibrant coloured fish. And I am not going to lie, I did only dip my head in for a second, but I did what I wanted to do, and that moment for me was worth everything. And I felt extreme hapiness and was even surprised at myself for doing something that everyone wasn't sure was really possible. So, happiness is clearly a choice one can make. No matter what, no matter where -- you can find it if you look for it. In fact, Tom Wilson once said ", A smile is happiness you can find right under your nose." I feel that happiness is also doing what you truly love. And for me, my love is for art, simply because it allows me to express myself in such a beautiful and unique way. As I dip my brush in the vibrant colours of paint, and can almost feel the paint being smeared on to the fabric of the canvas, I tend to forget all of my worries, and the difficult situation that I am really in. And art makes me happy, because it almost becomes a whole another world, where I can escape, at lease for a little while. And these days my most favorite subject to paint is dogs. And now I would like to introduce you to my own two dogs, Coby, the labrador, and Rolo, the black pug. You can see who the dominant one is in the relationship. I find it so interesting that even though they can't speak a word, dogs can become the closest thing to your heart, your very best friend, and your companion. I love to observe them and try to figure them out, and I can't help but get inspired, dogs are so similar to humans, yet they carry qualities that we humans struggle to achieve at times. Dogs can find happiness in the smallest of things, dogs are delighted with a walk, ecstatic with a small treat, and in heaven when you tickle their belly. Now I would like to share with you, a few paintings I have done recently that were inspired by these two guys. The first one is of Coby, and is capturing a snapshot of my everyday life, just lying on my bed and watching movies, just as I love to do. The next one, it's inspired by my gorgeous pug Rolo and the legendary rock band Guns N' Roses. And now all of this doesn't mean that life is always one big song and dance, it really isn't. Of course, there are days when I feel extremely down, where I feel like simply curling up into a ball and just giving up, but then the realization that things could always be much much worse -- always pushes me to get back up on my feet, and put a smile on my face. I could have easily been born into a family that wasn't as loving and caring as my own. So, I thank god for the family that I have. And I know for a fact that there are children out there who are much less fortunate that I am. And although I have this disease, I am still grateful that I can walk around, and do what I love to do. So, happiness is an attitude, happiness is doing what you truly love, and I feel that happiness can only come from acceptance. I accept who I am, I accept where I am at, and I accept the challenges that I am battling with today. And I am even more determined to make the most of this wonderful gift of life that god has given me. As Anderson once said ", Enjoy life, there is plenty of time to be dead." So, I really hope that all of you enjoy your lives, with as much happiness as you can possibly find. Thank you for listening. [applause] The boring songs Jiji grumble Every day happy Jiji grumble Jiji grumble The Zhu Zhige Hang Hang throat Happy Hang Hang throat every day Hang Hang throat The monkeys song is Zhi Zhizhi Every day happy Zhi Zhizhi Zhi Zhizhi The hippopotamus song is Wu Lala Wu Lala Wu Lala Hey, stop-stop Wu Lala wrong Wu Lala Wu Lala ah After that you do not solo Be Wu Lala Wu la la la This do not understand how to sing ah Sing and look ah You to sing. How always just replace the content Director Is it official. What Before not to say that I was very good Not to say that I sound very crisp Not singing is not a crime. Well quit quit Anyway, I did not want to do this forever Quickly wage liquidation before me Yesterday the director did not I pay meal Liquidation with me - Tone deaf clinics - - Flying rice cake - Feed How do you always posted on the others flyer Helmet Abstract Abstract Helmet helmets come off ah What are you doing ah Where are you going ah Let me go Woman I know that being a woman in that capacity very tired shame Do you like to eat raw fish. No wonder to know raw Everything to know the same efforts in exchange for results Know know I'm sorry okay The a beggar virtue is such a drag What beggars I stopped and stood still You have nothing to say Hey you I've got you're dead You have nothing to say Ah damn You have nothing to say - The Shunji home Flying rice cake - I'm back Back ah Aunt not okay Ah immediately flew wait the To catch OK There Goals Aunt our Aunt our Immediately went to the So hot so hot How have to ah Oh the last hot place is not good In the end why you do this to me I am not so long ago you go kind of hair! Oh bald so hot All posted over 200! 300 To How before this point That first before you borrow the money back to me. As the mother of the only daughter of loan-sharking a lot of fun. Oh no interest you call that usury That is called good deeds Who told you to play nice quit ah I say that the director too bully people ah Mother do not I really have a very important matter Can you give a little ah Mom Really Know a girl who You thief Are not allowed to see Ouch OMG gave me left a million Thief feed What is The gift mother not to say that less a compromise. Bad ㄚ头 This is where brought Bearer Ah welcome Aunt Have you ever seen a helmet helmet What To your home with the helmet stickers advertising working girl Oh, that we are only responsible to give money Migrant women who do not know Terminology is foreign aid The girl in the end which went Big Brother I head completely lit up We beat the world a drink Here here But I is not throwing away the evening business Knew business I have a lot of students Say that I will be responsible for improving your turnover Oh dreamed big There will be a few people come to see you this disappeared a decade of friends To thirty-four are also more But I really think hello magic Year you are not basically forget his looks! How do you still like him It is very subtle But Min Soo's appearance is also very clear now How to we want to go to the stadium to run two laps Must not Hurry sing ah I will always give you the beat Whatever it is as long as you sing it on the line 2 2 3 4 Indifferent eyes do not forget me You shine too bright heart I recognized Do not try to deceive me Even if you do not speak But you look at my eyes Can prove that you like me I mired in deep deep into Teacher You know that she can not sing Why should you have to forcing her to sing her shame Is not too much Quiet Brats This is the teacher revolt You gave me out Shake up paddle gently Sister you still go to join the climbing team. This is beneficial to health Chorus and your fate ah Shut up Mom scary Say you knock on the door really Hey knock the door ah door is not open. But how did you suddenly singing You want to test the music examinations. She said to go to candidates chorus What Man fans a faint head turned Brats you tube Hey Hey, etc. Ouch line How so fast I can sing Do not you know Am I the only felt. You sound very strange ah vocal cords Not boys or girls How would you play the piano. What Ah school until school End Bomb ah Singing, though a bit not very good But the accompaniment is also the quartet members Good seniors I agree I am also Well But do not sing oh no oh Hello concentrated Today, everyone knows There are new accompanist beads Welcome would be happy. Also to leave to go to Japan, we are always accompanist Min Soo's farewell would be happy. Hard Good good We listen together has been to us Min Soo song accompaniment. Applauded Park Min Soo Park, Park Min Soo Min Soo This song is actually miss my mother singing But in the future I will sing this song thinking of you Sitting in the garden Watching the petals This beautiful light is coming from The flowers ah ah beautiful flower Waiting for me for a long time. You're sheet music This is our practice to use the CD has a cumulative tape Min Soo Ah Probably for how long Do not know at least five years. Are you Is going to Japan. Ah Careful on the road Hey, you like it better than Also in the chorus continue to work hard, oh Goodbye Min Soo Ah Refuel Ah good you refuel - I love you - Long time no see Want to die your friends How do you come ah I feel good ah See his beer belly Long time no see Min Soo Who is she Do not remember! That singing is not good only accompaniment Luo beads Wow, you've changed a lot of ah beautiful Oh really you handsome Are you Ah Nice to meet you Glad How are you getting! Ah Arise Oh, the sound of the president very nice Really really The sound is very crisp and can be the album as a singer OMG I often hear such things. Right So sing about it behind was breathing a little stretched To prepare for the start OMG OMG do not so The woman's heart is rice You see, you see better so Really really So how do you sing ah Come ah But that we left on the table years pastry Can you help me keep in the refrigerator ah Know know Next time when you taught me to sing vibrato! That, of course, thank you hospitality Sister this guy can keep ah Ah know know I'll take help you Do not worry custody Sister's voice is really shaken people I will come more often Gone really do not casually Shuajiu Feng Gone really do not casually Shuajiu Feng Man how ah East Pearl provided a venue for Oh Oh, yeah I would like to thank the East Pearl A drink Ah Well, today we chorus last song Last singer You are you happy Be Today, the presence of only Miss Beautiful sexy woman Her sing a song Miss Paula text Man Paula sing the text gener beauty Warriors Sitting in the garden Look at the petals This beautiful light is where The flowers ah ah beautiful flower So good days So good days East Pearl she sings really nice What Are not allowed to dream What Do you think I did not see. What are you talking ah Your smile seduce a man with Oh, do not casually frame Is not it I insisted for so long in order to grab a friend crush It is not it is not That is quite Freeze concerned about some useless Right We Paula will not Beat ah You are absolutely not allowed to change of heart Oh This pure heart has remained in the end Say you walked away Original invitation You guys Over the past decade there has been no news Was too impolite Sorry ah But we have a long time not on the mouth Mouth Hey, I said to my wedding sing a blessing song Know it You must practice, oh Luo beads To have a good performance 'm Not disgrace me wait and see Hey, do not worry East beads as long as the mouth does not say anything on the line What is difficult Hey, do not look down on me Where I need only mouth does not say anything ah I sing well, I'm not old Luo Dong beads Wow really Soundcraft actor I sound very crisp. Wow really That East beads or not a solo ah Solo! Ah well take this opportunity to listen to the song for the Luo beads Well solo solo That difficult To East beads in order to Luo DONGZHU toast it Cheers To celebrate the beads solo Cheers East Pearl car all right. Well it does not matter, I did not drink much Has been sober does not matter Do you want me to accompany you What You send her back will not be tired ah Ah good Oh wait a minute East Pearl Drive carefully Oh What Obviously cold medicine just how to drink so much wine Min Soo you stay away from her is contagious Paula is still cold. Never mind But East Pearl Ah I did not think Paula sing the song so nice ah The sound is really innate Ah East Pearl Ah You tell me the phone number Phone number My Why To phone number doing I mean Paula telephone number Paula ah ah Who Feed Hello Paula Park Min Soo Luo beads high school students Are you okay yesterday Hello, can you hear! I rude. I asked the East Pearl phone number Ah yes ah yes I DONGZHU I feel like I put my phone number to tell you What Ah! But you find Paula what Is not nothing special Thank you for yesterday thanks to you and the friends met Ah good Together again Goodbye ah ah They have to be mad Huh Knew not to solo Solo solo Sound crazy clinic Ah, etc. Hey unemployed unemployed Not Aunt It is not it home moldy Meinv of Hey look on her face the back of the head are old Is ah Estimate is not "going out" Is it "hillbilly" volunteers. - Sound crazy clinic beyond the imagination of the students special! - Hello, I sound good Dr. I sound a clear I thought you were to later phone to come I did not expect such a long time to come Ah, I go to exchange clothes with Good hot hot Oh, the same light ah Is multiplexing students do Oh, only students in the school Oh ah students Is not that hard, who can sing songs Singing half of self-confidence The remaining half is self-confidence Morane taboo Special said such a sentence Music is not greater than my songs will not be greater than me I am 1 meter 75 my voice was 1 meter 65 Who higher higher Who do I do What to do it is to do with self-confidence Now you can also become a singer Follow me do it brrrrrr Follow me do it do what I do Spit it does not matter together brrrrr say --- sayga --- ya --- Shout shout ya Diagnosis Month 4 times as long as 365 days Your friends, you will be known as a singer 12 months you can go to the Super Star K became the first 24 months can go to the "I am a singer" honorary graduation 36 months it's your turn to teach me But I am very anxious Can quickly learn ah Then I will give you to find a personal tutor The classroom can be four times a week Of course tuition will increase How much is 4 times a week, January 30 I have heard that half the students come to it Anyway, students play half of the 15 million I'll come four times a week Then immediately registered Or with your mom to the line I do not have her mother has died They have to be mad You have the face to ask me for money Mom, I love you I love you Love you love you love you Ouch up You also have to be used where used where You Guess Hey beg you to find a job talk about love. What is the mother most wanted Do not you know, of course, is to let you get married ah I intend to fulfill your wish Really Which is your high school Ah, the same light High School Be Is the practice of evaluation exercises. Your class love you Lo or rice fields What Ah in the garden What For music teacher. Anyway, can not teach you to sing Oh Temporary practice breathing and vocal What But I really was in a hurry kind of thing can not pass out The sound of our body can be divided into nasal and head tone Nasal sound emitted from the nose The head sound where the sound. Very clever is the sound from the head Then the first practice abdominal breathing Abdominal breathing is shit when the force, like breathing We urinated instantaneous force that focus To remember that the focus can Sound when Like shit when hard like they should be discharged from the body Direction opposite But you want to exhaust things will be as smooth as Tired ah Then practice Arise To breathe slowly blowing smoke filled the stomach Come this way with me Come Not wrong Your stomach does not protrude ah Let the belly protruding like a frog Frog stomach a good look at me Oh really Sorry That little break now Help me a glass of water Hey Hey Really disgusting Too painful neck I'll go first The rest of the class let Dean help you on Teacher how do you It does not matter does not matter not touch my neck touch How ah neck Do you Damn This is the end today's lesson Ah the end of the lesson, graduates farewell party To stay to eat meat. East bead students also Eat beef To once again sincerely congratulate the graduates who graduated today Also hope that the younger generation are also following the following efforts The perfect detachment sound crazy realm The theme of today's Cheers like family To School students who get along like a family mean I said home You say people can To toast To congratulate the family Family Gangwon-do run back and forth to participate in the tutorial does have the effect of But the chapters are required to prepare two songs Because someone else will always stole my song I get heart thump thump stop feeling I am also We want to re-start learning So I have my own Rap - Close to enjoy the screaming! - How to So late, I have to go back to the child and so I do I congratulate you sincerely congratulate you I go first Goodbye Hello teacher Well, you good good Shen teacher is not to say you can not come Dinner how little I am, I could not even plaster solution Oh good thirst Dean I go first My mother will be at home waiting for me East Pearl student Did not you say your mother died. How can you feed students What Confidently drink confidently What is this secretly drink Drinking from the beginning to learn the job Drink Teacher How the We do You are a middle school. Teacher and her repetition of the year The sister of the cut is high 3 But look good to see a closer look Like 2 years like repetition or three years Regardless of the eat eat I go to the bathroom Teacher Teacher Hey, how do you come to this The care teacher blessing I was admitted to this audition I'll go to the M state M country really To sit down Really congratulate you How do you go ah Rely on strength to He is learning here before to this level! Brother good How so rude ah He listened to the happy ah Do I really look like a high school student. As a student how can you say that ah Your mother for you not to worry about ah Middle School Is high. No, no is the third year students in Palace president There is a lot of money People like him are born with charming bass Can be seen as a unique stereo But singing will always Keba The knock Keba problems need to be altered, Keba Say anything out loud Straight backs Aunt has a good personality is very outgoing But one will take the microphone shaking to death Simply not sound So good days So good days If she can come I how happy ah Stop stop The Bravo Bravo fantastic fantastic I taught for ten years You are the best I've ever seen sound crazy rhythm crazy You have to spend a lot of time Probably for how long How long do Middle School What is When you're lucky 30-year-old married But also luck gave birth to daughter Wait until the daughter grow up to be well until the third year What Until then do not know if you can sing a song, ah well What The sound of the plane landed into the song but will be more simple ah How this scum How old are you 31 years old You just told me the same generation commensurate Same generation would like to become a You beggar virtue You beggar feed How can you be so rude How can so casually speak to the students ah I could bear bad breath and body odor At least teacher, Shen wearing shoes which has been very good Take off your shoes, then all the students estimate will escape But his strength is really good little forbearance and tolerance refueling Big Brother not ah Teaching the way to change the song is limited What hopeless tone deaf Year after year pastry home ladies can change ah The kind of person when his mom will certainly want my money back Hey brats Suddenly shouted what ah She did not have a mother Mother is not there dad My mother did not how could a father ah Students of music-minded how so dry ah Like the desert- I say you take her to eat delicious good persuade her How to give so much ah Which only 10,000. Is 100,000 ah I gave the wrong Wrong wrong Thank you Hey Hey Ah ah, who printed the money almost all Damn bandit Really want to Zousi him I have a curious thing Why do you want to learn to sing Do not want to talk to me. Well eat dinner We do not know what the reasons But light singing and all these things can not be solved The line Burnt to death You quickly teach me. I will one day 10 hours and 24 hours of practice Are you Did not you say you want to learn quick. I have a job - Song - Mom Mom Her mother, sister and sister Her sister went to see the man the This school uniform School ... Gold master I can say that the second stick forward put a little I can say how many times to be aligned with the line Ah might as well close your eyes work Bensi They have to be mad Will How Miss You come to work! I say I am in charge here Not than the What is the stage director You have come so far, but I can only ask you to eat a meal I'm sorry but you should also busy bar I am not busy Min Soo Ah I recently learned to sing But also in a very professional educational institutions Oh, yeah The teacher said I was the first time in 10 years to hear the best sound Really Ah Blessing song preparations going Did not you say you want to solo. Ah, there is another good choice Songs given good In the garden What I like that song. You're not like you Uncle Uncle Hammer hammer No hammer. Teacher What are you doing Oh sit down What are you doing doing it Ah, now finally able to live Damn, what are you doing Really present who flavored sprays it Ah thank you Hey quickly ready for class Stomach hard loud Louder loud Can be a little rest under the bar Give you something to drink I can not drink coffee Again is not abnormal ah How has been photographed ah He is not candid school uniform Ah Go look and see I also wear uniforms It is also to investigate it Oh what ah You photographed so that you photographed Mother, sister Hey Hey What are you doing Teacher he is perverted Specialized chase girls school uniforms recidivist This guy was Zousi the fishes No Metamorphosis! Not Recidivist! Not To see your face plump meat Why do you ah Who told you to do bad things out I really do not know why you do this to me But my leg was not good so I called the next 119 You Hello aunt Sister you are at home Sister! Whoops refreshing Hair scattered down looks very mature. In the end how old are you Do not worry about the things of others What You have graduated college In the end how old are you Not only by the student discount school uniform right That I am a little hidden secrets I will tell you later dean there you please help confidentiality What a mysterious woman Oh, but there are still people at home this Not just find something instead of on the line Surprising to buy back In the end simply silly ah What Blessing song But also solo Is not awake Do you think this is more like it. Saying that they have a hidden reason you do me a favor. Well, when I can help busy you blessing songs At the very least to postpone the wedding a year job Not wrong probably in two years Really Smelly girl stare at me Bank of the line Try not enough Not work I can do Young people very hard ah You go first While it gives responsible for when the test sense of rhythm. To get past the petals Not like in the time of the petals slightly to mention sound To get past the petals Do you want to go to the Garden The petals send flowers The rest of the line is the line Petal Beautiful light come Come from that part again Where In the end you come ah Where So good days Summon distant boyfriend So good days Not wrong again So good days Hey Hey there will be such a good day. Beautiful light come Come from the beautiful petals Petals when the force Petals ah Well Petals ah Ah sleep an hour. Really taste You can fall asleep sleep Did not have much time left up fast ah Careless asleep Sitting in the garden Strong feelings point Such a beautiful light coming from it Beautiful petals Grasp the rhythm in my mind - Petals - a good Stomach point where So good days So good days Well - If he can come to me - good The how happy ah - Again - beautiful light come Beautiful petals Is not can also Wow success successful Feed you a lot of progress, oh Thank you Hello, I have been taught very good, oh Smelly ㄚ头 To try again - Again - Fed from the treble Come treble part Oh, back pain ah Hey, how do you Eyes into something Into things. Hey, so soft can not ah I blow it out Opened his eyes and call call call Line enough Line. Good! Good Ah seems Taimian Jiang body aches. Hey how do you not let me sleep ah Last night in the end what ah really Damn Sincerely congratulate the two married In this holy church, the bride and groom You Heke are Thank you for this instead of the two parents Taxi Taxi Believe me by my side Precious you Really way too clogged Uncle or the next To you Feed You and I because it is not the original sound reasons Patience with each other's pain Damn Was not to be Ah good Would let the Heke they say sorry The next order of the solo part because there are hidden secrets Ah is the solution to the hidden secrets have arrived at the scene Sitting in the garden Watching the petals This beautiful light where it Beautiful petals petals So good days So good days I he can come The how happy ah ah Feed the unemployed Freeze Feed You are the snake woman. Snake woman is not very pretty. Obviously a fox How dare you seduce our teacher School uniform pretending to be high school students Really people speechless Hey you Great night and our teachers do What are you doing teacher trying to Oh, you pretend to not know you fox her ggab What are you talking That will not let you get Joseph ah Do not take to learn to sing as an excuse to seduce teacher Or find someone else Carefully I let you look in the funerary Feed Today you just come together on Feed You dead Come with This covered her grip scored Dangling in front of the Really for you ID number 85 What What did you say 85072 You are 28 years old and a surprising fight and children 28 years old To eat the honor You make me laugh or be killed Nonsense really That is very hot ah Burnt to death I feel dying Shortness of breath really strange I sing completely failed But I want to learn the song, and then I would be singing in front of Min Soo Let people show love Aunt come back a raw octopus Inseparable ah Aunt Stood stood Give them a chance to live Who is Who Who quickly cancel the order Live hard ah Did not see they're in love. Love is not an easy task Who point who Aunt Cancel octopus Uncle awesome Believe that I sat down and this is really good There are so delicious! This octopus best signature dishes That eat them Aunt side a bottle of shochu octopus Said die Hey Hey Said die You still let them love it The two of them to kill each other so sorption Did not see in the biting each other. Invisible invisible do not read Hello, you cry, you cry! Oh come on Shuajiu Feng headache ah Go go sober to go Oh disgusting. Miss Quiet is really a headache How to go after feed What How walked Year pastry Year pastry Shit pastry You spit also want to eat what ah Year pastry year pastry year pastry Well that house years really delicious pastry But you are not eating pastry of case Year pastry Year pastry You really gives me a headache Year pastry Year pastry So much older, do not cute Years pastry What a crazy woman You look carefully you tied to a tree Hey you The president of the situation is a bit not good Mom, I'm back Mom! Hello, How dare you drunk my daughter Really Aunt hand strenuousness Which in the end is what happens. Not high school or the daughter of years pastry So then the helmet Feed Up and up and up Oh alcohol Drink this You how in the end I how the Suddenly drunk do not say Suddenly learning songs is why the man who Who is our teacher. Do you like that guy. I'm crazy. Hey, you know that guy is what a strange man Before often come to my house to drink Each drink has always drink with a voucher That person is a little dirty it, but not a bad guy Hey, that guy is not to be drunk and with intent Is almost accident Say not you out. Push push Ouch Sister Paula sister came Paula ah How do you come Good night What do you want! Today, I drank a lot of wine, oh I wanted to come to East Pearl Are you off the stockings and then go to sleep Smelly girl I've seen the man you know how many You do not know how would I know I like how What Love it How do you say Has been playing a very sexy - Park Minxiu - Today is a dream I am very pleased to re-hear the song of Paula Friday Ballet Theatre to see OMG Even a mobile phone thrown into the refrigerator East Pearl Hey Paula Hey you two how Ah, I have an extra ticket So to invite Miss Paula Your own! Not the mother to Oh, aunt ah Where I say hello Not come yet Ah mother seems to be late Advanced you go Ah well I go Ah today the appointment guests suddenly full no time I called Akashi go you a good look Mother guests Is it important to you than I am Ah very important Mother feeding mother How do you come ah Pull up pull up You are my friend I know The last time I saw you SMS Should be hidden I believe you That Or together to eat a meal. Good to eat - Do not - do not I'm a little tired DONGZHU you drive to Ah Send me go back I send you back The I sat DONGZHU car back like Go Goodbye Ah goodbye There's nothing eyesight price ah do not know a taxi back Is not a ride how so much nonsense Your brother ticket to me before I go And just sitting in that position. But today's performance really big hair Know you give me a quieter Failed to re-out Not talking about karaoke. Yesterday morning to voice training 9:00 in front of the College collection Louder and louder Sound louder sing the inside of the barrel Teacher Why Can you take a break ah Tired! Take ten minutes Stone scissors cloth How to sit in this ah To feed two children get My strength is not enough Wow, you do not look like the child's mother. Oh, my 28-year-old That is my age I thought you were really high school students. Really faces of the children you have to thank your mother But I grow old Oh, I hate my mother Practice with it Not want to practice Feel more and more tired We do not know what hidden But be sure to Come I also adhere to it To everyone to listen to your own voice You can go Go together Amby together My baby son Mom really want to sing lullabies to my son But as long as a mother singing Everyone will laugh at me Mom shy to sing out ah Again and so my mother can do Why business first three games have to go to karaoke ah Voice did not sound good, then we will not look forward to ah I must be mad If this sound, then there would be no someone told me to sing Why did you choose singers have to look at the face Is Of your songs is not good Sick Me Not learn to sing in order to allow everyone to see Me From the tone-deaf and the like without any expectations In front of the people just want to like Want a good sing a song only Not because of lack of confidence I really want to sing a song well The East Pearl Luo beads Come How to call it feel more comfortable. Be We also take this opportunity to perform in front of others it What performances. Teacher really performing. Trivial matter to give it a try on the line All of your favorite people invited to come How to do how to do Premiere place I work bar How to do how to do too much to look forward to Hey! How not to answer ah Oh really This has been very lucky How to do ah but you can not ah Even if you do not so I will never forgive you I also Da Buda my wife from divorce And you Quickly roll ah roll Not not mean to sing roll The uncle you first drink drinks A drink first drop down anger it Uncle Go eat Did not see this bandage. From above Ouch Quickly roll ah Then how does not work how can you beat her husband Husband beat you know how sad reminder Special Warrior The Miss Li Yingai special soldiers Corporal origin Be Look and see Taekwondo recognized the special soldiers You can not beat your husband. Police comrades I have been without the knowledge of these things Life are her husband beat alive I am really the first beat him ah I thought you'd go every day Feelings awkward Time singing You do not pick up household chores such as education and children Not my fight is not that Piyang ah Ah ah Oh Damn noisy dead You too much nonsense Hey, you know why sister has endured you. Sister! I am your sister than your freshman year-old I will die But I could bear You have to die first try for the job Hey I want to try to beat one night. Like to be beat! Whoops old woman is not crazy Yeah You've worked hard But a bit too much Sorry to let everyone worried Sorry what But too much you will not do that ah They will know that standing on the side of the man speak Not I just say that violence is not good only This has been very lucky Your husband do not like how angry Go to the hospital to see it Thank you goodbye - Goodbye - ah - Do not sell live octopus - World can hide in the end Although the singing is also very good But do not want to be taken away from the words of the man Directly confession To tell if he is not there will be results. Go in the end will know there will be no turning back Last time I also received a wedding invitation girlfriend Railing over there at the bar playing crazy Careless fall before playing gypsum When you first met me Because that thing into something that virtue So now instead glad to no longer have to go back to her This is such a good day Really mad There is a very wonderful nothing It is suitable for very effective However, as Dean is not a good opening Dean adults Car Shen Yong sing really good to hear Add this song the voice of Miss East Pearl Nice it is not good to hear Wow, how do As long as the accent is good on the lip-synching Lip-synching lip-synching Chen Yong confidentiality Oh Big Brother Go eat together How to eat at night so late and eat what ah Do not scare people How do you Such a late hour to eat ah East Pearl Oh sorry to me for a long time now No no I did not fall asleep All right Ah This What's this Invitations I want to open the concert Concert! Is an organization open to participate in concert Oh Can you make it Ah Really Ah Thank you You want to leave but I will stand behind you A little step back does not give you any burden On the way you leave Tired and collapsed I will not hesitate to forward Let you rest in my arms Really good to hear Behind your back You come to this! Or abandon it or to use your voice to sing What is this ah I You want to use this to go to the concert. Your real appearance performances to him and see In addition to this think that there is no other way you know Even entirely correct tempo and key Does not prove that it is the song We should sing the true dedication to the song You can call it a song What are you What right have you to tell me what to do Like so much directly with his confession Do not try to be brave to sing All participants as a fool Laishua You want to say that this show before I open. You will not like me Then say ah You are not let me out of it Said Hello everyone I am Dr. sound The tone deaf clinics Dean sound and a clear I am glad to meet you To a lot of people today You here today than I imagined more human. Stephen Yan Tak said such a sentence The shortcomings sometimes become itself the biggest advantages Of course, also accompanied by blood and sweat efforts Scene today Are their own shortcomings into advantages First performances from Lee Young Ae I went to live my life laissez-faire Do not interfere with my I just walks into free love My world I want to be born again I do not need anything As long as there is enough of music and dance I am so in accordance with my wishes Open wings The master of my life Is my own We cry over the past Retrospect really love We hate over the past Now found in the back want to love Ling Ling ling beauty Singing and clapping and I thought, smiling over The scene of all yo Cheering out loud together We sound crazy clinic Who we are GSP Sitting in the garden Watching the petals This beautiful light coming from Beautiful petals petals In this beautiful day In this beautiful day If he can come The how It does not matter does not matter It does not matter does not matter does not matter Do not cry sing like Do not cry sing does not matter Never mind In this beautiful day In this beautiful day If he can come How happy Sitting in the garden Looking at the flowers do This beautiful light is coming from Beautiful voice Great great Congratulations to sing really good The tone-deaf concert will take it out of the album Not ah Not sing well. Did not think so That this time we will give way oh To go to see the family come here Hard hard Really touched me you sing good I can not sing very good Did not sing well and looks good ah Thank you Do we want to have dinner with ah What Good Go East beads sit side Ah Eat what Or go directly say The spoken word is not there will be results. Min Soo Ah I you know I graduated professional Japanese language classes. In all my time with a trip to Japan After the beginning of every year to college East Pearl I'm just saying I do. Okinawa, Hokkaido, Honshu, Tokyo Groping Road I am anxious to ten years Hope will be a chance that happened to you on the road or see your face I would also like In front of you Well have to sing a song Like Paula Min Soo I heart you can not understand. East Pearl I You Here DONGZHU we managed to interact I hope you can bless us East Pearl Because you inflicted so You let me say to all of you to let me go in the end You obviously do not know what command I Because of you I no longer ashamed to see people show Did you know that Because if you do not what you say Blame you blame you Why blame me Why is my fault You sing sang very well You pretty Luo Luo Dong beads beads Hi Lo beads The East Pearl Luo beads Do not follow me Tell me about it - Are not allowed to follow me - Hi Lo beads You fool woman A month later Oh, how do you wear this shoe Too high So beautiful ah Let me see Hey well go fast do not be late I'm gone Hey, you want a good performance do not temper tantrums Refuel Refuel Go back Go Oh come on Director Director What you are not quit! The last time I really, really wrong Out its tongue to speak Do not say what is wrong with good anyway, then do not meet I have good self-examination to spend money to practice singing it You hear and see Wu Lala songs Wu Lala Ul Wu Lala Siniora How are you not a little better Anyway, you could not find a substitute I have to go Director Director 5 minutes backward Come Not to say that the director is not an official cost of food You dare to try the kind of attitude You when the director is ah I'm doing wrong I no longer director See the Miss Luo Dongzhu really deep reflection sake Lessons not From the the last Wu Lala recording began to re-recorded Know 1 Min Soo Min Soo farewell party today abroad Does not participate please contact the Cheers East beads Come ah Sit down and sit down Hey East beads cute Attendant to a cup Seem to have become beautiful Ah beautiful Car. But Paula is how ah Do not you know They broke up Hey Drink Drink Women are not only a Paula Ah Purple (Paula homonym) Pink, blue Drink Drink Min Soo Ah Why ah Each to meet her and I will always think of you I felt uncomfortable Estimated that there is no fate The cake is not okay Immediately flew over Ouch Sorry, sorry I'll come to help you with Oh, because you are so controlled fire can not fly ah Examination paste outside only so baked inside are born Know and love Love you With warm fire roasted inside first Feel inside roasted Time fire grilled outside layer Oh, you are so grilled about bad love She is with this craft seduce your father the girl Ah this good Ah Tap put ah Hello Oh, you're still alive a long time You can use the vouchers bar president Really know how cheeky voucher Joke joke When every day I drink during the day Shuajiu Feng Is not even a But your neck how the This is the last time you put me Well do not say Tell me about it I am a concert this Sunday Concert! Ah This is not your concert Oh, not me alone concert I went Baekdu concert when the guests go Oh Anyway, congratulations to you Thank you The This What's this Souvenir Souvenirs! I'm gone Ah, I just sing a song on stage Late can not hear, oh Got it I'm gone How not to answer ah Light first caught in the middle of the middle of the quasi- Here take a steady shot Min Soo East Pearl 6:00 aircraft Ah Not late Good-bye Ah Paula Prior to sing my song Give senior singer a farewell song To Please a round of applause The sun rises the sun goes down The moon rises The Sun Also Rises This Souvenirs Miss you all right Ah not look very abnormal. We do not know what it was But I am very envious Miss What There is a person that makes you smile more than good That is a blessing and a happy My life greatest wish is to make others smile I do not really funny Regardless of the talk about how funny things As long as I say not funny Ah how the Sister where you are Almost home how the Ah know you are waiting What Cruise cruise Thank you Cruise cruise again Cruise Front motorcycle motorcycle Cruise cruise Thank you Cruise cruise again Hey did not turn enough ah Cruise Yeah yeah you're not crazy Ah, I'm still alive still alive Hey Hey, you want to die. Cruise cruise cruise Cruise cruise cruise again End Really Really Really Feed the Luo DONGZHU is not so that you arrive on time! You know you drinking places because you do not have to turn the number of laps. Anyway, this is the first to want to give your song Good to listen to Luo Dong beads always you sleep in my heart forever you are in my life I am the only person Only you always i looking to your eyes Your smile is too bright Let my eyes lost you I love you My heart broke out like beating on the go On stage on stage on stage My sister Really day day day dreaming of you Will only see a Very happy every day Be my girl Please me Take my hand my love love love always you sleep in my heart forever you are in my life I am the only person Only you always i looking to your eyes Your smile is too bright Let my eyes lost you I love you always living in heart I want to confession I am the only person Only you always i looking to your eyes To stop my heart Steal my people I love you Kiss kiss kiss Not Sitting in the garden Watching the petals This beautiful light is coming from Beautiful petals petals In this beautiful day In this beautiful day If you can come I how happy ah Sitting in the garden Watching the petals This beautiful light beautiful light Beautiful light Worthy Luo beads [Narrator] Let me now ask the same question about P3 which is the particle with the largest importance weight. Please check yes or no. Is it possible that P3 is never sampled in the resampling step? Yes or no? Hello! My name is Naimah, and on behalf of Expert Village, I will be demonstrating an upward and downward body undulation. You want to begin by slightly bending the knees, then you're going to bring the pelvis in, then you're going to bring the chest in and roll it up. So, you're bringing the belly into the spine and you're rolling it so that the chest is now toward the spine. Then you're going to bring the chest up. So, you're tilting the pelvis, rolling it into the spine, into the chest, and up. You can take it one step at a time. Just tilting each part in and bringing it up. Now, we're going to roll it back down. You want to bring the chest in and down toward the spine, bring the belly toward the spine, then the pelvis. You're going to tilt that back, so you're tailbone comes up. You're up, bring it in, roll it down. That ends the segment on body undulations. For more information my myself and belly dance, you can visit my website at naimahraks.com. That's NAlMAHRAKS.com. For me it's extremely fulfilling. I feel like you're doing something worthwhile, not just in terms of a job. I just love that I can share my testimony that Heavenly Father loves us and that He knows each and every one of us. Knowing why I'm there and what it's all about, makes me invest myself into it more and it makes me more excited about what I'm trying to do. I teach seminary during the day. So to teach through a different medium other than being in front of people, I thought it would be a fun opportunity to give it a try and I've really loved it. It certainly makes me feel that what I'm doing is worth it. And it's certainly makes me feel that I've chosen something good to do. I love reading things, preparing for the lessons and also the interaction online with the students that I get to have is wonderful and I've learned so much from them. It's made me a better physical therapist because I end up thinking more. My knowledge base has been refreshed, I've learned new things that have come out since I got out of school. WWW.WWEARAB.COM I'd like to begin with a thought experiment. Imagine that it's 4,000 years into the future. Civilization as we know it has ceased to exist -- no books, no electronic devices, no Facebook or Twitter. All knowledge of the English language and the English alphabet has been lost. Now imagine archeologists digging through the rubble of one of our cities. What might they find? Well perhaps some rectangular pieces of plastic with strange symbols on them. Perhaps some circular pieces of metal. Maybe some cylindrical containers with some symbols on them. And perhaps one archeologist becomes an instant celebrity when she discovers -- buried in the hills somewhere in North America -- massive versions of these same symbols. Now let's ask ourselves, what could such artifacts say about us to people 4,000 years into the future? This is no hypothetical question. In fact, this is exactly the kind of question we're faced with when we try to understand the Indus Valley civilization, which existed 4,000 years ago. The Indus civilization was roughly contemporaneous with the much better known Egyptian and the Mesopotamian civilizations, but it was actually much larger than either of these two civilizations. It occupied the area of approximately one million square kilometers, covering what is now Pakistan, Northwestern India and parts of Afghanistan and Iran. Given that it was such a vast civilization, you might expect to find really powerful rulers, kings, and huge monuments glorifying these powerful kings. In fact, what archeologists have found is none of that. They've found small objects such as these. Here's an example of one of these objects. Well obviously this is a replica. But who is this person? A king? A god? A priest? Or perhaps an ordinary person like you or me? We don't know. But the Indus people also left behind artifacts with writing on them. Well no, not pieces of plastic, but stone seals, copper tablets, pottery and, surprisingly, one large sign board, which was found buried near the gate of a city. Now we don't know if it says Hollywood, or even Bollywood for that matter. In fact, we don't even know what any of these objects say, and that's because the Indus script is undeciphered. We don't know what any of these symbols mean. The symbols are most commonly found on seals. So you see up there one such object. It's the square object with the unicorn-like animal on it. Now that's a magnificent piece of art. So how big do you think that is? Perhaps that big? Or maybe that big? Well let me show you. Here's a replica of one such seal. It's only about one inch by one inch in size -- pretty tiny. So what were these used for? We know that these were used for stamping clay tags that were attached to bundles of goods that were sent from one place to the other. So you know those packing slips you get on your FedEx boxes? These were used to make those kinds of packing slips. You might wonder what these objects contain in terms of their text. Perhaps they're the name of the sender or some information about the goods that are being sent from one place to the other -- we don't know. We need to decipher the script to answer that question. Deciphering the script is not just an intellectual puzzle; it's actually become a question that's become deeply intertwined with the politics and the cultural history of South Asia. In fact, the script has become a battleground of sorts between three different groups of people. First, there's a group of people who are very passionate in their belief that the Indus script does not represent a language at all. These people believe that the symbols are very similar to the kind of symbols you find on traffic signs or the emblems you find on shields. There's a second group of people who believe that the Indus script represents an Indo-European language. If you look at a map of India today, you'll see that most of the languages spoken in North India belong to the Indo-European language family. So some people believe that the Indus script represents an ancient Indo-European language such as Sanskrit. There's a last group of people who believe that the Indus people were the ancestors of people living in South India today. These people believe that the Indus script represents an ancient form of the Dravidian language family, which is the language family spoken in much of South India today. And the proponents of this theory point to that small pocket of Dravidian-speaking people in the North, actually near Afghanistan, and they say that perhaps, sometime in the past, Dravidian languages were spoken all over India and that this suggests that the Indus civilization is perhaps also Dravidian. Which of these hypotheses can be true? We don't know, but perhaps if you deciphered the script, you would be able to answer this question. But deciphering the script is a very challenging task. First, there's no Rosetta Stone. I don't mean the software; I mean an ancient artifact that contains in the same text both a known text and an unknown text. We don't have such an artifact for the Indus script. And furthermore, we don't even know what language they spoke. And to make matters even worse, most of the text that we have are extremely short. So as I showed you, they're usually found on these seals that are very, very tiny. And so given these formidable obstacles, one might wonder and worry whether one will ever be able to decipher the Indus script. In the rest of my talk, I'd like to tell you about how I learned to stop worrying and love the challenge posed by the Indus script. I've always been fascinated by the Indus script ever since I read about it in a middle school textbook. And why was I fascinated? Well it's the last major undeciphered script in the ancient world. My career path led me to become a computational neuroscientist, so in my day job, I create computer models of the brain to try to understand how the brain makes predictions, how the brain makes decisions, how the brain learns and so on. But in 2007, my path crossed again with the Indus script. That's when I was in India, and I had the wonderful opportunity to meet with some Indian scientists who were using computer models to try to analyze the script. And so it was then that I realized there was an opportunity for me to collaborate with these scientists, and so I jumped at that opportunity. And I'd like to describe some of the results that we have found. Or better yet, let's all collectively decipher. Are you ready? The first thing that you need to do when you have an undeciphered script is try to figure out the direction of writing. Here are two texts that contain some symbols on them. Can you tell me if the direction of writing is right to left or left to right? I'll give you a couple of seconds. Okay. Right to left, how many? Okay. Okay. Left to right? Oh, it's almost 50/50. Okay. The answer is: if you look at the left-hand side of the two texts, you'll notice that there's a cramping of signs, and it seems like 4,000 years ago, when the scribe was writing from right to left, they ran out of space. And so they had to cram the sign. One of the signs is also below the text on the top. This suggests the direction of writing was probably from right to left, and so that's one of the first things we know, that directionality is a very key aspect of linguistic scripts. And the Indus script now has this particular property. What other properties of language does the script show? Languages contain patterns. If I give you the letter Q and ask you to predict the next letter, what do you think that would be? Most of you said U, which is right. Now if I asked you to predict one more letter, what do you think that would be? Now there's several thoughts. There's E. It could be I. It could be A, but certainly not B, C or D, right? The Indus script also exhibits similar kinds of patterns. There's a lot of text that start with this diamond-shaped symbol. And this in turn tends to be followed by this quotation marks-like symbol. And this is very similar to a Q and U example. This symbol can in turn be followed by these fish-like symbols and some other signs, but never by these other signs at the bottom. And furthermore, there's some signs that really prefer the end of texts, such as this jar-shaped sign, and this sign, in fact, happens to be the most frequently occurring sign in the script. Given such patterns, here was our idea. The idea was to use a computer to learn these patterns, and so we gave the computer the existing texts. And the computer learned a statistical model of which symbols tend to occur together and which symbols tend to follow each other. Given the computer model, we can test the model by essentially quizzing it. So we could deliberately erase some symbols, and we can ask it to predict the missing symbols. Here are some examples. You may regard this as perhaps the most ancient game of Wheel of Fortune. What we found was that the computer was successful in 75 percent of the cases in predicting the correct symbol. In the rest of the cases, typically the second best guess or third best guess was the right answer. There's also practical use for this particular procedure. There's a lot of these texts that are damaged. Here's an example of one such text. And we can use the computer model now to try to complete this text and make a best guess prediction. Here's an example of a symbol that was predicted. And this could be really useful as we try to decipher the script by generating more data that we can analyze. Now here's one other thing you can do with the computer model. So imagine a monkey sitting at a keyboard. I think you might get a random jumble of letters that looks like this. Such a random jumble of letters is said to have a very high entropy. This is a physics and information theory term. But just imagine it's a really random jumble of letters. How many of you have ever spilled coffee on a keyboard? You might have encountered the stuck-key problem -- so basically the same symbol being repeated over and over again. This kind of a sequence is said to have a very low entropy because there's no variation at all. Language, on the other hand, has an intermediate level of entropy; it's neither too rigid, nor is it too random. What about the Indus script? Here's a graph that plots the entropies of a whole bunch of sequences. At the very top you find the uniformly random sequence, which is a random jumble of letters -- and interestingly, we also find the DNA sequence from the human genome and instrumental music. And both of these are very, very flexible, which is why you find them in the very high range. At the lower end of the scale, you find a rigid sequence, a sequence of all A's, and you also find a computer program, in this case in the language Fortran, which obeys really strict rules. Linguistic scripts occupy the middle range. Now what about the Indus script? We found that the Indus script actually falls within the range of the linguistic scripts. When this result was first published, it was highly controversial. There were people who raised a hue and cry, and these people were the ones who believed that the Indus script does not represent language. I even started to get some hate mail. My students said that I should really seriously consider getting some protection. Who'd have thought that deciphering could be a dangerous profession? What does this result really show? It shows that the Indus script shares an important property of language. So, as the old saying goes, if it looks like a linguistic script and it acts like a linguistic script, then perhaps we may have a linguistic script on our hands. What other evidence is there that the script could actually encode language? Well linguistic scripts can actually encode multiple languages. So for example, here's the same sentence written in English and the same sentence written in Dutch using the same letters of the alphabet. If you don't know Dutch and you only know English and I give you some words in Dutch, you'll tell me that these words contain some very unusual patterns. Some things are not right, and you'll say these words are probably not English words. The same thing happens in the case of the Indus script. The computer found several texts -- two of them are shown here -- that have very unusual patterns. So for example the first text: there's a doubling of this jar-shaped sign. This sign is the most frequently-occurring sign in the Indus script, and it's only in this text that it occurs as a doubling pair. Why is that the case? We went back and looked at where these particular texts were found, and it turns out that they were found very, very far away from the Indus Valley. They were found in present day Iraq and Iran. And why were they found there? What I haven't told you is that the Indus people were very, very enterprising. They used to trade with people pretty far away from where they lived, and so in this case, they were traveling by sea all the way to Mesopotamia, present-day Iraq. And what seems to have happened here is that the Indus traders, the merchants, were using this script to write a foreign language. It's just like our English and Dutch example. And that would explain why we have these strange patterns that are very different from the kinds of patterns you see in the text that are found within the Indus Valley. This suggests that the same script, the Indus script, could be used to write different languages. The results we have so far seem to point to the conclusion that the Indus script probably does represent language. If it does represent language, then how do we read the symbols? That's our next big challenge. So you'll notice that many of the symbols look like pictures of humans, of insects, of fishes, of birds. Most ancient scripts use the rebus principle, which is, using pictures to represent words. So as an example, here's a word. Can you write it using pictures? I'll give you a couple seconds. Got it? Okay. Great. Here's my solution. You could use the picture of a bee followed by a picture of a leaf -- and that's "belief," right. There could be other solutions. In the case of the Indus script, the problem is the reverse. You have to figure out the sounds of each of these pictures such that the entire sequence makes sense. So this is just like a crossword puzzle, except that this is the mother of all crossword puzzles because the stakes are so high if you solve it. My colleagues, Iravatham Mahadevan and Asko Parpola, have been making some headway on this particular problem. And I'd like to give you a quick example of Parpola's work. Here's a really short text. It contains seven vertical strokes followed by this fish-like sign. And I want to mention that these seals were used for stamping clay tags that were attached to bundles of goods, so it's quite likely that these tags, at least some of them, contain names of merchants. And it turns out that in India there's a long tradition of names being based on horoscopes and star constellations present at the time of birth. In Dravidian languages, the word for fish is "meen" which happens to sound just like the word for star. And so seven stars would stand for "elu meen," which is the Dravidian word for the Big Dipper star constellation. Similarly, there's another sequence of six stars, and that translates to "aru meen," which is the old Dravidian name for the star constellation Pleiades. And finally, there's other combinations, such as this fish sign with something that looks like a roof on top of it. And that could be translated into "mey meen," which is the old Dravidian name for the planet Saturn. So that was pretty exciting. It looks like we're getting somewhere. But does this prove that these seals contain Dravidian names based on planets and star constellations? Well not yet. So we have no way of validating these particular readings, but if more and more of these readings start making sense, and if longer and longer sequences appear to be correct, then we know that we are on the right track. Today, we can write a word such as TED in Egyptian hieroglyphics and in cuneiform script, because both of these were deciphered in the 19th century. The decipherment of these two scripts enabled these civilizations to speak to us again directly. The Mayans started speaking to us in the 20th century, but the Indus civilization remains silent. Why should we care? The Indus civilization does not belong to just the South Indians or the North Indians or the Pakistanis; it belongs to all of us. These are our ancestors -- yours and mine. They were silenced by an unfortunate accident of history. If we decipher the script, we would enable them to speak to us again. What would they tell us? What would we find out about them? About us? I can't wait to find out. Thank you. (Applause) The answer here is that there is actually four different ways of getting from A to B. This up here is the first one, then you could go this way, then you could go this way, or you can go this way, which is four in total. Hi! How are you? Starting another I Could Kill for Dessert! And on today's show I'm going to prepare a chocolate cake with salted caramel... The cake fell apart, dude... Now what? And a Pear and Ginger Smoothie... Yeah, there's only this ice cube on the way right... It's going to be very tasty, let's do it? So guys, for the cake's dough the ingredients are here on the side, you can find them on the website too. I'm not going to put the amounts here because there are too many things, I won't be able to remember it all. But I will tell you all the ingredients,ok? So, let's go! You will need flour, 100% powdered cocoa, vegetable fat, unsalted butter, at room temperature and soft, brown sugar, coarse sugar, water, double cream, eggs, salt, baking soda, baking powder and vanilla extract, ok? That's good, let's go! So guys to start, I'm going to grease 3 baking trays of 20cm, cause we're making three cake layers. First thing I'm going to do is to warm up the water in the microwave. "Two minutes is enough". I'm going to combine the cocoa powder, I'm going to add the double cream. While the water is warming up I'm going to combine the butter in the bowl and the vegetable fat. And I'm going to mix it. So, the cream is ready. Now just add the brown sugar and the coarse sugar. And we put it back to mix a little bit. And I'm going to take the water out of the microwave cause it's ready. I'm going to add the water here in the cocoa with the double cream. And I'm going to let it sit a little bit so it can melt. Meanwhile I'm going to continue mixing the sugar. "Add three eggs with the mixer on" Here is ready. Now I'm going to add the baking powder, the baking soda and the salt. All inside the flour and I'm going to sift it all inside here. So, one tbsp of vanilla extract. The cocoa with the double cream and the water. And now we take them back to mix a little bit more and then we put them in the trays. Here is ready. And now divide it in three baking trays. You're going to prepare three cakes? I'm not preparing three cakes, they are just the three layers of the cake. Turn around your trays like this, look! So the dough can stick to the borders and grow straight. And take it to the oven. "30 to 40 minutes in the oven" So... The ingredients we're going to use for... The ingredients we're going to use to prepare the... The ingredien... Take it easy... Alright... The ingredients we're going to use for the... The ingredients we're going to use to prepare the salted caramel are: one cup of sugar, 1/2 cup of heavy cream, 1/4 cup of water, 2 tbsps of corn syrup, 1/4 cup of double cream, and one tbsp of flaked sea salt. This salted caramel will be used to moisten all cake layers, ok? So, let's go? I'm going to start preparing the salted caramel. I'm going to need two little pans. One that I will use to combine the heavy cream with the flaked sea salt. I will take it to the stove. It needs to be a very low heat and we will leave it here until it boils. The sugar with the water. And the corn syrup. I'm going to take them to the stove too, then we will let it here until we get an ambar colour. You can't stir it too much, ok? "Ambar colour: from 6 to 8 minutes" The cake is ready. And I'm waiting for the caramel to reach the right colour. Let it cool slightly and we will pour the heavy cream inside here. Mix it. Oh I feel like putting my hand inside here. Do not put your hands inside here! Here is done. Now we will add the double cream. Mix it some more. And it's ready! And now we just let it cool down a little bit here. Meanwhile I'm going to prepare the ganache. And that's it! Then we assemble the cake! So, the ingredients for the ganache are: 455 grams of dark chocolate, 60% to 70% more or less. 2 sticks of unsalted butter, which is 400 grams of butter. One cup of sugar, 1 and 1/2 cup of heavy cream, and 2 tbsps of corn syrup. Let's do the ganache? So, I'm going to start preparing first the caramel we will use on top of the ganache. It's exactly like the caramel we just prepared but with no salt. So here's done. Here's melted. "See? It's really the same!" Now just pour it on top of the chocolate. And I'm going to turn the food processor on. - You have mistaken something. He has been with us since hi childhood in Rajamundry. You think I don't know him? - That's not the thing. He is a police officer here, right? - What! He's a policeman? lf you say it's not an ocean, but a big pond in Vizag.. ..l would believe you, but how can you call.. ..our criminal Babji a policeman? Thank God you called him a policeman, not prime minister. Uncle, keep it for expenses. Blade Babji. - Yes. You are shocked that I found out your true identity? Hey, who are you? Why are you so rude to my brother? Gauri, you stay quiet. Archana, listen to me. I don't need to. - Miss. Archana, you don't know.. ..fully about him. - I don't need to. You've mistaken him. - lf you do something unknowingly.. ..it's called a mistake and if you do something knowingly.. ..it's called betrayal. - First listen to me.. ..and then you decide if I have done anything wrong. I know I would be punished for what I have done.. ..but for my people I am ready to do anything. Then I am also ready. - For what? To do anything for you. Greetings. - What do you want? I want to meet the Sl. - please go there. Sir, greetings. My name is Dharma Rao. I am a construction worker. You won't get any work here. Go and try somewhere else. I didn't come here for work. - So you came here.. ..as you are free? - I came to file a complaint. What? - I lost my blanket. What did you lose? - My blanket. Get lost from here. I lost crores of rupees.. ..and don't know what to do and you came here.. ..to file a complaint for your blanket? It's might be an ordinary blanket, but it's worth crores. It's our ancestral blanket. Without knowing how much I value it my wife sold it, sir. A while ago you said you lost it. - She sold it and I lost it. Chandrayya. - Sir. - See this complaint.. Dharma Rao, how are you? - I was fine till a few days ago. What happened? - His dear blanket is lost. He came to file a complaint for that. - Sir, don't make fun of me. Just between you and me, if you find that blanket.. ..l will give you one lakh rupees. No, two lakh rupees. Two lakh rupees for a blanket? - It's too much? For one hundred rupees you would get a new blanket.. ..from the market. - Don't torture me with questions. Sir, it's our ancestral blanket. please find it out for us. Goodbye. Goodbye, sir. How weird these complaints are! They file complaints even if they lose blankets.. ..and even if they lose mugs and jugs. Just tear that complaint, sir. - Let it stay here, sir. He is after all one of the workers who built this building. And also, what sort of attachment is this! He said he would give us two lakh rupees if we find it out. As if it's worth crores. Dear, we need to pay advance tomorrow. - Whom? What for? To the jeweler. I ordered him all the ornaments. But natural. You belong to the royal dynasty of Mysore after all. Why are you getting upset? You're the one.. ..who asked me to order them. You said Mother Lakshmi.. ..opened the door of wealth for us. Right. But then you closed those doors. You sold my golden blanket. How is Mother Lakshmi related to the blanket? Mother Lakshmi resides in that blanket. Not one or two lakhs, I kept four crores in that blanket.. ..without your knowledge. - Great! That's great, Dharma Rao. - Sir, it's you? Did you get the blanket? - We got the thief. The thief who stole the blanket? The thief who hid four crores in the blanket. - It's you.. Actually her dress is.. - Don't change the topic. Or I will shoot you in an encounter. We heard everything. - Now tell us where you stole.. ..those four crores from. Will you tell the truth or die? You will kill him? No. My face doesn't look good without the vermillion dot. So you are worried more about the vermillion dot? Oh come on ! - Stop your family discussions.. ..and tell me where you stole the money. I didn't steal that money. I got it in your Control Room. Two months ago one night.. ..l finished my work and as I was about to leave.. ..l heard some people talking about stolen money.. I saw them burying that money over there. As soon as they left I dug that bag. I feared that if I take it along with the bag I might get caught. So I took the money in my lungi and kept the bag there. And then I brought that money home. I feared that if I spend the money right away.. ..people would doubt me, so I thought of spending.. ..the money slowly, so I hid the money in the blanket. I didn't tell her as I thought she can't keep the secret. - Not her. Sorry. I didn't tell her as I thought.. ..she can't keep the secret. She ruined my life even though I didn't tell her. Can you recognize that blanket-vendor? How can she, sir? At times she forgets that I am her husband. She has got such weak memory. I might not recognize that person.. ..but I can recognize his voice. Why? Has he got such a sweet voice? No, his voice is screeching. Who are all these? - The blanket-vendors of the city, sir. Did they arrest them while they were on strike.. ..to raise the price of the blankets? - No, sir. Mr. Krishna Manohar called them for the investigation.. ..of the Blanket-missing case. We never investigated so many people.. ..even in bomb blast cases and he called so many people.. ..for after all a blanket? - We can never take chances. Even if it's for a missing blanket.. ..the investigation should be forceful. But this is too much? You brought these vendors here.. Who are you? - C.. Sl. - Who am l? - S.. Cl. - Say it properly. - Sl. Cl. Right. So shut your mouth with this hand and with that hand.. ..salute your Cl and go and mind your business. ldentify him. Everyone looks like him, but then they look like someone else.. Every say aloud at once 'Blankets! Blankets!'. Blankets! Blankets! Blankets! Blankets! Blankets! Blankets! Blankets! Blankets! Blankets! Blankets! What's this? This is our peak business-hours. You are making us stand here as if we are murderers. What, madam! You don't even get a piece carpet for 150.. ..and you want a blanket? I would've sold 4-5 blankets in this time. The same voice. The same voice. The screeching voice. No other vendor can have such bad voice. You are making fun of me? You would put us behind bars if we speak of our concerns. First of all come here. She gave you an old blanket and bought a new one from you. You remember it? - The old blanket she gave me? Yes. - That heavy and dusty one? - Yes, that one. I would've told you this had you asked me there. Where is that blanket now? - Someone bought it. Someone bought it? Who is he? We come across hundreds of people. How would we remember who he is? Do you at least remember which area you sold it in? Ah !.. It's.. There's a thin lane behind Leela Mahal. There's a black gate behind that road. I sold it in front of that house. - I see. Ok, come on. Why is so worried about a mere blanket? That means there's something fishy in this. Send them away. - Ok. - You too. Get the jeep ready. Sir, you seem to be in rush? - My wife tripped at home. You need not react that way. She wasn't drunk. She tripped in bathroom. - You are so confusing. Sir, sir.. Your complimentary suitcase. Everyone took it except you. - Keep it in the back seat. Start the jeep. Move. Move. - Come on ! Hello! Hello! - Who's this? - Sir, is it the Control Room? ls the commissioner there? - Leave without making noise. Go. Hello! Who's this? - Krishna Manohar. Sir, one minute.. Sir, your call.. At this time? Hello! - Sir, l am Krishna Manohar speaking. Yes, Krishna Manohar.. Who's this? - I am the original Krishna Manohar, sir. I need to tell you something, sir. The guy with my name over there is the fake officer. I am the original officer, sir. - O God! He reached here even before we reached the climax. They kidnapped me and parceled me to Andaman, sir. ln spite of being a police officer.. ..l fled from the jail like a thief, sir. I am informing you this on phone.. ..as that duplicate might run away on seeing me there. Oh god. Great. Where are you now? Sir, near Diamond park I am in the telephone booth.. ..in front of pCH electronic showroom. You stay there. I am sending our officers. - Ok, sir. Hello! Are you original Sl Krishna Manohar? - Yes. How did you recognize me even though.. ..l am not in uniform? - The commissioner told me.. ..everything about you. he asked me to bring you along. Ok, follow me. And you are.. - Vijayanti lpS. Madam. please come, madam. This way? - Come on ! Hey! - You? - Get lost. Our department developed even in my absence. The moment I told you about the fake Krishna Manohar.. ..you caught his entire gang. - We are not caught. But you are. Again? - Come on ! Be careful. Be careful. - Hold it. Krishna, what's that? - A new fridge, sister. It's so hot in summer. - You came here just now. You don't know about it. There's no fridge in it. We bought it now because there's no fridge at home. ldiot. ldiot. - You are lucky? I too have a husband. He never buys anything for me. Be careful. Where is he? - Hey, remove your hand. You lift it. Superb packing. What did you come here for from Andaman? Once my job is done I will give you back your character.. ..and I will go back to my character. Take good care of him. l will go to the address.. ..that blanket-vendor gave me and solve that blanket-problem. This is Banda Badri's house. Something, something blanket. Banda Badri. - What, sir? This is not fair. Just a few days ago you took me to the station.. ..and bashed me up. An interrogation again? I come here now not to interrogate you. I want to lift the charges from your name. - You mean.. I know it, Badri. I know you haven't stolen that money. But what can I do? Duty shut my mouth. Law and order tied down my hands. But still on your tender childlike face.. Hey, you didn't get a shave? On you tender childlike face.. ..l can't see this pain, Badri. I can't see this pain, Badri. I will prove your innocence, Badri. please do that and I will give you whatever you want! You will give me whatever I want? Except my life and my second-wife I will give you anything you want. I don't want that burden anyway. Just give me this blanket. What! Are you serious? - I am very sincere. What would you do with an old blanket? I will give you a new one. - No. I want this one. My wife saw this blanket with the blanket-vendor.. ..and lost her heart. I would give it to her as a gift on our wedding anniversary. And the case.. - It's no more. Hey, fold this blanket and give it to the Sl. What's there in this blanket that it's so heavy? Why is brother's blanket lying here? Hey, who threw brother's blanket outside? What happened? Sl Simham took it away just now. Brother, it was lying outside and I brought it inside. Why did it take it? And why did he throw it? Anyway, keep it there. I will sleep on it. - Ok, brother. Stop. Stop. Sir, sir, sir. Stop it, sir. Stop it. Yedu Kondalu, instead of being present at the station.. ..what are you doing here? I came here with the commissioner. Sir's here? Greetings, sir! What happened, sir? I need to go to the Gajuwaka police station.. ..and our vehicle broke down in the middle of the street. And you appeared on time. Do one thing, sir. You go on my jeep. I'll go home somehow ls it in right condition? - It's in perfect condition, sir. Ok, you too come with me. - Me, sir? Sir, sir. I will keep this suitcase at home and join you, sir. What's so urgent! What's there in it? Sir, there are my wife's clothes in this. I gave them for dry-washing. I am taking them back to home. Yedu Kondalu. - Sir. Give this suitcase at Mr. Simham's house. - Ok. No, I won't accept it, sir. My wife should carry her clothes.. ..only when she is wearing them, or I would carry them. I don't like it when others carry them, sir. Come on, sir! I am like family. Give it to me. - Don't pull it. You go. - Ok, sir. You would deliver it at home, right? Come on, sir! Trust me. You are behaving as if there are crores in that suitcase? Now come on. Auto. Auto. Auto. Hello! - It's me? - Yes. I am leaving the keys with the neighbors.. ..and leaving with our girl. - To a movie? No, to my parents' place. - Now? I am getting late for my bus. I wonder what is wrong with her now. Hey, auto! What? What's your problem? What happened now? Nothing happened. That's why I am going to my mom's place. I can't live with you. - Stop! Try to understand me. What do you lack here? - What have you ever done for me? Those who joined the department.. ..just a couple of days ago are buying fridges and coolers. You should learn things at least from them. They are different and I am different. From today onwards you and I are going different ways. You should try to adjust. That's why I packed my luggage and leaving. Come. Stop there, sister. What's this, sister! lf you leave for every simple thing.. ..it's your reputation that would be ruined. Can't you see that? Sister is a bit upset. First you go inside, sister. - I won't go into this house.. ..till this problem is cleared. - Come to our house, sister. We can talk there. - Are you sure? Ok. - Come, dear. Come. Hello, girl! - O God! What a misfortune! So you are also going to your parents' place? No, this is Sl Simham's suitcase. He asked me to deliver it at his place. I was taking it for him.. ..and she created a scene here. - You carry on. I will talk to sister. - Others buy fridges and I fall in trouble. Fridges are just.. Fridge? You want this underwear? l bought it just last year. It's still new. - Balu, Yedu Kondalu's wife is coming here. You go inside. Come on, girl. You mom is going through.. ..so many problems at such a young age. But what's the problem? - You are commissioner's daughter. How would you understand our problems? Still you didn't open the new fridge. Everyone in this colony are earning with both hands.. ..and my husband talks about honesty and integrity. What purpose would they serve? I tell him that even if he works honestly.. ..the world thinks an honest police officer doesn't exist. Oh no! You should stay here and change him.. ..but you cannot go away. - please listen to me.. ..and cancel your program of going to your parents' place. We will talk to him. - Ok, girl. I would stay back.. ..for this time as you telling me. It's fine if he changes in a week.. ..or I have already packed my suitcase.. I would go to my parents' place right away. Come. Sister, your suitcase. - Go. - Come on ! Black gate and cement road. This is it. What's this! All the policemen are coming to my place today. So it's Badri who bought this blanket? Badri. Badri. This is the hand that crushed your tender face. This is the stick that hurt your delicate body. No. - I know it, Badri. I know you didn't commit that robbery. But what can I do? Duty shut my mouth.. ..and law and order tied down my hands. No. No. There can't be any case on your name. I will remove them. I will remove the charges. I have already removed them. Assume it. Now there are no charges on your name. Assume it. You are very happy. Assume it. Since the charges are removed you would want to.. ..pay me back with something. For that you would want to gift me a car or a bungalow. You will give it. Ok, you gave it to me. I don't want it. I don't want it. Badri, you felt bad. Alright, for your happiness I will take this blanket. You know why I am taking this particular thing? Only because you would feel bad otherwise. What happened here just now? - Solo performance. Who threw it here again? I paid 100 rupees for it. What? Where did you bring it back from? I don't know, brother. I was lying outside, so I brought it. Oh ! I think these policemen have gone mad. They are taking it away and throwing it outside. They are taking it away and throwing it outside. Amba. Amba. - Oh ! What's the matter? You are calling like a calf? Why are you shutting door.. ..at this hour of the day? Don't be naughty. We can do without naughtiness. And yes, I sent a suitcase with constable Yedu Kondalu? Did he give it to you? - Yes. Bring it fast. I will show you. - What's there in it? Bring it fast. I will show you. Bring it fast. Bring it fast. - What? Oh God! Someone might see me. No one should see me. Bring it here. Bring it here. - What's there in it? Our destinies would change from today. Your master orders you. Simham orders you. Open up. This fortune is for you. Take it. Use it. Hide it. What's this? - What's this? Bra. Bra? - Whom does this belong to? O God! I don't know whose it is. - So you have.. ..so many girlfriends that you don't know whom it belongs to? Come on ! You can't think of anything else. What happened to the money inside this? Somewhere something has gone wrong. Yedu Kondalu. Yedu Kondalu. Yedu Kondalu. Yedu Kondalu. - Sir, it's you? please come in. What a sudden surprise! - You brought me here. I didn't come here on my own. - What happened, sir? What happened? What is this? Alfa suitcase. - Do I look like a fool.. ..that I can't read that name? Where's the suitcase.. ..l gave you? - I gave it to your wife, sir. That's what you are carrying, right? O God! This is not that suitcase. There are ladies' clothes in this. You told me that your wife's clothes are in it. There are not my wife's clothes in it. - Really? See this. See this. See this. Why did you leave the dinner-table? These are my clothes. - How did you get them? Why are you asking me? Yes, now I got it, sir. - Yedu Kondalu, no, that's not true. No, I didn't mean that. A while ago when you was about to.. ..go to your place my wife threatened me that she would.. ..go to her parents' place and I rushed to my house to stop her. The suitcase must've changed then. - I see. Your suitcase is there inside. I will bring it. You take it along. What's this, Yedu Kondalu ! - Sorry, sir. What sorry! It would've been disastrous! Sir, here is your suitcase. - Give it me. You can open it and check it. I open anything only at home. Amba. Amba. Close the door. Close the door. This is.. This is the real one. This is the real one. Come on ! Here's Mother Lakshmi. Here she is. Here's Mother Lakshmi! Here she is. Take this. Hide it. Do whatever you want to do. - O God! Stop here. Stop here. - Ok, I will try. That's it. This is that house. I sold that blanket to the people in this house. - Ok. Thank you. - I have already given this address.. ..to the policemen, they would come here before you.. ..and give you your suitcase. Why did you come here then? You have lot of faith in policemen. - Come on ! And yes, what is there in that blanket? - Four crore rupees. Come on ! Even if I look like a fool I won't believe everything. I told you as I knew you won't believe it. Sir, there's a construction worker for you. - Who is it? My name is Dharma Rao. l have some work with him. Work with me? What do you want? I want this blanket. This is our ancestral blanket. All the weddings in our family consummated on this blanket. That blanket-vendor sold you this unknowingly. You don't need to give it to me for free. I will give you one lakh rupees for this. - One lakh? Rupees, that is. lf you want I will give you two lakhs. - Two? Brother, he looks like a sentimental fool. It seems he would give us as much as you want. You can talk about your family secrets later. First of all if you could.. - It's nothing, buddy. He is also a bit attached to this blanket. He says if I would sell it he would buy it first. Then auction it. He who quotes higher bid can take it. That sounds fair. - Brother, I will pay 3 lakhs. I'll pay 4 lakhs. - I will pay 5 lakhs, brother. Final word. I will pay you 10 lakhs. Give me that blanket. You would pay me 10 lakhs for a blanket? Ok, give me. lf you first give me the blanket I would pay you then. Step back. Step back. Step back. I don't want this pillow. You can keep it. Hey, money? Can I use that room for two minutes? Oh no! Hey, where's the money? - I don't need this blanket. You can give it back to him. - Hey, stop it! How do I look? First you came here.. ..and talked about sentiment and quoted 10 lakhs and now.. ..you tore it and leaving it behind. Hey, thrash him! No. - Then pay me ten lakhs. I don't have a single rupee. I thought I would pay you.. ..the money from the blanket. Money from the blanket? - No, it's.. Actually.. - Tell me. - Yes. So that's the matter. So that's the reason everyone is behind the blanket. What happened, sir? Why are you crying, brother? Four crores were right underneath me.. ..and I got thrashed by the police. O God! Calm down ! lf you cry so much how much should I cry? First of all stop crying and find the money, brother. Has Sl Simham stolen it who first took it from here? What did you throw? - Diamond king. - Rascal. Again the same card? - 'On one hand you are playing with my life..' '..and on the other hand you play cards here?' 'Hey, once I get that cell then I will play with you.' 'So you are also here?' Best buddies killed each other for a beer. Friends killed each other for a bottle of beer? They are not friends. We are true friends. They are friends.. - " O my friend, you are my real friend. " " Friendship is life. Friendship is forever. " " ln this whirlpool of life.. " Throw the card. How long will you take? Did you get the blanket? - I didn't get anything. There's only a cloth. There's no cash there. So the guy who bought it stole it by the time you went there? It doesn't appear like he knows about it. And I too didn't ask him about it. Then what happened to the money? Something has happened in-between. - Show! Hey, you ! I am tensed here about the money.. ..and you are playing cards? - You think we don't get.. ..tensed while playing cards. I had four jokers.. ..and I was worried if I would get a life. No, he is feeling bad. I drop. - I too drop. Same here. - Hello! Don't act smart with me. You can't drop after show. Take out the money. Take out the money. Take it out. It's just ten rupees. Leave it. - Hey, take it light. No lights or fans here. I might give back the purse I steal.. ..but I won't leave even ten paisa in the game of cards. Hey, give me my ten rupees, you goatee. Goatee? - Yes. - What will you do if I don't give you? What will I do? Hey, you raised your hand on me, you dwarf? So you want prince Mahesh Babu? Mumait Khan look-alike. What did you say? Why did you slap me when he commented on you? You dared to raise hand on me? You ! - You ! You ! - You ! Hey, stop! Stop! Hey, stop it! Balu, stop it. You are friends? Just a while ago you were singing.. ..the songs of friendship. You won't listen to me in this way. Hey, stop it! Stop it! Bundles of rupees! - So much money? This is the money we robbed in the bank. Take my ten rupees from this. - Wait a minute. And how did it reach our suitcase? ls this our suitcase? - Yedu Kondalu's wife came here.. ..with this suitcase a while ago. It might've changed then. How did she get the suitcase? - Cl Simham gave.. ..Yedu Kondalu a suitcase to deliver at his house. And before going there Yedu Kondalu came to his house. Then it might've got changed. That means Simham snatched it from Badri before we did. We had four crores in the room.. ..and we were fighting for ten rupees. " Friendship is the best.. " - Four crores? Hey, we got the money. Shall we go to Rajamundry now? Yes, pack it. I don't need your cell-phone. lf I get these four crores even if this wife ditches me.. ..l can maintain four other wives. Ya. No matter what our time's great. - No, our time's bad. Look there once. Original Krishna Manohar has gone. So whatever you are saying is true? I swear on my mother I am telling you the truth, sir. Blade Babji! Kondalu. Yedu Kondalu. Hello! - Mr. Simham. - Greetings, sir! Just now I came to know about some unbelievable truths. I see. So you are watching TV, sir? It's a great program, sir. That's not the thing. The Krishna Manohar with us.. ..is not the original Krishna Manohar. He is Blade Babji from Rajamundry. It's his batch that robbed four crores from Secure Bank. God! He can flee with the money at any moment. - Yes, sir. He can run away along with his gang. He can run away with that money. He can even run away along with your daughter. Sir, he can even run away from right in front of me. You are saying as if you are watching it. Sir, it's happening right in front of me. lnstead of catching them you are doing commentary? Catch them immediately. They have four crores rupees. How did they get that money that should've been with me? What! - Nothing, sir. I will arrest them immediately. Hold it. - Brother. Badri, I said I will remove the charges from your name. You are still so worried? - You will remove charges.. ..from my name? lf you don't pay my money I will kill you. Your money? Which money? The money that you stole from my blanket. I don't have that money. Krishna Manohar alias.. ..Blade Babji is running away with that money. Who? Cl Krishna Manohar? - He's not a Cl. He's a fake officer. And he's the one who stole.. ..the Secure Bank. I was going to catch him and you stopped me. Can I believe it? - I swear on you. lf you wish I will also come with you. Why? So that you could demand a share? You got it right. - What's that? What's there? - Come on ! Come on ! Get in. Get in. Buddy, fill the tank. Hey, you fill the tank and we will empty our tanks. Are you coming? Rani, you are coming? - I'll kick you. Jihad. - Jihad. As per planned we kept the suitcase bomb.. ..at the petrol bunk. Some idiot would open it. - Boom! Jihad! Superb! To go to Rajamundry is Kakinada route better? It would take you four hours. - And from the bypass road? It will take you three hours. Who is he running away with the suitcase? He is some hopeless guy. There.. There's the jeep. O goddess of wealth, I will take you to Rajamundry.. ..and hide you in my house and come back again. police. - Excuse me! What's there in this suitcase? Do I have to tell you? - Yes. ls there no other option? - Sorry. There's a bomb in it? - Bomb? There's a bomb in it. There's RDX in it. How did he know that there's a bomb in it? You can open it. You can open it. Sir, he is commissioner's elder son-in-law. Sorry, sir. We didn't know who you are. You should first know who I am. Don't behave like stupids. Carry on, sir. Brother Atiz, commissioner's son-in-law.. ..is taking away the bomb we kept there. Oh ! We have shortage of RDX. lf he dies alone with that bomb it would be a waste. Take that suitcase from him at any cost. ln which way is he going? - He is traveling on.. ..Vizag to Rajamundry highway. We will stop him on the highway. You follow him. - Yes. Sir, sir. - Yes. - You are still here? Which way did Blade Babji's gang go? I am not sure which way they went, but they must have.. ..went in that direction or this direction. - Ok, sir. Constables, you go that way. You come with me. Come on. Come on. Fast. Hey, I planned the robbery and you stole the money? You get the money and l get police's thrashing? Hey, you have beaten me real hard in the police station. Give it me. Give me my money. What do you want? - What! Even though death is.. ..right next to you, you are not scared? Death is right next to me, but it's right in front of you. Look in the front. You think I would look in the front if you ask me to? What's there in the front? Oh God. Hey, will the lorry survive? Hey, Subbarao, it's me, Bucchibabu. I am fine. You said a few days ago you said there is a mango garden.. ..in your village for sale. Make a deal with him. Hey, don't worry about the money. We'll pay them tomorrow in a single payment. Mother Lakshmi, I want to see you once. Run. Run. Hello! - Where are you? I am a centimeter away from the graveyard. Oh no! Why did you go there? Sooner or later everyone would die. So I came to reserve my seat. - What are you saying! Just now I performed Mother Gauri's vow. You would live for hundred years. It's inauspicious time right now. Don't do anything. Alright, fine. Hang up the phone. I won't see you at inauspicious time, Mother. I will see you at auspicious time. Salutations, Mother. Oh ! - What? - puncture. Hey, it's Simham. - He is coming this way. Then let's ask him for a lift. - You.. lf he catches us we will come back to square one. Hey, come to that hotel. - Take the suitcase. Sir, they are going into that hotel. Watch it now. I will catch that gang. Come on. Why is he chasing us so hard? Come here. What's this? - Can't you see? Some item song is about to start. Hey, how about mixing with them to fox Simham. Hey, the dressing room. Let's change the dress for the song. - Right. We need to change our faces urgently. Excuse me! That dot doesn't match your dress at all. It doesn't? - No, it doesn't. Give it to me. I will throw it. Hey! - Hey, who are you? Mind your language. Hey, it's me, Blade Babji. Babji, I couldn't recognize you. That's how it was in old movies. That's alright. You too change your get-ups. Jp, hide that suitcase somewhere. - Ok. Team DG (www.Downloadsguru.com) Who are you? Hey, Balu ! Jp. Vp. Rani. Archana, you have a dot on your forehead. No one in this world can recognize you. Hey, item girl! Come on ! Come on ! " Come to me. The bells are ringing. " " I am like the flower rose. You come to me. " " I am a beautiful girl. " " I am here for you. " " Come and play with me. " " It's a new generation. " " Let's sing and dance. " " I am eternal beauty. " " lf your heart wants more I won't say no. " " O buddy, my dear buddy. - O girl, O beautiful girl! " " O buddy, my dear buddy. - O girl, O beautiful girl! " " I am a beautiful girl. " " I am here for you. " " Come and play with me. " " It's a new generation. " " Let's sing and dance. " " I am eternal beauty. " " lf your heart wants more I won't say no. " " When I move my body you would hear whistles. " " Among male species I don't have brothers. " " I rule the hearts of the youth of Andhra. " " lf you call me on my cell-phone I would give you my address. " " East or west.. " " ..my waist is the best. " " lf you could get me you are the luckiest. " " You would hold me day and night. " " O buddy, my dear buddy. - O girl, O beautiful girl! " " O buddy, my dear buddy. - O girl, O beautiful girl! " " I am a beautiful girl. " " I am here for you. " Sir, sir, sir, they look like Blade Babji's batch, right? So what! On such song situations police should.. ..move here and there. Have you seen it in any movie.. ..police arresting them in the middle of the song? - No, sir. Let the song come to an end. - Ok, sir. Our costume should also change. " When I move my legs notes shower. " " I am the most delicious thing. " " You came from the fairyland. " " Shall I test your worth? " " I have got exercising body, lady. " " I attack you and turn you into a chicken. " " O buddy, my dear buddy. - O girl, O beautiful girl! " " O buddy, my dear buddy. - O girl, O beautiful girl! " " O buddy, my dear buddy. - O girl, O beautiful girl! " O God! He's coming this way again. Let's run. Hey, wait here. I will teach him a lesson. Hey, there he is. Come on. Gents toilet. You wait here. - I feel shy. That shyness irritates me the most. Shame. Shame. puppy shame. How would you come out now? What happened to her? You can escape till my pant dries. How do we escape? Shall we change the tyre? There's no need for that. We shall change the jeep. And the keys? - During the song I stole the keys.. ..from Simham's pocket. - You are great, Blade. You are great. Come on. Get in. - Fast. Whose suitcase is that? - It might be Simham's suitcase. Get in fast. Hey, get down. - What if I don't get down? I will have to force you. - Ok, I will get down. You need not take out a gun for that. Take out the suitcase. Take out the suitcase. What will you with the suitcase? lf you wish take my purse or purse. Take my chain. Give me the suitcase. - I might look like a comedian.. ..but when I am serious I am bigger villain than Shinde. You know that? - O really! Hey, bring that suitcase. Don't touch it. Don't touch it. Don't touch it I say. - Hey, bring it. Hey, listen to me.. - Get lost. Listen to me.. - Leave it. Leave it. Some guys are fighting there. There are not fighting. They are beating someone. Hey, it's my brother-in-law. Someone's beating my brother-in-law. Stop. I am not in a position to stop even if.. ..someone beats my brother-in-law. - O please! For me, for my sister, for my mother, for my father.. Ok. Ok. - Leave it. Leave it. Hey, stop it! - Why did he come here at this time? Did he find out that I stole his suitcase? Why are you beating him? - He stole our suitcase. How can it be your suitcase! That's not the thing, sir. Can't there be identical suitcases? You have a similar suitcase. You lost it. Can that suitcase be this one? This is mine. - No, it's ours. Ok, ok. You tell us what is there in it, you too tell us. We would then open it. Then the person who gets it right.. ..will take that suitcase. - It doesn't matter whose it is.. I won't accept it. - Ok, then, fight and die. Babji, for me, for my sister, for my mother, for my father.. You stop it for me, for Jp, for Vp.. Thank you, sir. You came here at the right time. - Hey! Hey! Rani. Archana. Keep an eye on the suitcase. Stop. lf I start shooting I won't stop it. I will shoot you like birds. But there are no bullets in it. There are no bullets in it? I told you. Hey, stop! Stop! Hey, leave it. Leave it. Babji, give it to me. Give it to me. - Babji, take it. Balu, take it. Hold him. Give it to me. pull me. Vp, pull me. pull me harder. pull it, Babji. Run. Run. So I was carrying a bomb till now? That god for her Mother Gauri's vow. Or else I would've died by now. Hello! - Bujji, I made a deal with that garden's owner. You did? - Yes, I gave him 25 lakhs in advance on your name. You already gave him? - Yes. - Then do one thing. You buy it. You buy it. You buy it. - Hey! Hello! Brother-in-law, stop. Stop. - No, I won't. I won't come. - Brother-in-law. - Forget your brother-in-law. Get in. Come on. Carry on. - Sir. Move. Stop it! Come, buddy. Come. Here are the four crore rupees you asked for. ls that money? Well-done. You proved yourself to be a hero. Give it to me. Give it to me, buddy. Stop there. Banda Badri. - I'm the one who should get that and enjoy it. Give it back to me or I will shoot you all. Brother, forgive me. Brother, you can shoot whoever you want. Leave me, brother. Brother, I became greedy and joined hands with them. You are my megastar, brother. Hey, where is he? - Turn around once. I have been doing those tricks.. ..ever since I was wearing knickers. You are not as tall as my waist and you try to outsmart me? Hey, what are you staring at? Give me the money. Give it to me. Brother. Brother Banda Badri.. ..l don't know if you will believe me or not.. ..but as a senior thief l respect you a great deal. I even want to get ragged by you. What? You are cracking jokes before dying? Give it to me. Give me the money. - Take it, brother. This is cheating. - Cheating? Shut up, rascal! Hold it. Hey, 'yes, men', come here. - Brother. lf I kill your brother now will you keep that with you forever? But it would stink, brother. - When brother opens.. ..his mouth it stinks like hell and imagine how much.. ..his dead body would stink! Brother, just between you and me, kill this old man.. ..and take us into your batch. Come here. Come here. Did you see that! They changed sides.. ..as soon as the gun changed hands. Banda Badri, a person who is useful is none dies.. ..he is buried the next day and is forgotten the day after. And if you help the helpless.. ..they would build a temple for you in their hearts.. ..and build your statue among their huts. It's easy to kill someone, brother. But it's difficult to save lives. God must have given you at least this big brain.. ..in such a big body. Use that and think about it, brother.. prove the world that there is a good thief in you.. ..like NTR sr. in 'Gajadonga' and NTR jr. in 'Yamadonga'. Andhra thieves should be both sweet and spicy like a pickle. What's that meaningless comparison ! Everyone was saying something. I too felt like saying something. - lf you don't change.. ..even after hearing from him give it to him.. Give him the cash. - No, I don't want anything. ln climax after you told me so many dialogues.. ..and gave me a brainwash still you think I'd ask for money? I too have a heart. ln spite of being much senior to you in this profession.. ..l feel so happy to see you. I too join you in this great deed. - please, brother. Come. Come on, let's give him the money. - Stop it! O God! There are so many 'stop its' like in the movie-marriages. Welcome, sir. Welcome. We were feeling bad that we couldn't invite guests.. ..for such a great deed. But you came here. please come. We would conduct this great deed through your hands. please come, sir. - Why? So that we too.. ..would get arrested? You robbed the bank.. ..and disgraced it. You wore the uniform.. ..and disgraced the department. Sir, give me your revolver once. All the thieves are under arrest. Take your revolver, sir. I am ready to surrender, sir. But only those who never stole a thing among you.. ..should arrest me. - What do you mean? We are police. - That's now. Even the CM, even the pM.. ..everyone must have stolen something at least once.. Stealing change from father's pocket.. Stealing snacks from.. ..Tiffin-boxes without mother's knowledge.. Stealing pencils and pens during childhood.. No matter whatever we steal it makes us thieves. lf you have any integrity, if you have the guts.. ..to speak the truth if you have stolen even once.. ..raise your hands. What did you steal, sir? When I was in the hostel I stole a guy's underwear.. ..as it was of a nice color. Since I am an honest guy I raised my hand. So you think I am the only one who is not honest? What have you done? - A few days ago when my wife was.. ..taking bath I stole her rolled-gold bangles. That means the glasses you gave me few days ago.. ..are not real. - You are also just like us. Did you see that, sir? lf we look into the past.. ..all are thieves. You did it for your benefit. But we did this for their shelter. Daddy, for a moment forget that you are a policeman.. ..and think like a human being. please. I thought about it and took a decision. Even if I lose my job.. No, even if we lose our jobs.. ..we don't care. We would also join in this great deed. Sir, you are about to be retired. Why are you dragging us in it? - Come on, Simham. Come on, Savitri. - Come on. Stop it! - Who's this now? You think it's a new character? No, it's me. You? - For them you were even ready to go to the jail.. ..and won over the audience.. This baby elephant has also won their heart.. ..by shedding some tears.. This goatee's gang also joined hands with you.. ..and won your heart. That means I am the only fool here.. No. I took a decision. I am not selling you this land. I am giving you this land for free. I can't forget your favor, sir. Thanks, sir. Thanks a lot. No, son. I should be thanking you for changing my mind.. ..by doing such a great deed. Sir, we don't need this money anymore. Return it to the bank. Now we are ready to surrender ourselves. Babji.. - It's alright, dear. Now he would go to the jail as Blade Babji.. ..but tomorrow he would return as 'gentleman' Babji. He would return as my son-in-law Babji. Stop! - What now? All the best. Team DG (www.Downloadsguru.com) [music] [Linares] The Solar Decathlon competition isn't just about building a house. It's also about communicating what the house does. What it's about. Why is it that it's important to use different types of technologies to further our abilities to maintain sustainable housing. So, it's really important that each solar decathlon team such as Team Capitol DC, has a dedication communications department. [Edwards] The ability to create this product that really shows what Team Capitol DC is, not just what the story is about making this house, but what it actually takes to build a product for a community and all that it involves. [Ruperti] And it can really show us as individuals and human beings instead of everyone being perfect. That's not really how the world works. [Linares] As part of a construction crew, learning how to be extra conscientious about where you are, who you're standing next to. Is everyone aware of where you are and are you aware of them? And even though you always do that when you're shooting, it's just another level here on a construction site. [Boccelli] The most difficult part of finding stories is that they're here every single day and they're doing their job. So we need to find that balance between creating story and letting these guys actually come out here and get this house done. [Ruperti] If people feel comfortable talk about their angst and their excitement more, that would be great. 'Cause that really gives us something to work with. You know, if it's something that people are really worried about in the beginning of the week and then at the end of the week "Oh my God, this totally worked out," that could be a great story arc to put in the video. [Fields] Well getting interviews is really hit or miss. It really depends on the day. I guess you can imagine that after a long hard day, the last thing you want is someone questioning you about how it was. but coming from a cinematographer's standpoint, those are the things you want to capture. Those are the things that make the story move. [Ruperti] Since a lot of us are building stuff or videotaping for the first time it's really good to show what those emotions are. [Fields] The main joy out of it is the brief insight you get to that person's mind. [Edwards] So a lot of it is just really putting it together in an interesting and unique way That's really going to address the message that we want for our audiences about how all of these students are coming together to build this sustainable home that's going to go to a veteran. [Ruperti] I actually want to ask the same questions again just because you get different answers and you never really know what to expect. [Linares] So whichever slot works or whichever one comes out sounding more intelligent. [music] Julien, don't start this again. Be reasonable. It's naughty to cry. You promised. I'm not crying. Really. I'll see you in three weeks, and you'll be home for Mardi Gras. Time will fly. Why do you say that? You know it won't. Dad and I will write often. I don't give a damn about Dad, and I hate you. Hi, Julien. Hello, children. You want to be with your friends. Yeah, right. I can't stand that idiot. Still smooching? A bright boy like you mustn't miss the train. - François, I forbid you to smoke. - It's only corn silk. - So? - It doesn't count. Bye, Mom. Be good. All aboard! Go on now. You think I like this? I miss you every moment. I'd like to dress up as a boy and join you. I'd see you at school every day. It'd be our secret. You know I can't keep you in Paris with me. Written and Directed by LOUlS MALLE - Did you have a good vacation, Julien? - Yes, Father. - Your parents are well? - Yes, Father. - What'd you get for Christmas? - Books. Just books? That's lousy. ST. JOHN OF THE CROSS CARMELlTE CONVENT Have you ever read Verne? Just 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea. Laviron, did you put your things away? Ach! Black market, Mr. Quentin. I arrest you. Your jam ist konfizkated! Let me go! Quentin, stop it. Next time I'll smash your face in. I swiped it from my brother. She's a real dish. She's got no tits. Look out! Monkeys! Good evening, Father. - Is this bed free? - Yes. D'Eparville has whooping cough. Take this one. Children, this is Jean Bonnet, your new schoolmate. Mr. Moreau, find him a locker. - Good night, children. - Good night, Father. - Hey, Bonnet! - Where's your Easter bonnet? That's enough! Leave him alone! I'll show you your locker. Take this one. Go get your things. What's your name? The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes. Shut up and get to bed. It's just a blackout. My name's Julien Quentin. Mess with me and you'll be sorry. Babinot, vacation's over. Good night, everyone. Cut it out! Hey, that's my place. - What's today? - French lit and religion. - No hot water? - No. We're not sissies here. "Verily I say unto you, unless you eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you have no life in you." Father, give me a hand. "Whoever eats my flesh and drinks my blood has eternal life. For my flesh is food indeed, and my blood is drink indeed." We starve and freeze, yet we fast for communion. What a place. - You're taking communion? - I'm no ass-kisser like you. "Star of the sea, here lies the heavy sheet The deep swell, the ocean of wheat The turbulent spume and our full granaries Here, your eyes on this immense cope Here your voice on this weighty plain Our absent friends, depopulated hearts Here, the stretch of our shattered fists Our weariness and our full force..." Quentin, you're ready for the Comédie-Française. Can you tell us who Charles Peguy was? He was killed in the First World War. You're starting at the end of the story. His mother mended chairs. Stop laughing like idiots. Peguy's mother was a good woman. What about you, Bonnot? You know anything about Peguy? No, sir. And my name's Bonnet. As in Easter bonnet! Very funny, Babinot. To get back in the swing after vacation, write an essay on the first two verses. You have half an hour. I'd like to confess. - Are you nuts? - It doesn't even hurt. Quentin, take it easy! Careful, children. Take that, Negus. This'll warm him up. I'm Bayard, the fearless knight. Love live France! Playing rough, Quentin? Bastard! En garde, Laviron! Coward, traitor, villain! I'm Negus, the Black Knight, protector of widows and orphans. Get back, Moor! I'm Richard the Lionhearted. I'll drive you from Jerusalem, infidel Saracen. Son of a bitch. Allah is God and Mohammed is his prophet. Tremble, my friend. Lion heart, flea brain, pig face, cow turd. Go, Negus. Is that his real name? What do you think? He looks nasty. You know him? That's Lafarge, my best friend. Death to the Saracens! Well done! Playtime's over. Back to class. Babinot, hurry up. It doesn't even hurt. Hold still while I put on a bandage. You boys will kill yourselves on those stilts. Someone'll break a leg one day. Hey, we said 45. The richer they are, the more they steal. Joseph, what are you up to? Back to your potatoes. There, all better. You drink too much, Mrs. Perrin. Quiet, brat! Nothing wrong with a drop of the good stuff. - Got any stamps? - I'm not trading with you guys anymore. I've got some jam. After lunch. The doctor's wife loves your jam. It puts her in the mood. Know what I mean? Pass the basket. Now there's straw in the bread! I'm gonna write to my dad. - What can he do? - Complain. I remind those who've received food from home to share with their fellow students. You want some salami? I'm warning you... it's horsemeat. I have to eat. I'm anemic. What about us? Didn't you hear Father Jean? There's not enough for everyone. Let your folks feed you. There's one piece left. - You take it. - Thanks. You're a pal. Today, St. Simeon Stylites. "St. Simeon was 13 and tending his father's sheep when he heard this verse from the Bible: 'Woe unto you who laugh now, for the day shall come when you shall weep.' He left home to become a hermit and lived 30 years atop a column. He stood upright, without shelter, absorbed in almost continuous prayer. Vitamin crackers. Here. It'll taste better now. - I've got two. - Thanks. I'm not hungry anymore. That guy gets on my nerves. - There's little Joseph now. - You got the jam? Stop it! These are my clean pants! Joseph's in love, boys. Your girlfriend looks like a slut. How about your sister? What's she look like? - Is the teacher tough? - No, he's nice. - Have you had him? - Yes. He was amazed at my Latin. - They'll be ready to eat in three months. - Sure, for Parents' Day. So parents will say, "You eat so well here!" Let's see the stamps. A 15-centime Madagascar. The guy said it's real rare. Somewhat rare. I think I'll keep my jam. The grub here is lousy. You're a real Jew. So, you're in love? Don't joke around. It's serious. Could you spare 50 francs? Women cost a bundle. You'll find out. No, I won't. Besides, you're rich. On what they pay me here? If I could find another job... I'm broke. Ask François. Ciron, put some wood in the stove. It's freezing in here. No need to play the fool. Who can prove that the sum of the two opposite sides AB plus CD equals the sum of the other two sides? The new boy. - His name's Easter Bonnet, sir. - Knock it off. We know that tangents of a circle from a given point are equal. Therefore A equals a, B equals b... You think? Turns your brain to mush, but he doesn't have a lot to lose. Right. Very good. - Everyone understand? - Yes, sir. Great! An air raid! We'll go down to the shelter. But class isn't over. Bring your books. Hurry up, children. - Mother Michel lost her cat - Quiet! Now for some algebra. Follow along in your books. Page 61. Algebraic numbers are like arithmetic numbers in that... Give me some light? Get lost. Lift up the light. I can't see. I'll get caught! You're such a pain! They're bombing the station. - No, it's the barracks. - Calm down and stay seated. Hail Mary, full of grace, the Lord is with you... The lovebirds! Quentin, turn that off! Thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our trespasses as we forgive our trespassers, and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil. Amen. To bed now. Good night. Just curl up like a little doggie. Did you do this? Shit! What is it? One, two... three, four... Shoulders back! You've got biceps like papier-mâché! She's showing off her ass. It's a lot better than yours. Quiet! Ciron, 20 extra push-ups! Keep going! Get those rear ends down! It's an A-sharp. Can't you hear when you hit a wrong note? Go on. You should try the violin. Do you hate music? Not at all. But my mother forces me to take piano. She's right. If you stop now, you'll always regret it. Time's up. See you Tuesday. Good-bye, miss. - What's your name? - Jean Bonnet. Let's hear you play. Try this. Ass-kisser. Bonnet, get back to your seat. "My darling, as you know, it's very hard for me to write to you. Mr. D. Was going to Lyon, and he agreed to mail this. Your aunt and I seldom go out..." Julien Quentin. Confession. Your mother's up to something. Oh, yes... I fought with my sister on vacation. Nothing else? I don't think so. No evil thoughts? You know what I mean. Everyone has them. - Even you? - Even me. - What's wrong? - Frostbite. Show me. It's a vitamin deficiency. Tell Mrs. Perrin to give you cod-liver oil. It's the cold. It's freezing in school. I know. But think of those less fortunate than you. You told your mother you wanted to take holy orders. She told you? I don't think you have any calling for the priesthood. It's a sorry job anyway. Say three Hail Marys. You may stand up. Who told you that? You mustn't believe rumors. What can I do? We're in the Lord's hands. Do you get along well with your new classmate? Bonnet? Be very nice to him. The others look up to you. I'm counting on you. Why? Is he sick? Not at all. Run along now. - Pétain's a loony. - He is not. If we didn't have Pétain, we'd be in deep shit. - Says who? - My father. My father says Laval sold out to the Germans. Jews and Communists are worse than Germans. - Your Dad says that? - No, I do. I'm not surprised. Don't dawdle. Stay together. - Good, isn't it? - What? The Three Musketeers. How far are you? - Milady's trial. - She's a real bitch. - What are you gonna do later? - I don't know. Math. Math's a bunch of shit, unless you want to be an accountant. My father was an accountant. PUBLlC BATHS Hurry up, children. Quentin, come along. Come on, Babinot. NO JEWS ALLOWED Remember, we don't have much time. You haven't bathed in two weeks. Bonnet, is it true you're not gonna be confirmed? I'm a Protestant. A heretic... disgusting! Bonnet isn't a Protestant name. It sure is. - Second shower. - Not a tub? A shower. Now go! Babinot, what are you doing? That's enough now. Bonnet, take the tub at the end. - Can I have a tub too? - In there. - What about me? - In there. - It's tiny. My feet'll stick out. - It'll have to do. You should try the violin. Quentin, what are you doing? I'm waiting for your tub. Smart-aleck. I told you to hurry up. I can't help it. My soap won't lather. Hurry up. It's freezing. - That guy's got some nerve! - Shut up. It's cold. We'll run back. Let's go! Pull your arms back. Squat, one and two. Again. Looks like the mountain troops. No, they're militia. This is a search. You have no right to enter here. This is a private school. Only children and men of the cloth. What do those collaborators want? - We have orders. - From whom? Our superiors. - I'll complain. - To whom? - You can go in now. - Already? Great! Hey! Your jam was a big hit. Got any more? What did the militia want? They're snooping around. Heard there were draft dodgers here. Draft dodgers? Guys hiding out to avoid forced labor in Germany. Like Moreau, the monitor. - Really? Moreau's not his real name. But I don't care. With my leg, I'll be exempt. - Joseph! - Coming. She's worse than going to Germany. Rollin: Average. Nine and a half. Bonnet? Not here. Good riddance. Quentin. Intelligent, but a bit pretentious. This, for example: "Peguy sees the cathedral as a grand and generous beacon." Take your seat. Where were you? Ciron, 12 points. Where do you get barges in the middle of wheat fields? On the Foussarde Canal, sir. I was there on vacation. Bonnet. 13 1/2. Good work. Sensitive and well-written. Quentin, you've got competition. Who hasn't had his vitamin cracker? D'Arsonval, stop lagging. I can't pay you right away. You promised. Ask the little shit. I'm sure the miser's hoarding some sugar. Want some marbles? Julien Quentin? Wait! Julien Quentin. The apartment seems empty without you. Paris is no fun these days. They bomb us nearly every night. A bomb killed eight people yesterday. Charming! The girls are back in school. Sophie works at the Red Cross Thursdays and Sundays. So many unfortunate people. Dad's at the plant in Lille. His factory's hardly producing. He's in a foul mood. It's really time this war ended. I'll come get you Sunday at 8:00, as we agreed. We'll have lunch at Le Grand Cerf. Can't wait to give you a big hug. Your loving mother. P.S. Eat your jam. I'll bring you more. Take good care of your health. Beat it, buddy. "First prize in arithmetic... Jean... Jean Kippel... Kippelstein." I'm hungry. What's a perpendicular bisector? - A perpendicular in mid-segment. - What's it good for? That's a theta, not a tau. We'll continue next time. Greek is useful, you know. All scientific words have Greek roots. Who do you like best? Athos or d'Artagnan? Aramis. He's a hypocrite. Yeah, but he's the smartest one. Why don't you take Greek? - I took Latin. - Where? At school in Marseilles. You're from Marseilles? You don't have an accent. I wasn't born there. Where were you born? You wouldn't know it if I told you. Is Greek hard? - Not once you know the alphabet. Are your parents in Marseilles? My dad's a prisoner. He didn't escape? And where's your mother? You won't tell me? - In the unoccupied zone. - There's no unoccupied zone anymore. I know that. Now lay off. I don't know where she is. She hasn't written in three months. Happy now? What are you two up to? I have a cold. Enough nonsense. Go out and play. Hippo's a bastard. Always snooping around. St. Thomas's proofs of God's existence don't hold water. I don't agree. Since we can imagine God, he must exist. That's just sophistry. At least Bergson seeks transcendence in science. Hey, I want to talk to you. - That's strong. - It's the real thing, dummy. Let's go somewhere else. The monkeys will catch us here. - Do me a favor. - What? Pass a note to your piano teacher. - You're crazy! I'll get expelled! - She won't say anything. You're such a scaredy-cat. François, what's a yid? - A Jew. - I know, but what exactly is a Jew? - Someone who doesn't eat pork. - Are you kidding me? Not at all. What have people got against them? The fact they're smarter than us, and they crucified Jesus. That's not true. It was the Romans. Is that why they have to wear yellow stars? - Will you take my letter to Davenne? - No. What do you want with her anyway? - Never mind. Be nice. I'll lend you my Arabian Nights. It'll give you a hard-on. Leave me alone! You smell awful, Joseph. Stop it, right now! He called me a creep! That's enough now. Calm down and go back to the kitchen. "Down, Joseph! To your kennel!" I'm not a dog! Stop it, D'Arsonval! Damn, a cross. Another wrong trail. We have to get back to the crossroads, quickly and quietly. There must be another trail at the fork. I wonder where the others are. What's today? January 17. Thursday. You realize there'll never be another January 17, 1944? Never again. Shut up and get a move on! In 40 years, half these guys'll be dead and buried. Come on. I'm the only one in this school who thinks about death. It's incredible! You're our prisoners. Follow us. We're gonna tie your hands. There are two missing. Over there! It's Quentin! Wow! I found the treasure. The Greens win. Didn't they catch you? Yes, they tied me to a tree, but I got free. Bastards! I found the treasure. All by myself. Are there wolves in these woods? It's that way. We go left. I'm sure. - No, we go right. - I told you, we go left. It's the high wall next to the church, right? I know it. We Bavarians are Catholic. Good evening, Father. Lost any children? We looked everywhere. Always playing the fool, Julien! That's not fair. I found the treasure. But everyone had vanished. It's all right, my boy. What happened? They got arrested by the Krauts. Could the Krauts have their blanket back? Thank you very much. No civilians in the woods after 8:00 p.m. Don't you know there's a curfew? You think we did it on purpose? I caught hell because of you. You won because of me, jerk. Come on. Hurry up. Calm down. Lafarge, out! Feeling better, twerp? A present from Joseph. And a letter from your mom. She's your mom too. But you're her pet. Dad's always off in Lille. I bet she's getting plenty. - What do you mean? - Women are all whores, my friend. Sorry, Sister. What an idiot! - Swabbing time. - Again? Three times a day. Sit up straight. Open your mouth. Open wide. Keep your tongue down. Listen here! Open your mouth! - Were you scared last night? - Not really. I hear you saw some wild boar. Were there lots? - Around 50. What about the Germans? Did they really fire at you? - Just a few bursts. - Come on! Nice book. What is it? The Arabian Nights. It's my brother's. It's banned by the monkeys. - Why? It's really dirty. I'll lend it to you. Recess is over. We've got our religion class. See you tomorrow. - Kiss Mother Michel for me. - Oh, we will. The Arabian Nights. You're disgusting. It doesn't hurt it. It's dead. A present from Joseph. No, thanks. I don't like pâté. Go on. Eat it. I said no. I don't like pâté. Because it's pork? Why do you always ask such stupid questions? Because your name's Kippelstein, not Bonnet. Do you say "Kippelstine" or "Kippelsteen"? Bonnet, get back in bed this minute or I'll report you! And you quiet down. - Are your parents coming? - The whole family. Aren't you dressing up? No visitors? What the hell is it to you? My message today is especially for the youngest among you who will be confirmed in a few weeks. My children, we live in a time of discord and hatred. Lies are all-powerful. Christians kill one another. Those who should guide us betray us instead. More than ever, we must beware of selfishness and indifference. You're all from wealthy families, some very wealthy. Because you've been given much, much will be asked of you. Remember the Bible's stern lesson: "It's easier for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle than for a rich man to enter the kingdom of heaven." St. James said, "Now, you rich, weep and wail for the woes awaiting you." Your wealth has rotted, and your garments are eaten by worms." Worldly wealth corrupts souls and withers hearts. It makes men contemptuous, unjust, pitiless in their egoism. I understand the anger of those who have nothing when the rich feast so arrogantly. He's hitting pretty hard. I don't mean to shock you but only remind you that charity is a Christian's first duty. St. Paul tells us in today's Epistle, "Brothers, be not wise in your own conceits. Do not repay any man evil for evil. If thine enemy hunger, feed him. If he thirst, give him drink." Let us pray for the hungry, for those who suffer, for the persecuted. Let us pray for the victims and for their executioners as well. - Will you give concerts? - Not right away. I still need practice. It's hard to get started. It's Duvallier's dog. - It'll bite you. - He doesn't bite. En garde, Easter Bonnet. Help me, you guys! Get the heretic! You're really getting on my nerves. Go, Julien! Julien, have you gone mad! Your best suit. What'll they say at the restaurant? What's gotten into you boys? You think it's funny? Was everything all right, Mr. Meyer? Thank you. The rabbit was tolerable. Mrs. Quentin, your table's this way. François, sit over there. Julien here. - We haven't seen you lately. - Vacations. What fish do you have? We haven't had fish in ages, ma'am. I recommend the rabbit. Half a meal coupon per serving. Is it rabbit or cat? Rabbit, sir. With sauteed potatoes. - In butter? - Margarine. No coupons required. Very well. We'll have the rabbit, and a bottle of Bordeaux. The place is full of Krauts. I thought they were all on the Russian front. You caught their eye. Your parents couldn't come? Poor boy. What about Dad? He said he was coming. - He couldn't. Problems at the plant. As usual. Your poor father is under a lot of pressure. - Is he still for Pétain? - No one is anymore. I heard of your ordeal in the woods. I gave Father Jean a piece of my mind. Those boy scout games are ludicrous in this freezing cold. You could've died, my darling. Guns do go off! - Makes a man of him. That's just what Father Jean said. I mean really! - He was with me in the woods. - Oh, so it was you. I bet you're from Lyon. The name Gillet is from Lyon. They're all in the silk trade. His name's Bonnet, not Gillet. Of course. He's from Marseilles. I knew a Bonnet there, a cousin of the Du Perrons. Is she your mother? How strange. His father's an accountant. Really. Your papers, please. Your papers, sir. Can't you read? This place is off limits to yids. Why are those men bothering people? That gentleman looks very proper. Mr. Meyer's been coming here for 20 years. I can't just throw him out. - Shut up, flunky! I can have your license revoked. Collaborators. Quiet, François. Did you say that? He's a child. He doesn't know what he's saying. We serve France, lady. He insulted us. Go away! It's monstrous. You should be ashamed. Not at all. Leave him alone. He's right. Send the Jews to Moscow! Get the hell out of here! You understand? Get the hell out! We'll meet again. Say what you will, but some of them are decent. He was showing off for you. Aren't we Jewish? - That's all we need! - Isn't Aunt Reinach Jewish? - She's Alsatian. - You can be Alsatian and Jewish. That's quite enough! The Reinachs are devout Catholics! If they heard you! Mind you, I have nothing against Jews. Except for that Léon Blum. They can hang him. Julien, sit up straight. Your friend is nice. He doesn't say much. He has his reasons. - Then he's no dummy. - Not at all. Where's François? What's he up to? He always gives the Krauts wrong directions. Very clever! - What if I joined the resistance? - Nonsense. You must finish school. Some things are more important than school. Julien wants to become a monkey. Not a monkey. A missionary in the Congo. Stop using that stupid word. It's awful. You should be grateful to those poor monks who... "...work so hard to educate you." Precisely! You're a real pain. Leave me alone. Fernande! You know her? Julien, are you sure you want to become a priest? - Would you object? - Not at all. Your father and I would be proud. But why not engineering, like Grandpa? Don't worry. He'll give up the church for a girl. He's a lover boy, like Joseph. Laviron's sister is a real dish. I'm gonna sweet-talk her. I can't kiss you anymore? Look at that. You've got a little mustache. Can I go back to Paris with you? Dad won't know. Did you have a good lunch? Your mother's nice. Boy, can she talk fast. She's crazy. You'll see her again soon. I know how to thread it. It'll break like last time. No, it won't. Your jam's great. - Adrienne made it. - Is that your sister? No, she's the cook. What's funny? Don't you have a cook? You always eat out? - No. My mom's a great cook. - You're eating my jam. - Stop it. Move over, guys. We're ready. Turn out the lights, please. The fat lady's gonna go sliding. Looks like Mrs. Perrin. She's beautiful. He's in love. She loves him too. Shit! Time to get up. Quentin wets the bed. Quentin wets the bed. Hurry up in the washroom. It never fails. I'm having a great dream. I feel like peeing. I open my fly. Everything's great. Then I wake up and feel the warm piss on my stomach. It's no fun, let me tell you. Try it. Don't be scared. Go on. Keep your head up. Get back up. - Bed wetter. - Sagard, you're gonna get it. You dirty thief! You're the thief! Just you wait, you thief! Father Michel, I caught him stealing lard! He put it in his bag to sell! Not in front of the boys, Mrs. Perrin! - I told you he was stealing! - It's not true, damn it! She's the thief! She's a liar! Get back in the kitchen. I told that idiot he'd get caught. Joseph was selling our supplies on the black market. Mrs. Perrin should have told us. She may have been in on it. But that's not all. We found these in his locker. Private food supplies. He named all seven of you. Whose pâté is this? Mine. - And the jam? - Mine. Know what you are? A thief, just like Joseph. I didn't steal. That jam was mine. You should've shared it. I believe true education consists in teaching you to make good use of your freedom. And this is what happens! You disgust me. There's nothing I despise more than the black market. Always money! It wasn't for money. We traded, that's all. For what? Cigarettes. Quentin, if it weren't for your parents, I'd kick you out at once. You and your brother. I have to fire Joseph, even though it's unfair. You're all confined to school until Easter. Now go back to class. Where do I go now? I don't even have a place to sleep. Get back to class. Go see the bursar. He'll pay you a month's wages. I end up taking the rap. It's not fair. Come on, Joseph. - What are you doing here? - Choir practice. You two help me with the flowers for Sunday. We'll take it from "O Lord, in thee..." Bonnet's not here? - No, miss. He's in the infirmary. - Really? It's easy. Do this with your left hand. We'd better get to the shelter. Everyone in the shelter, and hurry! They won't miss us. They never count. I hope the Americans land soon. Will you stay at this school when the war's over? I don't know. I doubt it. You scared? All the time. How long's it been since you saw him? My father? Almost two years. I never see mine either. What are you doing here, Joseph? I forgot some things. What about you? "Could I, lad, belong to anyone but you? She swiftly cast aside her veils, removed her clothing, and appeared naked as the day she was born. Blessed be the womb that bore her. The princess was as soft and white as fine linen. Her whole being exuded a scent of amber. He took her in his arms, probing her intimate depths, and found she was a virgin pearl. His hand roved over her lovely limbs and neck and through the richness of her hair. She responded by eagerly displaying her many gifts. She had the sinuous grace of Araby, Ethiopian ardor, the startled candor of the French, the high art of the Indians, Yemeni coyness, and the narrow passage of a Chinese girl. Each embrace became a coupling, and each coupling the wildest fornication, until, weary from their passionate writhings, they fell asleep in each other's arms, drunk with pleasure. Thus ended..." The Russians have begun a major offensive in the Ukraine. British radio claims the Germans have been overrun along a 60-mile front west of Kiev. Radio Paris claims the attack was repulsed with heavy losses. The truth is likely somewhere between the two. Radio Paris tells German lies Meanwhile, in Italy, the Americans and British are pinned down at Monte Cassino. Take out your notebooks for an algebra problem. We're going to multiply two monomials. May I be excused, sir? It's the soup. It's always you, Sagard. Go on. Dr. Müiler. Gestapo. Which one of you is Jean Kippelstein? Answer me. There's no one by that name in this class. Let's go. That boy is not French. He's a Jew. Your principal committed a serious crime by hiding him. The school is closed. You have two hours to pack your bags and line up in the yard. Was Bonnet a Jew? Keep calm, children. Quiet down and listen to me, children. They've arrested Father Jean. It seems we've been denounced. What about Bonnet? Bonnet, Dupré and Lafarge are Jewish. Father Jean took them in because their lives were in danger. Go to the dormitory and pack quickly and calmly. But first we'll say a prayer for Father Jean and your friends. Our Father, who art in heaven... Negus got away. They didn't get Negus. They're looking for him and Moreau. Father Jean had resistance leaflets. When you're ready, go to the dining hall. Quentin, pack Laviron's bag and take it to the infirmary. Hurry! Want some help? Don't worry. They'd have gotten me anyway. Negus got away. I know. Take these. I've read them all. You want The Arabian Nights? - What are you doing here? - I brought his bag. Are you gonna get up? What do you want now? We can't stay here. They're searching the attic. Sister, put a compress on him! Hurry! You'll get us all arrested! There's a Jew here. I'm sure of it. We haven't seen anyone. You, come here. Pull down your pants. Quick! What happened? - It's her. - Get out! I'm going over the roof. Good-bye, Julien. He's a friend. What are you doing with them? Here. Aren't you happy? You'll get a vacation. You don't smoke? Don't worry about it. They're just Jews. You really liked Bonnet? Don't act so pious! You guys are to blame! I got fired for doing business with you. Mrs. Perrin stole more than I did. Stop acting so pious! There's a war going on, kid. Are there any other Jews among you? Answer me! What about you? Sure you're not Jewish? Your name? Pierre de la Rozière. Go stand against the wall. You think they'll arrest us? We didn't do anything. We were in the chapel. We came for confession. That soldier did his duty. His orders were to let no one leave. The strength of the German soldier is his discipline. That's what you French lack: Discipline. We're not your enemies. You must help us rid France of foreigners and Jews. Good-bye, Father. Good-bye, children. See you soon. Bonnet, Negus and Dupré died at Auschwitz. Father Jean died in the camp at Mauthausen. The school reopened its doors in October of 1944. More than 40 years have passed, but I'll remember every second of that January morning until the day I die. BYU-Idaho was founded in 1888, making it the oldest continuously operating institution of higher education in Idaho. First known as Bannack Stake Academy, the school opened with 59 students, who met in a log church building. In 1902 it was named 'Ricks Academy' in honor of Thomas E. Ricks, a Church leader who founded Rexburg, and headed the academy's first board of education. In 1923 it became known as 'Ricks College', which grew to become the largest privately owned junior college in the United States. In 2000, Church leaders announced Ricks College would transition from a two-year college to a four-year university. Academic programs were evaluated and restructured, and in 2001 the school became 'Brigham Young University-Idaho'. Looking to the future, while rooted in its heritage, BYU-Idaho moves forward on a steady upward course of progress and innovation. So today, I want to explore the problem that we face, which is much more than a dilemma, it's a quad-lemma in a way, or a quint-lemma of how we manage our future energy demands and how we invest our resources in alternative forms of energy. And I'm going to spend most of this session talking about the possibilities and limitations of nuclear power. And this will provide a foundation for the lecture on next Tuesday, which will be particularly directed at wind, but more broadly at renewables. So first, I'd like to have you consider the distribution of nuclear power plants in the world and really reflect on where they're not located, and their high concentration, particularly in the Eastern, Midwestern part of the United States, but also in Europe. So within the U.S. you see that they're really concentrated up in the Northeast, but also south in nearby Chicago. And California is quite striking in that in 1976 the State of California enacted a moratorium against new nuclear power plant development. If you look more closely at Europe, and particularly at France, you can see a very high dependence in some nations in the European Union on nuclear power. France now receives approximately seventy-five percent of its power from nuclear plants. And inside the United States, also there's quite a bit of variability in reliance on nuclear. So in Connecticut, for example, nearly sixty-five percent of the power that we consume in the state comes from nuclear plants in Niantic, which is about forty-five miles to the east of us on the Thames River from the Millstone nuclear power plants. So it's quite curious how different parts of the country, different economies, have treated nuclear power. And explaining the cultural predisposition to accept the risks and accept the costs is not an easy thing to do. So just so you have an overview of the status of the nuclear industry in the world, there are about 436 different reactors that are operating in thirty different countries. Fifty reactors are now under construction, mostly in Asian nations. And within the U.S., there are proposals for twenty new reactors. And of these, four to eight may be online in 2020. China has eleven online at present, with twenty-two under construction, and is the nation where nuclear development is most rapid in the world. Within the U.S., the operating licenses that have had limits placed on them of operating licenses between thirty and forty years, most of these are going to be granted operating extensions. And the concern was that the plant or the infrastructure would not have the capability of lasting longer than forty years at the outside. But they're finding that the engineering integrity of many of the plants is higher than they thought it might be. But this basically is a short-term lease on the problem of decommissioning these nuclear plants and also what we'll be talking about in a few moments, which will be the problem of managing nuclear waste. The MlT report, the faculty report that was issued in 2003 and then recently updated that we asked you to read has some really I think important lessons and conclusions embedded within it. So they concluded that after five years from 2003, so this is two years ago, no new plants are under construction in the United States, and insufficient progress has been made on waste management. The sober warning is that if more is not done, nuclear power will diminish as a practical and timely option for climate change risk mitigation. So as one thinks about what are options are, particularly coal, as opposed to investments in renewables, as opposed to investments in nuclear power, one might think about it as a problem of relative cost. But you also might think about relative risk and ease of bringing additional capacity online given the different sources. And underlying this, I think, is an underestimated cultural factor, which is what we worry about in the United States, and our predisposition to remember not just Chernobyl, but also what happened at Three Mile Island in 1979. The capital costs of constructing a new plant are often enormous. And because so much can go wrong, including construction delays that can cause interest rates to rise and the amount that has to be paid back to investors to rise, it's caused what's thought of as a risks premium being put on an investment funds. So banks or private investment companies often will loan the money to a utility company that wants to build a new plant, but they will do so at a higher rate when it's measured by kilowatt hour. And so there's about a two cent per kilowatt hour difference between nuclear compared to coal and natural gas, which makes this a very, very expensive proposition. Basically, the money costs more. The legal and regulatory structure that surrounds nuclear power is rather complex. The initial statute that governed what now exists was the Atomic Energy Act back in 1954 that we discussed a bit during the beginning of the term when we were talking about atmospheric weapons testing. But now, recall that the technology, that the science and engineering foundation for nuclear power plants, really evolved out of the nuclear weapons development program. So many of the nuclear power plants that were the earliest versions, say at Hanford or at Oakridge in Tennessee, these plants were first generation, but they were designed predominantly to provide enriched fuel for atomic weapons. This defines both state and federal authority concerning nuclear energy. And it really was the watershed that ended the monopoly, the government monopoly on nuclear technology. And it gave the private sector a role in nuclear development, and expressly prohibited states from any role in transfer, delivery, receipt, acquisition, possession, or use of nuclear materials. And it also gave the Atomic Energy Commission the exclusive authority to manage these issues. What is interesting about the history of the AEC is that they were both the promoters of the technology and the developers of the technology, and they were supposed to be the regulators. So the fox watching the henhouse, so to speak. And this was recognized quite early in the history of the AEC, when Congress decided to break off the responsibilities associated with regulation to have a higher probability of safety and environmental protection and worker safety. So that the Nuclear Regulatory Commission was given these responsibilities. So this is an independent agency now that has commissioners assigned to it that make choices about issuing licensing decisions and about safety violations or environmental violations associated with the industry. So that states have retained authority over electric power generation, sale, and transmission. Another aspect of the development of the nuclear industry which is important to know is that this is not being protected by private insurance companies. The Price Anderson Nuclear Industries Indemnity Act really holds the industry harmless from damage claims in the event of a serious accident. And it also sets up a procedure for compensation that has criteria that are really pretty clear, that those that claim damage have to show what it was, they have to calculate their monetary loss, and they also have to demonstrate causality that is relatively easy to demonstrate in this case because of a specific isotope mixture signature that would come from any sort of a nuclear explosion or an accident. So the Nuclear Regulatory Commission was created in 1974. Now, you can imagine also that many states might be more worried about nuclear power than other states. And California is really a pretty good example of that. So that in 1976, the State of California created a moratorium on new nuclear power plant construction. So states might have the authority to do that. And until the federal government approved of methods to dispose of high level waste, the State of California was really quite concerned about what the long-term costs might be to manage that waste, and also what the long-term costs might be associated with decommissioning the plant. So the Pacific Gas and Electric Company argued that the Congressional intent to preempt state regulation of the nuclear industry was implicit in the Atomic Energy Act. So again, preemption is a critical legal tool that the industry relied upon in order to claim that the State of California did not have authority to create this moratorium. So the Supreme Court eventually ruled on this case, and its finding is quite interesting. The federal government possesses exclusive regulatory authority over construction and operation of nuclear facilities and over radiological safety. And the states hold authority over decisions concerning the need for additional generating facilities, licensing, ratemaking, land use, and planning. And the Supreme Court argued that federal law would preempt the moratorium if it was related to safety concerns. So that's an interesting idea. The federal government would be the experts in the area of risk assessment and environmental assessment. Thank you, Emily Jack-Scott. You seem to have been quite successful, persuasive. So that if it's related to safety concerns, the court argued that California did not have the authority to establish a moratorium because it was worried about health effects or environmental dangers. But it concluded that the federal law would not preempt a moratorium if California's logic was based on economics. So if they were worried about cost considerations down the road. So a very interesting distinction that allowed this moratorium to be sustained. California's assertion that the legislature had enacted the moratorium based upon economic concerns was eventually accepted. The Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982 is important because most nuclear waste had been and is now being stored in or nearby nuclear power plants. So it's highly dispersed around the country. Think back on the U.S. map that I showed you with the different dots of the location of the plants. That's where the nuclear spent fuel, the fuel rods, that are highly radioactive, are being stored. Within Connecticut, this would include the Haddam Neck Nuclear Power Plant that's now been closed that's about twenty miles from Yale to the east, and it would also include the three Millstone plants over in Niantic. So that under this statute, the Department of Energy was granted the authority to begin to centralize a nuclear fuel reprocessing and repository. So basically, just a storage facility where this waste could be handled until it might be reprocessed. But they were unable to open the facility, and by an amendment, the site at Yucca Mountain was established by DOE to be the single repository. So you can imagine that if you were the State of Nevada, you probably would not be too happy about that. But if you were the State of California, Connecticut, or any other state that had nuclear power plants, you'd be really happy about the prospect of getting rid of the waste that's sitting inside your state boundary. So this prompted a lot of litigation. Litigation on the part of Nevada, that did not want the repository to be located there. And litigation on the part of other states, including the State of Washington, most recently, arguing that they wanted their waste taken to this power plant and that the Obama administration did not have the right to decide that this storage facility should not open. When one thinks about the location of either the plants or the storage facilities, you need to think carefully about evacuation requirements. So before the Three Mile Island accident in Pennsylvania, the emergency response plans by nuclear power plants in the U.S. were voluntary. That's quite striking, given what the Atomic Energy Commission and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission understood about the potential for these nuclides to move over long distances, being transported in the air. Now, the plans have to cover a ten-mile radius. Now think about that. Ten miles, would that be sufficient? Well, we're about twenty miles from the nearest nuclear power plant here. But if you think about the Indian Point Nuclear Power Plant outside of New York City, then you need to think about the capacity to move tens of millions of people away from a zone that would likely be highly contaminated in the event of a meltdown or an explosion or a serious fire, such as existed at Three Mile Island or at Chernobyl. So the Indian Point facility prompted Governor Pataki to commission a report to evaluate the evacuation plan, and criticized the communication between local agencies, the size of the area that would be affected by release, and the plan's premise is that an orderly evacuation, rather than mass panic, would likely ensue. It's kind of interesting, because if you drive around Connecticut within ten miles of the nuclear power plants, occasionally, you'll see a sign on the side of the road, sometimes very rural roads, that notify the public that this is part of an evacuation route in the event of a nuclear accident. So that the capacity to move people away from a contaminated zone, to be able to predict how that zone might vary given weather patterns, it really is quite limited. Also, there was no consideration of the probability or likelihood of a terrorist attack at these plants. And this raised the possibility that there ought to be aerial surveillance, that there ought to be planes that are flying nearby these nuclear power plants, as there was shortly after the 9/11 terrorist attack in New York. So that the Commission reported that "Any plant adjacent to high population areas should have different requirements than plants otherwise situated because protective actions are more difficult and the consequences of a failure or delay are higher." And the "planning problems are more serious because of the large population concentrations." So I'm going to jump ahead here. The core problem associated with waste is radioactive half-life. And the key concern is over plutonium. And there are 270 tons of separated plutonium from reprocessing of fuel rods around the world that now are sitting at sites and being stored. And it has a half-life of roughly 24,000 years. So when engineers and safety experts were thinking about the problem posed by Yucca Mountain, this is the mountain in Nevada where the storage facility has been partially constructed, using about nine billion dollars of taxpayers' money. So that the problem really here was how do you ensure the integrity of a storage facility for nearly a million years? And they chose this site because of its remoteness. Poor Nevada. Remember, Nevada was also the site of the Atmospheric Weapons Testing Facility, the largest and most often used in the U.S. And they designed a machine that would bore into the rock and create a tunnel within which either canisters would be stored as dry fuel, or they could be stored in water. So the fuel is highly radioactive, and it's cooled in pools of water or in these dry casks. And it's currently stored at sixty-six sites in the U.S. This is what one of the storage facilities might look like. And that honeycombed set of boxes that you can barely see in the bottom of the pool over here, that's how they store the fuel rods, side by side. By the way, it also creates radioactive water so that the amount of liquid waste that is contaminated is far larger in volume than the amount of waste that is either low level or high level waste. So it was also curious that if you're projecting out a risk management strategy over tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of years, you know what happens if something occurs and society no longer speaks a language that is understood today? What if some massive accident occurred, nuclear war or whatever it is, that leads whatever society exists that stumbles across this plant to recognize it? Kind of interesting. In a way, it was a labeling issue. How do you communicate risk, not using language, but using symbols instead? So the Department of Energy commissioned anthropologists to think about different forms of symbolism. And they went back and looked at what symbols would best convey the idea that there was something extremely dangerous nearby or to stay away. And the symbolism that is chosen is not represented here. But the nuclear symbols that you see in the upper right hand side of this slide are those that are commonly used by the nuclear industry. But you can imagine if you did not know the culture today, if you'd never seen any symbol on the side of a truck, for example, sometimes trucks have some of these symbols that you wouldn't have any idea what this meant. The symbols on the lower right are symbols that are commonly applied for industrial and worker safety situations, whereas the symbol on the left is several hundred years old. So that I mentioned a lawsuit. This most recent lawsuit this year, this spring, by Washington State v. The Department of Energy, was designed to encourage the federal government to keep the Yucca Mountain Repository viable. "The Attorney General McKenna made the right decision to file his lawsuit today to stop the Administration from closing down Yucca Mountain." Now, another problem with nuclear power is the potential for proliferation of nuclear weapons. So one might think that we need to think about an international strategy to control the distribution of nuclear fuel. So processed nuclear fuel could be further enriched to form a weapon grade that could produce nuclear weapons. So the International Atomic Energy Agency and several other private organizations banded together to encourage the creation of a nuclear fuel bank so that the G8 has been proposed to constitute this bank and be responsible for the dissemination of nuclear fuel and then for its recovery once it's spent. In this way, they would have a collaborative attempt to try to manage the fuel. Thinking also about the MlT faculty's conclusions regarding safety, they ended their report saying that parallel with improved operations, the safety record of the nuclear industry has really been quite remarkable in the last twenty years. And it plays-- the "nuclear power industry displays by far the highest capacity factor among all generation technologies, providing now about twenty percent of the U.S. electrical supply." So that the belief is that most reactors, particularly the latest generation reactors, have the capacity to operate safely, but that the probability of bringing them online in a way that would make a significant difference in the world with respect to effects of energy consumption and climate change is really quite limited. So that with respect to the enrichment problem, for example, uranium, when it's mined, is approximately point seven percent uranium-235, but it needs to have that increased to four to five percent in order for it to be useable as fuel in a nuclear power plant, compared to twenty percent that it has to be for nuclear devices. The Three Mile Island example in 1979 created quite a bit of alarm in the United States, and it was also a time when a movie came out called The China Syndrome that dramatized the effects of a nuclear accident in an urban area. And the nuclear facility at Three Mile Island experienced what was about a sixty percent meltdown. And like most major accidents, whether or not it's the space shuttle that blew up or the Bhopal incident in India, where it's estimated that more than 100,000 people were killed in a chemical plant explosion, or in Chernobyl, many people think about the problem being assigned to and caused by technical failure, technology failure, hardware failure. When in fact, it's almost always human failure, human failure to monitor equipment effectively. And that was certainly the case at Three Mile Island, when workers mistook the need to open a valve to allow cooling water to go in and cool down the fuel rods that were heating up. So in Bhopal, it was a problem of gauges. With the space shuttle blowing up, it was a problem of misrecognizing the heat shield tiles that had fallen off, and that were highly temperature sensitive. So that the shuttle took off during temperature conditions that some recognized made it dangerous. So the case history that is most important I think for us to think about, which caused the greatest amount of environmental damage in history with respect to a nuclear power plant occurred at the Chernobyl plant in Pripyat, then within the Soviet Union. And this occurred in April of 1986 and occurred during a yearly maintenance operation, where they were pursuing a gradual power reduction. And they basically lost control of their maintenance efforts. And the control rods were removed too quickly, and then the power shot back down too low, and the water in the plant was turned in an improper direction. The workers were confused about what to do. The power surged 1,500 times its safe level within five seconds, and a steel shield on the roof of the building was blown into the sky, and the entire facility caught fire for a period of several weeks. So four days later, after the Soviet Union has maintained their silence, the government announced, "An accident has occurred at the Chernobyl Atomic Power Station. One of the nuclear reactors has been damaged. Measures are being taken to eliminate the consequence of the accident, aid is being given to the victims, and a government commission has been established." So anyone who knows anything about industrial accidents or nuclear power plants would recognize that being able to warn the public immediately after an accident was exceptionally important. The only nuclear event that this could be compared to was one at Windscale, now known as Sellafield, in the northern part of Great Britain, where in 1956, there was a fire in the plant and a significant amount of radiation was released into the air. And the workers of the plant went out and commandeered the tractors and cars of farmers that lived in the surrounding area. And the farmers were standing in the field watching these workers basically drive away in a caravan as quickly as they could so that they could reduce their exposure. Again, no government warning, no attempts to evacuate the area. So that the failure to take action soon after an accident like this results in the population being exposed at the highest levels. So the Soviets then disclosed "a certain leak of radioactive substances," and then finally told the public that 200 people were hospitalized, but that the water and the air in Kiev were safe. They were reassuring the public in fact, at the same time that their air force was seeding the clouds in the area, trying to induce rain so that it could wash the radiation from the sky before it reached the Russian state and also to protect the reservoir that is to the north of Kiev. So finally, President Gorbachev in '86 came on the news one evening and said, "Good evening, comrades. All of you know that there's been an incredible misfortune. The accident at the Chernobyl plant has painfully affected the Soviet people and shocked the international community, and for the first time, we confront the real force of nuclear energy out of control." There are a variety of different stories and lessons here, but perhaps the one that is most sad is the way that workers were mistreated. The effects of being exposed to radiation in the absence of protective gear was very well known to the Atomic Energy Commission and to the Soviet scientific experts from their experiences with nuclear weapons. But other than potassium iodide pills and the normal kind of a suit that a fireman might wear as protective gear, they were left helpless, even though they were told to go in and try to put out the flames of the burning and charring fuel rods. So also, the Soviets and others misunderstood the pattern of distribution of the radionuclides once they reached the atmosphere. So here you see April 26, the white that you see in the right hand side of the upper left air photo here, is demonstrating the direction of the plume. By April 28, the plume had reached up over Norway, Sweden, and Finland. By April 30, you can tell that the plume was being dispersed and being blown back around northern Europe. And eventually, by May 6, it had scattered itself pretty much all over Europe, with a patchy kind of a concentration. And you remember the surprise on the part of the Atomic Energy Commission to the patchiness of the fallout, finding high levels of strontium-90 in New York and Connecticut when the cloud intercepted a rainstorm. And this affected a fallout pattern that was really quite similarly non-uniform in Europe. And it took roughly about ten days for this plume to make its way all the way around the world, moving across China and then the Pacific Ocean to reach the United States, when it became detectable in the milk supplies in states such as Utah and Arizona and California. So that the sensors that existed at that point in time were picking up contaminants eventually distributed around the United States and eventually the rest of the world. So as you look at this map, you see a radiation deposition gradient from lightest color to darkest color. And what's so striking about it is that you see the patchiness demonstrated here, where you have a significant deposition in Austria, a significant deposition in Finland and up in both Norway and in Sweden. And the distance, by the way, is probably about 600 to 700 miles, maybe about 800 miles, from Chernobyl up to Northern Europe. So one thing that this did was it created complete chaos in European food markets. So if it reached the ground, it was getting into the food supply. Well, they realized that the different nations all had separate radiation standards. So that they did not have a uniform regulatory system to protect against one nation selling one commodity that had a radiation level that might not be accepted by another nation that had a tougher standard. Also, the detection process, you can imagine that the government was slow to go out and try to figure out this patchiness with precision. And that had tremendous implications for the period of exposure by the population. So here's a good example of the distributional pattern as it was being recognized by the Soviet Union back in the late 1980s. And as they tested more, they found more. So that this map was constantly changing in response to more rigorous testing. So that the different zones that you see here are designated as confiscated areas, permanent control areas, period control areas, and unregulated areas. So that the darkest red are the confiscated areas. So that lands, agricultural lands, urban lands, homes, residential communities, commercial areas, were literally confiscated so that hundreds of thousands of people were moved off of their land because the soils, the plants, as well as the building materials, and even the vehicles, were contaminated. Hundreds of thousands of vehicles turned into hazardous waste, almost within a matter of days. So what to do with this area? What do you do with people that you're going to pull out of their homes? Well, they had to build new communities. And in some instances, they even built new communities in areas that were contaminated because they hadn't tested carefully enough. Kind of interesting, because it should ring bells with you with respect to the Bikini Island history, where the Bikinians were allowed to move back into an area that the government supplied funds for constructing new homes, and then they went in and tested that more carefully and found that they had to move out. So that the tension here is that the government will want to limit its own liability, its own costs for evacuating or for dealing with hazardous waste, or for rebuilding a community. So it has very little incentive to disclose with precision the intensity of the concentrations. So in this case, the precision grew in response to international pressure because they were finding the patchy highly contaminated areas in many different European communities. And those different countries wanted to have international authority to take the Soviet Union to court so that they could be compensated for their losses as well. The construction workers that were trying to put out the fire and then deal with the contaminated areas would drive vehicles in whether they were aircraft, whether or not they were cars or trucks such as this. The workers eventually were suited up in protective gear, and they had to wash down the vehicles as they left the site to keep the vehicles from tracking the radionuclides to different parts of the affected area. I mentioned that agricultural lands were obviously affected, especially those within the red zones on the map that you just saw. What do you do with contaminated lands like this? Well, you basically have to scrape the surface off of it and figure out how you're going to bury the contaminated material. So that think about this, 76,000 thousand square kilometers of contaminated land. And what about the forest lands? What would happen to the timber that were growing in the area? Well, they also absorb the radionuclides. And many of those trees were still standing. And many people would cut down the contaminated trees, cut the timber, saw it up, turn it into building material, and people would build their houses of it. There's a similar analogy to the way that the uranium mines created the fuel for the power plants, the way that those mines left waste of uranium mine tailings. So what did they do with that? Well in some instances, they used the mine tailings as a construction material for homes, particularly on Native American reservations. So there's a very unhappy and costly history of how Navajos were living in homes that were built from cement products that contained uranium. So that the enormity of the effect of the contamination was just beyond anybody's expectation. Cars, trucks, tanks had to be buried. And there are many stories about how cars would be buried at night. They'd be dug up before dawn, and parts from those cars would then be removed and sold on the black market. So you all know that there's a very robust used car part market virtually everywhere in the world. So that these radioactive used parts were brought back, recycled back into circulation. In Sweden it's interesting. Because the Swedes found out about this, not because they were notified by the Soviets or any other nation, but because their workers showed up at their nuclear power plants and they started setting off alarms. So that power plants in Sweden were shut down one after another, but not because there was a problem at their plant, but because their workers were walking in the door to the plant in the morning and they had picked up the radionuclides that had been deposited on the streets or the sidewalks in Sweden, and that contamination had set off the alarms. That's when they started looking at weather patterns and trying to figure out what the source might be. There was no evidence that a nuclear weapon had been detonated, so they started at the location of nuclear power plants and were able to piece together the weather pattern over the past several days to pinpoint the Chernobyl plant. So that within several days, the radiation in Sweden was 1,000 times higher than it previously had been. So I'm going to jump ahead here to a discussion about evacuation. Civil defense officials were finally able to convince the government and plant officials of the need to evacuate areas that were closest to the plant. But thirty-six hours had passed. And these are, if you look at the current charts about the periodicity of the release of the radiation, you find that this first thirty-six hours was a crucial period, when that population should not have been allowed to stay in the area. So that they really had no plan. The government eventually was able to put together 1,000 buses and picked up first the children and then moved them hundreds of miles away to different camps. So as they studied the pattern of deposition, they found that their evacuation zone had been defined too narrowly. So the evacuation zone had to be continually expanded. So that by May 3, this was only about six or seven days later, 45,000 residents had been evacuated from a ten-kilometer radius. Eventually, 210,000 people were resettled into less contaminated areas. By the way, if you take the United States' requirement that every nuclear power plant in our nation have an evacuation plan that would cover an area that is defined by a ten-mile radius and you compare it to the movement of contamination from this plant, you can see the ten-mile radius in green here compared to the eventual location of the deep red colored confiscation zones more than a hundred miles away. So I'm going to jump ahead here because I'm going to run out of time. The safety regulations varied quite highly among the different nations, leading to a chaotic set of bans. So that finally, the Europeans decided to ban meat, live animals, and produce from all areas within 1,000 kilometers of the site. The economic consequences were enormous. So that the Austrian government banned the import of East Block milk, fruit and vegetables, the Dutch Agricultural Ministry prohibited cattle grazing. The Swiss were warned against providing fresh milk to young children. Italy banned the sale of its own leafy vegetables. And even the U.S. was warning people not to go to several European nations because of the extent of the contamination. So the economic consequences just associated with the food supply and its contamination were far higher than anybody imagined. There's also a sad story about the Sami indigenous group in northern Sweden that have long relied upon the livestock of reindeer. And reindeer feed on moss and lichen, and the radionuclides built up heavily in the moss and lichen and were detectable in their meat within a matter of several days following the accident. So that the Swedish government decided that it was going to ban the sale of all future products from these animals except for the sale of furs. So to come to a conclusion here, you'll be able to study this slide not from this lecture, but up on the Classes server. So that if you think about the relative amount of radioactivity that was released by the first atomic bombs in curies, you see the first atomic bombs up here on the top at Nagasaki and Hiroshima having released about 250,000 curies from atomic weapons testing totally. During that period, the atmospheric weapons testing, those figures are given here. But then if you look down here at Chernobyl, you find that the estimates of exposure and the estimates of those exposed are really quite amazing. Seventeen thousand and four hundred fatal cancers were expected among 2.9 billion people exposed. So more than half of the world's population was exposed to fallout from this nuclear power plant explosion, with a very serious estimate of fatal cancer outcomes. Compared to the Atomic Weapons Testing Program, where among everybody at the time--this report was done back in the 1990s by the National Cancer Institute-- everybody in the world was anticipated to have been exposed, but only 12,000 fatal cancers were expected from that entire program. So the magnitude of exposure, the magnitude of risk, is associated with this kind of a failure, has long been underestimated. Now I'm going to leave you at this time with one other thought, because I opened the lecture saying that we're facing a very difficult decision on how to allocate our resources and investments in different kinds of fuels. And I want you to think too about the relative risks associated with coal-fired power plants. We don't have too much time to talk about coal. But coal produces not just sulfur and nitrogen oxides, it produces particulates. And particulates, particularly in combination-- particulates, particularly, sorry. Particulates in combination with the sulfates pose a very serious health threat. And many people don't realize that between 20,000 and 60,000 premature deaths in the United States alone every year are now attributable to coal-fired power plants. On a world scale, the number is far more significant. So these are deaths that are premature deaths, particularly among those that have background conditions of cardiovascular illness or other kinds of respiratory illnesses. So that premature deaths from this form of energy are far higher than have ever been accounted for with respect to the nuclear industry. So that coal has this image of being a relatively safe fuel compared to nuclear power. But I'm hoping to get you to rethink that. The nuclear waste issue I think is overwhelmingly persuasive to me that the nuclear industry should not be seriously encouraged. And I am disappointed and surprised by the Obama Administration's support that came out just a few weeks ago for it. And next Tuesday, we'll be talking about the future of renewables, and particularly, the different kinds of legal strategies that have been employed, including tax strategies, different subsidies, different kind of credit systems, in order to try to increase human investment in renewable sources. So have a great weekend and enjoy the weather. We've talked about how to evaluate learning algorithms, talked about model selection, talked a lot about bias and variance. So how does this help us figure out what are potentially fruitful, potentially not fruitful things to try to do to improve the performance of a learning algorithm. Let's go back to our original motivating example and go for the result. So here is our earlier example of maybe having fit regularized linear regression and finding that it doesn't work as well as we're hoping. We said that we had this menu of options. So is there some way to figure out which of these might be fruitful options? The first thing all of this was getting more training examples. What this is good for, is this helps to fix high variance. And concretely, if you instead have a high bias problem and don't have any variance problem, then we saw in the previous video that getting more training examples, while maybe just isn't going to help much at all. So the first option is useful only if you, say, plot the learning curves and figure out that you have at least a bit of a variance, meaning that the cross-validation error is, you know, quite a bit bigger than your training set error. How about trying a smaller set of features? Well, trying a smaller set of features, that's again something that fixes high variance. And in other words, if you figure out, by looking at learning curves or something else that you used, that have a high bias problem; then for goodness sakes, don't waste your time trying to carefully select out a smaller set of features to use. Because if you have a high bias problem, using fewer features is not going to help. Whereas in contrast, if you look at the learning curves or something else you figure out that you have a high variance problem, then, indeed trying to select out a smaller set of features, that might indeed be a very good use of your time. How about trying to get additional features, adding features, usually, not always, but usually we think of this as a solution for fixing high bias problems. So if you are adding extra features it's usually because your current hypothesis is too simple, and so we want to try to get additional features to make our hypothesis better able to fit the training set. And similarly, adding polynomial features; this is another way of adding features and so there is another way to try to fix the high bias problem. And, if concretely if your learning curves show you that you still have a high variance problem, then, you know, again this is maybe a less good use of your time. And finally, decreasing and increasing lambda. This are quick and easy to try, I guess these are less likely to be a waste of, you know, many months of your life. But decreasing lambda, you already know fixes high bias. In case this isn't clear to you, you know, I do encourage you to pause the video and think through this that convince yourself that decreasing lambda helps fix high bias, whereas increasing lambda fixes high variance. And if you aren't sure why this is the case, do pause the video and make sure you can convince yourself that this is the case. Or take a look at the curves that we were plotting at the end of the previous video and try to make sure you understand why these are the case. Finally, let us take everything we have learned and relate it back to neural networks and so, here is some practical advice for how I usually choose the architecture or the connectivity pattern of the neural networks I use. So, if you are fitting a neural network, one option would be to fit, say, a pretty small neural network with you know, relatively few hidden units, maybe just one hidden unit. If you're fitting a neural network, one option would be to fit a relatively small neural network with, say, relatively few, maybe only one hidden layer and maybe only a relatively few number of hidden units. So, a network like this might have relatively few parameters and be more prone to underfitting. The main advantage of these small neural networks is that the computation will be cheaper. An alternative would be to fit a, maybe relatively large neural network with either more hidden units--there's a lot of hidden in one there--or with more hidden layers. And so these neural networks tend to have more parameters and therefore be more prone to overfitting. One disadvantage, often not a major one but something to think about, is that if you have a large number of neurons in your network, then it can be more computationally expensive. Although within reason, this is often hopefully not a huge problem. The main potential problem of these much larger neural networks is that it could be more prone to overfitting and it turns out if you're applying neural network very often using a large neural network often it's actually the larger, the better but if it's overfitting, you can then use regularization to address overfitting, usually using a larger neural network by using regularization to address is overfitting that's often more effective than using a smaller neural network. And the main possible disadvantage is that it can be more computationally expensive. And finally, one of the other decisions is, say, the number of hidden layers you want to have, right? So, do you want one hidden layer or do you want three hidden layers, as we've shown here, or do you want two hidden layers? And usually, as I think I said in the previous video, using a single hidden layer is a reasonable default, but if you want to choose the number of hidden layers, one other thing you can try is find yourself a training cross-validation, and test set split and try training neural networks with one hidden layer or two hidden layers or three hidden layers and see which of those neural networks performs best on the cross-validation sets. You take your three neural networks with one, two and three hidden layers, and compute the cross validation error at Jcv and all of them and use that to select which of these is you think the best neural network. So, that's it for bias and variance and ways like learning curves, who tried to diagnose these problems. As far as what you think is implied, for one might be truthful or not truthful things to try to improve the performance of a learning algorithm. If you understood the contents of the last few videos and if you apply them you actually be much more effective already and getting learning algorithms to work on problems and even a large fraction, maybe the majority of practitioners of machine learning here in Silicon Valley today doing these things as their full-time jobs. So I hope that these pieces of advice on by experience in diagnostics will help you to much effectively and powerfully apply learning and get them to work very well. NARRATOR: IF THE FLOOD WATERS RlSE... IF THE VlRUS SPREADS... IF THE BOMBS GO OFF... THESE MEN ARE READY. FOUR MARlNES WHO KNOW HOW TO SURVlVE. JOEL STEVENS JOEL: I was actually there on 9-11; I saw how society broke down very quickly. MARK PUHALY MARK: In the Marine Core we're taught to thrive in chaos and operate in a chaotic environment. MlKE KOZELlSIKI MlKE: I have a lot of ground combat experience, definitely saw a lot of death. You Never have your guard down. AND JlMMY CAMPBELL. JlMMY: You have to understand being self-reliant. Or you're in trouble. NARRATOR: THElR HEADQUARTERS FORGE SURVlVAL SUPPLY. COME CRlSIS OR CATASTROPHE. THElR TECHNlQUE: IMPROVlSATlON THEY KNOW IN AN EMERGENCY, HlGH TECH IS HlGH RlSK. THElR MlSSlON - USlNG THE STUFF ON HAND AND THE FlGHTlNG SPlRIT, THEY TEACH THEN TEST THElR CLlENTS ON HOW TO SURVlVE NEXT... MARK: Hey, surprise, a 12 gauge in the face. NARRATOR: A VlETNAM VET'S HOME GETS A PREPPlNG MAKE OVER. MlKE: Oh Yeah! TOMMY: And charge! NARRATOR: LONG ISLAND SURVlVALlSTS SEEK ADVlCE ON A POTENTlAL BUG OUT LOCATlON. A YOUNG GUNSMlTH GETS A LESSON IN KNlFE FlGHTlNG. JlMMY: And then you'll have your jabs and your strokes NARRATOR: AND A NEWBlE PREPPER LEARNS BASlC SURVlVAL SKlLLS. MARK: Jeff you ok? NARRATOR: TOMMY PATERNA IS A YOUNG PREPPER, WHO KNOWS A LOT ABOUT GUNS, BUT HE ALSO KNOWS THElR LlMITS. HE COMES TO THE FORGE STORE FOR TRAlNING IN OTHER WEAPONS. TOMMY: I am currently attending gun-smithing school, we basically learn how to repair, fix and customize various firearms, through out the country. MARK: You look like a young buck man, how old are you? TOMMY: I'm 19 years old; I'm going to gun smithing school MARK: Really? TOMMY: Yeah MARK: Really?! That's cool. JlMMY: Now I'm your biggest fan. You've got a skill that's really going to be sought after, especially with where the world's going. MARK: Tommy's in gun school at 19, and like we as survivalists, not to say we're infatuated with guns, but we like guns. Can I see your pack, are you a camper? A prepper? TOMMY: I'm a prepper, I'm a camper, I'm an outdoorsman. If something were to happen, I'd be completely ready. I consider myself a prepper because I've always had that mentality of being ready for anything, whether it be a human made disaster, or a natural disaster or a military disaster. NARRATOR: IN A CATASROPHE, TOMMY KNOWS AMMUNlTION CAN RUN OUT. THAT'S WHY HE'S COME TO THE FORGE. TOMMY: What I am trying to get out of today is how to better protect myself with a knife. JlMMY: Do you ever think about what might happen if you don't have a gun, if somebody comes up? TOMMY: Well you know that's something I'm trying to get into Uh I haven't really learnt that much about it, but I really would like to defend myself, when I don't have a gun. NARRATOR: JlMMY'S FlRST STEP IS TO ASSESS TOMMY'S KNlVES. TOMMY: I've had this for a hell of a long time, JlMMY: Do you mind if I see it? Are you doing it for wedging and prying or are you using it for truly cutting and slashing? TOMMY: I have used it to split logs; you know little logs for a campfire. NARRATOR: TOMMY IS IN GOOD HANDS JlMMY IS AN EXPERT ON SURVlVAL BLADES. JOEL: Well I think the blades warped. JlMMY: The reason, the reason being is that you are using it for the wrong purpose. In the 1940's when this design came out it was to kill the bad guy, so this was kill kill. TOMMY: Right JlMMY: This design OK, never evolved for anything other than what is was designed for, and it was this motion, and this motion, on human flesh. NARRATOR: TOMMY'S FlRST LESSON TO UNDERSTAND EACH KNlFE AND WHAT IT WAS DESlGNED FOR. JlMMY: So if you are using it for woods and things like that, it's going to break down very quickly. TOMMY: Alright. JlMMY: OK. NARRATOR: TOMMY HAS A BETTER UNDERTANDlNG OF HlS NEXT KNlFE THE KUKRl. JOEL: So what are you using the Kukri for? TOMMY: Basically for trying to cut through brush, small trees, again for cutting through logs, JlMMY: And that is exactly what it is used for. The original form of the kukri was actually a six inch blade with a belly on it, they did it for three things, one they had a lot of wild boar, two they had a hell of a lot of elephant weed there, and then when they actually had to kill something, but it actually has a throwing motion to it, and there is a specific way to throw a kukri, even this size, that's my weapon of choice,as a blade, this is in the field, probably your most valuable tool TOMMY: OK NARRATOR: BUT TOMMY'S COLLECTlON OF KNlVES IS MlSSlNG MARK'S FlRST CHOlCE. MARK: This is one of our favorite knives, the Parry blade. JlMMY: That's the world famous Parry blade. It's a British made survival knife, as you can see its made to hammer OK, it's made to pry, to get leverage on something, its made out of true 4-10 steel, 4-10 steel is the same steel that they use on pressurized aircraft landing gear. He's got some good tools; he is using them in the wrong way so now we are going to show him what blades are applicable for what situations. NARRATOR: PREPPERS KNOW GUNSCAN RUN OUT OF AMMO. THlS CAN'T HAPPEN WlTH A KNlFE. MARK: So unlike the movies we all don't have an unlimited supply of ammo. We can't go bang bang bang bang indefinitely. So we are going to give Tommy some skills to utilize the knives he has and show him some of the knives we like, to defend himself. JlMMY: Ok so the five main slashes, the five main attacks are going to be the short slashes, one, two, four, and backhand. The long slashes - one, two. And then you are going to have your jabs or your strokes. Ok so that's really going to be five main attacks. You know your not always going to be able to get someone in the body, best tool that you can have, quick slashes to the knuckles, just use your jabs, people see that, they are not going to know what you are doing but they are not going to want to get their hands cut. NARRATOR: THE FORGE TEAM BELlEVES THAT IN A FlGHT, THE STRENGTH OF THE KNlFE IS AS IMPORTANT AS THAT OF ITS OWNER. JlMMY: Something that's made out of good steel, getting the right sharpening tools, its going to last you a lifetime. You'll expire before this does. Alright? NARRATOR: GOOD KNlVES AREN'T JUST WEAPONS, THEY'RE TOOLS. IN A SURVlVAL SlTUATlON, A PREPPER'S KNlFE COULD BE CRlTICAL TO CREATlNG SHELTER JlMMY: OK so multiple chops, its going to wear this blade down, again this is for slashing and cutting, so you take this blade though, and you can see the various angles on it, so you use this for your tether cord and things like that, but you know its made for chopping, its made for direct angle strikes. The other things that a very important function of a survival knife is the weight and heft of it, in case you have to hammer something, you're building a lean to, you're taking down these things, you're trimming off the edges. This was created to get leverage on said nail. So straight up, so you want to find it, find the groove, and get that nail out, wedge it out, OK? Reusable tool. This is 4-10 steel. Pressurized 4-10 steel, you can pry a metal door open with this. It will not fracture. Ok? It's really to pry, dig, pry, dig. NARRATOR: BUT JlMMY HAS A LlTTLE SURPRlSE FOR THE YOUNG PREPPER. JlMMY: And then one other thing I brought for you, something that is not as lethal, but personal street fav - they call it simply the monkey fist. 550 cord, with a ball bearing, right in the top. Its cheap, its non-lethal, but my god does it hurt. The more motion you create with it, the harder its going to strike, so boom you hit a guy with this, he is not getting up. Its gonna hurt real bad. Ten bucks! You can feel it. 550 cord and a ball bearing. MARK: There's weight to it. TOMMY: Oh yeah. JlMMY: That little ball bearing is the scariest thing in the world you know. I mean I'm nervous standing next to you with it. MARK: You can just have that right in your pocket. TOMMY: Yeah. JlMMY: Self-defense 101. TOMMY: The best thing I learned about today is the different kinds of knives out there, and they were just really knowledgeable in the fighting and self-defense of using a knife. JlMMY: We taught him a little bit, it was just about hand-to hand combat basics, if he ever is attacked, or he needs to defend himself. TOMMY: I believe I would be able to use the skills I learned today in a survival situation, you know if need be. JlMMY: And he's a forward thinker. And definitely a guy I want on my team. NARRATOR: JOEL AND MlKE HEAD OUT TO COLORADO SPRlNGS TO HELP STEVE HASBROUCK, A VlETNAM VET, NRA INSTRUCTOR AND LlFE LONG PREPPER. STEVE: I'm a guy who's gonna bug in. I see no point in living in a ditch when I've got a perfectly fine home and I would say in some situations we could need some defensive tactics. NARRATOR: HlS GOAL IS TO PROVlDE A SAFE HAVEN FOR HlS FAMlLY AND FRlENDS IN THE EVENT OF ClVIL UNREST. STEVE: I feel that I have to take care of my neighbors. I know a lot of these people here. If something happens I know we're all gonna be in the middle of the street trying to figure it out. NARRATOR: HE'S HlRED THE CREW FROM FORGE SURVlVAL TO HELP HlM FORTlFY HlS HOME. MlKE: You got a busy street! STEVE: Oh this is a busy street its 500 trailers. MlKE: 500. JOEL: 500. NARRATOR: STEVE LlVES ON A HlGHLY POPULATED INTERSECTlON AND BELlEVES HlS VlSIBlLITY MAKES HlS HOME VULNERABLE IN THE EVENT OF SOClAL COLLAPSE,JOEL AGREES. JOEL: The signs I see around this neighborhood that tell me that this is gonna, this place is gonna melt down quick: The un-kept yards, the trailer park right next door, the high traffic, the population density. When people around here get desperate it's gonna get ugly. What we really need to do is get an overall look at the security of your home and see how we can help you to bug in. MlKE: We can build it with your expertise having been in the military we can go from there. NARRATOR: JOEL AND MlKE BEGlN THElR SECURlTY SURVEY OF STEVE'S BACKYARD. ALTHOUGH HE HAS A FENCE THEY SEE HlS DEFENSES CAN BE IMPROVED MlKE: Not a lot of space. JOEL: No, no. MlKE: He's got some stuff to work with. JOEL: I do like how the whole yard is fenced in. It's you know at least a barrier to keep people out. MlKE: Sure it's high enough that people can't just come right over or see what he's got going on in here but I think we'll probably add a little to that as well. NARRATOR: THEY DlSCOVER A MOTHERLOAD OF EQUlPMENT IN STEVE'S WORKSHOP. MlKE: Look at this goldmine! JOEL: Wow this is great. NARRATOR: STEVE AND HlS WELL EQUlPT SHOP GlVES MlKE AND JOEL PLENTY OF OPTlONS FOR FORTlFING THE HOUSE. MlKE: He's got all this equipment and tools and raw materials. He's got a welder, a generator, this is awesome. He has his fighting mask. JOEL: Oh yeah exactly! A lot of stuff to work from. NARRATOR: THEY NOW TURN TO THE MOST VULNERABLE SECTlON OF STEVE'S HOUSE: THE FRONT WlTH ITS LARGE WlNDOWS AND FRAMED WOODEN DOOR. MlKE: I think a big obstacle right here is key. JOEL: Right. We'll barricade the windows over here. We'll barricade this main window. We'll kind of try to channelize everybody to come to the front door to think this is the easiest way in. Steve said he's absolutely not gonna bug out. He's gonna absolutely stay here and fight to the last dying breath to protect his home and his family. With that being said we gotta try to help him out as best as we can. NARRATOR: ALTHOUGH THE HASBROUCK HOME IS WELL EQUlPPED THE TEAM SEES DANGER AT EVERY CORNER. JlMMY: This doesn't sound good dude. NARRATOR: AFTER SURVEYlNG THE HOME OF VlETNAM VET STEVE HASBROUCK, JOEL GATHERS THE TEAM IN THE WAR ROOM AT FORGE SURVlVAL TO COME UP WlTH A PLAN TO IMPROVE STEVE'S SECURlTY. JOEL: As a family they want to stay put, they don't want to bug out. Don't agree with that plan but you know kind of walk through what we got here and see what we can do, see what ideas you guys have. MlKE: Sure. JOEL: To orient you guys to the home, they live on a corner road here. JlMMY: What about the neighborhood as far as proximity to neighbors? JOEL: Let's put it this way you could hit his neighbor's house with a Ping-Pong ball. They have a large trailer facility, trailer park over to their west. There's about 500 trailers that live there. JlMMY: That doesn't sound good dude. JOEL: Yeah, I don't agree with the plan to bug in but they're dead set on it. The plan that I've come up with in my head and I kind of wanted to flesh out with you guys is look to build some type of barriers in front of the windows also maybe look at some type of shielding mechanisms for the windows incase there's riots out front. JlMMY: In case? JOEL: I know there's gonna be a riot for sure. MARK: It's just a matter of time. JOEL: Just a matter of time. Somehow brace this front door to keep people out. MARK: What about obstacles past the windows if they do get through? JOEL: They have a lot of furniture that they could maybe MARK: Barricade. JOEL: Barricade or position the furniture in different locations. MARK: Slow people down and take em out. Joel: Slow people down exactly. My thought was to somehow build some time of fighting position back down this long hallway. More likely him and his wife are gonna fall back to one of these back bedrooms for security. He was like an auto-mechanic slash fabricator so he's great with his hands, wood, steel laying on the side of the house. I have no doubt that he can improve on what we build as well as also help us build some stuff. We can leave these guys in a lot better situation than they current are. MlKE & MARK: Oh absolutely. NARRATOR: BUT BEFORE THEY HEAD OUT ANOTHER CUSTOMER ARRlVES. JOSH: There's always the nuclear apocalypse, there's the, you know, the economic downfall collapse. NARRATOR: JOSH WORBY IS A 17 YEAR OLD PREPPER FROM THE SUBURBS. JOSH: I consider myself more of a novice, ya know? So, maybe I could get some advice on what they think I've done. NARRATOR: HE HAS HAD LlTTLE REAL WORLD EXPERlENCE. MlKE: Go head and uh your bag down and we'll go through it. JOSH: Alright. MlKE: Damn that bag is full. JOSH: Oh yeah. I've seen a lot of people's bug out bags being all big and bulky you know? MlKE: Uh huh. JOSH: I try to keep mine as small as possible. NARRATOR: JOSH WAS RAlSED ON MOVlE AND INTERNET VERSlONS OF THE APOCALYPSE. JOSH: I've always believed in zombies and stuff. So, you know I believe that if you're prepared for the zombie apocalypse then you're prepared for any apocalypse. BUT BENEATH THE FANTASY ARE MORE REALlSTlC CONCERNS. JOSH USES ZOMBlES TO MEAN THE SPECTER OF ANY FRlGHTENlNG EPlDEMlC. JOSH: Zombies can mean like anything from like a disease that is spreadable it can become a pandemic, you know. That's- that's a huge issue and I think it's a lot more possible than people think it is. NARRATOR: ALTHOUGH HE'S YOUNG, JOSH IS SERlOUS ABOUT GETTlNG PREPARED. HE'S HlRED THE FORGE TEAM TO ASESS HlS READlNESS MlKE: OK Do I need to turn the lights off in here? JOSH: Lights? MlKE: There you go, cool guys take em off. JlMMY: Give me a little bit of background about what brought you about to wanna be able to prep. JOSH: I have the full belief that the zombie apocalypse is fast approaching. JlMMY: The internet's a great tool and it gives kids the ability to use their imagination. It also robs them of the real information they need. Josh: First aid kit. Jimmy: Very good. Mike: you saw what came standard is. JlMMY: Do you mind if I grab the bag? JOSH: of course. NARRATOR: THEY START WlTH HlS BUG OUT BAG. JlMMY: So this is a book bag. So you know in the brush this is gonna come apart. We're gonna show you how to save up to build towards a better gear list. Including and starting with the bag. NARRATOR: JOSH HAS HlS OWN IDEAS ABOUT THE EFFECTlVENESS OF HlS BUG OUT BAG. JOSH: No, no. I thought about bug out bags but you know I want to be able to go through a door without bumping into everything so you know I'm trying just go by the stay mobile and stay alive. JlMMY: You're not gonna be doing room clearing man. Ok, we're not in down town Baghdad. You're in Colorado, right. You have mountains all around you, you're gonna be outside. Unless you eating people and becoming a zombie then uh you know you're probably gonna look at more mobility as far as better gear, more solid gear. JOSH: Yup. Knife number one. MlKE: Alright, so your intent is if you needed to bug out is to put all this on your body? JOSH: Yes. MlKE: Ok. JlMMY: That is a survival blade. That is, ooo. MlKE: Its empty, and its not full tang. JlMMY: Ohh. It looks great. JlMMY: I'm gonna retract my last statement my friend. There is no leverage point here in this blade, this is going to break on you, you don't have anything counter balancing this blade and the base of your knife. MlKE: What else you got here? NARRATOR: THE DEEPER THEY DlG INTO THE BAG THE STRANGER THE GEAR. JOSH: Alright um, now here's a little thing right? JlMMY: Don't preface it man just pull it out of the bag. Is that a knee brace? JOSH: Yes! But it can also be an arm. Put any attachment on it. Anything from knives to flashlights to. JlMMY: I love talking to younger dudes. NARRATOR: IN JOSH'S MlND, THE ARM WlLL BRlSTLE WlTH DEADLY WEAPONRY ONE DAY. JOSH: Just look how cool it is! It's a robot arm! If you start running at some guy with this on flying around with all this crazy stuff on it he's not gonna stay he's gonna drop his stuff and book it. MlKE: I'm not gonna give a sxxx I'm gonna kill you. JlMMY: I would shove that directly up your xxx. NARRATOR: MlKE AND JlMMY APPREClATE JOSH'S ENTHUSlASM BUT THEY THlNK HE'LL BENEFlT FROM BElNG KNOCKED DOWN A NOTCH OR TWO. MlKE: I don't want to limit your creativity but we're just trying to give you a reality and sanity check to it. It's good you're thinking outside the box, that's absolutely awesome but I wouldn't bet my survival on a cool factor. JOSH: You know it seemed like they were cutting me down a lot but I am real novice now that I realize that. And they are super experts so I guess they knew what they were talking about. MlKE: And I'll tell you if the zombie apocalypse really happens it's like you've seen you may have heard before. JlMMY: What in the Eastern hell... NARRATOR: ANOTHER SURPRlSE. JlMMY: I saw the orange tip and I had to interrupt you. JOSH: Now now now hold on a second! I'm not in any way able to have a pistol. NARRATOR: BECAUSE JOSH IS TOO YOUNG TO BUY A FlREARM HlS ARSENAL CONSlSTS OF A TOY GUN. JOSH: Why not try to bluff my way through a million different situations. JlMMY: I see what you're saying and again, I'm commending you for being 17 and thinking that way. NARRATOR: USlNG A TOY GUN IN A DANGEROUS SlTUATlON COULD GET JOSH KlLLED. JlMMY: So if it turns into the wild wild west you lost. MlKE: You know you're thinking. And that's great. I would much rather pull you back than have to kick you in the ass. NARRATOR: TO GlVE JOSH A REALlTY CHECK, THE FORGE TEAM WlLL TAKE HlM TO A LlVE FlRING RANGE JlMMY: Now we're gonna show him what it's really like to use a weapon and uh how to really use it. This is the Air 15, better known as the M-4, a knocked down version of the M-16. OK now this is back. SO I am going to pull off a couple of rounds and show you how it's done, OK? MlKE: To be able to interact with young people it's fantastic because we know people took the time to teach us when we were younger we want to be able to pass some of that along. JlMMY: You can take it from me. NARRATOR: JOSH HAS LlTTLE EXPERlENCE WlTH GUNS SO HE NEEDS BASlC INSTRUCTlON. JlMMY: Now here is a full mag. You want to hold your weapon slap it in there. Just to rack around making one into the chamber. MlKE: What is most important is safety. If you did have to get into a combat situation you wanna have complete control of the weapon. JlMMY: Ok, this will replicate the zombie apocalypse when you explode heads. Ok? So go ahead and pull it. Rack around. There you go. To acquire the target you're going to look through this sight You want everything to be blurry on the other end. OK my man this is what you came here for. Fire! BOOM! First shot got em! MlKE: Great shot. JlMMY: There you go my man. MlKE: Beginners luck? JOSH: No, its just skill. MlKE: Hey a broken clock is right twice a day. JlMMY: Yeah, that's right. JOSH: I realized that I actually hit it and you know I wasn't actually expecting to so that was awesome! NARRATOR: MlKE HAS JOSH FlRE OFF SOME MORE ROUNDS IN THE HOPE THAT THE FlRST SHOT WAS A FLUKE. MlKE: My first thought after he nails the first shot is the absolute worst thing that could have happened for us. So now he may walk away thinking screw those guys I'm the man. So that's why we really tried to instill the fact that you know a broken clock is right twice a day. He needs to be in a learning mindset at all times. No more than three round bursts. JlMMY: Alright cease-fire. MlKE: Hey! Look at that! Good shooting! Whoa! NARRATOR: JOSH'S FlRST SHOT WASN'T BEGlNNERS LUCK. TO MlKE AND JlMMY'S SURPRlSE JOSH IS A NATURAL SHARP SHOOTER. JOSH: It was a new experience and it was totally awesome. MlKE: He's gonna go back to Tweet, email, Facebook, to his friends about that he's the man. But inside I think we might have reached him a little bit to say look you know this is a real thing you're actually planning or thinking your planning to want to shoot at zombies which is really people. It's another ball game. NARRATOR: DESPlTE HlS PERFECT AlM JOSH KNOWS HE STlLL HAS A LOT TO LEARN. JOSH: I'm gonna do what they said. I'm gonna try to upgrade my gear get some better stuff you know, and maybe get some more practical stuff. JlMMY: You did a great job today. Awesome? JOSH: Yeah! JlMMY: Cool dude, nice shooting. Alright lets go drink beers except you. NARRATOR: THE FORGE TEAM IS RETURNlNG TO WORK WlTH STEVE HASBROUCK. THElR GOAL IS TO HELP HlM MAKE HlS HOME SECURE. STEVE, A VlETNAM VET, BELlEVES THAT IT WONT BE LONG BEFORE THE SOClAL ORDER COLLAPSES. NOW IT'S TlME TO PREPARE FOR AN UNWELCOME INTRUDER. MlKE: Ultimately when we're done we've got this little beauty waiting for whoever is coming over that fence uninvited. And it's made real simple: a couple of nails, little bit of board, not very expensive and very effective. STEVE: I would hate to think of somebody jumping the fence and doing that but.. MlKE: Well you gotta protect your family, your property- And you do what it takes. STEVE: Prepare for everything. NARRATOR: MARK'S PREPPlNG EXPERElNCE GlVES HlM SURPRlSING IDEAS- SUCH AS CONCEALlNG BARBED WlRE. MARK: So rather than coil it all around your fence we're just gonna put some wire right below the inside edge. So if you reached over to jump over that wall I'm in a world of hurt- I just sliced the heck out of my hand. Steve will you grab that MlKE:That's gonna MARK: I'm gonna. We're gonna fix that. Right up there in that corner. STEVE: I'm gonna coil it just a little bit. MARK: And I'm gonna go.. MlKE: There you go. NARRATOR: CONNCEALlNG THE BARBED WlRE ALSO ADDS TO THE ELEMENT OF SURPRlSE. MARK: This underneath there. MlKE: They'll have no idea it's here. MARK: Like I said if someone tries to climb over this they're into the wire. And how many people are really gonna be prepared for that? And then your spike boards on there. That's definitely gonna slow someone down. NARRATOR: JOEL HAS A FlNAL TRlCK UP HlS SLEEVE A DEFENSE INSPlRED BY SOMETHlNG FROM STEVE'S DAYS IN VlETNAM. NARRATOR: THE DEFENSE OF STEVE HASBROUCK'S BACKYARD IS COMPLETED WlTH THE ADDlTION OF A PRlMITlVE BUT EFFECTlVE WEAPON SHARPENED BAMBOO STlCKS JOEL: Steve, the idea here is that we use these bamboo stakes. Most people that jump over the fence they usually clear the fence by a little bit but what we're trying to do is make people jump your fence and fall right down here. You land right on the nails. STEVE: Right on the nails. JOEL: That's where we want em STEVE: Dead or incapacitated. MlKE: Another thing you could do Steve is you get out here you see someone's coming over you don't have to have your weapon you just grab one of these-weapons of opportunity. MARK: The four of us did this in about 3 minutes. You pull this down and when time is right you know where to put everything up. NARRATOR: THE FORGE TEAM'S STRATEGY IS TO USE LOW TECH SOLUTlONS TO SOLVE STEVE'S SECURlTY NEEDS. MlKE: The stuff we used with Steve is commonly found at your house, local hardware store. It's not very expensive and it can be very effective. NARRATOR: NOW THAT THE BACKYARD IS SECURE, THE FORGE TEAM TURNS TO THE FRONT OF STEVE'S HOUSE. TO FORTlFY THE WEAKEST LlNK IN HlS DEFENSE THEY USE BARRlCADES. JOEL: As we discussed with our team we're really worried about your front windows. The sxxx Hits The Fan situation you know people are going to be trying to crawl through those windows, break them. So one of the things we came up with was, some you know temporary barricades that we could kinda secured your house to try to keep people away from your front window. So what we do here is we just took a simple board drilled some holes. Again we utilized the bamboo with some sharp edges and we punched these through here and build like a mini barricade. STEVE: Interesting. NARRATOR: IN ADDlTION TO PROVlDING DEFENSE, THE BARRlCADES ARE HlGHLY PORTABLE MlKE: flip it over There you go. JOEL: This is something you can store in your shed, your garage and in just a couple minutes have this assembled put your bamboo in the back along your fence. You have fortification. NARRATOR: THEY PLACE THESE IN FRONT OF THE WlNDOWS. A WEAK POlNT IN ANY BUlLDlNG'S PERlMETER BUT ESPEClALLY SO IN STEVE'S. THEY ADD BARBED WlRE AND FASTEN THE BARRlCADES TO THE GROUND TO PREVENT EASY REMOVAL. MARK: You wanna anchor these so someone couldn't throw something, grappling hook pull it, pull it away. It's gonna make someone think twice about trying to get into this bay window. MlKE: And with any defensive position you're always continuously improving it. You find better ways to improve what you've already got going. STEVE: That's right. That's right. NARRATOR: NEXT THE CREW MAKES A CUSTOMlZED WlNDOW SHlELD. MARK: No! Get your hand outta there MlKE: I know what I'm doing. JOEL: Alright. MlKE: Perfect. MARK: Now we're gonna hinge this to the top of the window. STEVE: Sweet. MARK: Let's lift. Alright coming down. STEVE: Alrighty! MARK: Now Steve go grab that shotgun cause now you got a storm window with gun ports on it. MlKE: He can't get that gun fast enough. NARRATOR: WlTH GUN PORTS, STEVE CAN SAFELY FlRE HlS WEAPON FROM INSlDE THE HOUSE. THEY ALSO CREATE AN INTlMIDATlNG SlGHT FOR ANY ATTACKER. MARK: Good field of view. STEVE: Good vantage. MARK: Yup. NARRATOR: IN THE EVENT THAT AN ATTACKER GETS THROUGH THE DOOR, THE TEAM HAS A STRATEGY FOR STEVE: FlGHTlNG POSlTIONS INSlDE HlS HOME. MARK: If you don't stop em at the door and you need a fallback, fallback, get another gun, get some more ammo and get behind your barricade. And you're right here and "hey, surprise!" 12 gauge to the face. Right now it just looks like a piece of plywood. We're gonna reinforce it we're gonna harden it. In a close quarters battle environment the last thing an assaulter wants to see is some type of hardened position. STEVE: That's urban assault. MARK: Yes. Exactly. STEVE: That's urban assault at its best. MlKE: We've secured a lot of your house around the perimeter but one thing we haven't talked about yet was the front door. NARRATOR: BEFORE THE TEAM LEAVES THEY PRESENT STEVE WlTH A VERY UNWELCOMlNG WELCOME MAT. MARK: Solid screws go right through your foot. STEVE: That's scary. MlKE: They get past that; Joel's got one more little surprise. NARRATOR: JOEL HAS A FlNAL GREETlNG FOR ANY WOULD-BE INVADER. JOEL: We're gonna get medieval on their asses. STEVE: Awesome. I'm starting to feel sorry for the perpetrator. What we had to do today is bittersweet. Why should we have to do this in this country but better be safe than sorry. MARK: You look at that place it's no longer a corner house. It is a fortress. It's Steve's Alamo and I don't wanna go mess with that. NARRATOR: SATlSFlED WlTH THE TRANSFORMATlON OF STEVE'S HOME, JOEL SENDS MlKE AND MARK OFF TO AN EAST COAST ASSlGNMENT. THE LONG ISLAND TACTlAL PREPERS LEAD BY TOMMY DlLALLO AND DR. JAMES STRlCKLAND ARE PREPARlNG FOR A WlDE RANGE OF EMERGENClES. THEY HAVE HlRED MlKE AND MARK TO ADVlSE THEM ON ASSESSlNG A TEMPORARY BUG-OUT LOCATlON. THE TEAM'S FlRST STOP IS WlTH PREPPER SECURlTY LEADER, TOMMY DlLALLO. TOMMY: Set it up! All ready. March! A lot of people look at prepping as something like oh a nut jobs. I'm not a nut job whatsoever. I'm an intelligent individual MARK: What does your wife say about that? TOMMY: She thinks I'm a nut job but besides that um I'm a prepper not just for total global disaster I start with all emergency preparedness floods, blackouts, hurricanes, which obviously we're on the Eastern seaboard. Doin it for a long time. MARK: How long? TOMMY: Um since probably around '98. MARK: Really? TOMMY: I started. Yeah. Former United States Marine so I always have that mindset of preparing before it gets worse. MARK: What's your worse nightmare? TOMMY: I think, as with anybody else would be a nuclear war or some type of dirty bomb going off. God forbid there was a real emergency how you gonna get through it? Everybody wants off that Island. If it is not a nuclear event I am going to be staying on Long Island. MARK: OK, so you are going to bug in? TOMMY: Yeah bugging in on the island. There's a lot of resources here. I don't plan on leaving, if I have to, but that doesn't mean I stay in my apartment. You should have secondarys and all that other type of stuff. Those routes need to be planned. Prepping is not food water and shelter. It's beyond that. You should be practicing prepping weapons, martial arts, fitness. NARRATOR: THE TEAM MEETS DR. JAMES STRlCKLAND, A PSYCHOLOGlST AND FOUNDER OF THE LONG ISLAND TACTlCAL PREPPERS. MlKE: How can we help you? STRlCKLAND: Show us how we can have some sustainability at our initial rally point. So I would be relying on your knowledge and your team building expertise to help my team be more successful. MlKE: Dr. Strickland when and how did you start thinking about preparedness? STRlCKLAND: Well I had a number of clients who started talking to me about prepping and their concerns MARK: What type of concerns? STRlCKLAND: We're an island. We only have a couple bridges and a tunnel and if anybody lives on Long Island knows it's difficult enough just in regular traffic let alone some type of man made disaster or natural disaster. From what I know from human behavior in times of stress and duress and under perceived authority, people will hurt you. They will take from you what they want. NARRATOR: ASSUMlNG EVACUATlON OFF THE ISLAND WOULD BE IMPOSSlBLE, DR. STRlCKLAND TOOK ACTlON. STRlCKLAND: I formed a team. We have about 20 to 30 members. From that group is anywhere from 80 to 120 possible in terms of gathering their family members and bringing them. MlKE: When was it started and why? STRlCKLAND: The group was started about six, seven months ago. MARK: Are you gonna bug in or bug out? STRlCKLAND: Well my initial plan is to bug out with members of our group. NARRATOR: HE HASCAREFULLY PUT TOGETHER HlS GROUP EVERY MEMBER HAS A SPEClAL SKlLL TO CONTRlBUTE. MlKE: So what kinda skill sets come with this group? STRlCKLAND: We have a wide range of skill sets. I'm a psychologist, we have a cardiac surgeon, we have lawyers, electricians, auto-mechanics. We have some military people and they're training us to form and mobilize. We've gone through uh a boot camp that mimics navy seal marine force recon. TOMMY: Pick it up people pick it up! You're receiving fire! Eight.Nine.Ten. Heads up! STRlCKLAND: Tommy takes all the training that we do and he coordinates it into one program boot camp. He is a former marine, has experienced combat TOMMY: Left face! STRlCKLAND: He has faced death as a combat solider. He's been there I haven't. What our team can benefit from your team is for our initial rally point is the structure sound? And is the building defensible? Can it house the number of people that we've mentioned or even more what would be the max capacity? We want to make sure the members who come can rely on us and that we can deliver. NARRATOR: AT STRlCKLANDS RALLY POlNT THE TEAM SEES DANGER AHEAD MARK: I think security is going to be huge. NARRATOR: WHEN MlKE AND MARK ARRlVE AT STRlCKLANDS BUG-OUT LOCATlON, THEY SEE IT PRESENTS A NUMBER OF COMPLlCATED CHALLENGES. THE FORGE TEAM HAS BEEN HlRED TO GlVE THEM ADVlCE ON MAKlNG THlS LOCATlON SECURE AND SUSTAlNABLE FOR UP TO 120 PEOPLE. STRlCKLAND: We wear vests such as this and hard hats for protection because we don't know what we are going to encounter, but it also lets us hide in plain sight. NARRATOR: THE BUlLDlNG'S SHEER SlZE PRESENTS OPPORTUNlTIES AS WELL AS CHALLENGES. MARK: This is a lot of real estate. MlKE: Yeah I am just wondering how defendable it is, because you are going to definitely need at least dozens of people just to defend it. NARRATOR: THE TEAM'S NEXT TASK IS FlNDlNG A WAY INSlDE THE STRUCTURE. Alright let's see if there's an entry point somewhere. Mark: yeah sure. NARRATOR: IMPRESSED BY THE EXTERlOR MARK AND MlKE UNDERSTAND THAT IT IS THE INTERlOR THAT WlLL DETERMlNE WHETHER THlS IS A VlABLE BUG-OUT LOCATlON. TOMMY: So this is the door I came in and this actually gives you access to the whole facility. MARK: You can definitely house MlKE: 100 plus. MARK: Yeah, your folks in here. I think security is going to be huge. MlKE: The link-up plan doesn't happen or someone gets cut off from being able to make it here, you gotta be able to scale it small because you're not going to have the man power for the rotation. How many weapons do you have? How much ammunition do you have? If everyone starts blowing off ammunition defending the whole place and you need a small amount it's gonna be a problem. TOMMY: Right. MARK: If you can get early warning stuff, trip flares, motion detectors. TOMMY: So far as securing a facility like this, what do you guys recommend? MlKE: First you've got to look at the scope of it; it looks like a very solid building. TOMMY: Yes, and just look around at the structure itself, everything is basically steel beamed, or tiled brick. This place could definitely be habitable I think. What do you think? MlKE: I think so, again we are looking at just one room, if we start expanding out to see whether either equipment you can find or things that you can make use of then you start identifying where your hygiene room is, where you are going to be able to store your water, where you're gonna spread out your ammo, etc. I think this gives you a lot to work with. MARK: This place is enormous, and solid. You're buttoned up in here good already, just from it being barricaded, you could easily make gun ports, observation areas, TOMMY: Use of the catwalks. MARK: Yeah. Exactly. NARRATOR: MARK AND MlKE BELlEVE THAT THlS LOCATlON DOES HAVE POTENTlAL. MlKE: This is a great starting point for the first thing we've seen, its looking very good, I know you are only planning to be here a short time but with these open fields if you think this ultimately could be a long term solution, you've got some room to work out here with setting up gardens etc. It still gives you some covering, and concealment, but it gives you a chance to get people outside, that whole mental aspect TOMMY: Right. MlKE: of getting to see some sunlight, not sitting in this cold dark place. MARK: I think this is a great potential spot for a bug out location; it's a very stable secure building. STRlCKLAND: The one issue I see is morale. My concern is while we can fix it up, that it, I don't I don't think in my opinion it's truly a long-term solution. NARRATOR: BUT THE FORGE TEAM DlSAGREES THEY HAVE A DlFFERENT PERSPECTlVE. MlKE: We're looking at it as Marines, hey that is great living; we've all lived in a lot worse places. MARK: With a broom and a dustpan, and maybe some Mr. Clean, you could make it a, you can make it home for a while if need be. NARRATOR: AND AT LEAST ONE OF THE LONG ISLAND PREPPERS AGREES. TOMMY: We scored when we walked into this building, we saw a structurally sound building, you really can't ask for more. NARRATOR: WlTH THElR INlTIAL RALLY POlNT DEClDED, PLANNlNG FOR THE GROUP'S BUG-IN CAN BEGlN. TOMMY: When you're creating any type of group that deals with security, that deals with the safety of others, we wanna make sure that people have the ability to handle stress and multiple variations of altercations. Keep going people! STRlCKLAND: Boot camp tested everybody, we brought every body to the brink and I was amazed at the cohesion and the camaraderie, we are all so much closer now as a result of boot camp, both physically and mentally. TOMMY: So how important do you think cardio fitness is right now? Important chief. STRlCKLAND: This was meant to show people what they may encounter should this actually occur. TOMMY: But it's the point of overcoming these obstacles. Never giving up when we feel tired or stressed. Do you understand that? VARlOUS:OOhh NARRATOR: MlKE OFFERS A SUGGESTlON FOR PREPARlNG STRlCKLAND'S TEAM. MlKE: I think this being a choice for them as an initial temporary bug-out location is a great start. Then I would start bringing every member who potentially could come into this scenario to look and see, hey this is where we are going, mentally start preparing yourself. NARRATOR: A WEEK LATER IN COLORADO, ANOTHER CUSTOMER JEFF STARNES, ARRlVES. JEFF'S BEEN USlNG THE INTERNET TO TEACH HlMSELF PREPPlNG. HE'S COME TO THE FORGE TEAM FOR A CONSULTATlON ABOUT PRlMITlVE SURVlVAL SKlLLS. HE WANTS TO BE SELF-RELlANT IF EVERYTHlNG BREAKS DOWN. JEFF: Instead of just of relying on the equipment that I have, I'm interested in learning primitive survival and self-reliance. MARK: So are you a camper or are you interested in more preparation things? JEFF: I'm just newly getting into being a prepper. JlMMY: Are you afraid of something happening? JEFF: I would like to be ready if something did happen. I want to be able to survive. NARRATOR: JEFF LEARNED EVERYTHlNG HE KNOWS ABOUT PREPPlNG ON THE INTERNET SO HE'S GOT SOME UNUSUAL GEAR. JEFF: First pouch here is um I keep uh I keep uh some rattraps. MlKE: My god look at this. You can trap a deer with this. JEFF: You want me to touch that? MlKE: How quick are ya? MlKE: No it works, that's good it's something a little NARRATOR: JEFF PLANS ON BRlNGlNG HlS DOG, A POTENTlALLY FATAL MlSTAKE. MlKE: So you plan for your dog to go with you. JEFF: Yeah. The last time I did it we ran out of water because that dog drinks so much water. MlKE: He gave all his water to the dog, which is a deadly mistake. Who's more important to get water in that situation? JEFF: My dog. MlKE: Your dogs gonna take care of you? JlMMY: Dude your dogs gonna be eating out of your chest as a bowl if you think like that. JEFF: Oh really? MlKE: Oh absolutely. This is a survival situation you need to drink the water before the dog. JEFF: Yeah definitely. JlMMY: YouTube videos got him a long way. Uh I don't think he thought about the practical application that he really needs in the field with it or how long his gear is gonna hold up but you know we're gonna make it happen for him. NARRATOR: IT'S NOT JUST JEFF'S GEAR THAT WlLL BE TESTED IN THE FlELD. MARK: Jeff, you OK? NARRATOR: MlKE AND JlMMY HAVE SEEN INCREASlNG NUMBERS OF INTERNET PREPPERS LlKE JEFF. JEFF HAS ALMOST NO FlRST HAND KNOWLEDGE OF SURVlVAL BASlCS LlKE STARTlNG A FlRE AND FlNDlNG SHELTER. JlMMY: It starts out as people with camping vs. prepping People don't think about the drastic aspect of what they actually have to go through or what they're gonna push to. NARRATOR: BUT TO ADVANCE HlS KNOWLEDGE AS A PREPPER JEFF WlLL LEARN BASlC CAMPlNG SKlLLS TOO. MlKE: What's most important is to get what they call a birds nest a bunch of small tinder stuff that's dry that once you get these embers hot or get them smoldering so it can start to grow. Right there. You wanna try yours? JEFF: Yeah... OK... MARK: And then hit it with the spark. JEFF: Come on baby! NARRATOR: JEFF IS HAVlNG TROUBLE WlTH THE FLlNT. MlKE SHOWS HlM AN EVEN SlMPLER METHOD. LlKE MANY SURVlVAL BASlCS THE FORGE TEAM KNOWS LOW TECH IS ALWAYS BETTER.. MlKE: So Magnifying glass. Obviously you have to have sun, if it's a snowstorm it's not gonna work or if it's raining. JEFF: It's on. It's on! JlMMY: Now fan it, MlKE: There you go. JlMMY: There you go! MlKE: Now! JEFF: Wow! It's going crazy now. MlKE: So what is this? JEFF: Steel wool. MlKE: Steel wool. And what's this? JEFF: 9 Volt battery. MlKE: Hold the battery like this. Touch it. That's another way to get some sparks to start a fire. MARK: Now you have to breath on it, Jeff. MlKE: There you go see it? JlMMY: Now remove the battery. Blow, blow blow. Now you're gonna have a quick tender pile. JEFF: Whoa! MlKE: See how easy that was? JEFF: Nice. JlMMY: So you see it doesn't take much. You start a fire real quick, it gets hot real quick. And look man now you're cooking you're warm, you're drying out your clothes. You're purifying water if you need to. JEFF: So is this really the first thing I'd want to do is get fire? MlKE: Well we can't tell you what situation you're gonna be in at some point in the future. But you gotta know the key pieces: which you'll learn dry, warm, fire, shelter, water food. And always, always security. NARRATOR: NOW A SHELTER IN THE WlLDERNESS MARK: This is a nice position here where we can lean sticks up against this fairly easily, level the ground out easily. Put some pine needles down and start grabbing branches. JEFF: OK MARK: Get about 8 or so 4-6 ft. in length. JEFF: Ok. What about this thing? MlKE: There you go. Cut it down. Let me show you another tool... This is as simple as a chain saw blade. It helps reduce the amount of work and effort you're gonna have to do to cut a clean edge on a piece of wood. You can use a hatchet but it's gonna take a lot more effort and use a lot more of your energy that you're trying to save. What you do is you put it just like this and you go back and forth. NARRATOR: THE TEAM ENSURES THAT THE LEAN-TO'S POLES ARE TlED DOWN FOR STABlLITY THEN COVERED WlTH A TARP FOR PROTECTlON AGAlNST THE ELEMENTS. MARK: Keep em comin! MlKE: When Jeff showed up he actually really wanted to learn some primitive skills. Getting him out of the office setting and into the field was fantastic. Get mean with it there ya go! MARK: You alright? JEFF: Yeah! MARK: You ok? JEFF: Yeah, I'm doin good! MlKE: He's givin it all he's got. MARK: You alright? Is Mike tripping you over there? JEFF: He tried to kill me. JlMMY: The old message slow is smooth and smooth is fast. MARK: Now we did this in what 10 minutes? JlMMY: 10 minutes. MARK: But we had 8 hands working. Ok? So remember you're gonna do this on your own, slow deliberate. You don't want to expend tons of energy. JlMMY: You're gonna build whatever you have to block the wind in your entrance here. JEFF: OK. NARRATOR: NOW THAT JEFF HAS HEAT AND SHELTER JlMMY GlVES HlM TlPS ON HUNTlNG FOR HlS NEXT MEAL JlMMY: Animals aren't stupid. They can smell the oil in your hands on these right? So you're gonna wanna use your gloves. If you're trying to do a head snare you want to make sure it's well anchored. This is a root. OK? No animal, except a really strong animal is pulling this out. If this snare was bound up here let's say, the more that that animal struggles against this branch it's tightening the noose on its neck. Now it's thrashing and it's working and it's working. It's asphyxiating itself. If you hear an animal screaming you might have to get your hands dirty. MlKE: If that anchor breaks off that thing just left and your next meal or two just hauled ass. JEFF: With my snare. MlKE: With your snare that you can't get back. JlMMY: Animals can also see very, very well so you want to hide them. Very simple mother nature's camouflage. OK? Hiding the whole snare. Ok? You have food in the middle of the snare here. When that animal catches this thing, foot snare you know, trying to run away it's got a spike in it it's cutting itself. OK? You see the scratches on my arm? And now it's cut, it wounded, and it, it's locked into place. MlKE: Something you may do is uh on your next trip when you're out in the field, you know, you take a little bit of food but knowing you have to capture something. The rat trap the snare, your uh, if you get uh uh a weapon and you can take down a squirrel or a bird and you eat that. Just to prove to yourself, you can do it. JlMMY: Hands down Jeff's working towards being fully prepared but he's on the right track. Jeff: I have actually a lot more confidence now, going back out, that I actually really do have a chance. NARRATOR: THERE ARE MANY HlGH-TECH SOLUTlONS FOR PREPPERS, BUT IF IT ALL GOES DOWN, IT'S THE BASlCS THAT MATTER. So here's my quiz on vanishing points. The question is: How many vanishing points may exist in a single image? Exactly 1 answer is correct here. We already encountered it in an example with 2. So perhaps there's 3, 4, 6-- or even infinitely many. So what's the maximum number of vanishing points you may possibly encounter in an image? Welcome back to psd tuts+ Hey, I am Martyn Sibley. I am a blogger, wheelchair user and I run online projects that are trying to change the world on disability issues. Welcome today to "Inspiring Employment". It is the first ecourse of its kind which uses a weekly email guide from myself, video interviews with worldwide contributors; many of them are disabled people who bring different experiences of employment and getting into employment. But I have also interviewed some industry experts as well to help you along the way, and on the side of that there will be some helpful resources and links. So I would also like to thank Misfit-Inc who sponsored the course. Without them I would not have been able to make this course totally free and available to you. So sign-up, get involved and hope you enjoy the course. What is this showing this in our ANOVA table? What belongs in the blanks? There are check boxes up here, so check which two should go here and here. TrollsNews today song about school 9gag tutorial Gangnam style record Good evening and welcome to another episode of TrollsNews, show that brings you all the important information about trolls or just a random drama on the internet. First report was brought to you by Toni Forelli, and it is about one fucking horrible song, this was was uploaded to channel RyanBaneTV, who is a fairly obvious musical troll. His video School starts with a close up to his teeth, which he licks afterwards, at this point a research showed that it's only natural for content of your stomach to evacuate through your mouth or any other hole, which assures fast exist. When he starts his "singing", he sings about school and that he's gay, obviously he's trying to approach same audience of trolls, who were hating on Rebecca Black. Next report of today was reported by WeMakeTehVids and it's about a user JOKER1115, who made a video about how to sign up for 9GAG, first of all, I don't get why anyone would want to do such a thing, and it seems that I'm not the only who wonders it, since the video has over 500 dislikes. He of course says that 9gag is very funny site full of memes and great comunity, well I guess if you 8 years old, apparently the site is also great for trolls, yeah right. Of course in his video he's not serious and he's basically trolling the viewers. Oh and now I know, thanks to this video, that on 9gag they actually have a button with "Y U no sign up", 9gag admins are truly disgusting creatures. The last report of today is about new YouTube record, apparently song Gangnam style is now the most liked video on YouTube with over 2.1 millions likes. It's nice to see the polar opposites of the internet, where Justin Bieber's song Baby is the most disliked video with almost 3 millions dislikes. I wonder what would happen if someone would make a mash up of these two songs, new big bang perhaps? That's all for this evening, stay tuned for more TrollsNews, please subscribe like and comment this video and please message me if you see a troll worth reporting or interesting youtube drama. My name is Vol Jang and that is Steve, stay safe under the youtube bridge. hey man! do you wanna play ball? okay! (shot) WoW! Exactly Okay let's face it. Hi, I'm Sean Bennet - Course Architect with Udacity I'm Colt McAnlis - Developer Advocate at Google I'm Peter Lubbers - a Program Manager at Google. Now HTML5 has a rich suite of functionality to build amazing experiences on the web. This course is about leveraging those tools to build fun engaging games. Now Colt here is going to be acting as our game expert Hi I like games! And Peter is going to be acting as our HTML 5 expert. I love HTML 5. Now there are two different ways you can enter this course. If you're not already familiar with JavaScript or modern browsers, then we have an optional JavaScript crash course for you to take. Now if you're already familiar with all of that, then you can go ahead and skip that. And go straight to our canvas unit. Can't wait to see you in class! >> This video is going to give you a concrete example of how clustering and principal component analysis that we covered in last week's lectures can be applied to understand data that comes from a particular example, where we want to be able to classify actions based on some observations that we've taken. So, this is going to be an example why we're using the data from, that's collected using a Samsung Galaxy S3. So, this is a smartphone and inside the smartphone, there's an accelerometer. The accelerometer is used so that when you turn the camera on each side, it can change the orientation of the video. That's a pretty cool feature. But we're actually going to be using a data for something else when we do this analysis. So, that acelerometer actually measures how much activity is going on in, on three different axes. And so a study was performed where that data was collected for a number of individuals and each individual participated in several different types of activities. And during those activities, they had the smartphone in their pocket, and the accelerometer measured the types of activity that were going on. So, this data is available from the UCI Machine Learning Repository and I've given you the URL here for the data. It actually comes in several different files and I've done just some light processing to create a slightly more processed version of the dataset, which is easier to distribute. So, that dataset is available from this URL, which you can see here. And I've also made the dataset available from the course website. So, the first thing that I do is I download the file, and I load it into R. And so, if I look at the names in the variables in this dataset, you can see that they are all measures of acceleration. And these measures of acceleration are actually summarized over a, a period of time. And so, you see that summary statistic is given for each measurement. Either it's a mean over a period of time or a standard deviation or a median absolute deviation. And then, you can see which axis the measurement has been taken on whether its the x-axis, or the y-axis, or the z-axis. In the dataset, we also have a variable called activity and that variable tells you what that the subject was doing while they were participating in the study. So, they could be laying, sitting, standing, walking, or walking up and down stairs. And so, you could see that the activities are sort of equally-distributed across these different types of activities. And so, what we're going to be trying to do in this analysis is use these measurements that were collected with the Samsung Galaxy S3. And predict what sort of activity the person is participating in. This is the kind of thing that is becoming really widely-used now in a lot of medical studies, but is also being used in other places as well, to try to be able to determine what sort of things are, people are doing with their smartphones. So, the first thing that we can do is we can start taking a look at some of the variables them, themselves. And so, what we've done here is we've first created a vector that is a numeric value for the different activities. So in this case, 1 is for standing, 2 is for sitting, 3 is for laying, 4 is for walking, 5 is for walking down, and 6 is for walking up. And then, what I can do is I can take the data just for the first subject. So, this dataset actually contains data on multiple subject but we'll only be looking at the first subject here and I can plot the first variables. The first variable is the mean acceleration on the x-coordinate axis and so then I can color it by the activity that the person was participating in. So, you can see, for example, that when a person was laying or standing still, there wasn't as much activity that was going on whereas when they were walking down or walking up, their mean activity varied a lot more. You can also plot that same variable for the y-axis and you actually have x, y, and z for each of these different measurements, but here's just a couple of them. So, the next thing that we could do is we could actually just try to cluster the data based on the average acceleration in the x, y, and z-coordinates. So, what I've done here is I've created a, a distance matrix where I calculate for the first subject, I'm going to say, okay, I'm going to look at all of their activities and look at the first three variables. The first three variables being the core, the measurements in thex, y, and z-axis of the average acceleration. And what I'm going to do is say, you know, can we calculate the distance between those measurements, those acceleration measurements between all of the different activities that were performed by subject one. And then, perform a hierarchical clustering like we performed in the previous week's lecture. And if I plot that clustering, I can see, when I've colored it by activity that it actually doesn't cluster the activities very nicely. You can see that all the sort of the different colors are mixed together so that they're not actually, not very well distinguished. And you can actually kind of see why that, that would be true, you can see that despite there being some differences, say, between standing and walking, many of the activities have sort of similar patterns of variation across this, their activities that they're performing. So, since clustering based on the mean acceleration in each of the access directions didn't seem to bear too much fruit, we can actually take a look at some of the other variables in our data set. So, the next set of variables that we might look at are the max acceleration in each of the access directions. And so, what we've plotted here now are for the first subject. This is again, all of the different measurements that we take for that first subject, and they're color coated by activity. And so, you can see say, for example, that the dark blue are the walking activities and the light blue are the walking up, or sorry, walking down and the Pink are walking up. And so, what you can see is that the max acceleration now distinguishes there activities substantially better then the acceleration, the mean acceleration did. You can see, for example, that standing and laying have very low max acceleration which isn't very surprising and that walking up and down and just any kind of walking actually has a much higher max acceleration. So, based on these variables, you'd expect to see a little bit better clustering. And so, we can actually perform a clustering again on just the activities of the very first subject. We can take the variables ten through 12, those are the max acceleration variables for those subjects, and see how close those measurements are for different activities and perform a hierarchical clustering on them. And so, what you actually end up seeing is that walking and walking up are still not very well-distinguished but walking down now gets kind of its own cluster over here on the left the light blue points. So, we've actually improved our clustering a little bit over using just the mean acceleration. And we might want to ask ourselves, is there a way that we could actually start to distinguish out these other activities that weren't distinguished by the max acceleration on its own? So, one way we could do that is we could look at the singular value decomposition, which is something we also talked about last week. So, what we could do is calculate the singular value decomposition on the Samsung data. So, again, this is the Samsung data, where the activities for the first subject are in rows. And in the columns, we have all of the variables that have been collected with the accelerometer. And I've left out just the last two columns. And the reason why I've left those out is because one is the subject variable, and one is the activity variable. So, we're actually not interested in those. We want to just look at the Samsung data and see if the patterns in those data can actually distinguish the activities. So, when I calculate the singular value decomposition, I get, remember, three matrices. I get u, v, and d. And so, u is the left singular vector and that's what I've plotted here, so I've plotted the, the first left singular vector, that's the first column of u. And the second left singular vector, that's the second column of u, so these vectors show across, again, all of the different activities, what the most prevalent or the most common patterns that explain the most variation in the data set are. So, we can see that the first singular vector sort of not surprisingly, distinguishes all the activities where you're sedentary, laying down, or sitting or standing, from activities where you're doing something like walking, walking up, or walking down. And so, this is a singular vector looks actually quite a bit like the max acceleration vector. And so, it's maybe not necessarily helpful for us in improving our analysis and our ability to cluster the, the differences between these categories here, the active categories. So, if we look at the second singular vector, this is going to be left singular vector, it's going to be orthogonal to the first left singular vector with our and only the sense that these two things are uncorrelated with each other. And so, what we can see here now is actually they are walking down and walking up, the light blue and the purple points are actually pretty well-distinguished in the second left singular vector. So, what we are seeing here is a pattern in the day that it explains a lot of variation that actually separates out categories that weren't separated out by the max. So, the next thing that we want to know is, well, as you'll remember from the singular value decomposition lecture, this left singular vector actually represents the average of potentially multiple patterns that are observed in the dataset. So, we want to actually go back and see if we can discover, what are the variables that contribute to this pattern that we're observing here. So, the way that we do that is that we look at the right singular vector that corresponds to the left singular vector that gives that pattern. So again, we, we are looking at the second left singular vector. So now, we look at the second right singular vector. So, this is the v component of the svd and it's the second column of v and we plot that. And so now, this is actually in the previous case, we were looking at the one subject across all their activities. Now, what we're looking at is all the different variables so this is the variables 1 through 561 that were collected with the Samsung device and what we're seeing here are the weights that each of these variables contribute to that pattern that is the second left singular vector. And so, for example, what we might want to do is pick out some of these variables that have a very high level of the weight, so that means they're contributing a lot of, of, of the variation to that pattern that we've observed in the left singular vector. So, we might pick out, say, the one that's the maximum and include that variable when we do our clustering. So, what I did is just that. I calculated what the max variable the max weight was for the second right singular vector. So, this is the variable that contributed the most to the second left singular vector's pattern. The one that distinguished walking up from walking down. And then I can actually re-calculate the distance matrix. Now, I'm using again the variables 10 through 12. These are the max acceleration variables, and then I'm also taking this max contributor variables. So, the one that contributes the most to that pattern of variation. And I re-performed my clustering analysis and so what I can see now is if you'll remember from the previous slide, the, the first clustering with the max accelerationing had the dark blue points and the pink points basically entirely intermixed. And now, you see that they've kind of been separated, and the reason why is that we picked out a variable using sort of a multivariate technique. We identified a variable that was contributing to a major pattern in the dataset that separated these activities out. So, we're able to sort of start to identify the activities that distinguish the patterns of variation in activity monitoring from these Samsung devices. The cool thing about these discovery techniques is that we can actually go back and see what variable that we've picked to include in our model and include in our clustering. And, in this case, we're looking here at the mean frequency of, of the changes and acceleration for the z-variable. And it makes sense because what we've done is we've identified a variable that separates out walking from walking up a set of stairs and so you can imagine that there would be differences in the frequency of, of changes in the z -axis if you would use that variable. And it's cool because we discovered that without having to know in advance what that variable is, we actually just it in the patterns in the data that best explained differences between the activities. So, we can also apply K-means clustering to these data. And so, I'm going to do this to sort of illustrate how K-means gives you a little bit different information and also behaves a little bit differently than the other clustering approaches. So, what I've done here is I've applied the K-means clustering algorithm, algorithm to the Samsung data only again from the first subject. And again, I've eliminated the subject indicator and the activity indicator, so this K-means clustering is being performed not on the activity data itself, only on the Samsung data that was collected about acceleration and I told k-means that I would like 6 different clusters by telling it that there are 6 centers. And so then, what I can do is I can actually make a table that says what cluster you were assigned to versus what activity that person was actually performing. So, for example, for this first subject, we see that we cluster their activities into six different clusters. And the first cluster contains some of the time when the subject was laying, some of the time when it was, when that subject was sitting and some of the time when they were standing. We can see that cluster 2 and cluster 5 actually split up the walk down activities into two separate clusters. Similarly, cluster 3 and cluster 4 actually separate out the walking activities. So, this is important to note first of all, that even though we told K-means that there were six clusters, and there actually are six clusters, it doesn't necessarily identify the clusters that we were thinking about in advance. It doesn't necessarily identify laying, sitting, and standing separately, because it's not clear that the variables that we've passed it will, will perfectly cluster in that way. But also, as I mentioned in my earlier lectures, the K-means clustering algorithm is actually stochastic. It depends, it gives it a random start and then the random start is updated and updated until you get the final centroids. And so, I actually only started it one time because that is the default for K-means clustering here so I can actually see what happens if I run it the exact same algorithm again. And so, I ran the exact same command again, I gave it exactly one start, I get told that 6 centers that passed at the exact same data and I get a different set of clusters out. So, you can see now cluster 1 has mostly the walking variables but also one walk down. You can see that walk is separated out across clusters 1 through 3. You can see, for example, that walk up is primarily cluster 4 with a little bit of laying and sitting included. So again, you have a really hard time distinguishing laying, sitting, and standing. So, those variables get spread out. Or those activities get spread out here in cluster 6. But the important thing to note is if you look at where these clusters land, they are very different than the first time I ran K-means clustering with only one start. So, as I mentioned, there's one way that we could try to address that and that is, instead of giving K-means one opportunity to fit the algorithm, we actually give it 100 random starts, and then do sort of averaging to identify what cluster that you end up in. So, if I do that, now I get yet another clustering from the K-means clustering algorithm, so in this clustering cluster 1 has mostly sitting and standing. Cluster 2 has mostly laying and sitting. Cluster 3 is now almost exclusively is a, just exclusively walking. Cluster 4 is mostly walk down. And cluster 6 here is mostly walkup, so it looks like at least for these activities, we're doing a somewhat better job of separating those activities out, once we've told K-means to try to do this multiple times with random restarts, and average over those restarts. If I run it again with a 100 starts, I do get something very slightly different and in particular, I might get the ordering of these labels differently, but you can see it's pretty stable, all 49 individual or 49 activity points got classified into cluster 2 and that's for walk down. And if you go to the previous slide, you see it was cluster 4 in the previous slide but again it was the 49 activity points for walk down. So, the cluster names aren't necessarily stable. But the points gets assigned much more stably to a specific cluster if I do more random restarts. So, the cool thing about K-means clustering is that, the, then you can go back and actually look at what each of these clusters means. Or in other words, what are the variables contributing to these clusters. What are the patterns that they look like? So, we can actually look at the cluster 1 variable centers. And so, this is the, actually the, first cluster. This is the one that corresponds to mostly laying down activity. And these are the first ten variables. So, these three variables represent mean acceleration x, y, and z. And then these variables here, the tenth variable say, for example represents the max acceleration in the x-direction. So, you can see, for example, that for laying a lot of the values are, sort of, very low. The acceleration values aren't changing very much. The second cluster is actually corresponding to the, mostly to walking. And for this cluster, you actually see that a lot of the acceleration values are actually quite a bit higher. So, we can actually even look at which variables are higher for the walking center and so we're able to actually kind of distinguish between difference clusters based on what their cluster centers look like. So, that was a quick tour of the different clustering algorithms applied to the Samsung data. I've actually only looked at subject 1 for all of these analyses. But an interesting thing to do is see if you can say, cluster subjects together using hierarchical clustering or K-means clustering. And I'ld encourage you to take a try at that. Well good morning everyone. This is Paul Kraus. And I'm Kristi Traynor. And we're both Assistant Attorney Generals. We're happy to be here today to give this presentation of "Know the Law, Make the Record, and Be a Teacher. Alright, as we get started here this morning we're going to start with a little bit of an icebreaker and we've got a quick question for you. We'd just like to get an indication of who all is here. So tell us, what's your position with the Department of Human Services? Looks like we've got a good group with us today. Looks like we've had about half social workers and a good portion of the 3rd supervisors and some central office staff and some others as well, so that's a good group to start with. Okay, we're going to close the poll now. Not everybody voted, but we'll close the poll. And then we can share it with people so they can see it. So our focus today is actually going to be on dependent adult abuse, but many of the principles we're talking about can be used in any type of administrative proceeding. Some of the hypotheticals we'll go through today will be specific to dependent adult abuse, but hopefully we can take out of today's presentation some general principles and some foundations for any time you'll be representing yourself in an administrative appeal. So how many of you have actually done a dependent adult abuse appeal by yourselves? And by raise of hands, you should have a little hand icon if you look on the right hand side of your webinar panel. You're going to see that there should be a little hand icon and you just click on that. That will show us that you're raising your hand. 12%, okay. For you 12% that have done a dependent adult appeal, for how many was it a good experience? Okay, Margi's going to clear your hands. Okay, now answer the question. About 8%, so 2 out of 24. Alright, we'll we're going to work on increasing that number today. So I'm glad you're all here. As you know with a dependent adult abuse case, a subject has to appeal within a 6 month period. And they would do that to the appeals section. And then you as a worker or you as a supervisor would be notified by mail if an individual has a request in appeal within that six month period. So what happens when you get an appeal that comes through? You might feel just like this. I know I sometimes feel like this when something I've done has been appealed. It's okay to feel like that. Get it out. Shout at your computer screen. Don't hurt any of your coworkers. But get that part over with because then what you're going to do is you're going to switch your hats. You need to remember that an appeal is not anything against your work. It's not saying you did your work poorly or you didn't do your job. It's just somebody disagrees with your opinion. We're all reasonable people and reasonable minds can disagree. So once you get the appeal in, you get out that angst, I want you to switch your hat to take a look at the order that's in front of you. The first thing you're going to do is get it on your calender. You don't want to miss a hearing date, so the very first step you're going to do is you're going to get that marked on your calender. The second thing you want to do is figure out are you represented by an attorney or are you on your own on this one? Now, we know it's dependent adult abuse so you're going to be on your own for the most part. There is a procedure for asking for representation help from the Attorney General's office and that is set forth in your manual. I think it starts about page 84. So you can take a look at that and call the help desk if you need help with that procedure. So, if you're going to be represented take a look at the manual page, talk to your supervisor, and work through that. At that point, once you work through that and get assistance you're going to stop. You're not going to be communicating with any counsel. You're not going to be communicating with any subjects of the report. You're going to be communicating directly with the Assistant Attorney General that's helping you. But, if you're on your own it's time to get going. If you're going to be on your own, it's important to understand the law and begin your preparations for the pre-hearing conference. While you're at the pre-hearing conference it's going to be important to figure out what exactly is being appealed. And there could be any number of determinations that could be appealed by the petitioner or the appellant, specifically whether it's a confirmed in place report, whether it's a confirmed not placed report, or whether it's even a not confirmed report, but somebody was trying to put somebody else on the child abuse registry. In order for you to be grounded in knowing what to expect at the pre-hearing conference, you have to figure out exactly what is being appealed. In addition to that, you should be thinking to yourself, who can be present at this pre-hearing conference. The subject matter that we're dealing with in dependent adult abuse case or even in a child abuse case is going to be confidential information. So the general public is not entitled to sit in and listen to the discussion that will be happening with the judge and the other parties. So generally speaking, the parties that are entitled to be present at the pre-hearing conference are going to be the subjects of the assessment. Who are the subjects? Generally they're going to be the dependent adult themselves, the alleged perpetrator, and the guardian or legal custodian of that alleged, of the dependent adult. In addition to that, obviously counsel can be present and any of those parties that sought out legal counsel, the judge, and yourself, and potentially a supervisor as well. So you've gotten ready and you've figured out those issues and now you're going to get down to work. Roll up your sleeves, because you've got lots of reading to do. I want you to start at the top. What's most important in these appeals is the law. So obviously you're starting at 235B.2, that's where your dependent adult section starts for the most part. You're going to start there and read over who's a dependent adult, what's abuse, what's neglect for those individuals. You're going to take a look at the DHS manual. What's our policy? What are our categories? What do I need to prove? That starts at page 16 G of the manual. The administrative code,their supervisions for dependent adult abuse, for appeals generally, and for appeals within the Department of Inspections and Appeals which is where your cases are going to be heard. So that's the provisions for those in the administrative code. The other thing I really want you to go through closely is the appeal letter. Read through that appeal letter and see what the issues are that the appellant has raised. That will give you a good clue as to what the arguments are going to be at the hearing, so take a look at that. And then finally read through your assessment again. It's been awhile since you completed it. I want you to read back through it. You've already read the appeal letter so you can kind of see what they're talking about and you can go right back on through. I don't know about all of you, but for me there's certain people in my life that I kind of lean on for inspiration and advice. For me it's Confucious, Ghandi, and Kenny Rogers. And Kenny Rodgers, who's a famous philosopher, once said, "you got to know when to hold 'em, know when to fold 'em, know when to walk away, and know when to run." And I think that's an important principle when deciding the next step. And that is figuring out whether a settlement will be appropriate or not appropriate in the matter. When you have a settlement that you're contemplating, very first step has to be what is my overall goal with this case. And you know, you can look at specific things like is my goal to have this person on the registry? Is my goal that there be a finding of a specific category of abuse? Is my goal that the dependent adult be safe and I can do that through other types of protective arrangements like a safety plan that's enforced. Is my goal treatment for the family? Is my goal whoever the abuser is to recognize that their actions put someone else at risk and is dangerous and we want them to stop that particular behavior? In kind of sorting through what your goal is, you have to figure out your bottom line. And what I mean by a bottom line is you have to know what you absolutely must have, what would be really nice to have, and what is not required in order to achieve your overall objective. And one other thing that you're going to need to pay attention to is whether or not you have any limitations when it comes to settlement. For instance, where there previous confirmed or founded reports within that five year period so that it has to be a founded report if it's abuse? Or is it in a category of abuse that has to be founded, like sexual abuse? The other thing that I think you need to pay attention to is whether or not you can be a little bit more creative when you're thinking about settlement terms. Lots of times when we think about settlement we only think okay I have to change the outcome, I have to change that finding. You can do more than that. In exchange for changing the finding, can you get something out of the person that helps you to reach your overall goal? You know, can you make them take some sort of a class that they need for medication management? Can you do some sort of a contract with them where they can't be in change, the alleged perpetrator can't be in charge of the finances of the dependent adult anymore and you make new arrangements for someone else to do it and they guarantee in a signed contract, your settlement, that they won't do it for at least a five year period. Can you arrange for a no contact order or switch the living arrangement for the dependent adult? Think outside that box and think about what it is you want to, what your goal is that you want to achieve and how can you get there? Then comes the hard part. You have to evaluate what all of your options are. And many times there are dozens of options that literally you could put on the talbe. But you have to put on a different hat. Not necessarily that of the social worker that named the original finding, but one of an objective individual who can go through all of the evidence, look at all of the risks and benefits associated with all of the possible outcomes, and come to a conclusion as to what would likely happen if you proceeded with a certain settlement or if you didn't proceed with a certain settlement. It's important to remember and analyze what the risks would be if you won at the hearing or if you lost at the hearing. And of course it's important to remain realistic in your expectations. Certainly there is no one magic wand or one solution for your case that guarantees you're going to be successful, so it's important to remain grounded. Further, hindsight is 20/20. You know, when you're looking at settlement and looking at your options when you are at the pre-hearing conference stage, it's important to remember that you have a lot more information now about a particular family or a particular circumstance that you did not have at the time the initial agency actions where completed. And so it's okay and acceptable to come to a different conclusion now, today, when you're dealing with the pre-hearing conference, than you would have reached back at the time that you had made your initial consideration. You have more information. All that information should be considered. And it's important of course not to think of a case as just winning or losing. Often times when I talk to social workers in the child abuse area, when we talk about settle or we talk about resolving an issue prior to going to hearing, they take that as a personal reflection on their work product. Which it's not, because there is so much more information that has come forward by the time of the hearing, many times as all of you know, it can be 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, before you get to pre-hearing for the actual hearing. And so it's a completely different circumstance that you're looking at from when the original determination was made. Well once you've gone through all of the steps of thinking through a settlement, if you conclude that there really isn't a place for you to settle or a place to go, you need to start thinking about what you're going to do and find to support your conclusions. And you can think outside the confines of your assessment. Think to yourself, what evidence in all of the world can I possibly find that's going to support the conclusions and the things that I came up to. The other thing you want to be thinking about is whether or not you want to refute the allegations in the appeal. Take a look at that appeal letter again, take a look at what they're arguing. How can you counter those arguments? How can you respond to the administrative law judge about what it is that they're saying? The other thing you need to start thinking about is witnesses. Who do you need to call? Obviously, if you're the person who did the report, you've spoken to everybody and you can sit down in front of the Administrative Law Judge and you can testify as to all of those facts. But think to yourself, is that really most persuasive? Is it more persuasive for you to sit there and say to the judge, Suzy Q. told me that, or is it better for Suzy Q. to get up on the stand to testify and tell the judge directly so the judge can assess Suzy's credibility himself or herself? So try to get the words directly out of the horse's mouth when you can. It doesn't matter whether or not it's a small point or a big point, think about what it is that you want to accomplish with your witnesses. And on that point, it's important to kind of brainstorm and think to yourself, who out there can provide information to the courts to support my conclusions that I reached during my assessment. You also want to start thinking about exhibits. I know there's been some discussion about whether or not you can keep items that you come up with during the course of your assessment and it's my understanding that you can and that you should. If you're working with my office we're going to ask you for everything that you looked at during the course of your assessment. For purposes of representing yourself, you want to take a look back through your assessment. What did I look at? Did I have medical records? Did I have financial records? It's not just paper. I had a case not too long ago where the issue, it was a child abuse case, but the issue was whether or not the children were being properly supervised and part of the evidence was that they were very dirty and unkept. And the social worker had actually kept the clothing in the trunk of her car and had it locked tight up in a bag. So I got the clothes from the social worker and when mom testified that the kids were clean, we during a rebuttal case, pulled out the clothes, and that was in the judge's decision. He had actually given the clothes to the judge to look at, the actual clothes that the children were wearing. So think about those types of things that you have. Too often we think of exhibits just as paper, written documents, but as Kristi just illustrated, many times it can be other types of objects that support our initial conclusions that aren't just paper. In terms of getting into the pre-hearing conference, there has been a little bit of a change in how pre-hearing conferences are held. Historically you called the Administrative Law Judge at least 24 hours prior to the pre-hearing and give them a telephone number where you can be reached at. Now the system is standardized. We're on the notice that goes out to the supervisor assigned to the case and also the worker who's assigned to the case. We'll be an 866 telephone number. You call into that telephone number. You also give a code and hit # and then you're patched in with Administrative Law Judge and the other parties that are participating. As we mentioned earlier, it's important to figure out who can be present at the pre-hearing conference because we're dealing with confidential information. It's important for you as the worker or the supervisor to bring it to the judge's attention if there's anybody present who should not be there, who is not a part or subject to the assessment. So you're at the pre-hearing, what do you do if the appellant doesn't show up? Well you ask to dismiss the appeal. Your Honor, the Department moves to dismiss the appeal as abandoned because the appellant has failed to appeal. What do you do though if judge denies your motion? Well, the judge is in charge, so you just keep right on going, you follow whatever directions they give you. I do want to encourage you though, if that seems improper to you, if the appellant isn't there and they've not dismissed your appeal, you can always call the help desk and go over the individual circumstances and see if they have some advice for you. As we discussed earlier, one of the most important things you need to do initially is determine exactly what the issue is that the court will be dealing with and that you will need to be responding to. For example, what the level of the report is. Is it a confirmed in place report, is it a confirmed not placed, or not confirmed assessment? On your notice that will be sent out, it will state exactly what the issue is. So if somebody's appealing a founded assessment, it will state on there whether the Department was correct in it's determination of founded status or confirmed and placed status. Review what it says on the notice. If there's a discrepancy or it's unclear at the pre-hearing conference exactly what is being appealed, please clarify that at that time. In addition to to that, at the pre-hearing conference the judge is going to impose some procedural deadlines. Typically what those procedural deadlines are is a witness and exhibit list deadline. All of the parties are required, typically, at least 14 days prior to the hearing to put together a witness and an exhibit list packet. Within that packet would be listed all of the witnesses that you intend to call at the hearing. In addition, all of the exhibits will be listed that you plan on presenting at the hearing. Then what you do is you put those documents directly behind your submission on your witness and exhibit list and that will get sent out to everybody. But at pre-hearing conference you will determine when that is done. Typically that's at the 14 day before the hearing mark. In addition, you will set a discovery schedule. Appellants, parties have the right to engage in discovery, which is a legal term for the exchange of information. And as many of you have received in the past, sometimes you'll receive a document in the mail requesting certain types of information from the Department. The judge will want to put a limit on when that process ends so people aren't asking for documents two days, a week, you know, a week and a half prior to the hearing. Typically there's a deadline of 30 days for when discovery is to be completed. The third item that's going to show up during the pre-hearing conference is the issue of settlement. Now you've already thought through that because you've been preparing for this pre-hearing already, but we're going to talk about procedural how you do that if you do offer a settlement. So what you're going to do is the Administrative Law Judge is going to say so Department, is there any chance of settlement in this case? And that's your time to step up and say yes your Honor, there is and I'd like to explain that to the appellant right now. And then you're going to start making that offer. Presenting the offer, and this is a portion of the presentation that literally we can spend two to three hours one. I know I've gone to CLE's in the past where they've spend a significant amount of time discussing this piece in general. What I wanted to do today with our limited time is kind of just fill out some key principles for everyone to consider or think about when they're about to present an offer. The first one is be confident in making the offer and don't be condescending. And what I mean by that is if the person who you're presenting the offer too feels that you're insecure about the offer, they're not going to buy into. At this point it's important to become a sales person, you have to know who your audience is at that point and sell the deal. The reason you're making this settlement offer is because you know there's uncertainty with litigation and going forward. You know that there's an advantage for the Department and the protection of the dependent adult, and protection to society by making this particular settlement offer. So it's to your benefit to get it done at that point and to seal the deal. In doing so, you need to know what your case is, the facts behind it, and you need to know the law that supports your finding because you may get questions back from the appellant or their counsel as to why would be accept this offer when such and such in the law says that you're wrong Department of Human Services? So if you know your case and you know your law, you'll be quickly able to refute those points. It also can be helpful to point out to opposing counsel or to the appellant that there's uncertainty with litigation. Any time you go forward with litigation and go to hearing or trial and another fact finder makes the finding as to whether abuse occurred or did not occur, the decision making process is out of the Department's hands. It's out of your hands as the worker, it's also out of the hands of the appellant. By coming to some kind of settlement agreement, the parties jointly will come together and have input and final as to where this case is going. It's important in the back of your mind to also have some kind of counter offer in mind or to remain firm with whatever your first offer is in a particular case. It all goes back to knowing what your bottom line is that we discussed earlier in the presentation. Sometimes particularly with pro say individuals, they'll get upset or they'll say you know this type of an offer, I didn't commit any abuse. It's important to stay calm, stay respectful. Many times those individuals that initially reject the offer at that point will come back around to accepting the offer later on. So it's important for you to stay cool headed and respectful, yet at the same time, stress that if no settlement offer is taken, that the Department will advance or advocate for the original findings that were determined. You know and I would be careful about that last step. I think always think that's very very important because I don't like it when I feel like the Department's pulling punches. I usually try to be very straight forward. And the Administrative Law Judges really appreciate that. So just be careful with your tone when you do that. But it is very important and you want the appellant to understand it's not a threat. You want it to be clear, this is a settlement offer. This is a you take this or I'm going to defend the report as it is written. After explaining the offer, feel free to ask the appellant if they have any questions. You know, many times appellants, this is the first time they've had any experience with the Department of Human Services or any kind of finding against them. They're not represented by counsel. In the interest of justice and fairness, if they have any questions feel free to answer them at that time. And then of course, if the appellant wishes to accept the settlement offer, the judge likely will do this on their own, but it will be important to go on record to discuss the settlement. What we mean by going on record is there will be a tape recording done at the pre-hearing conference. That's not done automatically. When you're discussing the procedural things such as when the hearing will take place or deadlines for exhibits and witness list, typically that is not recorded. But if you have any type of major action that's taking place, such as a settlement, the judge will want to go on record where they start the recording and then you will explain what the settlement terms are and then the appellant will accept them on record so to speak so there's a recording in case there's any question later on as to what the terms of the settlement were. Now there's times even when you've made a settlement offer where they're not going to accept it right away, they may need some more time to think about it. And in that case you're going to be moving forward with the date for the hearing. You can pay attention to your own calender. You don't have to just say, okay judge, I want to set this for next week. Think about the fact that this is a case you're going to have to prepare. Look ahead on your calender, see if you've got vacations coming up, whether or not you've got any state holidays coming up. For instance, I have a hearing scheduled on Labor Day. Pretty sure the judge is not going to be real happy about that and I'm going to have to fix that problem. But pay attention to when those types of things are coming up. And finally, you're going to be covering whether or not there's any other procedural issues. For instance, has the perpetrator, or the alleged perpetrator moved? You're going to have to send them your witness and exhibit list. You need make sure that they get to the person you have a current address. And do they have your address? Do they know where to mail your witness and exhibit list? And I guess the final thing I want to indicate about the pre-hearing conferences is we put them in this presentation in the order that they're listed on the pre-hearing conference notice. Most of the judges will start with one. Most of the judges will then jump to three, and then go to four, back to two, and down to five. They all have their own little system, so you'll just have to be ready to go, but we put them down in the order that they're listed in the pre-hearing conference order. Kristi raised a good point that is something that I try and do at the beginning of pre-hearing conference so I don't forget, and that is to confirm the addresses of all the parties. You know, we're dealing with a very transient population that is moving around quite frequently. And as we all know, we'll complete a case and somebody will live some place and then they'll move when services begin, and then by the time services are complete, the individual has moved for a third time. And so try and lock down a current address and current telephone number for the appellant in case settlement and negotiations come up later or there's a reason you need to get in contact with any of the parties. Alright, so you're now all done with the pre-hearing conference, it's time to start the building blocks to your case. You've got to start now because you can't do it the day before hearing. You guys are all too busy. So the first thing you're going to be doing is you want to notify those witnesses that you're going to need, you've already figured them out because you did that before the pre-hearing conference. You want to give them the date and the estimated time that they're going to be testifying. If I need a doctor to testify, I'm likely to have that individual testify first, because it's much easier for me to estimate the time. That's probably one of the most important witness I'm going to have if I'm having a professional, so I want to make sure I get that in first and I don't make them wait. I'm always going to put a DHS worker probably usually toward the back because they're going to have to be at the hearing anyway and that way they have the advantage of hearing all of the other testimony and they can sum it all up for me. So you want to cover that. Now when you're talking to your witnesses, you're also going to want to ask them whether or not they want a subpoena. And if they do want a subpoena you can ask them is this something I can fax to you or mail to you or do you want me to have you formally served by a sheriff or someone else from the Department. Lots of times they're going to laugh and say no please just fax it to me. When you do need to get a subpoena, you get those through the Department of Inspections and Appeals. You call them up and you say I need a subpoena. They're going to ask you to put it in writing. You're going to need the person's name. You're going to need their address. You're going to need the appeal number, the date, and time, and how you're wanting them to testify. Even if it's an in person hearing, they can testify by phone. And I usually try to make that clear in the subpoenas so that they know that. And then you're going to want to try and get that subpoena to them I would say a good 30 days in advance. I know that can be a challenge, it can be for me, but that would be a good time to do it. The Department of Inspections and Appeals has lower staff and so they're not going to be able to get subpoenas to you like in the same day. You're going to have to give them a little bit of time to get them out. Let's go ahead and pause here for a second. I know we've covered a lot of material in the matter. I want to see if anybody has any questions at this time for us. As you can hear from the lovely lady's voice, we've just unmuted the lines, so as Paul talked about, there's lots of information. You guys have been pretty quiet. We've been monitoring the hands raised and the question page and haven't seen anything, so feel free, I guess we'll also just do a little bit of introduction of who's in the room with us. Along with Paul and Kristi, we also have Sandy the program manager, and Tony Montoya, the help desk representative. So, again, great people to be asking some questions if you have any kinds of questions. So we're just going to open that up to you. Yeah, folks, this is Howard Griffin, social work supervisor in Waterloo. Hi Howard. Good morning. Hey, we were just sitting here talking and it's a generalized question, not sure how to answer it for my staff. DHS as we all know is chartered by the state of Iowa and legislative action to conduct child abuse investigations as well as dependent adult abuse assessments. And in these efforts, we have traditionally in child abuse assessments had the assistance of the Attorney General's office when appeals are filed and hearings are held and my staff is asking me why the dependent adult arena is treated in any different than the child abuse arena? That's a great question, one the Attorney General's office has asked about for a long time. I think at one point, there was a determination made based on dollars and cents. It was just too expensive to have legal representation at all cases and so some tough choices had to be made as to exactly which cases there was going to be legal representation on by the Attorney General's office and those cases that there would not be an attorney representing the Department. And for some reason that I don't know the dependent adult cases ended up without legal representation. There is that procedure of course that I know you're all aware of to ask for Attorney General representation and there's some specific standards that are set out and I know that that's something that Tony works with at the help desk. And I know that Chuck Phillips in our office has handled some of those dependent adult abuse cases. Paul and I had stepped in on occasion when Chuck has been busy, but he is by far the expert in our office. Tony, any other guidance you'd like to give? The history on how it is is back to 1989, 1990 where that decision was made and those dollars were never reassigned. As you know, the Attorney General's office is our legal counsel, but we pay the AG's office out of the DHS budget to represent us, so the dollars simply were not allocated. All of the representation we get for dependent adult really is just free or out of their working schedule. So we've been very cognoscente. The reason we have this procedure set up to go through central office is because the parameters were set up by Kristi and Paul's supervisor, Diane, at the time. The agreement was it couldn't be just an attorney that was a pain in the ass or an appellant that was just difficult to deal with, it had to be something that required something beyond, you know, the abilities of the workers. Understandably, I know that in most of these cases, if an attorney comes in it's going to be beyond the ability of the worker, but nevertheless we're saving the times that we can use and chose those get out of an appeal free cards for the most difficult situations. So that's the history behind it. Good question. Does anybody else have any other questions? I did have a question that came up here about how you go about the subpoena, is that a written document? It is. Each of the Administrative Law Judges has their own subpoenas. They have one that you issue for documents if you want someone to give you documents. They also have one that you issue for testimony or a deposition. And so when you get that, you may be able to email it. If you call the Department of Inspections and Appeals they might provide you with an email address where you can get that information. Otherwise you may have to jot it down and send them something by local mail. I understand at the end of this presentation we're going to be able to provide you with some copies of some forms and a few of the forms we're going to provide, I will include a copy of the subpoena so you can see what one of those look like. We also are going to provide you with a copy of a pre-hearing notice and a copy of the hearing notice so you can see the two different orders side by side so that when you first get that order in the mail that will help you to recognize which one that is, whether it's set for a pre-hearing or whether it's set for a hearing. That's a question I get from workers a lot. Which is this? Which one is this going to be? So maybe when you see those two orders side by side that will help you to start to distinguish what those look like. And then we'll also give you that subpoena form as well. If someone is willing to accept a subpoena informally, if you have scanners at your office you can scan it and email it to them. That certainly would be a possibility for the informal getting it to them, but you'd have to have that capability because it is a form that's signed by a judge and has to be typed on. Any other questions before we move on? Okay, at this point I think we will go ahead, I think at this point I'm just going to leave the phone lines open. You're not going to hear that lovely lady's voice. And so as questions come up you can feel free to either raise your hand, type them in the question pane or just ask us. I'm going to leave the phone lines open. Earlier you may recall when we were talking about what exhibits and evidence that you're going to present at the hearing. We mentioned that it's important to be creative and to think kind of beyond the paper. What evidence is out there that will support my conclusion, is the bottom line question you should be asking yourself. Commonly in a dependent adult abuse case, you're going to be looking for police reports. You're going be looking medical records. You're going to be looking for criminal type documents. And then also financial type records if there was some kind of improper use of finances by a caregiver. In order to secure those documents, obviously you'll look to your Il's. They may have some of these documents in their files. Look to the County Attorney who may have some of these files, your local police department, agencies and so forth. And feel free to request a subpoena. If there's some document that somebody will not give you that you believe would help you with your case, you can contact the Department of Inspections and Appeals and ask that a subpoena be issued that you can then serve on whoever the custodian is of that document or item that you're looking to secure. And they should give that, that should then open the doorway for that agency, or individual, or entity to give that item to you. Even if you have problems and they won't give you that particular item, you can raise that concern back wit the Department of Inspections and Appeals, judge that will be assigned to the case, so that you can show that in good faith you were trying to secure an item, but either were able to get it or not able to get it. Another thing I want to talk about when it comes to exhibits is I was recently at a seminar where they talked about how you take photos of injuries. And that's something that we see a lot in these abuse appeals. They indicated during that seminar that it was very helpful to take a picture, three pictures of each injury and to take it from three separate angles. And depending on which angle you're taking the photo from, you may see a better picture of the bruise or the actual injury for the person looking at the photograph. So when you're out doing you assessments and you're taking a look at evidence for the hearing, that's a good thing to just kind of remember when you're out in the field. And sometimes black and white works better, sometimes color works better, but maybe try to play around with that a little bit as you're taking photos of injuries. Most of you have seen an exhibit packet that our office has put together that's sent out prior to a hearing. But if you haven't seen an exhibit packet that we've sent out, it's important to remember that each item that you plan on presenting at the hearing should be numbered or lettered prior to the hearing. So what you do and it doesn't really matter you can either do letters or numbers, I'll just use numbers for this illustration, you would just put a 1 on your first document or item all the way through 2, 3, 4 and so on all the way through. And then you'll make a copy of those items and send it to the Administrative Law Judge in advance of the hearing in compliance of the pre-hearing order and you'll send a copy to all of the other parties. By putting a number or letter on each of your items, it keeps all of those items kind of tidy and orderly for the court. And in case there's any objections later on to those items coming in to the record, the court will know we'll refer to it by the number or letter. After you've had a chance to evaluate all of the evidence and potential witnesses that you have for a case it's important to consider what your theme is going to be for the case. This is an important point. You need to have kind of one cohesive theme for your presentation to the court. You know, whether it's an, some examples might be, you know, this is a case of familial kidnapping where a nephew is using is grandpa for his money, but not properly caring for him and not properly providing for him. Or this is the case of the pervy caregiver who perps on everyone that he cares for and comes in contact with. Whatever your overall theme is, you'll want to kind of develop that from the beginning and then take that all the way through your case. Another really important step for building your case is to think about the strategy for your appeal and go back to the elements of the abuse. What do you have to approve? What do you have to have to have a dependent adult? Don't forget to prove that up. Two, you've got to have a caregiver. Don't forget to prove that up. What else do you have to show? Take a look at those pieces. Then also take a look at that appeal letter again. How am I going to strategically respond to all of these concerns and complaints that this appellant has. I have to counter everyone of those arguments. So start to map out what your strategy is going to be. When you're taking a look at your witness, what witness do I need to prove this point, or that point, or for this element and kind of get those lined up. Think about your case cohesively as a whole of what you need to do. You also want to start thinking about how you're going to counter the appellant's arguments. Whether you're going to need witnesses to counter whatever arguments they're bringing up, or whether you're going to need some sort of evidence counter that. You know, the kids were perfectly fine or grandma was perfectly well cared for and cleaned in our house. We bathed her daily, we gave her all kinds of food. Do you have a picture of the empty cupboard that doesn't have any food in it? Do you have a picture of grandma whose hair was all ratted up and knotted up and had chewing gum in it from the grandkid that was hanging around and throwing gum at grandma. Take a look at that information. You also can work on some of those things through cross examination. You know, if the appellant says you didn't talk to me and you know that you did, go back to your report. Well it says here in the assessment that there was a conversation with you on this x and x such of a date. Do you remember that? Isn't it true that we had a conversation about this. Now you're at the big day. You're up for the evidentiary hearing and I want to do a polling question at this time. I know not all of you have gone through a hearing before, but those of you that have gone through a hearing and represented yourself, I'm just curious, what of these areas that we've identified, was most startling to you or most concerning to you. Appearing before the judge, not being familiar with the judge, having to go up against an attorney, having to speak in public, or not having adequate time to prepare for the proceeding. So even if you haven't done it yet, kind of what is the most startling to you as you prepare for it. And you can't do all of the above. Although sometimes I think that would be me. We'll give you just a couple more seconds to get your votes in. Okay, we're about at 64, so if we could get a few more that would be willing to push that little submit button. We're kind of running between having to, oh, it's almost tied. Or it is tied, having to go up against an attorney and not having adequate time to prepare. And as you'll see on your screen having to go up against an attorney and not having adequate time to prepare tied at 39%. It's great to see that having to speak in public was not a concern it looks like, of everybody, which makes sense to us since you have to do that routinely as part of your responsibilities. So we'll address some of these things as we go along here with our presentation and how to go forward with evidentiary hearings. Well you guys have seen this slide two times before. Are you sensing a theme here? This is kind of really important to us. Make sure only the right people are here. You know there's provisions in the code for criminal and civil sanctions. And I bring that up all the time and people laugh. That's never really been done. But it's true; it's there. It can happen and we don't want you to be the first. So I do want you to pay attention to who's present and who should be there and who shouldn't be. And now comes the important part. You're going to start making your record, because if there's an appeal, this is the information that the director's going to be looking at. If it goes up to district court, this is the information that the district court is going to be looking at. So this is it. They don't know anything that's in your head that hasn't been said. They don't know anything that a witness hasn't said or testified to. This is your big day. So you're going to get there. You're going to call into that 800 number again. And the judge is going to put you all on the conference call. The judge is going to open it up, probably going to do some identification of who's present. And then the administrative law judge is likely to explain the hearing procedure at this point. The Department of Human Services always has the burden of proof on dependent adult abuse appeals, so you're going to be presenting your case first. The only question is who's going to be going second. If the appellant is the only other party, the appellant's going second. If there's another interested party, some of the administrative law judges will take, will try to determine if the interested party is alligned with the Department or whether their aligned with the appellant and that will make a difference who's going to go next. So they'll sort that out and let you know what order everyone's going to be going in. Then the Administrative Law Judge is going to be opening up the record. Good morning. This is Administrative Law Judge Heather Palmer. Today is August 10, 2010. The time is about 10 minutes to 11 and we're hearing case number 1,356. They're going to go through all that nice lovely thing and start to make the record. A lot of the Administrative Law Judges will also flip through the file they have in front of them. I have in my file today a notice for hearing conference, an order from the pre-hearing conference, a subpoena request from the Department, the subpoena served on John Doe. I have also the hearing notice for today's proceeding. I have the exhibit submitted by the Department of Human Services in such a timely manner and those consistent exhibits 1-5. By the way Mr. Appellant, did you receive the exhibits from the Department? So we're going to be going through all of those steps. And of course the appellant is not going to have submitted their exhibits and you're likely not going to have them and that's going to be a problem. But that can be covered at that stage. I don't know if you can hear our fireworks, but I hope you can. There we go, fireworks are going off here. It's important to go in and out of the hearing with a bang. And the way you do that is through an opening statement that just kind of starts the hearing. It's important to know that an opening statement is optional. And I stress that. You have to think about that prior to being in the hearing whether you want to go forward with the statement or not. Some of the cons of going forward are the opening statement is really designed to be a road map for the Administrative Law Judge as to what the issues are going to be presented that particular day. And so a con would be if you have a pro-say litigant or a pro-say appellant you'll be kind of tipping your hand to exactly what your case is going to show that particular day. Sometimes it's nice to have the Administrative Law Judge know exactly what your theme is going to be for the hearing. Other times you may decide to do client or waive the opening statement and just proceed with your evidence. If you do proceed, this is your first chance to grab the judge's attention as to your theme and as to what evidence is going to show during the hearing. You want to keep it to a road map and so kind of stick to whatever the issues are for your given hearing. Develop your theme early. Tell a story. Feel free to be dramatic to point out, you know, the highlights of the evidence the most jarring or gripping facts from evidence. But make sure you're accurate. I know one Administrative Law Judge, I've had a number of conversations with him where he's said nothing makes him more upset than when during an opeing or a closing statement an attorney or a worker kind of says something's going to happen at the hearing and then it never happens. So you want to make sure you're completely accurate with what you're laying out for the Administrative Law Judge in your road map. Remember the KlS method, Keep It Simple. You don't need to go into elaborate detail during your opening statement. Stick to the main facts. Highlight the key principles. Keep it short. And use very descriptive sentences. Try to avoid when possible legalese. And what I mean by that is Your Honor, 232.71 D3 says blah blah blah blah blah. No, at this point you want to keep it to real specific statements involving the facts. So lets give you some examples of how to do that. You're going to start off by saying something like this, he struck off her panties and put his mouth on her vagina. You're not going to say something more benign like he disrobed the victim and performed oral sodomy. You get a much different picture in your head when you hear those two things, right? We want to grab the judges attention and we want to put the facts forward in the best light possible for our case. So again, we like this one better. Susie knew her son wouldn't believe her so she kept this nasty secret to herself. Instead of something like: Susie realized that her credibility was in question so she elected not to disclose her abuse to her son. That's too sterile. That doesn't make them real people. You want to personify the victims, which is another reason why pictures are so great because a judge can see the actual person right in front of them. This isn't just a name, this isn't just a story. This is a real live person. Another thing that I want to make sure you understand is that you don't interrupt when the other person is giving their opening. So after you give your opening, the appellant is going to have a chance and any other interested parties are going to have a chance to give an opening. You don't get to interrupt even if you disagree, even if they're lying, even if they're wrong. You just get to sit still and be quiet. But what I do want you to do is get out your pen and paper and I want you to take notes. If they're saying something in their opening that they're going to prove or that they're going to argue about, jot that down because it might be something you want to cover in your case. If they're going to talk about the fact that you never interviewed them and you did, jot that down because you're going to want to cover that in your case and sheet. You don't have to wait for them to bring it up during the presentation of their case. You get to go first so take the heat out of their argument. You start talking about it before they do. It's important to remember that there's three phases of a hearing. There's the opening statements. Then there's the evidenciary phase where you enter your exhibits and call witnesses and present testimony. And then the third phase is closing arguments. During opening statements and closing arguments, nothing you say or nothing the other side says is considered evidence, won't be considered by the judge. It's meant to be argument as opposed to evidence. So if you have something, some type of evidence you want to get in or some kind of statement you want to make, during the opening statement isn't the time to make that statement and then have it considered by the Administrative Law Judge. It's meant to be a road map. It's meant to be a guide. It's not meant to be evidence. I want you to take note too, it's called opening statements, not opening arguments, opening statements. So you're not really starting to argue. You can give those shocking facts, but you're going to stick to a lot of the facts. At this time, most Administrative Law Judges will allow the Department to move for their exhibits to come into the record. So you've done the work. You've compiled your exhibits. You've sent them out to all the parties. You sent them out to the Administrative Law Judge. The judge has likely recognized at this point that he or she has received exhibits from you and likely the opposing parties. And so at this time after you've given your opening statement, after the other side has concluded and given their opening statement, it's the Department's case. The Department has the burden in the case to prove up its actions in the matter. So because the Department has the burden, the Department gets to go first. And the first thing you should do is ask the judge to admit the exhibits that you have sent out. And that can be done by just simply saying Your Honor, at this time I would ask that the Department's exhibits be made part of the record. The other party, and judges do it a little bit differently, but a lot of judges after you make that particular motion will then ask if you have any objection to the other side admitting their exhibits. At that time if you have any type of objection, you can make it to their exhibits. The most important objection that I'd like everybody to remember is relevancy. 99% of objections that are made in these types of proceedings are going to center on relevancy. So if an exhibit is submitted by the other side that has absolutely nothing to do with the issues before the court, in a nice way, point out to the court, Your Honor, I'm going to be object to the admission of exhibit 3 that Mr. Jones has presented here today. That document is not relevant. It's not going to help this court decide whether Mr. Jones committed dependent adult abuse or not, something along those lines. There's several other objections that can be made. You know, I don't know if we have full time to go into all of those today, but I just want you to remember relevancy because that is the most important objection you can make. And it's the most likely one to be sustained or granted by the Administrative Law Judge. In addition to that, feel free to object if the other side did not comply with the pre-hearing order and did not properly provide you with a copy of the exhibits in advance. You know, this isn't Perry Mason. This isn't trial by surprise. Everybody needs to know what the exhibits are in advance of the hearing. All the parties entered into an agreement or a contract at the pre-hearing conference about abiding by certain deadlines. So if somebody hasn't provided you with a copy of the exhibits or they provided it a day or two before the hearing, feel free to point that out to the court. Your Honor, Mr. Jones hasn't complied with our pre-hearing conference agreement and thus I would object to the admission of all of his exhibits here today as the Department has not had the opportunity to look through the documents, something along those lines. Questions on that? Okay, are you guys all out there? I don't even hear any coughing. Typically we hear some of those. So anything, again it's Kim, anything you guys at this point we're kind of moving on to that be a teacher. So in that know the law, anything that Paul and Kristi talked about at this point that you guys want clarification? I know they're doing a great job, but again, this is participation. Okay, I guess hearing none I'll just let Paul and Kristi keep going. And I guess, I'm sure you guys know these terms, but just in case somebody doesn't, if you make an objection and the judge says it's sustained that means you win, you're right, it's not coming in. If it's overruled that means you lose, judge doesn't agree with you and they're going to let it in anyway. Alright, so after you exhibits are in, you're going to be moving on to your witnesses. Real easy, Your Honor, Department's going to call John Jackson. That's going to be my first witness and you're going to call him on up. The judge is going to swear the witness in. The judge is going to ask the witness to raise their hand and to affirm that they're going to tell the truth. Now on occasion an Admnistrative Law Judge will actually forget this step. So if they do, make sure to remind them because you really do want them under oath. And they'll say oh jeez, I'm sorry, I forgot, thanks for reminding me. And again, do it very nicely. I'm sorry for interrupting Your Honor, but I'm not sure we swore the witness in. And always use that kind of questionable language like you're not sure you really did see that so the judge doesn't know that. And going back just one step, the appellant gets to chose whether a hearing is in person in Des Moines or whether a hearing is held by phone. And The Department of Human Services workers, unless you happened to be located in the Des Moines metro area, even if the hearing is going to be held in person, you're going to participate by phone if you're outside of the Des Moines metro area. And so make sure you grab telephone numbers for all of your witnesses who you'll be contacting by phone during the hearing. You'll provide those to the Administrative Law Judge and the Administrative Law Judge will call those witnesses at the appropriate time and connect them to the hearing. So you've got your witness up on the stand. This is the time when you start to be a teacher. You don't want to be using acronyms. You don't want to be talking in any kind of social worker speak. You want to start to tell your story to educate the judge on dependent adult abuse and the risk and the harms. And you're going to get out all the information you have in your head that this judge doesn't know. And unfortunately the Administrative Law Judge in most cases is not a social worker, they don't have a social work background. The information they have in making their determination is going to come from you educating them at the hearing or unfortunately from their other past experiences with other hearings. And so don't assume anything. Start with the basics and teach them why the He is only abusing my niece! Who would like to rear another's kid? Under these circumstances who will give him their daughter? I ask you will you give your daughter Nisha to Rajesh? Stop it! That's the limit! - Don't lecture me! What's wrong in Sweety's condition? Such a big racket for one infant! Children grow up on their own. - Wife! It's probably because of this nature of yours we don't have kids. No uncle. I can't bring a step mother for baby. All step mothers are not bad. No, I won't remarry. Come in Professor. Rajesh refuses to get married. He is also right. How can we give away our heart to a stranger? Pooja's memories are enough for baby and me. That's true for all of us. But some day you have to get married. Today we all are here to look after him, his grandfather... But we won't always be around. You need support at every stage of life. And then bringing up a child is a big responsibility. A mother can come for baby... Who will come but snatch him away. For him such a mother will come... Who will be his own. What if Nisha comes here in place of Pooja? Nisha always talks about this place. And the baby is always with her. Prepare yourself. If anyone can take Pooja's place... It is her sister. What do you say? Accept it brother. - The baby will get a mother. Ask Nisha first. I thought it right and spoke to Kailashnath about Nisha's match. If Nisha goes there as a bride and Pooja's house settles again... What could be better than that? let me ask Pooja once. If she accepts... We'll get her married grandly. There should be nothing lacking from our side because she is no more. What do you want dear? - Whatever you deem fit. I'll call up Kailashnath. Nisha has accepted. I'll call the priest and fix the wedding soon. Good day. Welcome. All ready? - Cards too are printed. We were on our way to Ramtekri. Thought we'd see the baby. Where is baby? - He's with Nisha. Get him. - In a moment. How is Nisha? - Fine. Getting her hands hennaed. Aunt has called the baby down. Shall we take him? Yes. Carefully. See what's in my hand. Your wedding card. - Read it out. By the grace of God, our daughter Nisha... ...is to wed Rajesh. What are you reading? Red properly. By the grace of God our daughter Nisha is to wed Rajesh. Please come with your family to bless the couple. Give it to me. - What's wrong? Uncle... You have obliged us greatly by agreeing to marry Rajesh. You've given the gift of life to both of them. A new life. See. What happened? - She was fine. Open your eyes. - Call a doctor. She is absolutely fine. I've given her an injection. She'll be fine in no time. But suddenly? - Must be tired due to the wedding. Don't worry. I'll take leave. We'll also make a move. Come to me baby. I wanted to meet Nisha once. - Go up. I don't want to disturb her. Give this to her. The step that you have taken for baby... I'm grateful to you for it. Everybody is very happy with this decision. But I know every girl has some dreams, some desires. If there is any hesitation in your mind, do tell me. Nothing matters more than your happiness. Who? I will erase memories of love from my heart For my duties, I shall forget everything You have a duty to discharge But how will I repay this favour of yours? In reverence to you... I will bow my head Give me your grandchild. Come to uncle. Come in son. lord! The lord with the flute. What game are you playing? Prem has bound me by oath. Made me helpless. But you are not helpless. lord perform some miracle... That people start believing in you again. And they have faith in you. Sister had adorned our love for each other with this necklace. She wanted her co-sister to wear it. I am returning it. Give this to Prem. Come here Rajesh. Sister had adorned our Love with this necklace. She wanted her co-sister to wear it. I'm returning it. What is this? Saw that Pooja? What these hyo set out to do? What would I answer you if this step had been taken? What's wrong Rajesh? Why did you come upstairs? Read this and tell me if it is fair. This beloved son of yours who always asked me every little thing... ...hid such a big thing in his heart! Hid it behind his smile. Made me an outsider today! No, what you did was wrong! After Pooja passed away, I had only one desire. The baby should not miss his mother. I ask you, if you had accepted the baby as an aunt... Would your love have been reduced? Answer me. Silly girl! You were out to ruin your life and happiness. Son, you should be proud of them. They did what they thought was their duty. Now I'll do my duty. Pooja's incomplete dream. Actually it's my fault. I couldn't understand. What you tried to tell me before departing. I have a request. Give Nisha's hand to Prem. I probably did some good deeds in a previous birth. I'm blessed to have such sons-in-law. A thermometer in a science lab displays the temperature in both Celsius and Fahrenheit. If the mercury in the thermometer rises to 56 degrees Fahrenheit, what is the corresponding Celsius temperature? So right from the get go, there's a formula that if you get have the Celsius temperature, it'll give you the Fahrenheit, if you have the Fahrenheit, it'll give you the Celsius. Now I have a bad memory, so I always have to pseudo-derive it. And maybe in future videos, we'll totally derive it. Once we get a little bit more algebra, if you just know the boiling and freezing points in both scales, you should be able to figure out the relationship between the two. Now the way I always remember it is that there's a relationship of 5/9 or 9/5 between the two. And then you have to add or subtract 32. And the way I think about it is, the Fahrenheit number is always going to be larger. So if you start with-- or at least while we are in our normal, everyday living scales when water is in its liquid form and all that. So if you start with a Celsius, I say, oh I have to make it bigger. So I have to say, OK, I'm going to multiply that by 9/5. That will make it bigger. And then I'm going to add 32 to it. And the reason why I know to add 32 is because when Celsius is 0, 0 times 9/5 is still 0. And we know when Celsius is 0, Fahrenheit is going to be 32. So I know I have to add 32 to it. So, at least my gut is telling me, that the formula is 9/5 times the Celsius degrees, plus 32. And you can verify that this works for the boiling point. This definitely works for the freezing point. When Celsius is 0, this is going to be 0, you add 32, that's going to be Fahrenheit. When Celsius is 100, 9/5 times 100 is 180, plus 32 is 212. So this works. They've given us the Fahrenheit temperature, and we need to get the Celsius temperature. Now I could just put the 56 in here, and solve for C, and that will completely work. Or I could solve for C using this, so I have the equation for Celsius in terms of Fahrenheit. Either way. So let's do it the second way, so we have the second equation. So if we subtract 32 from both sides of this equation, we get Fahrenheit minus 32 is equal to 9/5 times Celsius. Now to solve for Celsius, we can multiply both sides of this equation times 5/9. And so we will get 9 cancels with 9, 5 cancels with 5. That was the whole point behind multiplying by the reciprocal. Remember, this 5/9 is going to be times this whole left side. We're left with Celsius. Celsius is equal to 5/9 times Fahrenheit, minus 32. So we just rearranged this equation up here to get this equation down here. I didn't derive the equation in this video, I just kind of pseudo-remembered it, and made sure I got the equation right. But you can derive it if you just remember, it's essentially, if you know how to find the equation of a line. You say, well, when Celsius-- if you use the x-coordinate as Celsius-- when Celsius is 0, Fahrenheit is 32. And when Celsius is 100, Fahrenheit is 212, and find the equation of the line between these two points. Don't worry about it if you don't know that. All you need to know for this problem is this right here. But if you know how to solve the equation for the line, you would come up with this answer right here, and you wouldn't have to memorize it. Now that we've actually gotten this far, let's just put in 56 degrees for the Fahrenheit temperature, and figure out what the Celsius temperature is. So if we put 56 in there, we're going to have 5/9 times 56 minus 32 is equal to the Celsius temperature. So 56 minus 32-- let me continue it up here. 56 minus 30 is 26, minus 2 is 24. So this is going to be 24. So it's going to be 5/9 times 24. This right here is 24. 5/9 times 24 is going to be equal to C. And let's see if we can simplify this at all. So this is the same thing as 5 times 24 over 9. 24 is divisible by 3. You divide it by 3, you get 8. 9 divided by 3 is 3. So 5 times 8 is equal to 40/3 Celsius, degrees Celsius. Now if we wanted to write this as a mixed number, 3 goes into 40 thirteen times. And you have a remainder of 1. So it's 13 and 1/3. Now we could even check that. 3 times 13 is 39, plus 1 is 40. And if this wasn't obvious to you, you could actually just take 3 into 40. 3 goes into 4 one time. 1 times 3 is 3. Subtract. You get 1. Bring down that 0. 3 goes into 10 three times. 3 times 3 is 9. You subtract. You get a remainder of 1. So it's 3 and 1/3. So this is 13 and 1/3 degrees Celsius. So if it's 56 degrees outside in Fahrenheit, it's 13 and 1/3 degrees in Celsius. >> A couple of comments about the regulatory compliance issue. Just to give you an idea of, I mean, these are a lot of things scattered across the screen that are subject areas that might interest you. The reason I wanted to focus on the regulatory compliance in the middle on information security is to give you an idea of the depth and scope that may have in your, in your work day. At the University of Washington, for instance, I have a laundry-list, binders full of compliance requirements. As a matter of fact, it, it goes from things you might've heard of like HlPAA compliance which is all about protection of, of medical records and associated issues with those. To here, at the university, we have something called ITAR which is involves international trade regulations out of the State Department for classified technology. The University of Washington does a lot of classified research, for instance. So, all the Department of Defense or State Department rules for regarding export of technology or, or information, has large sets of compliance requirements that I have to know and understand. So, when I go to the applied physics lab here on campus, or go to the electrical engineering department, or other places that do classified research or research that generates, results or inventions, or intellectual property that may need to be safeguarded for U.S. Interest, I have to understand how the security Needs to be framed around that information. Which is different than the way it's framed around HlPAA. Which is different than the way it's framed around GOP. Which is different than the way it's framed around, state ISB security compliance requirements which I have to meet. So, I bring up all those acronyms, and I bring up the problem to let you realize that if you get involved in the security industry, a big part of the ClSO source jobs understand in your employer's compliance obligations. And for me, it represents three book shelves worth of stuff, that I have to know and understand and be able to navigate, officially for the university. So, I bring that up only to give you some idea of debt of the, of the things that I have listed up there. I'm going to talk about why strategic security. This is sort of an exciting piece that we figured you folks would like to know about a little bit. In the last five years, those of us who have had to defend large networks, large enterprises, who have had institutional responsibilities from a strategic level, have come to the realization that the world has changed dramatically when it comes to technology. And, and the way it's changed is that the bad guys out there in cyberspace, if you look at the cyberworld, the bad guys now have the advantage and they're taking advantage of it. There is a remarkable story to be told out there that isn't easily available to the general population, but security professionals are aware of. And that is that, the rules of engagement, the nature of technology, the limitations of institutions to defend themselves, has caused very difficult situation to emerge which requires a new strategic kind of, of, of business modeling that you have to do to defend institutions. New risk pictures, excuse me, that we never had to address before. And some of the threats are quite remarkable. How many here have heard of botnets? Raise your hand. Do you know what botnets are? These are robot networks. These robot networks are controlled now, not only by script kitties and, and people who are interested in disrupting systems to make a name for themselves, which is actually just sort of noise I don't care about. It's not, they're now managed by organized cyber gangs and organized cyber crime. That's very sophisticated. And I'll give you an idea how successful these botnet operations and the leveraging of, of, of criminal acts through botnet operations are in terms of dollars and cents. The U.S. Treasury Department and the United Nations several different committees within those two institutions, the U.S. Treasury Department and the United Nations, both of them deliver economic news and economic forecasting of revenues in a variety of areas. And if you look at the reports in there and some of the industry reports we get from Forrester research and Gartner, they predict that in this year, 2006, around the world, all revenue for e-commerce will be about 175 million dollars, 175 billion dollars. Now, that's, that's a real startling amount. I, I am cynical about that number because I worked to protect a trading floor for Frank Russell that worked, that sold share stocks that equaled that more in a day than in an entire years. About 175 billion dollars in revenues for legitimate e-commerce business worldwide this year. There are indications, and we don't know for sure, but there are strong indications that organized crime will make roughly $300 billion off of their electronic enterprises, extortion, and, and intrusions, and data theft and fraud, and all the things they do to leverage revenues, they will, they will make more than legitimate businesses. That means, we are, the, the, the University of Washington and the Court of Seattle are now deploying our defenses against institutions that have more money, more revenues at stake, more research capability and, and extraordinarily well paid highly skilled professionals that are interested in defeating our systems. So, there's a new strategic security mandate for us to adopt as professional security people. I talk to you about some of the troubling realities. Let me give you some other statistics. This is a really interesting book, I wouldn't read it unless you are well medicated. It's by Martha Stout. >> [laugh] >> She's a very interesting Harvard professor. She's a, a psychologist, she's really delightful. It's one of those things you should pick up at Borders or whatever when you're drinking coffee and thumb through it quickly. But on the cover it states one of the most interesting facts that her clinical research, her research has indicated to her that one in 25 people in America, and likely in the world, one of 25 are sociopaths, that means they have no conscience. One in 25. Somebody in this room is a sociopath. >> [laugh] >> Check your wallets. >> Hey, Kirk. Remember, this camera makes ten pounds. >> [laugh] That's right, that's right. I told you, a sociopath, one in 25. And, one of my favorite colleagues in the security industry, Dan Greer, who's just a wonderful philosopher. One of his famous quotes is in the world of network computers, every sociopath is your neighbor. So, let me translate that for you. On this globe that's spinning around, the best information available through the industry is that there's a about 1.3, 1.2 billion people on the internet right now with about 800 million computers. 1.2, 1.3 billion people. If this is true, then there is 41 million sociopaths out there on the network cruising around, could maybe communicating with you and conducting their interesting perspectives of technology out there on the internet. That's an interesting statistic. It really, it really brings home the fact that, that this is not the, the internet, the technology you'd like to dress yourself up with and engage with for convenience, may not be as comfortable a piece of accoutrement that you want to have as part of your life. You may want to treat it differently if you understand some of the statistics associated with it. 41 million sociopaths. And the reason I know that, most of the, the, the, there are probably more than that out there, is that the internet is perfect the sociopathic profile. It's perfect for them, it's anonymous. They can manipulate. It's a perfect medium. So, at a minimum, there's probably 41 million sociopaths out there. Makes you think, doesn't it? ((Image source: Wikimedia Commons) BY STEVEN SPARKMAN ANCHOR MEGAN MURPHY Monday is the anniversary of the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre. But as expected, there won't be any official remembrances in China. Fox News has more on the anniversary. "It's been 23 years since that military crackdown on the protesters in Tiananmen Square. ... This year's anniversary drawing more scrutiny than usual because of the once-in-a-decade transfer of power there." With both China's president and prime minister scheduled to transfer power this fall, the government has tightened censorship on any criticism. The BBC says, the communist party is trying to present a unified front. "China's leaders continue to suppress even the memory of the massacre. Harmony is their watchword, preserving a surface sense of calm what matters most." In preparation for the anniversary, authorities preemptively arrested activists to keep them from marking the date. One activist who was at the 1989 massacre tells CNN — things are tougher in China than they've been in years. "Despite the 23 years economic booming and prosperity, the humans rights and religious freedom and many other rights have been the worst last year in two decades." Internet censors were also working overtime Monday on China's Twitter-like Sina Weibo. They blocked all references to the massacre, including the date. A writer for Shanghaiist says they even blocked the candle emoticon, which is used as a symbol for remembrance. "When netizens discovered the icon was no longer showing up on the platform, they began using another icon recently introduced on the site to promote the London Olympics. That icon was later taken offline by Sina Weibo." The AP reports even the stock market ran afoul of the censors, when China's stock benchmark happened to fall 64.89 points, matching the massacre's date — 6/4/89. Searches for "Shanghai Composite Index" were then blocked. Some of you have been asking about syntax I've used in Python basically with these asterisks in function definitions and in function calls. I'll just show you some Python syntax that I've been using that is pretty helpful. One of the things we can do when we have a function definition--we'll call this function foo-- it can take a variable number of arguments. This is a handy thing you can do in Python. The way you do this is you say " * ", and then you give it a variable name. Generally you say " * a". This basically says take all of the arguments passed into this function, all the unnamed arguments--we'll come back to the named arguments in a second-- and store them in a tuple, and we'll call it "a." That means in this function foo we have a variable a, and if I were to return a and call foo, it would look something like this. If I called foo with no arguments, it would return just an empty tuple. If I were to call foo with the arguments (1, 2, 3), it would return a tuple of (1, 2, 3). If I were to change this to return a [0], and I were to call foo with (1, 2, 3) again, It would just return the number 1. This is a handy way of making a function that can take any number of arguments. Now, I used this in class in unit 3 when we were pulling a link out of the database-- When we were pulling a link out of that SQL lite database in the IDE. What you get when you pull something out of the database is just a tuple of all the columns. I can pass that tuple into the link constructor to make a link object. That's what I was doing there. Now, something you've seen in my code looks something like this. I often have a function--I think in my code I have something that's like this--def render. Oops. No paren there. It may take *a and **kw--oops, two stars. In sketchpad, they edit all these mistakes out. Generally when you see this kind of construct in Python--*a, **kw-- that means they're writing a function that adds a little bit of behavior to another function. So I have another function. I think it's some sort of Jinja rendering thing. Oh, I actually I think what we say is template. We have a template name. It's probably another argument in the function. We may say like t.render( *a, **kw ). Basically all this is doing is just taking the arguments from this function, the unnamed arguments and the named arguments-- an named argument would be like x = 1 versus an unnamed argument would just be 1-- and I'm passing those directly into another function. Probably what I did here in my render function in my code is I modified this kw argument. I added some parameters to it--that sort of thing. Basically now I have this function render, which does exactly what t.render does, except I've added more parameters to kw. Now, there are two uses of stars and star-star. One is in the function definition, which we talked about before, and the other is in the function call. If you have a tuple or a dictionary, and you put them in a function call with a star and a **kw, it breaks those data structures apart and passes them in as parameters, which is really handy. In a function definition, it basically takes all the parameters and puts them into a tuple. In a function call, it takes a tuple and turns them into function parameters. So it's a handy thing in Python. You see it all the time. Generally a and kw are the variable names you would use. But you can use whatever you want, and you can use them in other contexts like we did with the link database. I hope that helps. There is also, I believe, links on the forum to Python function calls that explain the syntax for you as well. BLlND BEAST Produced by Kazumasa Nakano Original Story by Edogawa Rampo Screenplay by Ishio Shirasaka Photography by Setsuo Kobayashi Recording by Takeo Suda Lighting by Nagaharu Watanabe The Cast Eiji Funakoshi Mako Midori Noriko Sengoku Directed by Yasuzo Masumura My name is Aki Shima. I was never very popular as a fashion model. But I was very moved by the artistic sense of the photographer, Mr. Yamana. And quite willing to let him take such pictures of me. The exhibition created quite a sensation. I went to the gallery one morning for an early meeting. To discuss our next project. At such an early hour, there was only one visitor. He didn't take any notice of the photographs. He was crouched at the foot of the featured statue. It was a nude study of me. It was sculpted by one of Mr. Yamana's friends. His whole demeanor was very strange. What happened next was unexpected. It felt as if the statue and my body were somehow one. I felt his hands as he pawed the statue. It felt as if he was running them over my body. It sent shivers down my back. I ran out of the gallery. Several days later I worked for Yamana again. I woke up at 4 in the morning and drove down to the studio. Yamana was very demanding, working for him was hard. I was exhausted, but I still had to drive back to my apartment in Tokyo. Once home, I called a local masseur to relieve my fatigue. It's open. Come in. I'm from Sakura Massage. They've never sent you before. That's correct. Your normal masseur is otherwise occupied. They sent me instead. Do you mind? I guess not. I only moved here three days ago. I beg your pardon. Hurry up and start. If you don't mind. Give it some muscle. I like it hard. If it doesn't hurt, it doesn't satisfy me. Like this? Harder than that. Your body is quite stiff. Massage is good for younger women, too. It stimulates the circulation so you look better. More so for someone in your line of work. How do you know what I do? You're Aki Shima. Famous for those sensational photos. And very famous among we masseurs. Sometimes I really appreciate my work. I get to talk to famous people like you. And besides, I get to touch you. I'm not famous. You're very beautiful. Flattery. I am not that pretty. To the blind, faces don't really matter. It's your body and the silkiness of your skin. You really are exceptional. Stop that! What the hell? I'm very sorry. The blind have eyes in our fingertips. I know your body better than someone with eyes. From top to bottom. The feel of the blind man's fingers on me, was exactly like the man stroking the statue. Could it be him? Perhaps cold clay wasn't enough. The thought of that made me angry. I said no! Don't you get it? I'm sorry. That's enough. Leave now. But I've just started. Forget it. I'm very tired, I'm not feeling well. I'll pay you anyway. 700 yen, isn't it? What are you doing? It was you! I knew it. - Well done. - My coat. So, you're finally awake. You? Where are you? Where? I'm here. Where am I? What is this place? This is my studio. Your studio? Just like a warehouse from outside. What are you? I'm an amateur sculptor. A sculptor? I'm blind. From birth, damaged optic nerves. I'm totally blind. Being blind is miserable. From listening to people and Braille books, I can picture much of the world's beauty. The sunlight, the color of clouds, splendid scenery and the beauty of works of art. Plays, movies, even TV. But I cannot see a thing. I hate my parents for this. But that doesn't achieve a single thing. All that is left for the blind is sound, smell, taste and our sense of touch. Sounds are like wind, no satisfaction. Smells are useless. Our noses aren't sensitive like dogs. Food merely fills our bellies. But what I have discovered is that touch is the only way to amuse us. Our one tactile satisfaction. Touch, the only sense worth anything to me. I've touched everything I could. I liked the feeling of touching animals best. They're so warm and soft. I've had dogs and cats to stroke. I went to a farm to play with sheep and horses. But no animal can compare with human flesh. Especially the feel of women's bodies. After finishing school, I took a course in massage. Every night I went to inns, hotels and apartments to work. But not for the money. I wanted to feel the women's skin. Like faces, every skin is different. Each with its own shape and feel. So many women, I became totally fixated. Around then, I sold some land I'd inherited from my father. I made a fortune out of it. But a blind man like me could find no use for money. So I bought this warehouse and took up sculpture. Recalling all of the women, I reproduced their body parts from memory. Now I can caress them at any time. It took six years to build the studio. I spent most of my inheritance. When finally completed, I was so happy. Now I spend most of my time here. Days and nights here in the darkness. Amusing myself by caressing their bodies at will. Be careful. I'll put the lights on. This is my studio. What do you think? You're insane. But I soon got bored with it. Real bodies are not like this. The soft bodies of beautiful women with luscious skin. When I finally realized that's what I needed, I heard schoolboys talking about you. What did they say? They were discussing your photos and statue. I went to the exhibition and ran my hands over the sculpture. I registered at your massage agency and finally got to fondle you. Those boys were right. Your body is the finest I've ever known. Your shape, skin texture are exactly what I want. Stay away! Don't worry. I'd never hurt you. What are you planning? Stay for a while and be a model for my sculpture. So you kidnapped me? I had no choice. You would never have agreed. Will you be my model? No! Not a chance in hell. I'll pay very generously. I don't want money. If you do, I'll create a work of art. There are many kinds of art in our world. Art for amusing the eye, the ear and the mind. Why can't touching be an art form? That's not my problem. Every day we use touch. We touch bowls, vases, desks and chairs. Clothes and furs, too. Art is more than color and shape, what about touch? What about it? I want to pioneer the art of touching. Where only the blind can appreciate it. A new art form, by and for the blind. That is my life's mission. I beg you, please be my model. No way! Go on, beat me, kick me. I'll be your slave. You can do anything to me. Just let me touch you. Help me create a totally new genre of art. You're wasting your time. Why, you ask? You stripped naked for that photographer! So why not for me? That's obvious. Mr. Yamana is a great artist. He depicted me as the New Woman of our Age. That's why I posed for him. But I also create art. That's crap and you're crazy. You just want to feel me up. - Why say that? - No, I said. In that case... ...but I won't give up. I'll wait no matter how long it takes. I won't let you go until you agree. You'll lock me up here? Go ahead. The police will find me all the sooner. No, they won't. Why not? I used a false identity when I registered as a masseur. Nobody saw us bringing you here. And besides, we changed taxis many times. We walked the last few blocks. Even a massive search wouldn't find you. You're insane! You can't open it. It's locked. Help! Somebody help me. No use. They're double doors of sheet iron. It's useless to even try. I can follow your scent, the sound of your breath. I'll soon find you. If you keep this up, you'll collapse from exhaustion. Looks like I've got you. Stop it right now, or you'll regret it. You've got goose bumps. Why are you so scared? Let me go! It's inevitable. You give me no choice. Enjoy your breakfast? She didn't touch a single thing. If you don't eat, you'll get sick. I want to talk. Come sit here. Talk about what? I sat up all night thinking about my position. If you continue to lock me up here, I won't be able to eat or sleep. I'll go insane and I'll die. So? I'll do as you say, I'll be your model. Are you sure? But once it's finished, you'll let me go, right? Naturally. After thinking about it I realized that the art of touching is really quite an interesting concept. A bold experiment. It didn't take long to change your mind. I was so scared I could hardly think. In these circumstances, I think anybody would. But once I calmed down, I suddenly realized you're not insane at all. You're a pioneer artist in a brand new genre. You really think so? The energy and passion you've shown in building this studio, proves you're truly unique. I want to work with you to pioneer the art of touching. I'm so pleased you finally understand, thank you. Let's start right away. I want your best work. Excellent. You're one in a million. I searched long and hard for a body such as yours. I love this body. Can I take a break? We've barely started. But I don't feel well. What's wrong? My stomach really hurts. Where? Where does it hurt? You won't call a doctor, will you? No, of course not. I caught a chill, I'll just have to bear it. Shall I turn up the heat for you? Do you have any painkillers? Aspirin, anything. I'll go and look. If not, can you buy me some? I want to get well and get back to modeling. I understand. Where are you going? Let go of me! Michio, she's trying to escape. Was she really trying to escape, Mother? If I'd been any later, she'd be long gone. Is that right? So you lied to me with your fancy stories. Let me go, please let me go! You won't leave until Michio finishes his work. No! I'll go crazy! Let me out! Let me go! Shut up, will you. I'll keep watch over her. You concentrate on your art, it's your only pleasure in life. Thank you. I couldn't do anything without you, Mother. Don't be silly. You know I'd do anything for you. I'm your mother, of course I will. Now get back to work. How long will it take you to finish it? This will be the pinnacle of my art, so I can't really say. If that's the case, maybe we should try to be friends. If not, this oppressive atmosphere will drive me crazy. It's your fault, you tried to trick me. I'm very hungry. Mother will bring lunch. Will you eat here with me? Dine together? I don't have much appetite on my own. I'll get thin, my skin will suffer. I'll be a poor model. That won't do. That's why I want us to dine happily together. Or do you prefer eating with Mommy? What mischief are you planning now? Do you love your mother? Of course I do. She raised a blind boy all by herself. She taught me to read and write, to live as a human being. I love her more than anything. Was it always just you two? Where's your father? He died soon after I was born. Any friends, lovers? Not one. So you've never had a woman? You poor thing. That's why you built this studio. You prefer cold clay to a living, breathing woman. Mother is the only woman I know. Now I know why you make such gigantic figures. They're from a baby's perspective. You love to nestle in their arms like a baby. I wonder. But a real woman is much different. If you had a lover, you'd know. It's much more fun. Is that right? Well, what about meals? Will you eat with me or with Mommy? With you. I'm thrilled. I'd like a drink, too. Alcohol? You like a drink, don't you? It gives you an appetite. No. I've never tried alcohol. You've never had a single drink? You poor thing. It's sublimely delicious. Is that right? I like wine. Go buy some. Another trick? Get me drunk and run away? You're so suspicious. Your mother wouldn't let me past. I've given up trying to escape. Is that true? Will she get angry if you dine with me? No, not at all. She'll do anything I ask her to. I wonder. I'll go get dinner and a drink. That was an excellent meal. I ate every scrap. This wine is wonderful. Is my face flushed? It's a lovely glow. Other than my mother, you're the first person I've dined with. Was it fun? Shall we continue doing it? - Still angry? - No. Shall we get back to work? I'll put these away first. Leave them. Your mother will do it anyway. Carry me up there. You've finished the arms and legs, what's next? Your breasts. Really? Go ahead, touch them. Your fingers are very delicate but ever so masculine. It feels wonderful. So why did you object? At first I didn't like the idea. But I've gradually grown to love you. I didn't realize just how kind you are. I can hardly believe it. There's not another man who worships my body like you. What about that photographer? No, that's different. I'm just another model to him. But I'm your one and only. We women are conceited, we need to dominate. I'm very, very lucky. I really love you. Another trick! You liar! You don't believe me? Here's the evidence. You still doubt me? I'll keep going until you change your mind. No, no, I believe you. I really do. I always thought being blind would repel most women. Do you love me? Of course I do. Was that your first ever kiss? Did you enjoy it? Tongues are so sensitive. Far more so than fingers. So warm, soft and sweet. This time you try it. Michio! What is it, Mother? Stop playing and get back to work. Your mother seems angry. I wonder why. She's shocked. It's her first time to see me in a woman's arms. There's so much I can teach you. Things only a lover knows and a mother cannot do. It's almost dawn. You need your sleep. Don't overtax yourself. I want to keep going. Be happy for me, she's helping me make a unique work of art. Isn't that wonderful? And she loves me. She actually loves me. I doubt it. It sounds unlikely, but it's the honest truth. You idiot. Can't you see she's fooling you? When you let down your guard, she'll escape. I really have fallen in love with him. I could stay here forever. Don't be ridiculous. No gaudy young thing like you would fall for Michio. What's that supposed to mean? Am I so repellent? I know very well what she's up to. She's making a fool of a blind country bumpkin. Is that right? I get it now. Your mother's jealous. She's bad mouthing me for stealing her precious son. Jealous? Mother's jealous? Yes. You're more than a son to her, you know. She's substituted you for her husband or a lover. So she sees me as her rival. Shut up! I can understand it, but it disgusts me. Especially at her age. Is she right, Mother? I won't stand by and watch her make a total fool out of you! Mother, I'm an adult, I want you to stop being jealous. I'm free to fall in love. Is that right? Then do as you please. You're free to go. What's that? Get dressed and get out of here. I can leave? Yes, now go. If you go to the police, I'll get back at you. If it takes all my life, I swear. I understand. There's money in your bag, go and hail a taxi. Hurry up. Mother? Where are you going? It's snowing, we're freezing. I'm just going to get some coal, out of my way. Why not go alone? Why do you have to take her with you? Alright, I'll tell you everything. I'm getting rid of her. But why? The sculpture isn't finished yet. You can get another girl. I'll help you find one. Don't you understand? It has to be her. Not at all. Her type are a dime a dozen. She's unique. I'll never find another like her. Michio, please. Forget all about her. Never! What are you doing? Michio, listen to me. I've done everything you've ever asked for. I helped you buy and then build the studio. Just once, do this one thing for me. Please, get rid of her for me. No, never! Mother. How dare you do this to me? Have you forgotten how I sacrificed everything to raise you? It wasn't easy to raise a blind child. And who was it who gave birth to a blind child? You! Don't you ever forget, Michio, I did my utmost to raise you properly. She's exactly the opposite. She loves herself, she has no feelings for you. If you don't get rid of her now, you'll suffer for it. She's not like that. She's sweet and kind. You have no idea about the outside world. You know nothing about women. A slut like her is nothing but trouble. A slut, am I? That's what we call women who bare their bodies for money. You call it "art," but it's greed and grasping for fame. I'm not like that. I'm a virgin, I've lead a good, honest life. That's a joke! How did you fool Michio? Go on, tell me. What kind of mother humiliates her son's lover? I know what you're trying to do. You want your little boy to stay forever. You want to sleep with him. What did you say? I feel sorry for Michio. With a mother like you, he can never find love. Always alone, Mommy's little plaything. Shut up! Is that what you want? To never experience physical love? Always a little boy, never a real man? I love you. I want to be with you. Is she more important to you than me? How could you... I want to save you from her. I'll even marry you. On the condition that you cut all ties to her. Any real mother would be pleased to raise her son and send him into the world. You bitch! Mother! What are you doing? Please stop it! Please Mother, stop it. That's enough. Help me! I'll kill you, you evil, conniving bitch! I can't breathe! Help me! Please help me. Mother, stop it at once! I can't breathe... Let her go! She's killing me. Mother, will you stop it! Are you alright? Are you hurt? Just a little shaken. Your mother. Something's wrong... What's that? She's dead. Dead? Mother, this can't be! Oh, no! She hit her head on the pillar. It was a freak accident. Mother, no... What have I done to you? You loved me so much... You took care of me... How could I go and kill you? Mother, please forgive me. It was my fault. I was so stupid. Please forgive me. You will stay, won't you? You run away? Let me go, please! She was right. You lied about loving me. Let me go! I'm sick of this. You deliberately provoked my mother. Didn't you? All you want is to escape. Of course I do. How can I possibly stay here? You're evil. You'd deceive a blind man. It was you who killed my mother! It's no use fighting back. You're coming with me. Kill me! Get it over with! I'd rather be dead than suffer like this. You won't get away now. I've got you. In place of Mother, you'll be here till you die! You said I was a "Mommy's boy," didn't you? You said my work is a poor substitute for a real woman. Right! I'll prove to you I'm a man. I'll take your virginity! You beast! You animal! Yes, the beast who killed his mother. I can do anything now. You're all mine, I'll have you. You'll be my lover. I'd rather be dead! No you won't, you'll make a man of me. I'll show you love. Then you'll know. Several days passed. We buried his mother under the dirt floor of the old warehouse. In the studio, with total disregard for day or night, he made love to me repeatedly. By the time he finished the sculpture, I had developed a slight affection for him. Do you still want to leave here? Leave me and go back to your world? Not now. It's strange, but I seem to have forgotten that world. Have you given up because you can't escape? No. I don't hate you any more. Why is that? Making love with you has been wonderful. You're very strong, yet so gentle. You've shown me the true beauty of a woman. Sculptures are inanimate. They can never match the feel of a woman. You are far superior. At the same time as I was falling in love, I, too, began to go blind. Darling. I've started to go blind. Here, in constant darkness, only feeling and caressing your body, my eyes have atrophied, and I've started to go blind. So, you're blind like me now. Is it a demerit? Are you sad? Quite the opposite. People pity the blind, what a big mistake. I pity those who have sight. They can never know the tactile ecstasy of our caresses. You finally understand. I do. My sense of touch is so acute. So sweet, so deep, yet so certain. Shape, form and color can't even approach our tactile level of artistic expression. So I'm not crazy, am I? You're not insane, you're awesome. Your sense of touch is almost not human. I envy you. Some day you'll reach the same level as me. How I wish that day would hurry. The sensation at the tip of my fingers, has become so acute I can almost "taste." As sensitive as insect feelers and animal whiskers. Like the lower orders of life, without eyes, only able to feel. Like an amoeba, or jellyfish, at the dawn of life. The same sensations as the most primeval creature. As if going back to the womb of human creation, so dark, so sweet and so pervadingly familiar. When I look with my eyes, you're a different man to the one I feel. Different? How? You look normal. But to the touch, you're divine. These small depressions, the large curves and projections. As I caress your body, I perceive constant variations. Like the flow of a musical masterpiece. Delicious fun. Is that right? Again, days flew by. We both explored the innermost secrets of our bodies. The most subtle and shaded nuance of each other's flesh. But in our tactile world of touch and feeling, we discovered unwritten, unrelenting, natural laws. So much pleasure only spurred an ever increasing demand for more sensation. Seeking greater satisfaction. An unquenchable desire for ever more pleasure. More! Deeper! Harder! Like this? Not enough. Bite me, bite me hard! Like this? Even harder. Make me bleed. More? Harder, harder! Feels so good! It's my turn. You bite me. That was the beginning. We began to take our pleasure through biting, clawing, and beating our bodies in a rage of sensation. The pain-pleasure from nails, teeth and fists gradually declined in intensity. We began using various devices to stimulate each other. Whip me! The more I suffered, the more I craved. What is it within, that brings forth such ecstasy? Does it mean that I was born with masochistic tendencies? Had I arrived at the point where natural law and the sensations of pleasure collide? We couldn't stop ourselves. We escalated from innocuous devices of pleasure until we turned to knives to extract our ecstasy. You really want me to cut you? Go ahead, do it. Where? Anywhere. Wherever you want. Here? Cut me, cut me. Hurry. Does it hurt? It's agony. But an exquisite pain. Hurt me more. Cover me with scars. How's that? More, more. I don't care if I die. Give it everything. You want me to cut you up? You like that pain? Cut deeper! Cut deep into me and twist the knife. Are you alright? This is so good. More. Drink more of my blood. Now it's your turn. That's when we began the inhuman rite of drinking each others'blood. The ecstasy of it marked our descent into a nonhuman abyss. But constant bliss, such as we felt, was never destined to last for long. The stench of his mother's dead body began to fill the studio. Our bodies cut and scarred, as if from battle, the loss of blood and constant pain began to sap our vitality. We won't last much longer, will we? No, I can barely muster the strength to stand. All we have left is to wait for death to claim us. Do you regret it now? Why should I? I've feasted on a bliss that most people never even know exists. I'm ready to die at any time. I've got a good idea. What is it? If we're to die anyway, make it an ecstatic death for me. Bring me to tears of joy. But how? Cut my arms off. My legs, too. Cut this body of mine into pieces. What for? I'm sure that it will be agony, but also the ultimate ecstasy. As I reach that climax, make it my moment of death. You prefer that to a slow, lingering death? Yes, of course. I beg you. I understand. I'll die along with you. To have my arms and legs cut from my body. What a fitting punishment for our descent into a world where touch was bliss. I gave myself a death sentence. Alright, I'll start to cut. Good. Are you happy? Now the other one. Don't stop now. My legs. Hurry. The world of touch... The world of insects... The lower orders such as the jellyfish... Those who venture to the edge of such worlds, can expect only a dark, dank death to envelope them. The End Are you finished? Well, thank you. How thoughtful. Would you like a chocolate? Um, yeah, sure. Thanks. What was that? You said "Be nice to Penny." I believe offering chocolate to someone falls within the definition of "nice." It does, but in my experience, you don't. Oh, sorry, Sheldon, I almost sat in your spot. Did you? I didn't notice. Have a chocolate. Thank you. You're here a lot now. Oh, am I talking too much? I'm sorry. Ziiiiip! - Thank you. - Mm-hmm. Chocolate? Yes, please. [cell phone rings] Oh! Hi, Kim! [Sheldon sighs] Yeah, I... You know what, hold on, let me take this in the hall. [no audible dialogue] [Penny, o.s.] You'll never guess who they got to replace you at work. [door closing] Okay, I know what you're doing. Really? Yes. You're using chocolates as positive reinforcement for what you consider correct behavior. Very good. Chocolate? - No, I don't want any chocolate! Sheldon, you can't train my girlfriend like a lab rat. Actually, it turns out I can. Well, you shouldn't. [scoffs] There's just no pleasing you, is there, Leonard? You weren't happy with my with my previous approach to dealing with her, so I decided to employ operant conditioning techniques, building on the works of Thorndike and B.F. Skinner. Yeah, by this time next week, I believe I can have her jumping out of a pool bouncing a beach ball on her nose. No, this has to stop now. I'm not suggesting we really make her jump out of a pool. I thought the "bazinga" was implied. I'm just tweaking her personality— sanding off the rough edges, if you will. No, you're not "sanding" Penny! Are you saying that I am forbidden from applying a harmless, scientifically valid protocol that will make our lives better? Yes, you're forbidden. Bad Leonard. You know, using positive reinforcement techniques, I could train that behavior out of her in a week. No. You let me use negative reinforcement, I can get it done before we go to bed. You're not squirting her in the face with water. No, of course not! We're talking very mild electric shocks. No tissue damage whatsoever. Forget it. Oh, come on. You can't tell me that you're not intrigued about the possibility of building a better girlfriend. I'm not! Penny's qualities, both good and bad, are what make her who she is. [Penny laughs] Well, I'm going to make some warm milk and then turn in. I trust if you two are planning on engaging in amorous activities you'll keep the decibel level to a minimum. Of course. Thank you. These are so good! Mmm! Unbelievable. What? I-I was just thinking we should probably turn in too. Well, my new bed got delivered. If you come over and put it together, you can stay at my place. Really, that's a lot of work and it's kind of late. Yeah, but if we stay there we won't have to be quiet. Let's go! Interesting. Sex works even better than chocolate to modify behavior. Wonder if anyone else has stumbled onto that. Crasmusicas is a production project in the field of contemporary, experimental and avant-garde music. We present a programme of concerts that bring together the classical music from eastern and western traditions, with electronic music and sound art. Welcome to the freestyle instructional video series. My name is Bill Wadley and I am excited to help you today become a better freestyler. Today we're going to talk about three things that I believe all strokes and all sports have in common. The first of those three things I believe that all strokes and all sports have in common is proper body position. Without proper body position you can't do anything well in any sport. But with the proper body position, you can do any sport, basketball, football, golf, tennis, swimming, any sport you'd like to do with proper body position and we'll discuss that as we go along. Also, the second thing I believe that all strokes and all sports have in common is power zone. We believe that all strokes have a certain place that you should put your hands and we call that power zone. Right hand on the right side and left hand on the left side. Breakstroke we call it swimming to the V and we'll discuss that as we go along. Then, the third thing that we believe all strokes and all sports have in common is acceleration. So we believe that body position, power zone and acceleration are the three things that all strokes and all sports have in common and if you accelerate through strokes, acclerate through your swing, whether that be tennis, whether that be golf, or whether that be a batting swing, as long as you have acceleration you have a chance to generate power and freestyle if you acclerate through your stroke, you generate power and you accelerate with proper hand speed, picking up your hand speed as you go through the stroke, you're going generate speed and power. So what we're going to do is we're going to talk a little bit about the things that make up a great freestyle and we're going to show you some drills today that are going to make swimming fun, simple, and easy. So when we begin teaching freestyle we're going to work on proper body position So we want the head in line with the spine, so that would be your eyes looking at the This presentation is delivered by the Stanford Center for Professional Development. So welcome back, and what I want to do today is continue our discussions of the EM Algorithm, and in particular, I want to talk about the EM formulation that we derived in the previous lecture and apply it to the mixture of Gaussians model, apply it to a different model and a mixture of naive Bayes model, and then the launch part of today's lecture will be on the factor analysis algorithm, which will also use the EM. And as part of that, we'll actually take a brief digression to talk a little bit about sort of useful properties of Gaussian distributions. So just to recap where we are. In the previous lecture, I started to talk about unsupervised learning, which was machine-learning problems, where you're given an unlabeled training set comprising m examples here, right? And then " so the fact that there are no labels; that's what makes this unsupervised or anything. So one problem that I talked about last time was what if you're given a data set that looks like this and you want to model the density PFX from which you think the data had been drawn, and so with a data set like this, maybe you think was a mixture of two Gaussians and start to talk about an algorithm for fitting a mixture of Gaussians model, all right? And so we said that we would model the density of XP of X as sum over Z PFX given Z times P of Z where this later random variable meaning this hidden random variable Z indicates which of the two Gaussian distributions each of your data points came from and so we have, you know, Z was not a nomial with parameter phi and X conditions on a coming from the JAFE Gaussian was given by Gaussian of mean mu J and covariant sigma J, all right? So, like I said at the beginning of the previous lecture, I just talked about a very specific algorithm that I sort of pulled out of the air for fitting the parameters of this model for finian, Francis, phi, mu and sigma, but then in the second half of the previous lecture I talked about what's called the EM Algorithm in which our goal is that it's a likelihood estimation of parameters. So we want to maximize in terms of theta, you know, the, sort of, usual right matter of log likelihood " well, parameterized by theta. And because we have a later random variable Z this is really maximizing in terms of theta, sum over I, sum over Z, P of Xl, ZI parameterized by theta. Okay? So using Jensen's inequality last time we worked out the EM Algorithm in which in the E step we would chose these probability distributions QI to the I posterior on Z given X and parameterized by theta and in the M step we would set theta to be the value that maximizes this. Okay? So these are the ones we worked out last time and the cartoon that I drew was that you have this long likelihood function L of theta that's often hard to maximize and what the E step does is choose these probability distribution production Ql's. And in the cartoon, I drew what that corresponded to was finding a lower bounds for the log likelihood. And then horizontal access data and then the M step you maximize the lower boundary, right? So maybe you were here previously and so you jumped to the new point, the new maximum of this lower bound. Okay? And so this little curve here, right? This lower bound function here that's really the right-hand side of that augments. Okay? So this whole thing in the augments. If you view this thing as a function of theta, this function of theta is a lower bounds for the log likelihood of theta and so the M step we maximize this lower bound and that corresponds to jumping to this new maximum to lower bound. So it turns out that in the EM Algorithm " so why do you evolve with the EM algorithm? It turns out that very often, and this will be true for all the examples we see today, it turns out that very often in the EM Algorithm maximizing the M Step, so performing the maximization the M Step, will be tractable and can often be done analytically in the closed form. Whereas if you were trying to maximize this objective we try to take this formula on the right and this maximum likely object, everyone, is to take this all on the right and set its derivatives to zero and try to solve and you'll find that you're unable to obtain a solution to this in closed form this maximization. Okay? And so to give you an example of that is that you remember our discussion on exponential family marbles, right? It turns out that if X and Z is jointly, I guess, a line in exponential families. So if P of X, Z prioritized by theta there's an explanation family distribution, which it turns out to be true for the mixture of Gaussians distribution. Then turns out that the M step here will be tractable and the E step will also be tractable and so you can do each of these steps very easily. Whereas performing " trying to perform this original maximum likelihood estimation problem on this one, right? Will be computationally very difficult. You're going to set the derivatives to zero and try to solve for that. Analytically you won't be able to find an analytic solution to this. Okay? So what I want to do in a second is actually take this view of the EM Algorithm and apply it to the mixture of Gaussians models. I want to take these E steps and M Steps and work them out for the mixture of Gaussians model, but before I do that, I just want to say one more thing about this other view of the EM Algorithm. It turns out there's one other way of thinking about the EM Algorithm, which is the following: I can define an optimization objective J of theta, Q are defined it to be this. This is just a thing in the augments in the M step. Okay? And so what we proved using Jensen's inequality is that the log likelihood of theta is greater and equal to J of theta Q. So in other words, we proved last time that for any value of theta and Q the log likelihood upper bounds J of theta and Q. And so just to relate this back to, sort of, yet more things that you all ready know, you can also think of covariant cause in a sense, right? However, our discussion awhile back on the coordinate ascent optimization algorithm. So we can show, and I won't actually show this view so just take our word for it and look for that at home if you want, that EM is just coordinate in a set on the function J. So in the E step you maximize with respect to Q and then the M step you maximize with respect to theta. Okay? So this is another view of the EM Algorithm that shows why it has to converge, for example. If you can - I've used in a sense of J of theta, Q having to monotonically increase on every iteration. Okay? So what I want to do next is actually take this general EM machinery that we worked up and apply it to a mixture Gaussians model. Before I do that, let me just check if there are questions about the EM Algorithm as a whole? Okay, cool. So let's go ahead and work on the mixture of Gaussian's EM, all right? MOG, and that's my abbreviation for Mixture of Gaussian's. So the E step were called those Q distributions, right? In particular, I want to work out - so Q is the probability distribution over the late and random variable Z and so the E step I'm gonna figure out what is these compute - what is Q of ZI equals J. And you can think of this as my writing P of ZI equals J, right? Under the Q distribution. That's what this notation means. And so the EM Algorithm tells us that, let's see, Q of J is the likelihood probability of Z being the value J and given XI and all your parameters. And so, well, the way you compute this is by Bayes rule, right? So that is going to be equal to P of XI given ZI equals J times P of ZlJ divided by - right? That's all the - by Bayes rule. And so this you know because XI given ZI equals J. This was a Gaussian with mean mu J and covariant sigma J. And so to compute this first term you plug in the formula for the Gaussian density there with parameters mu J and sigma J and this you'd know because Z was not a nomial, right? Where parameters given by phi and so the problem of ZI being with J is just phi J and so you can substitute these terms in. Similarly do the same thing for the denominator and that's how you work out what Q is. Okay? And so in the previous lecture this value the probability that ZI equals J under the Q distribution that was why I denoted that as WlJ. So that would be the E step and then in the M step we maximize with respect to all of our parameters. This, well I seem to be writing the same formula down a lot today. All right. And just so we're completely concrete about how you do that, right? So if you do that you end up with - so plugging in the quantities that you know that becomes this, let's see. Right. And so that we're completely concrete about what the M step is doing. So in the M step that was, I guess, QI over Z, I being over J. Just in the summation, sum over J is the sum over all the possible values of ZI and then this thing here is my Gaussian density. Sorry, guys, this thing - well, this first term here, right? Is my P of XI given ZI and that's P of Zl. Okay? And so to maximize this with respect to - say you want to maximize this with respect to all of your parameters phi, mu and sigma. So to maximize with respect to the parameter mu, say, you would take the derivative for respect to mu and set that to zero and you would - and if you actually do that computation you would get, for instance, that that becomes your update to mu J. Okay? Just so I want to - the equation is unimportant. All of these equations are written down in the lecture notes. I'm writing these down just to be completely concrete about what the M step means. And so write down that formula, plug in the densities you know, take the derivative set to zero, solve for mu J and in the same way you set the derivatives equal to zero and solve for your updates for your other parameters phi and sigma as well. Okay? Well, just point out just one little tricky bit for this that you haven't seen before that most of you probably all ready now, but I'll just mention is that since phi here is a multinomial distribution when you take this formula and you maximize it with respect to phi you actually have an additional constraint, right? That the sum of I - let's see, sum over J, phi J must be equal to one. All right? So, again, in the M step I want to take this thing and maximize it with respect to all the parameters and when you maximize this respect to the parameters phi J you need to respect the constraint that sum of J phi J must be equal to one. And so, well, you all ready know how to do constraint maximization, right? So I'll throw out the method of the granjay multipliers and generalize the granjay when you talk about the support of X machines. And so to actually perform the maximization in terms of phi J you construct to the granjay, which is - all right? So that's the equation from above and we'll denote in the dot dot dot plus theta times that, where this is sort of the granjay multiplier and this is your optimization objective. And so to actually solve the parameters phi J you set the parameters of this so that the granjay is zero and solve. Okay? And if you then work through the math you get the appropriate value to update the phi J's too, which I won't do, but I'll be - all the full directions are in the lecture notes. I won't do that here. Okay. And so if you actually perform all these computations you can also verify that. So I just wrote down a bunch of formulas for the EM Algorithm. At the beginning of the last lecture I said for the mixture of Gaussian's model - I said for the EM here's the formula for computing the WlJ's and here's a formula for computing the mud's and so on, and this variation is where all of those formulas actually come from. Okay? Questions about this? Yeah? Student:[Inaudible] Instructor (Andrew Ng):Oh, I see. So it turns out that, yes, there's also constrained to the phi J this must be greater than zero. It turns out that if you want you could actually write down then generalize the granjayn incorporating all of these constraints as well and you can solve to [inaudible] these constraints. It turns out that in this particular derivation - actually it turns out that very often we find maximum likely estimate for multinomial distributions probabilities. It turns out that if you ignore these constraints and you just maximize the formula luckily you end up with values that actually are greater than or equal to zero and so if even ignoring those constraint you end up with parameters that are greater than or equal to zero that shows that that must be the correct solution because adding that constraint won't change anything. So this constraint it is then caused - it turns out that if you ignore this and just do what I've wrote down you actually get the right answer. Okay? Great. So let me just very quickly talk about one more example of a mixture model. And the perfect example for this is imagine you want to do text clustering, right? So someone gives you a large set of documents and you want to cluster them together into cohesive topics. I think I mentioned the news website news.google.com. That's one application of text clustering where you might want to look at all of the news stories about today, all the news stories written by everyone, written by all the online news websites about whatever happened yesterday and there will be many, many different stories on the same thing, right? And by running a text-clustering algorithm you can group related documents together. Okay? So how do you apply the EM Algorithm to text clustering? I want to do this to illustrate an example in which you run the EM Algorithm on discreet valued inputs where the input - where the training examples XI are discreet values. So what I want to talk about specifically is the mixture of naive Bayes model and depending on how much you remember about naive Bayes I talked about two event models. One was the multivariant vanuvy event model. One was the multinomial event model. Today I'm gonna use the multivariant vanuvy event model. If you don't remember what those terms mean anymore don't worry about it. I think the equation will still make sense. But in this setting we're given a training set X1 for XM. So we're given M text documents where each XI is zero one to the end. So each of our training examples is an indimensional bit of vector, right? S this was the representation where XlJ was - it indicates whether word J appears in document I, right? And let's say that we're going to model ZI the - our latent random variable meaning our hidden random variable ZI will take on two values zero one so this means I'm just gonna find two clusters and you can generalize the clusters that you want. So in the mixture of naive Bayes model we assume that ZI is distributed and mu E with some value of phi so there's some probability of each document coming from cluster one or from cluster two. We assume that the probability of XI given Zl, right? Will make the same naive Bayes assumption as we did before. Okay? And more specifically - well, excuse me, right. Okay. And so most of us [inaudible] cycles one given ZI equals say zero will be given by a parameter phi substitute J given Z equals zero. So if you take this chalkboard and if you take all instances of the alphabet Z and replace it with Y then you end up with exactly the same equation as I've written down for naive Bayes like a long time ago. Okay? And I'm not actually going to work out the mechanics deriving the EM Algorithm, but it turns out that if you take this joint distribution of X and Z and if you work out what the equations are for the EM algorithm for maximum likelihood estimation of parameters you find that in the E step you compute, you know, let's say these parameters - these weights WI which are going to be equal to your perceived distribution of Z being equal one conditioned on XI parameterized by your phi's and given your parameters and in the M step. Okay? And that's the equation you get in the M step. I mean, again, the equations themselves aren't too important. Just sort of convey - I'll give you a second to finish writing, I guess. And when you're done or finished writing take a look at these equations and see if they make intuitive sense to you why these three equations, sort of, sound like they might be the right thing to do. Yeah? [Inaudible] Say that again. Y - Oh, yes, thank you. Right. Sorry, just, for everywhere over Y I meant Z. Yeah? [Inaudible] in the first place? No. So what is it? Normally you initialize phi's to be something else, say randomly. So just like in naive Bayes we saw zero probabilities as a bad thing so the same reason you try to avoid zero probabilities, yeah. Okay? And so just the intuition behind these equations is in the E step Wl's is you're gonna take your best guess for whether the document came from cluster one or cluster zero, all right? This is very similar to the intuitions behind the EM Algorithm that we talked about in a previous lecture. So in the E step we're going to compute these weights that tell us do I think this document came from cluster one or cluster zero. And then in the M step I'm gonna say does this numerator is the sum over all the elements of my training set of - so then informally, right? WI is one there, but I think the document came from cluster one and so this will essentially sum up all the times I saw words J in documents that I think are in cluster one. And these are sort of weighted by the actual probability. I think it came from cluster one and then I'll divide by - again, if all of these were ones and zeros then I'd be dividing by the actual number of documents I had in cluster one. So if all the Wl's were either ones or zeroes then this would be exactly the fraction of documents that I saw in cluster one in which I also saw were at J. Okay? But in the EM Algorithm you don't make a hard assignment decision about is this in cluster one or is this in cluster zero. You instead represent your uncertainty about cluster membership with the parameters Wl. Okay? It actually turns out that when we actually implement this particular model it actually turns out that by the nature of this computation all the values of Wl's will be very close to either one or zero so they'll be numerically almost indistinguishable from one's and zeroes. This is a property of naive Bayes. If you actually compute this probability from all those documents you find that WI is either 0.0001 or 0.999. It'll be amazingly close to either zero or one and so the M step - and so this is pretty much guessing whether each document is in cluster one or cluster zero and then using formulas they're very similar to maximum likely estimation for naive Bayes. Okay? Cool. Are there - and if some of these equations don't look that familiar to you anymore, sort of, go back and take another look at what you saw in naive Bayes and hopefully you can see the links there as well. Questions about this before I move on? Right, okay. Of course the way I got these equations was by turning through the machinery of the EM Algorithm, right? I didn't just write these out of thin air. The way you do this is by writing down the E step and the M step for this model and then the M step same derivatives equal to zero and solving from that so that's how you get the M step and the E step. So the last thing I want to do today is talk about the factor analysis model and the reason I want to do this is sort of two reasons because one is factor analysis is kind of a useful model. It's not as widely used as mixtures of Gaussian's and mixtures of naive Bayes maybe, but it's sort of useful. But the other reason I want to derive this model is that there are a few steps in the math that are more generally useful. In particular, where this is for factor analysis this would be an example in which we'll do EM where the late and random variable - where the hidden random variable Z is going to be continued as valued. And so some of the math we'll see in deriving factor analysis will be a little bit different than what you saw before and they're just a - it turns out the full derivation for EM for factor analysis is sort of extremely long and complicated and so I won't inflect that on you in lecture today, but I will still be writing more equations than is - than you'll see me do in other lectures because there are, sort of, just a few steps in the factor analysis derivation so I'll physically illustrate it. So it's actually [inaudible] the model and it's really contrast to the mixture of Gaussians model, all right? So for the mixture of Gaussians model, which is our first model we had, that - well I actually motivated it by drawing the data set like this, right? That one of you has a data set that looks like this, right? So this was a problem where n is twodimensional and you have, I don't know, maybe 50 or 100 training examples, whatever, right? And I said maybe you want to give a label training set like this. Maybe you want to model this as a mixture of two Gaussians. Okay? And so a mixture of Gaussian models tend to be applicable where m is larger, and often much larger, than n where the number of training examples you have is at least as large as, and is usually much larger than, the dimension of the data. What I want to do is talk about a different problem where I want you to imagine what happens if either the dimension of your data is roughly equal to the number of examples you have or maybe the dimension of your data is maybe even much larger than the number of training examples you have. Okay? So how do you model such a very high dimensional data? Watch and you will see sometimes, right? If you run a plant or something, you run a factory, maybe you have a thousand measurements all through your plants, but you only have five - you only have 20 days of data. So you can have 1,000 dimensional data, but 20 examples of it all ready. So given data that has this property in the beginning that we've given a training set of m examples. Well, what can you do to try to model the density of X? So one thing you can do is try to model it just as a single Gaussian, right? So in my mixtures of Gaussian this is how you try model as a single Gaussian and say X is intuitive with mean mu and parameter sigma where sigma is going to be done n by n matrix and so if you work out the maximum likelihood estimate of the parameters you find that the maximum likelihood estimate for the mean is just the empirical mean of your training set, right. So that makes sense. And the maximum likelihood of the covariance matrix sigma will be this, all right? But it turns out that in this regime where the data is much higher dimensional - excuse me, where the data's dimension is much larger than the training examples you have if you compute the maximum likely estimate of the covariance matrix sigma you find that this matrix is singular. Okay? By singular, I mean that it doesn't have four vanq or it has zero eigen value so it doesn't have - I hope one of those terms makes sense. And there's another saying that the matrix sigma will be non-invertible. And just in pictures, one complete example is if D is - if N equals M equals two if you have two-dimensional data and you have two examples. So I'd have two training examples in two-dimen.. - this is X1 and X2. This is my unlabeled data. If you fit a Gaussian to this data set you find that - well you remember I used to draw constables of Gaussians as ellipses, right? So these are examples of different constables of Gaussians. You find that the maximum likely estimate Gaussian for this responds to Gaussian where the contours are sort of infinitely thin and infinitely long in that direction. Okay? So in terms - so the contours will sort of be infinitely thin, right? And stretch infinitely long in that direction. And another way of saying it is that if you actually plug in the formula for the density of the Gaussian, which is this, you won't actually get a nice answer because the matrix sigma is non-invertible so sigma inverse is not defined and this is zero. So you also have one over zero times E to the sum inversive and non-inversive matrix so not a good model. So let's do even better, right? So given this sort of data how do you model P of X? Well, one thing you could do is constrain sigma to be diagonal. So you have a covariance matrix X is - okay? So in other words you get a constraint sigma to be this matrix, all right? With zeroes on the off diagonals. I hope this makes sense. These zeroes I've written down here denote that everything after diagonal of this matrix is a zero. So the massive likely estimate of the parameters will be pretty much what you'll expect, right? And in pictures what this means is that the [inaudible] the distribution with Gaussians whose controls are axis aligned. So that's one example of a Gaussian where the covariance is diagonal. And here's another example and so here's a third example. But often I've used the examples of Gaussians where the covariance matrix is off diagonal. Okay? And, I don't know, you could do this in model P of X, but this isn't very nice because you've now thrown away all the correlations between the different variables so the axis are X1 and X2, right? So you've thrown away - you're failing to capture any of the correlations or the relationships between any pair of variables in your data. Yeah? Is it - could you say again what does that do for the diagonal? Say again. The covariance matrix the diagonal, what does that again? I didn't quite understand what the examples mean. Instructor (Andrew Ng):Okay. So these are the contours of the Gaussian density that I'm drawing, right? So let's see - so post covariance issues with diagonal then you can ask what is P of X parameterized by mu and sigma, right? If sigma is diagonal and so this will be some Gaussian dump, right? So not in - oh, boy. My drawing's really bad, but in two-D the density for Gaussian is like this bump shaped thing, right? So this is the density of the Gaussian - wow, and this is a really bad drawing. With those, your axis X1 and X2 and the height of this is P of X and so those figures over there are the contours of the density of the Gaussian. So those are the contours of this shape. Student:No, I don't mean the contour. What's special about these types? What makes them different than instead of general covariance matrix? Instructor (Andrew Ng):Oh, I see. Oh, okay, sorry. They're axis aligned so the main - these, let's see. So I'm not drawing a contour like this, right? Because the main axes of these are not aligned with the X1 and X-axis so this occurs found to Gaussian where the off-diagonals are non-zero, right? Cool. Okay. You could do this, this is sort of work. It turns out that what our best view is two training examples you can learn in non-singular covariance matrix, but you've thrown away all of the correlation in the data so this is not a great model. It turns out you can do something - well, actually, we'll come back and use this property later. But it turns out you can do something even more restrictive, which is you can constrain sigma to equal to sigma squared times the identity matrix. So in other words, you can constrain it to be diagonal matrix and moreover all the diagonal entries must be the same and so the cartoon for that is that you're constraining the contours of your Gaussian density to be circular. Okay? This is a sort of even harsher constraint to place in your model. So either of these versions, diagonal sigma or sigma being the, sort of, constant value diagonal are the all ready strong assumptions, all right? So if you have enough data maybe write a model just a little bit of a correlation between your different variables. So the factor analysis model is one way to attempt to do that. So here's the idea. So this is how the factor analysis model models your data. We're going to assume that there is a latent random variable, okay? Which just means random variable Z. So Z is distributed Gaussian with mean zero and covariance identity where Z will be a Ddimensional vector now and D will be chosen so that it is lower than the dimension of your X's. Okay? And now I'm going to assume that X is given by - well let me write this. Each XI is distributed - actually, sorry, I'm just. We have to assume that conditions on the value of Z, X is given by another Gaussian with mean given by mu plus lambda Z and covariance given by matrix si. So just to say the second line in an equivalent form, equivalently I'm going to model X as mu plus lambda Z plus a noise term epsilon where epsilon is Gaussian with mean zero and covariant si. And so the parameters of this model are going to be a vector mu with its n-dimensional and matrix lambda, which is n by D and a covariance matrix si, which is n by n, and I'm going to impose an additional constraint on si. I'm going to impose a constraint that si is diagonal. Okay? So that was a form of definition - let me actually, sort of, give a couple of examples to make this more complete. So let's give a kind of example, suppose Z is one-dimensional and X is twodimensional so let's see what this model - let's see a, sort of, specific instance of the factor analysis model and how we're modeling the joint - the distribution over X of - what this gives us in terms of a model over P of X, all right? So let's see. From this model to let me assume that lambda is 2, 1 and si, which has to be diagonal matrix, remember, is this. Okay? So Z is one-dimensional so let me just draw a typical sample for Z, all right? So if I draw ZI from a Gaussian so that's a typical sample for what Z might look like and so I'm gonna - at any rate I'm gonna call this Z1, Z2, Z3 and so on. If this really were a typical sample the order of the Z's would be jumbled up, but I'm just ordering them like this just to make the example easier. So, yes, typical sample of random variable Z from a Gaussian distribution with mean of covariance one. So - and with this example let me just set mu equals zero. It's to write the - just that it's easier to talk about. So lambda times Z, right? We'll take each of these numbers and multiply them by lambda. And so you find that all of the values for lambda times Z will lie on a straight line, all right? So, for example, this one here would be one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, I guess. So if this was Z7 then this one here would be lambda times Z7 and now that's the number in R2, because lambda's a two by one matrix. And so what I've drawn here is like a typical sample for lambda times Z and the final step for this is what a typical sample for X looks like. Well X is mu plus lambda Z plus epsilon where epsilon is Gaussian with mean nu and covariance given by si, right? And so the last step to draw a typical sample for the random variables X I'm gonna take these non - these are really same as mu plus lambda Z because mu is zero in this example and around this point I'm going to place an axis aligned ellipse. Or in other words, I'm going to create a Gaussian distribution centered on this point and this I've drawn corresponds to one of the contours of my density for epsilon, right? And so you can imagine placing a little Gaussian bump here. And so I'll draw an example from this little Gaussian and let's say I get that point going, I do the same here and so on. So I draw a bunch of examples from these Gaussians and the - whatever they call it - the orange points I drew will comprise a typical sample for whether distribution of X is under this model. Okay? Yeah? Student:Would you add, like, mean? Instructor: Oh, say that again. Student:Do you add mean into that? Instructor (Andrew Ng):Oh, yes, you do. And in this example, I said you do a zero zero just to make it easier. If mu were something else you'd take the whole picture and you'd sort of shift it to whatever value of mu is. Yeah? Student:[Inaudible] horizontal line right there, which was Z. What did the X's, of course, what does that Y-axis corresponds to? Instructor (Andrew Ng):Oh, so this is Z is one-dimensional so here I'm plotting the typical sample for Z so this is like zero. So this is just the Z Axis, right. So Z is onedimensional data. So this line here is like a plot of a typical sample of values for Z. Okay? Yeah? Student:You have by axis, right? And the axis data pertains samples. Instructor (Andrew Ng):Oh, yes, right. Student:So sort of projecting them into that? Instructor (Andrew Ng):Let's not talk about projections yet, but, yeah, right. So these beige points - so that's like X1 and that's X2 and so on, right? So the beige points are what I see. And so in reality all you ever get to see are the X's, but just like in the mixture of Gaussians model I tell a story about what I would imagine the Gauss... - the data came from two Gaussian's was is had a random variable Z that led to the generation of X's from two Gaussians. So the same way I'm sort of telling the story here, which all the algorithm actually sees are the orange points, but we're gonna tell a story about how the data came about and that story is what comprises the factor analysis model. Okay? So one of the ways to see the intrusion of this model is that we're going to think of the model as one way just informally, not formally, but one way to think about this model is you can think of this factor analysis model as modeling the data from coming from a lower dimensional subspace more or less so the data X here Y is approximately on one D line and then plus a little bit of noise - plus a little bit of random noise so the X isn't exactly on this one D line. That's one informal way of thinking about factor analysis. We're not doing great on time. Well, let's do this. So let me just do one more quick example, which is, in this example, let's say Z is in R2 and X is in R3, right? And so in this example Z, your data Z now lies in 2-D and so let me draw this on a sheet of paper. Okay? So let's say the axis of my paper are the Z1 and Z2 axis and so here is a typical sample of point Z, right? And so we'll then take the sample Z - well, actually let me draw this here as well. All right. So this is a typical sample for Z going on the Z1 and Z2 axis and I guess the origin would be here. So center around zero. And then we'll take those and map it to mu plus lambda Z and what that means is if you imagine the free space of this classroom is R3. What that means is we'll take this sample of Z's and we'll map it to position in free space. So we'll take this sheet of paper and move it somewhere and some orientation in 3-D space. And the last step is you have X equals mu plus lambda Z plus epsilon and so you would take the set of the points which align in some plane in our 3-D space the variable of noise of these and the noise will, sort of, come from Gaussians to the axis aligned. Okay? So you end up with a data set that's sort of like a fat pancake or a little bit of fuzz off your pancake. So that's a model - let's actually talk about how to fit the parameters of the model. Okay? In order to describe how to fit the model I'm sure we need to re-write Gaussians and this is in a very slightly different way. So, in particular, let's say I have a vector X and I'm gonna use this notation to denote partition vectors, right? X1, X2 where if X1 is say an rdimensional vector then X2 is an estimational vector and X is an R plus S dimensional vector. Okay? So I'm gonna use this notation to denote just the taking of vector and, sort of, partitioning the vector into two halves. The first R elements followed by the last S elements. So let's say you have X coming from a Gaussian distribution with mean mu and covariance sigma where mu is itself a partition vector. So break mu up into two pieces mu1 and mu2 and the covariance matrix sigma is now a partitioned matrix. Okay? So what this means is that you take the covariance matrix sigma and I'm going to break it up into four blocks, right? And so the dimension of this is there will be R elements here and there will be S elements here and there will be R elements here. So, for example, sigma 1, 2 will be an R by S matrix. It's R elements tall and S elements wide. So this Gaussian over to down is really a joint distribution of a loss of variables, right? So X is a vector so XY is a joint distribution over X1 through X of - over XN or over X of R plus S. We can then ask what are the marginal and conditional distributions of this Gaussian? So, for example, with my Gaussian, I know what P of X is, but can I compute the modular distribution of X1, right. And so P of X1 is just equal to, of course, integrate our X2, P of X1 comma X2 DX2. And if you actually perform that distribution - that computation you find that P of X1, I guess, is Gaussian with mean given by mu1 and sigma 1, 1. All right. So this is sort of no surprise. The marginal distribution of a Gaussian is itself the Gaussian and you just take out the relevant sub-blocks of the covariance matrix and the relevant sub-vector of the mu vector - E in vector mu. You can also compute conditionals. You can also - what does P of X1 given a specific value for X2, right? And so the way you compute that is, well, the usual way P of X1 comma X2 divided by P of X2, right? And so you know what both of these formulas are, right? The numerator - well, this is just a usual Gaussian that your joint distribution over X1, X2 is a Gaussian with mean mu and covariance sigma and this by that marginalization operation I talked about is that. So if you actually plug in the formulas for these two Gaussians and if you simplify the simplification step is actually fairly non-trivial. If you haven't seen it before this will actually be - this will actually be somewhat difficult to do. But if you plug this in for Gaussian and simplify that expression you find that conditioned on the value of X2, X1 is - the distribution of X1 conditioned on X2 is itself going to be Gaussian and it will have mean mu of 1 given 2 and covariant sigma of 1 given 2 where - well, so about the simplification and derivation I'm not gonna show the formula for mu given - of mu of one given 2 is given by this and I think the sigma of 1 given 2 is given by that. Okay? So these are just useful formulas to know for how to find the conditional distributions of the Gaussian and the marginal distributions of a Gaussian. I won't actually show the derivation for this. Student:Could you repeat the [inaudible]? Instructor (Andrew Ng):Sure. So this one on the left mu of 1 given 2 equals mu1 plus sigma 1,2, sigma 2,2 inverse times X2 minus mu2 and this is sigma 1 given 2 equals sigma 1,1 minus sigma 1,2 sigma 2,2 inverse sigma 2,1. Okay? These are also in the lecture notes. Shoot. Nothing as where I was hoping to on time. Well, actually it is. Okay? So it turns out - I think I'll skip this in the interest of time. So it turns out that - well, so let's go back and use these in the factor analysis model, right? It turns out that you can go back and oh, do I want to do this? I kind of need this though. So let's go back and figure out just what the joint distribution factor analysis assumes on Z and X's. Okay? So under the factor analysis model Z and X, the random variables Z and X have some joint distribution given by - I'll write this vector as mu ZX in some covariance matrix sigma. So let's go back and figure out what mu ZX is and what sigma is and I'll do this so that we'll get a little bit more practice with partition vectors and partition matrixes. So just to remind you, right? You have to have Z as Gaussian with mean zero and covariance identity and X is mu plus lambda Z plus epsilon where epsilon is Gaussian with mean zero covariant si. So I have the - I'm just writing out the same equations again. So let's first figure out what this vector mu ZX is. Well, the expected value of Z is zero and, again, as usual I'll often drop the square backers around here. And the expected value of X is - well, the expected value of mu plus lambda Z plus epsilon. So these two terms have zero expectation and so the expected value of X is just mu and so that vector mu ZX, right, in my parameter for the Gaussian this is going to be the expected value of this partition vector given by this partition Z and X and so that would just be zero followed by mu. Okay? And so that's a d-dimensional zero followed by an indimensional mu. That's not gonna work out what the covariance matrix sigma is. So the covariance matrix sigma - if you work out definition of a partition. So this is into your partition matrix. Okay? Will be - so the covariance matrix sigma will comprise four blocks like that and so the upper left most block, which I write as sigma 1,1 - well, that uppermost left block is just the covariance matrix of Z, which we know is the identity. I was gonna show you briefly how to derive some of the other blocks, right, so sigma 1,2 that's the upper - oh, actually, excuse me. Sigma 2,1 which is the lower left block that's E of X minus EX times Z minus EZ. So X is equal to mu plus lambda Z plus epsilon and then minus EX is minus mu and then times Z because the expected value of Z is zero, right, so that's equal to zero. And so if you simplify - or if you expand this out plus mu minus mu cancel out and so you have the expected value of lambda - oh, excuse me. ZZ transpose minus the expected value of epsilon Z is equal to that, which is just equal to lambda times the identity matrix. Okay? Does that make sense? Cause this term is equal to zero. Both epsilon and Z are independent and have zero expectation so the second terms are zero. Well, so the final block is sigma 2,2 which is equal to the expected value of mu plus lambda Z plus epsilon minus mu times, right? Is equal to - and I won't do this, but this simplifies to lambda lambda transpose plus si. Okay? So putting all this together this tells us that the joint distribution of this vector ZX is going to be Gaussian with mean vector given by that, which we worked out previously. So this is the new ZX that we worked out previously, and covariance matrix given by that. Okay? So in principle - let's see, so the parameters of our model are mu, lambda, and si. And so in order to find the parameters of this model we're given a training set of m examples and so we like to do a massive likely estimation of the parameters. And so in principle one thing you could do is you can actually write down what P of XI is and, right, so P of XI XI is actually - the distribution of X, right? If, again, you can marginalize this Gaussian and so the distribution of X, which is the lower half of this partition vector is going to have mean mu and covariance given by lambda lambda transpose plus si. Right? So that's the distribution that we're using to model P of X. And so in principle one thing you could do is actually write down the log likelihood of your parameters, right? Which is just the product over of - it is the sum over I log P of XI where P of XI will be given by this Gaussian density, right. And I'm using theta as a shorthand to denote all of my parameters. And so you actually know what the density for Gaussian is and so you can say P of XI is this Gaussian with E mu in covariance given by this lambda lambda transpose plus si. So in case you write down the log likelihood of your parameters as follows and you can try to take derivatives of your log likelihood with respect to your parameters and maximize the log likelihood, all right. It turns out that if you do that you end up with sort of an intractable atomization problem or at least one that you - excuse me, you end up with a optimization problem that you will not be able to find and in this analytics, sort of, closed form solutions to. So if you say my model of X is this and found your massive likely parameter estimation you won't be able to find the massive likely estimate of the parameters in closed form. So what I would have liked to do is - well, so in order to fit parameters to this model what we'll actually do is use the EM Algorithm in with the E step, right? We'll compute that and this formula looks the same except that one difference is that now Z is a continuous random variable and so in the E step we actually have to find the density QI of ZI where it's the, sort of, E step actually requires that we find the posterior distribution that - so the density to the random variable ZI and then the M step will then perform the following maximization where, again, because Z is now continuous we now need to integrate over Z. Okay? Where in the M step now because ZI was continuous we now have an integral over Z rather than a sum. Okay? I was hoping to go a little bit further in deriving these things, but I don't have time today so we'll wrap that up in the next lecture, but before I close let's check if there are questions about the whole factor analysis model. Okay. So we'll come back in the next lecture; I will wrap up this model and because I want to go a little bit deeper into the E and M steps, as there's some tricky parts for the factor analysis model specifically. Okay. I'll see you in a couple of days. Is there anybody there? Is there anybody there? This is Radio 3, is there anybody there? You dancin'? -- Who's askin'? I'm askin'. -- You're askin'? I'm askin', are ya dancin'? Am I dancin'? I'm dancin'. A'right, I'll have yer chair then. Hello, good evening and welcome to the third in our series of Shakespeare Masterclass: An Actor Prepares. Last week, if you remember, we were concentrating largely on the body. Well, tonight it's the turn of the voice, and we'll be doing some vocal work. Well, here's our space, where's our actor? Well, we're very lucky to have with us in the studio this evening Hugh. Hello Hugh. -- Hi. -- Hi. What have you prepared for us this evening, Hugh? I have a speech from Troilus, ill.3 ... it's the Ulysses speech. The Ulysses speech, T&C, three three. That's on page sixty-six in your Cambridge editions if you'd like to follow at home. So, Hugh. What I want you to do first of all is to imagine that you're a racing car going round a track. All right? -- Right. -- Now there's a video camera attached to you, so as you go round the track we're all going to get a good view of it. OK? OK. Now later on, Hugh, we'lll be taking your engine apart. Piece by piece. Oiling it, putting it back together again. All right. -- All right? But first of all, let's have a view shall we? OK. -- Thank you, Hugh. Hugh? Yes? Why are you squatting? Oh. Sorry, I thought ... I don't think we're ready for that yet, are we? -- No. Just the speech. Time hath, my lord, A wallet at his back, wherein he puts Alms for oblivion, a great sized monster Of ingratitudes. Well. As you can see, Hugh, there's still a long way to go, isn't there? All right, let's start right at the beginning, shall we? Right. What's the word -- what's the word, I wonder, that Shakespeare decides to begin his sentence with here? Ummm ... "Time". First one. "Time". "Tiiime". -- ... yup. And how does Shakespeare decide to spell it, Hugh? T, I, M, E. T, I, ...? M. -- Emmm E. -- Yup. And what sort of spelling of the word "time" is that? Well, it's the ordinary spelling. It's the ordinary spelling, isn't it? It's the conventional spelling. So why, out of all the spellings he could have chosen, did Shakespeare choose that one, d'you think? Well, um, because it gives us "time" in an ordinary sense. Exactlywelldonegoodboy, because it gives us "time" in an ordinary ... in the conventional ... sense. --Oh, right. So. Shakespeare has given us "time" in a conventional sense. Yeah. But he's given us something else here. Have a look at the typography, what do you espy? Oh, aaah ... it's got a capital T. Shakespeare's T, very much uppercase there, Hugh, isn't it? -- Yeah. Why. 'Cause it's the first word in the sentence. Well, I think that's partly it. But I think there's another reason too. Shakespeare has given us "time" in a conventional sense ... Uh huh. ... and "time" in an abstract sense. Right. -- All right? -- Yeah. Think your voice can convey that to the viewer? -- I hope so. I hope so too. All right, give it a go. Just the one word? Just the one word for the moment. -- Yeah. OK. Whoawhoawhoawhoawhoah. Hugh, Hugh, Hugh. Where do we gather from? Oh the buttocks! Always the buttocks! Sorry. Yeah, right. Gather from the buttocks. Thank you. TillME What went wrong there, Hugh? Um ... I don't know, I got a bit lost in the middle actually. What I want you to do now is to take the word "time" and to start adding some of your own feelings. All right? -- Right. Some of your feelings of ruin and hopelessness and tragedy and despair, feelings of loss and grief and bereavement. But feelings, too, of hope and spirit, and love and ambition. All right? Feelings of jealousy, envy and covetousness. Right. Um. Wantonness? No, leave wantonness out, Hugh. All right. -- All right? So. One more time then, all right? But I think what we'd better do first is ... do you feel ready for a little exercise designed to build up your confidence and help your voice projection? Yes. -- You do? good. With me, then, I want you to adopt the Mime Stance. All right? -- Right. Mime Stance ... good. Now, hand on shoulder ... good boy. Now what I want you to do, after 3, with me, is to say the word "time", ten times, very fast. Right. -- All right? -- Yeah. Without the script? -- Off book, yes. So: Three. Timetimetimetimetimetimetimetimetime, time. You see? -- Oh, right. You get that sense? That sense of ... Uuuhhh ... drivel. That sense of what I like to call time ... collapsing into nonsense, Hugh. A sense of nonsense. -- Nonsense. Shakespeare knew it was there, we can't shirk it now. Put it in with the others, all right? Gathering from the buttocks. Thank you. TlME! Hm. Much, much better, Hugh. Well done, we make tremendous strides. This is very exciting work. I'm very excited, I hope you're excited too. All right? So. Hugh. What I want you to do now is to see how great the strides we've made have been by reading the rest of the speech as well, using what we've learned. OK. All right. -- yeah? -- right. TlME! hath my lord a a wallet at his back where he puts alms for oblivion a great sized monster of ingratitude. Well, as you can see, still a very long way to go there. But we'll be returning to Hugh with that speech later on, perhaps in our 1988 series. But meanwhile, until the same time next week, from Shakespeare Masterclass: an Actor Prepares, it's good night and God bless. Eh. Diz iz well in control. I play queen D8, followed by knight H5 to F4, exploiting his double deaf bones and weak king side. Yeees. Iz ztrong move. Queen D8. Oh, wha's he done that for? Was all nice before, it went black-white-black-white all the way down, in a kind Hey everybody! It's Wednesday, and on Wednesday's, what that means is that I'm on my website, (Website Wednesdays), and Youtube. So if you've asked a question on my Monday video, 'cause I try to just pull the questions from that, um- or maybe a most recent video, like yesterday I did my, uh, live broadcast with Brent, AKA Breedlebees. So if you had questions on there, that I put in the comments, "Hey, I'll get to that on my Q&A" , this is the Q&A for you! Um-and on my website, if you have questions for next Wednesday, you go in to community forums, and select, I think it's video Q&A, then you create a topic, and you put in your question, and I will to an answer. [has difficulty saying to an answer] Phew! That was a lot; it was a mouthful! So, um, anyway, so that's kinda how to navigate that. And, at the end of this video, I'm gonna show you my haul, because I just picked up things from my PO box, and I got some really fun things, so stay tuned for that, it's very exciting- not very exciting- but, without further ado. First question coming from my website is, "How do I cope between my CBT and EMDR therapy? By discovering more and more each session, I find my urges to self harm are getting worse, my anxiety, flashbacks, etc.? What should I do?" Now, first of all, I am so incredibly glad that you are getting CBT and EMDR therapy. For any of you who aren't very familiar, you can definitely Google, um, EMDR, and it's really a rapid eye movement kind of therapy. I know that sounds really hokey and really weird, and I personally don't do it, but I've had many clients who have had a lot of successes when they're coping with, um, with a- like a traumatic past or sexual abuse past, it can really help us talk out those details/issues so that we can slowly work through it. And, I'm so sorry that you're having anxiety and stress in between your sessions. I do know, like you said in your question -I kind of condensed the question- but, like you said, it can make things worse as it gets better. And I talk about that a lot because as we bring things up, those things can stir stuff we haven't talked about for a while, in us and it can make things worse before it get better. But keep doing what you're doing, keep pushing through, and in the meantime, I would really encourage you to pick up that "Courage to Heal" Workbook that I talk about. Um, if you don't know waht I'm talking about, you can head to my website and look at my Amazon widget, because I have it on there with a link to it, and um it's just the best workbook. The- I mean, I was talking to Brent about it, because he picked it up and it's got- just the verbage that she uses is very, it's very soft, and it's just, it's just so nice. It's such a great workbook, and the tasks, um, are great, and you can take your time at it, but I think in the meantime, in between your sessions, that would really give you some relief. So, I would give that a try, okay? Now, the second question on my website is, um, issues with pregnancy and recovery. How do I know if my body is ready? Will I ever be able to conceive? And this question came, um, with one of my followers who has been in and out of recovery, um, and been at her ideal body weight, or goal weight, for a few months. And she's just wondering if she- if her body will ever be able to have a baby, and I know many of us worry about that, 'cause it's definitely a side effect of having an eating disorder, as we can lose the ability to conceive, but, um, for this person, and I don't know if she wants me to say her name, but um, I would go to the doctor. I'd make an appointment to see your OBGYN or whoever your gynecologist is that you see, um, make an appointment, get checked out, um. I have a friend who's trying to conceive too, and she's a little bit older, and so she was telling me kind of the process. And the first apppointment , they'll do a regular check-up on you, and they will- they can draw some blood and check your hormone levels. So that will be the first thing to see, if your hormone levels are stable; which, we need proper nutrition to keep our hormones, you know, hanging out in the right levels that they need to be, right? And then the second thing that they'll do, if your hormones come back okay, and you're still having trouble, then they'll, um, I don't know if it's they make you ingest the dye, I think they shoot dye up into your uterus to see if there's any scarring or any issues with your fallopian tubes, 'cause that can tell, 'cause sometimes we might not even have an egg there, we don't know or we might get an egg every other month and we don't know, and knowing when we're ovulating can be really important, so make sure you're counting your days, um, but you- we don't know if you've given up your you know, ability to be a mommy, you could still be a mommy, we just have to do some extra things when we're in recovery, because there may be issues and things may be a little bit harder. But, I would go get checked out, breath, 'cause I know every month you said you're feeling really disappointed when you get your period, and, let's just give it, you know, let's get things checked out and give it some time. It can take people a while to conceive, especially if you just went off birth control; it could take a long time for that to get out of your body, so. Breath honey, we'll get through it, and let's just take it one step at a time. We don't need to leap ahead and think we know what's gonna happen right, 'cause we don't so, okay? On to question three from my website. "How severe does my anxiety have to be in order to be diagnosed with social anxiety?" And this person was-had this particular question because it was brought up in therapy, but their next therapy appointment isn't for like a month, so they never really got to a diagnosis or anything. And I'm reading out of the DSM, and this is the old DSM. I ordered my new one but, um, it's supposed to arrive when I'm [in] wedding shenanigans. So, I'll get to it when I'm done. So, now social anxiety disorder is also called social phobia, and I think the main thing, is that. whatever it is, when it comes to the DSM, it has to be affecting our life day to day. Like all of our interactions. It talks about here that it's, the essential feature of social phobia, or social anxiety disorder, is a marked and persistent fear of social or performance situations in which embarrassment may occur, exposure to the social or performance situation almost invariably provokes an immediate anxiety response. So, if that's happening, if even the thought- 'cause I know in your question you said that going out with friends and being in big, busy places is overwhelming. If that is a, um, something that is hindering you daily in your life, and you don't do things because of your anxiety and your social anxiety, then I would, um, estimate that you do have social anxiety disorder, and the next time you see your therapist, if you bring it up, they'll let you know, okay? I hope that answers that question. I know a lot of you had questions about anxiety disorders, um, OCD and stuff like that. And I'll be doing videos on that, um, in the near future, so stay tuned. Okay. Number four- now this is off of Youtube- and under my last video, which was chronic illness, so if any of you missed that video, go back and check it out. And this question says, [interpreting question] "Does chronic illness cause mental health issues?" So it's like, can you have the chronic illness-it's almost like which came first, the chicken or the egg? So if the chronic illness came first, did it actually cause a mental health issue? I mean, and I'm just reading their exact question. "I mean like a counsellor once told me, being inactive and not being in the sun as much etc., causes a low level of serotonin and therefore can caues depression. Is that true?" And it's definitely true. I find, uh, I currently only have two clients who have a chronic illness that I believe the chronic illness caused the mental health concern and why they're seeing me. But it can go either way. A lot of times, if we have the chronic illness diagnosis prior to our mental health diagnosis, that's usually the way it goes. But if you haven't been getting help, then right, we don't know which one came first. But many times, if we have a lot of chronic pain, that can defnitely lead to depression and depressive thoughts and anxiety about cleaning up the house, 'cause what if I get in severe pain, what if I have to sit down or what do I do? You know, it can definitely happen that way, um, you can find that out by honestly spending more time journaling and talking to your therapist about it- about which do you think came first? Do you think that the mental health concerns came because of the chronic illness or you already had the mental health concerns and then the chronic illness showed up too and just made it worse? Um, so yeah, that can definitely happen, and it can definitely go either way. Number 5, the final question. "I have a myriad of mental conditions and my dad's side of the family basically thinks it's bull***t. They keep trying to corner me and break me down for "faking" my "disabilities" and leeching off the government and my relatives etc. How do I deal with this without cutting myself off from my family altogether? Last time I did this, I ended up homeless, and the PTSD stuff, that's what happened at that time. It was really bad; how do I deal with this?" And, to be honest, the best thing to do, and this is what my therapist actually tells me, this is something that I've been working on, when there's people in our lives that we can't get away from, we have like those toxic people, like it sounds like your family is definitely not supportive, and not helpful. What do we do to distance ourselves when we can't just cut them out of our lives? Like you said, you would end up a homeless teen, and we don't want that to happen. I try to help my clients feel like they're putting on armor everyday. Okay? I wouldn't talk to them about your struggles with your medical conditions or mental helath issues. I wouldn't talk to them about that . I would have supportive people, like friends, treatment team, and stuff like that, that you go to. Journal, you can vent through vlogging, if that helps, even if you don't want to post it! You could still just make a video and watch it later if you needed to, you know get that, feel that carthartic feeling that we get. But take the time to vent it out to people that are supportive, and I would just completely cut them out from that portion of your life. I know,I know. That chronic illness and mental health concerns feel all encompassing, but if we have to keep our conversations just on the surface. "Yeah, today was kinda nice. It was a little humid, and sunny and I went and got a coffee in the afternoon, and you know." I mean it doesn't matter what you talk about. I just wouldn't talk about that because if they're just gonna give you a bunc of s**t about it, and tell you that your actual issues are bull***t, we don't need to invite that conversation. Right? And if they bring that up, change the subject. I have a video, I talked about changing the subject. I wanna say it's in my equations and calculations video, wow. I don't remember. I've done to many videos. But I would change the subject, I would bring support with me if I know that I have to be there with them and you know that they're probably going to bring things up. Make sure they're there to help. Because that's a bunch of bull***t that they feel that way. You have diagnoses, they can't deny that but some people just, we can't fight with them, so let's just not deal with them with that topic in mind. Okay. Now, for my haul! Okay, first, since this is on top This is from Amy. Look how cute this little dog is! Omg! And look at what she sent me! Now these are super cool and Amy, I will get to use these after the wedding when I don't have to have my nails done. Look at it! Look at the little nails, they're trees! And they'rer little, um, what are they, oh nail decals. So I have to paint my nails with a clear base coat then put them on, smooth them out, paint them again. I'm so excitied, thank you so much, these are amazing! And also, Lauren sent me a copy of the newspaper I was in! Remember for all of you when I did that, uh, whatchamacallit, the live broadcast thing with Lauren about where she asked me questions. I'm in the newspaper in Iowa! So thanks Lauren for sending that! Also, I love love love love love the little journal where you put all these pretty things. There was the minion, omg Shawn and I as minions! [points out minions] So so cool! And last, but certainly not least, I got this beautiful wedding card from Mandi, she made it. Private stuff inside, very sweet. And she made it all herself. ISn't that pretty? Look at that. And then she also sent this little, I don't know if you can read it, it says, "Friends are the family we choose for ouselves", but it's a book of quotations for friends.You;re my friend too Mandi and thank you so much for sending that. So that was very sweet. It was so exciting. So thank you all for sending that, um, and if you need my PO box information, I can put it down below, and everybody have a wonderful day! And for you in the States , enjoy! Tomorrows fourth of July, woot woot! So wear red, white, and blue, and go to a barbecue, or light off some fireworks. Or, my favorites are the sparklers. Somaybe get some sparklers and you know, doodle in the sky like I always love to do. Have a great rest of your day, and I will see you soon, bye! [The local hero Erin Dinan] - [Cooper] We've been focusing a lot on change overseas, and one of the things that Valerie Amos talked about was the importance of World Humanitarian Day as not just something that's happening for people overseas but it's also people making changes in their own communities right here in New York, or Los Angeles, or in Iowa or anywhere around the world that they may be. And that's one of the things that UN is really trying to hope to encourage people to do, is to try to look in their own community, that a lot people don't have obviously the resources to travel somewhere far away, but they can look in their communities and that's how real change happens. And I wanna introduce you to somebody who's made a change in her community. Her name is Erin Dinan. And, she's a photographer who started a non-profit for one sandwich at a time. Erin. [applause and cheers] - [Cooper] Hey, nice to meet you. So, um that's you mic. So, you're a photographer, and you started this non-profit. How did that come about? - [Dinan] I took my camera and I started photographing some people on the streets with their permission, and I wanted to speak with them. And, I wanted to hear their stories because I think a lot of times we, we tend to pass judgment on people on the streets. I wanted to change that, I just wanted to raise awareness for them. So, I didn't know how to give back for these amazing people, and I've heard some incredible stories from these people. So, I would hand them a sandwich. And I would pack a sandwich or a few sandwiches every morning on my way out the door, and I thought if I can at least help another individual make it to their next meal then I've made a difference. - [Cooper] So, when you hear about World Humanitarian Day what do you think? Why did you wanna be here, a part of it? - [Dinan] I'm honored to be here. I wanted to be here just because I think something needs to happen, just around the world locally and globally. I think we need to work together if we want this world to continue. And we are all so connected. I'm no different from someone on the street, we've just had different trials and tribulations in life so... - [Cooper] Thank you. Thank you so much. Really incredible. - [Dinan] Thank you so much, thank toy. - [Cooper] Do you have a website? - [Dinan] I do, it's onesandwichatatime.com - [Cooper] Alright, cool, you got a crowd you might as well get out the website. [I Was Here - World Humanitarian Day August 19 whd-iwashere.org] Mel-O-Toons presents Aladdin Many hundreds of years ago, in the land of Baghdad, lived a boy named Aladdin. He and his mother were very poor. So poor, in fact, that they often went hungry. Mother, is there nothing else for supper tonight? Nothing but this piece of black bread. Oh, how I wish your father were still alive. [knocking at the door] Now who can that be? I'll answer it, mother. At the door stood a tall, strange man. He wore a white turban, of the purest silk. Why, hello. Aladdin, how are you, my boy? I'm all right, thank you. But who are you, please? Who am I? Oh, I forget you've never seen me before. I am you uncle. My uncle? Yes, your Uncle Hamid. I'm a famous magician. Of course the stranger wasn't really Aladdin's uncle. He was pretending. But why? Soon we'll know exactly why. Meanwhile he performed feats of magic and showed Aladdin and his mother that he really was a magician. He made clouds appear and start raining. He clapped his hands and made thunder. Now Aladdin, I want you to come with me on a very important journey. Where, uncle? To the most secret part of the forest. They came to an underground cave. Now my boy, deep down inside the cave you will find a lamp. Bring it to me! Aladdin slipped down into the cave. Deeper and deeper he went. Finally he came upon a lamp, an old dirty lamp, that looked absolutely worthless. Could this be what he wants? Suddenly a strange feeling came over Aladdin. He felt that he must not give up the lamp, but keep it for himself. For a long time Aladdin remained silent, refusing to give up the lamp. I'll seal him in, forever. The magician intoned some mysterious words and a huge rock fell into the entrance of the cave, sealing it off. Then he left, never to return. Poor Aladdin. He stood inside the pitch black cavern holding the lamp and not knowing what to do. In the darkness, he stubbed his toe and fell heavily on the ground. Then to his amazement, the cave was filled with light that glowed from a huge genie that appeared out of nowhere. You called, master? Who are you? The slave of the lamp. Whenever you rub the lamp, I appear to grant you your every wish. Rub the lamp? Oh I, I must have rubbed it by accident when I fell. That is true, master. Now command and I obey. Aladdin's first thought was for his mother. My mother has worked hard all her life, oh genie. I wish her good things to eat, and fine clothes, and a comfortable home. Your wish is granted, my master. Come and see. In an instant, Aladdin was home again. Mother, I'm back! My son, look. A wonderful thing has happened. And indeed, his mother was now dressed in fine clothes and lived in a fine house. Suddenly, there was a sound from the street. The sound of royal music. Aladdin sprang to the window and saw the Sultan passing by in his carriage and with him was his beautiful young daughter. For years, Aladdin had secretly been in love with her. But how could he, unknown and the son of a widow, hope to marry the Sultan's daughter? How could he even enter the Sultan's palace without being stopped by the guards? Then, Aladdin had an idea. The lamp! Here, let me rub the lamp! What do you wish, my master? Take me to the palace of the Sultan. Your wish is granted, my master. Who are you? My name is Aladdin. I love you and wish to marry you. But how can that be? I am promised to another, Mephisto, son of the Grand Vizier. He rubbed the magic lamp. What do you wish, master? Form an army of invaders. Have them appear at the gates of Baghdad but to harm no one. Your wish is granted. The Sultan's daughter saw that Mephisto was a coward but still she thought she should marry him. Next, Aladdin had the genie change him into a helpless old beggar. Please Mephisto, I am starving, help me. Help you? Get out, you lazy old man! And the Sultan's daughter saw that Mephisto was cruel. But still she thought she should marry him. Finally, Aladdin ordered the genie, in disguise, to tell Mephisto that the Sultan and his daughter had quarreled and that she had been disinherited. Worthless woman! What good is she to me without her father's money? When the Sultan's daughter heard that, her eyes were opened and she refused to marry him. Soon, she fell in love with Aladdin and married him instead. (whirring) -To The Krusty Krab and victory! -Geesh, what a windbag. -Just taking out the garbage, Mr. Krabs. -Good work, SpongeBob. -(whistling) (humming) There. -(slurps) Well, it's certainly not busy today. -Just the way I like it. No customers. -Oh, Squidward, you are such a kidder. -Yes er... Well, I'm going to the bank to pay some bills. You guys take care of things around here. -He's gonna pay the bill? Ha. -Looks like it's just you and me, Squidward. -SpongeBob, please don't remind me. -Oh, I hate paying bills. What else could go wrong today? Plankton! (boom!) (laughs) You missed, twerp! -I'll get you, Krabs! -SpongeBob, get in the car, me boy. -Sweet Rockford, Mr. Krabs. -Curse you, Plankton and your ability to become a larger, laser-shooting plankton. -Well, if everyone else is leaving, I'm not sticking around either. -Follow me, my porous little buddy. -Sure, Mr. Krabs. -Let me hook you up. There. Okay, SpongeBob, drink it up! -(warbled): Mr. Absorbancy! -Now go get Plankton, me boy! -Leave it to me! -Remember, SpongeBob... (deep voice): There can be only one! [baby crying] Hey look. Can we go there? Aaah Sammy, you're breaking my heart. We're all the circus you need kid. But they have rides! Can we, Mr. Mendez? Why not? Let's go. Okay boys. Time to get me a date with the bearded lady. Who's with me? [children giggling] [Fortune Teller] Great witches, come. Sit down, I tell you all about your fate. Great witches come. [Puppeteer] We're gonna come get you now!You little boy. I'm gonna get you if I can. [Clown]ha ha ha ha Come on in ladies and gentlemen. We have the best freak show in town. Mr. Pete Robinson, we've got the limbless man, step right on in. Come on in ladies and gentlemen. We've got Baby Loulou, Mr. Pete Robinson, the limbless man. Come on in ladies and gentlemen, come on in. We have the best show in town. [Circus commentator] Not unlike a large heifer, she's a woman of extraordinary weight. And has a peculiar appetite for whole chickens. Now, down this way. The painted man. His world travels can be seen on every inch of his body from head to toe. And now, ladies and gentlemen, gather in. A perversion of nature, a man, if you could even call him that, whom God Himself has turned His back upon. I give you, the limbless man. [Crowd gasps] Look at that. [Lady] So sad. [Man] Look at him. Ha ha ha [crowd continues to laugh] [Commentator laughs] Move along kids. You are magnificent. Hey get away from there! What's the matter with you? It's alright, no harm in it. My fault. Maybe I got a little too close, hey friend? You have a good evening now. You better get a hold of yourself before the next show gimp. [Painted man laughs] Real nice Will. Seems you changed your mind about joining one of them fancy shows. What are you saying? Don't you know nothing? That was Mendez. You just spit on the showman from the Butterfly Circus. Butterfly, butterfly. Ha ha ha ha You kill me Will. I'm hungry. I'm gonna go get me some cotton candy. A man, if you can call him that, whom God Himself has turned His back upon. The limbless man! [Music] MMM Muy Bien. Boss. Morning. Buenos Dias. Buenos Dias indeed. May I have this dance. Would you get my trunk? It's so heavy. [high voice] It's easier for you, cuz your so strong. Aaah! There's a dead man in the truck! What? Well now, look at this. This is wonderful. Come on over by the fire, warm up a bit little man. I'm Sammy, what's your name? I'm Will. Where's your arms and legs? Sammy! What mama? Is he gonna be in our circus now? Um maybe I will. Hold on a minute. We don't have a side show here. What do you mean? Every circus has one. People come from all over the place to see us. And why do they come Will? But yours could be different. No. There is nothing inspiring about a man's imperfections on display. See Will, we're happier here, and you can stay as long as you like. But I do run a different show. And now, one of the greatest displays of human contortion ever seen. It is my pleasure to introduce Anna queen of the air. [crowd applause] And the strongest man you will ever see. [Crowd applause] The master of the flying trapeze and the oldest performer in the air, Poppie. See you at the fair grounds, two days only. Come on by, Butterfly Circus, two days only. How do? My boy here would sure like to say hello to the strongest man in town. Well I'm sure your daddy's stronger but I'd make a close second. Wow! Are you in the show too mister? Um, no not exactly. Oh. We best be going now. Thank you kindly. You bet. Wow, did you see that dad? I'm gonna be the strongest man in the world someday. I'm gonna be just like that man. I'm gonna do everything I want to. Yeah boy. You can do whatever you want. Ladies and gentlemen, girls and boys, what this world needs is a little wonder. [boy] Look mama, tickets! Splendid, isn't it? The way they move full of triumph, color and grace. They're astounding. But you, cursed from birth. A man, if you can call him that, who God Himself turned His back upon. Stop it! Why would you say that? Because you believe it. But if you could only see the beauty that can come from ashes. [Madam] It's your problem now. Your no good to me so get out! Ha ha ha. Your good enough for me doll face. Here you go. But they are different from me. Yes, you do have an advantage. The greater the struggle the more glorious the triumph. I can't find my caterpillar. Where is he? He's right there, in the cocoon, see. He'll be fine. You won't even recognize him when he comes out. Oh, wow. Hey, hey George! Poppie, I need help to cross. Can anyone help me? Hey George! Can you help me? Hey, where you going? What's the matter with you? You're just gonna leave me here? I think you'll manage. What!? I guess I'll just magically get up huh? [Mendez] George, Poppie, how's the water? Time for a swim. Ha ha ha! Yeeow Yeow! Look! Yeeeow! Hey Will, you comin in? Will? Hey I think Will fell in! Will! Will! Will! Will! Will! Look I can swim! Ha ha ha! Your eyes will witness this fine evening. Our bravest soul, as he cheats death by ascending fifty feet into the air and leap into this pool of water. [Crowd gasps] [Audience applause] Let's go see what he has to say. Thank you. Wow how'd you do that mister? Were you scared? It was so high. I want to try. I can do it. [mom] Sweetie, you can do anything. Did it hurt when you hit the water? There he goes Sam. Ah, no ! Waiter! Just a moment, sir! Ahh, waiter ! Not now, sir! Yes, sir! Waiter at your service, sir! Waiter, there's a fly in my soup, could you do something about it? There is a fly in your soup in this establishment? I should do something about it instantaneously, sir! Yes, sir, a fly in your soup! I should take care of that! Yes. Let's see, a fly in your soup. Are you sure it's a fly, not a noodle or maybe a piece of hair? Let me see, I am looking in the soup, sir! I do not see a fly in the soup. No, no, waiter, I believe I said IN the soup, and you're looking UNDER the soup! Oh, arr... I knew that! I knew that! Anybody knows that! I knew I was looking UNDER the soup but not IN the soup! All right, I will now look IN the soup! Thank you, thank you! All right, all right! Yes, thank you! All right! In the soup! Let me see... here, little fly... I'm looking in the soup, sir, and I do not see a fly... Waiter, you're looking next to my soup! The fly isn't next to my soup! The fly is in my soup! Well, of course! Of course it is in the soup! Yes, of course! You might excuse me of not knowing what NEXT TO and IN mean! Of course! All right! I will look in the soup now! Thank you! For this supposed fly! All right, in the soup! Oh, fly! Little fly! Too little fly! Now I'm looking in the soup and I do not see a fly, sir, I think you are mistaken! No, no, no, you're looking on my soup! You see, the fly isn't on my soup, it's not under my soup, it's not next to my soup! The fly is in my soup and you ever even looked in my soup! You looked everywhere but in my soup! But, but, but, sir, where do you want to fly? I don't want to fly anywhere! Why did you ask for a bowl of fly soup? I didn't ask for a bowl of fly soup! You should've asked for a bowl of soup and said: Oh, the flies! Will you bring me another bowl of soup? The customer is always right! Thank you! You're welcome, sir! Should bring you another bowl of soup! Good! Twelve thousand restaurants, I don't know why I have to come to this one! All right, sir, all right, sir! I think, I think I shall be making you very happy with this! Here you are! A special soup of the day. Ah, what kind of soup is that? Cream of mosquito! Cream of mosquito! Where's my tip? It turns out we made this pretty easy. The first three—cost-based pricing, value-based pricing, or volume-based pricing— are all examples of fixed pricing tactics. That just means that the last three—yield management, real-time, and auctions— are examples of dynamic pricing. - Overture - Charles Darwin The evolution theory, the scientific theory that ruled the world for a *100 years and the question of species origin in general and the human being in particular, did it actually reached its end? Can we prove that the various species were created at the same time? what is the right explanation for fossil's creation and what standpoint do they prove? What is the theory's correct definition and is it right to accept it as a scientific fact? Rabbi Zamir Cohen talks about all that and more in his surprising and fascinating lecture: The Evolution Theory: A scientific fact or a collapsing theory? Hello and good evening. Our subject tonight is The Evolution Theory, a theory that finds today large audiences in Israel and worldwide. a believer often asks himself is it possible that a scientific theory will contradict explicit Bible verses and maybe we can unify both. some asked to join Evolution and Judaism together and say that that is the way God created the human being. What is The evolution Theory? This theory claims that all was inanimate at first. Whenever the Big Bang is mentioned, it means that the universe appeared as a result of a great light outburst when there was a powerful concentration of energy; Of course there was no life then, so we must say that life was created at some point. On one of the last lectures we mentioned that The Big Bang appears on the Zohar Book itself, i.e. not only that there is no contradiction between The Bible and science, but also that Judaism preceded science. Zohar mentions that when God wanted to create the world, he did a great outburst of light, which Zohar calls a hidden, secreted, reduced light. Later this light burst out, went through various stages; The further it was from its source, the more it was materialized, until all the galaxies, stars etc' have been created; These are parallel to the scientific discover that has been discovered 80, 90 years ago. However, how livings were created? This is an unsolved mystery, as we will see from the scientific point of view, because if there is a God, the "how livings were created" question does not exist, since God created life; But if there is no universe creator, it is hard to understand how inanimate became a living thing. The Evolutionaries, however, claim that it is none of our business to deal with how livings was created; we discuss what happened right after that; After life creation, they claim that particles of an inanimate material joined as a result of an unclear process, but an inferior and simple creature was created. This creature kept developing when moving from one progress to the next created by the following way: Various systems were developed in this creature, randomly of course, but out of countless developments, what fitted nature survived and what did not endangered. This way one creature developed from the other, when you take a very long period of time you eventually reach a monkey-like creature, which is actually the human's ancestor; and, after some more processes, as described and seen in their interesting pictures and diagrams, this is how the human being appeared on earth. In other words, the human being is an animal's offspring. Before we approach clarification of this claim from a scientific point of view, we must mention that this theory is very dangerous socially, because if a child lives knowing that his ancestor was an animal, then I am also kind of an animal; and if animals unconsciencely *prey each other in the jungle, the strong ones survive; I am not allowed to prey all around me either, I am stronger; So what is the problem? animals can fight in the jungles, on the street and also at home, I am therefore an animal that developed from another creature, but *. this theory is dangerous and some researches note that Hitler based all of his ideology according to Darwin's Evolution Theory (Darwin did not live long before Hitler) and the evolution theory extended worldwide. Hitler had a famous speech mentioned in Yad VaShem Museum, books have been written regarding that the whole Nazi Ideology is based on Darwin's Theory, because if we are all animalistic creatures then we can prey and there is no conscience concept. Hitler claimed that Jews caused the world two damages: One in body and one in mind. In body, he said, Jews damaged with their ritual circumcision and in mind they created conscience, which is something we all have, what does it got to do with Jews? Hitler claimed that it is not (something we all have), because according to Evolution there is no concept as "conscience". You are an ancient animal's offspring, so you can prey, as others preyed; This is Hitler's perception. In science however, of course we cannot rely on ideology, because we have to check it from the scientific perception: Is Evolution Theory is a fact or a collapsing theory, by the findings discovered during the last decades? Some claim that Evolution Theory is a fact, because it is a theory based on facts, which is frankly not true: the word "theory" is an assumption; I theorize that it is so. We use the word "theory" regarding simple things; (whereas) a scientific theory is a bit more serious, since it not just a theory but one based on facts; Eventually however, we must remember it is only an assumption; We must distinguish between a scientific fact, i.e. the world is round, which is a fact, whereas claiming that the human being developed from ancient creatures is a theory, an assumption. Various evidence of fossils remains and bones have been found, there are evidence of situations being relied on, but as we will see later, none of these are enough in to support The Evolution Theory. As is well known, Charles Darwin was a Evolution Theory's, development theory's great distributor, but he did not actually invent it. Already at the Aristotle era, the ancient Greek era, they were claims regarding evolution in different ways, but Darwin was the one who led it forward, developed this theory and it has spread worldwide during his era. Another historic datum should be remembered: Evolution developed following science world's hostility against the people of religion. For hundreds of years, the christian church haunted the people of science, killed scientists; Scientists were scared to talk, otherwise they would be burnt; History was known. When we add the fact that whoever studies the translated Bible and not the original one which includes Chazal verses, can interpret The Bible as a very shallow book and even as a strange one; It is said that during the first bible translation into Greek, there was a great sorrow for Israel, as in the day The Temple was destroyed. What is the translation issue? that the wise men of Israel knew that once The Bible is translated, all its beauty is gone; All of the deep levels (The Secret etc'), the wonderful verses, cannot be entered. There are often mistakes in translations (in English, Latin..), but apart from the mistakes, even if words are translated correctly, all of the bible's beauty is still ruined, so when the fact that scientists were hostile against the people of religion and the christian church is added, plus the fact they did not find any logic nor interest in religion, they were just waiting for the time some salvation would come and they could gore all faith. They did not know that the Jewish attitude is completely different, but the Evolution's essence developed from the base of the scientific objection to christian church. Whoever comes from Judaism and knows it can see its beauty and not only there is no contradiction between The Bible and science, science is also nowadays discovers new findings that were known in old tomes, many generations ago and particularly in Kabala. Now let us see some discoveries and focus mainly in those found a long time after Darwin but when his theory was still believed. Let us first start with biblical verses and then move to evolutionary disproving. Here are biblical verses; What is actually the biblical perception regarding human creation? can evolutionary human and species sources be joined together with Judaism? Some would like to say yes, they do, that this is how God chose to create the human being and it solves many issues; That Judaism and science are joined; Frankly however, the biblical verses prove other. Let us read the following verses regarding creation's 5th and 6th days: "And God said, let the waters bring forth abundantly the moving creature that hath life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven. And God created the great whales (later we will see who these great whales were), and every living creature that moveth, which the waters brought forth abundantly, after their kind, and every winged fowl after his kind" (Genesis, Chpater 1, 20-1) . That was on the 5th day. On the 6th day: "And God Said, let the earth bring forth the living creature after his kind (whoever notices the words, it is said: let the earth bring forth the living creature), cattle, and creeping thing, and the beast of the earth after his kind: and it was so. And God made the beast of the earth after his kind, and the cattle after his kind, and every thing that creepeth upon the earth after his kind". (Genesis, Chpater 1, 24-5). All that is regarding human creation: "And the Lord God formed the man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and the man became a living soul". (Genesis, Chpater 2, 7). The Bible clearly mentions that every creature was created straight from dust and not that one creature was developed from the other. On the 5th day all water creatures (that were created from water), fish etc', were created and on the 6th day all mammals were created from the dust; finally, the man was created, but all of them were created straight from dust. Someone who does not believe there is a universe creator says; how come a man was developed from the ground? it does not make sense. therefore he says that a ground's particle received life and another creature developed from him etc'. However, someone who knows there a universe creator, the same creator who can create life in this little particle is also able to create a complete body directly from ground; He does not need all these processes mentioned by evolutionaries. Let us now start with the evidences we have, that completely disprove evolution: A book published worldwide named "Forbidden Archaeology" collected many findings found on the ground in various places worldwide and completely cancel evolution, only many scientists rather ignore them, because if there is no evolution we must go back to the biblical point of view; and if there is bible, there is a God; and if there is a God, he will tell me what to do and I do not want to be told what to do. There are truly such proven data disproving evolution, and must be said to many scientists praise, who completely renounced evolution and in scripts situated in places worldwide, apart from the many scientists who renounced evolution and are scared to say it loud, so they will not be banished from the scientific society, as happened to many others. This is a sample from the discovered findings: Let us start with saying that evolution is creatures' development during many generations, therefore we should mention that the more we dig into the ground and reach levels that are more ancient, we should find creatures that belong to the more previous eras. i.e., in the closest ground level we will find the last creatures, once we dig more, we will find their ancestors; if we dig more, we will find their ancestors, because each were developed from those before and their remains were left inside the ground's geological levels. The research staff write that surprisingly, it has been found out that in eras related to Dinosaurs, for instance, they found a copper warhead, human's skeleton/ bones, a hammer, a screw in a stone and more various findings from the pre-Dinosaur eras, i.e., the pre-dinosaur layers human feet or even a human footprint have been found. So what does it mean/ that the dinosaur's grandfather dealt with hammers and created tools? It is clear that out of these findings, that the flow mentioned be scientists is wrong. In the pre-dinosaur eras and the dinosaur era as well we discover findings that belong to much later eras, to human era. Here we have a picture of a footprint from 1987, about 100 years after Darwin, only a few decades ago; a stone layer has been found in Mexico, whose age is assumed to be 250,000,000 years; No one disagrees that at that era there were no humans. In the second picture, one of the metal balls found inside the ground, which is 3 milliard years old according to scientists' assumption. Did human beings live 3 milliard years old ago? Even the most severe ones claim that human beings did not live then. Another and quite a new finding: This picture we see remains of a little dinosaur that was found inside a mammal's stomach. This Mammal was photographed according to the found skeleton, some kind of creature, this is only a painting, of course, (subtitles: mammal and a little dinosaur he caught, as a painter describes) but it is a little dinosaur's skeleton found inside his stomach. (Subtitles: the little dinosaur's remains that were found inside the mammal's stomach.) For scientists, this finding hits evolution seriously, because according to the main theory, during dinosaur era there were no such big mammals who could eat dinosaurs; and here it is found that inside a mammal's stomach a dinosaur is found. Here, let us first say a few words: what does Judaism say regarding the dinosaurs? Some explanations say that Judaism ignores this subject completely; and after a discussion at Haifa University, students of Evolution Institute, where I joined with a Muslim representing Islam and they asked from University for a Judaism presenter and Dr. Abraham Belis, from University, to represent evolution. When I spoke there about the biblical sources regarding the dinosaurs, a student came over after the discussion and was completely surprised; He has been there for several years and was never taught at University that there is a broad reference to this subject of great creatures who lived in the past. There are some references in Chazal sayings to great creatures who lived in the past. For instance, it is said in The Midrash that when Noah entered all animals into the ark, "*" what is an oryx? Teacher: The innovative approach that I'm trying to take here is to make sure that the students are all able to have voice and choice within their learning, because the quality of their work is going to become a little bit better as their interest is there. Making sure that they feel competent and that they're self assured, and that they are able to do this and become successful. Student: Around the middle of the school year, I created a Monopoly game. Instead of using the original names of the places, I used places in Maine, like Lyman and Alfred instead of Boardwalk and Park Place. And then I created it working with maximum and minimum mode, exponents. Those were the community chest cards. If you hit one of those you'd have to solve a problem. And if you got it right, you'd get 75 dollars. And if you got it wrong you paid $75. What does 2 to the 4th power equal? If right, collect $100. if wrong pay 75. So 2 to the 4 power is [pause] 16. Yep! So that means you get 100 dollars. Teacher: When they come up with a goal, I say, how are you gonna prove it and I don't have to, at this point, tell them what they need to do. I'll give them suggestions and make sure that there's depth within their learning. But they're able to prove their learning in many different ways. And it's creative. Student: The game is just like Monopoly, except handmade. It's a lot harder to make than you think. Teacher: So he's making his job a little bit harder than I probably would have asked him to do in the first place, and that's why this really works because they take it to a whole new level. Student: In order to be successful in the twenty first century. Thank you everybody today, please don't forget me. The last song, everybody listen together: Tell Your World I don't want to forget these feelings I can't explain So I'm breaking the norm, deleting the provided layout I'll sing my own song And send the words once locked within my breast to the sky These things I want to tell you The things I want to reach you May they converge together And reach out to you All these words I want to tell you And this song I want you to hear Everything is joined in a cirlce Joining us all together No matter where you may be Ahh Ahh~ This clear white light reminds me of your voice I felt it tumble into the palm of my hand It caused my finger to suddenly move along with the beat I'm setting all of these words into that rhythm and sending them to the heavens These things I want to tell you The things I want to reach you May they join a line That they may reach you, so far away from me These words I want to tell you And this song that I want you to hear They join together with other, ordinary things Connecting us all together No matter where we may be Ahhh~ Ahhhh~ Ahhahhh~ As I dance through these unchanging days I began to think that they are a gift given to us And that moment I believed, my world began to shake Tell me, I wanna know about your world! [Tell Your World] These things I want to tell you The things I that I want to reach you May they join into a line So they may reach you, so far away These words I want to tell you And the song I want you to hear They join together with other ordinary things Connecting us all to each other No matter how far away we may be.. Ahh~ Ahhh~ Ahhhh~ Ahhhhh~ Faces of Weatherization - Carolyn Nacke I work at the local high school, and I worked at the office. My hours were cut two years ago, it adds up. You don't have that paycheck and getting older ...Any time in my house, no matter how much I tried, you could always feel a draft. The weatherization people came in, and they put insulation in places that never did have it before I have a gas fireplace and a gas heater, and now I feel safe and secure because I do have a reliable carbon monoxide detector that was put in. My electric bill has gone down, and my gas bill has gone down. Since they've made the changes in the insulation in the walls and everything, I feel I sleep better at night. When they told me I was getting all this, I cried! I really did cry, because it was a blessing. I mean, I could not believe it. It just made a world of difference to me in a comfort zone, knowing that this was taken care of. My home is better, I'm better, life is better! How could this be? How could i have missed you And alone Im not alone Come on fight man! Use the knife! Use the knife! Just use it! Isnt this why youre here? Come on move! Im not as good as you, if i move you wil kill me So what are you going to say to youre owner? I wil say that you layed a trap Will a man who layed a trap do this? Hold this! Hold! Now stab! Come on stab me! Stab me! Nephew, is he going to stab me? No Reason? He cant look you into the eyes uncle he avoids your eyes Reason? He doensnt believe it, he does not believe that he can kill you Hes a young man has a knife in his hand My hands are empty Why doesnt he still believe? Lesson 1 A fights first rule Its not holding the knife, but to stand against someone with a knife Not the person holding the knife, the person who is holding the heart of that person will know the moment I dont ask myself but to him that moment Ill say: is it already time? Is it time? The difference between new and old brother If you have fought enough If you have loved alot If you have lived well (rich) If you have regreted alot Then you'll know the time has come Now, what are you going to say to your owner? Kaya? Bring it home Bring it home Kaya Today were breaking all the rules Would you come with me, im going to show you something, please Would you look at the time in the trainstation? Its 2 Its 2 o'clock The Anatolian train 8 september 1971 Does that moment have a meaning? Ofcourse Hasnt there been a moment in youre life that you would like to change no matter the cost is? There is Didnt you strugle to get that moment back? Im still strugling Thats why im here We wil talk later, im going with youre permission to change that moment At last Wish me luck Welcome brother Ramiz I've waited 30 years for you, without moving You can have the last word again Look into my eyes brother Tell me Is it time? This isnt him Kaya youve brought the wrong man I cant believe this From now on i have youre bullet youre going to run so i can go after you Wait every day for me You wont even know where i will be coming from From now on..the prey, is you Here, youre murderer Temmuz And this is whats left from him He cut it He cut my index finger And this is youre traitor You used youre force and you lost You used violance and you lost You used betrayel and you lost Ezel Bayraktar Ramiz has raised you well Really, where is he? From now on i wil be between you and Ramiz Where is the fun in that? I brought uncle's final lesson to you What is it? Ali, Ali he was Omer, Ezel is Omer! How do you know? Did he tell you? Whats going to happen now brother Ali? Omer is alive, whats going to happen to us? Bahar's...do you got something to do with it? Tell me the truth Cengiz do you? No, no i swear, i swear Ali, there is no such thing Can it be brother Ali? Its Bahar, Bahar He let me watch That **** let me watch, i couldnt do anything, i wanted to go to you guys Please believe me! Now youve merged again, arent you? Youre with Omer again, he forgived you, didnt he? Youre with Omer again, he forgived you, didnt he? He wil forgive Eysan too, mark my words Wil i be left behind? Ali Brother Ali! Whats going to happen to me brother Ali? You will...finally...get youre punishment Why would i accept such a thing? Because im here You were thinking that every thing would end today Thats why youve broken the most important rule Nothing was connected to you Nothing could reach you But today the doors of your house have opened Today the untouchable is broken Mr.Kenan Smart, the moment when you think you have won, is the moment when youre the most vulnerable Did Ramiz teach you this to? He learned it from me I called the police there comming, do you accept? Im right Ezel Im on the side who is right not him You dont believe me but one day you will Im right I know Thats his final lesson too To take revenge were damaging everyone What do we do What do we become? Were are we standing? Here We? We I didnt do anything because you said so Omer So tell me! He's Bahar's killer, brother Let me burn but first let me finish this job Ali Tell me brother Dont call me Omer anymore We have an unfinished business with you two Lets finish that Eysan? She will have to wait her turn Okay, you'll be coming to visit? From time to time Ali you could bring the food, right brother? And you will bring the cards (deck) Like old times Maybe well start from the beginning? Cant it be, is it impossible? It can, we could do it Whats happening? He is the killer of Kamil Calici And Bahar Tezcan He killed Kandirali (a nickname) Receb too He admitted it How he put the blame on Cengiz Atay How he got him out of jail to kill him Omer, am i free Omer? You'll surrender Then go infront of chort were they will set you free Why did you do it? Impossible... For me to forget is impossible For me to love is impossible For me to give up is impossible For me to lose is impossible The connection between the virtual and the real one is becoming closer every day. One aspect that I find particularly exciting is how objects we design in the virtual world can be made real just a few hours later. Even if you don't own a 3D printer, you can order 3D printed objects from a business that does. For example I found this teapot model on the web at Sculpteo, a 3D print service provider based in France. I previewed it on the website in Web GL, picked out the material, and ordered it. At that point, there was no physical model, it was just data on a computer somewhere. A week later, when the real thing arrived here in California, that honestly amazes me. To learn more about the connection between 3D graphics and 3D printing. Jessie Harrington Au and I talked about these topics while at the Autodesk gallery. I like to introduce today's speaker Rolf is the Process lead of Continuous Delivery at ThoughtWorks He has been in ThoughtWorks for eight years, and talks about this space for the past five years. He developed his passion for this space in the traditional way, through painful experiences as ineffective paths to production endangering projects he was delivering. He works on a variety of (??), ranging from large financial institutions to small companies, just out of their startup phase. Today he's gonna give a Introduction to Continuous Delivery, what it is, why people do it and the key principles and processes that make it possible. Over to you Rolf. [Rolf] Thanks (??) and welcome everybody to this webminar. As (??) said this is going to be an Introduction do Continuous Delivery, and I'm going to explain a little about what it is, why people do it and how you can go about doing it. What I want is for you to build a walk away with a reasonable picture of what Continuous Delivery is and some ideas and questions that you might want to go back and ask your organization. To start I want to go back a few years to a project that I was working on, that actually was the project that led me to this space. This was a broadband provisioning system we were replacing for an organization. And the first phase we were replacing the order capture components, and we did our development things went quite well, we were very happy, we were working in an Agile method, we worked in two iterations. And after eight weeks delivered a very nice product that's seemed to be pleasing to the users that were looking at it. Unfortunately what we didn't was that there was a gentleman who was responsible for looking into how to get this app actually into production. He was sitting over a corner, we didn't really talk with him that much and right around the time we were wrapping the development he unfortunately he got quite sick and had to disappear couldn't come to work for while. And so we all decided to go over and take a look on what he was doing, and understand what it meant to release this application into production. And when we looked under to covers that was quite a mess. There was a lot of things to be done we had not understood, there was a lot of things we weren't really prepared. And in the end it resulted in two months delay to the actual release of the product. Even though the product was quote "Dev Complete" and that was only the beginnings of the troubles of this project. The second phase of the project was replacing the order management on the back end. And unfortunately the "powers that be" forgot to budget for hardware. Because the way their organization did capital expenses and operational expenses they couldn't actually go back and ask for that budget. And instead they had to apply to a lot operational expenses a lot of consulting to try to solve the problem, and what resulted in was the organization going out looking out of the world scrounging for free hardware, shipping that hardware to a production location in Luxembourg and setting it up. Because the hardware was scrounged from all over the world was very heterogenous no two environments were the same, whether was to QA environments, performance environment, or staging or production they were all built out of different things. And ended up happening was, it was extremely expensive to deploy on these environments. The first time we went into one of these environments it took two weeks to get into that environment. And even a week before we went live it was still taking up to three days to actually deploy to an environment. Just because of that complexity and heterogeneity. So we kind look at this and said "Ok, we want to make this a better world." We decided to create a something that we called "Conan the deployer". And Conan the Deployer was quite simply automation around the deploy and management of enviroments. >>My name is Reese. I'm ten years old. I live in Mainer, Texas. It's a small town right outside of Austin. And I like to play baseball and play Gamestar Mechanic. >>I really like making games because you get to be really creative with it. >>Okay, so right now I'm logging into Gamestar Mechanic. It's pretty much the only platform I make games on. You can have it be a story game. You can have it be a blasting game. You can have it be an easy game, a hard game. I mean, really, you can do almost anything. "Graveyard Story" is pretty good; it was my first hit game. So your goal in this one is the spooky-monster thing that can transform into a werewolf. >>When it has a good story it comes through to the player just like when you're reading a storybook. >>In this one, you're stranded in this random world and you're trying to get out. Your goal is to find out where you are and get back home safely. You have to collect all the points and survive. >>Man: It's great that kids who have a natural affinity for wanting to make games get to make games. It's, you know, like giving them the tools to paint or write a book or make music. It's fantastic to allow them to express themselves in the pure art form. What's really interesting though is if they understand the broader context of how those mechanics can be used in other areas. >>Reese: So each time I don't want it to be exactly the same, because then you could just toy with the pattern eventually. And then that way he's difficult to get past. >>Woman: I'd have to say that the problem-solving skills that he gets out of this are so valuable across the board. Math, physics, all of these things involve taking a problem that might seem too difficult at first and then figuring out "Which parts of it can I do? I'm gonna start with the parts that I can do and see if they give me clues to the next part." And designing games is a lot of that. >>Reese: And we'll just make level two just a little bit harder. Maybe add some more enemies that shoot up here or maybe have the people shoot faster or maybe have people who are pacing back and forth. >>I have thought about the similarities and differences of baseball and video games. I think that I like games because they're a challenge, and I think I also like baseball because it's a challenge. >>And they're challenging in different ways, but they make you think. They both make you think about where you're going to put this next enemy, where you need to be for the next play. And I really like that about both things. >>Sometimes I look at the comments and see what the people have said and sometimes I go back to change the games so that people will think it's better. >>Man: One real key attribute of Gamestar Mechanic is that you have an authentic audience, right? So in most classrooms you're building stuff for your teacher who may or may not have time to read your essay that you wrote just because it's an essay. But Gamestar Mechanic has a vibrant community where people are making games for real people, real audiences that have real demands and expectations. So you have to think about "How is my audience gonna perceive this? How are they gonna perceive my message? What are they gonna take away from it?" And Gamestar Mechanic has that really built in and so that's really key for learning. It's something we're not doing in our schools. >>Reese: For comments that say like, "This is terrible. Make a better game next time," I don't take it personally. And, actually, I kind of laugh at those comments because they don't help me make a better game, because I don't know what to fix. But if there was a comment saying, "I think that you need to have stairs up here so that you can get up there and get this," then I would say, "Okay, now I know what to fix," and I would go and fix it. >>For example, on a baseball field, a grounder can go right through your legs. And if the coach says, "That was terrible," I don't know what to fix. But if he says, for example, "Keep your head down, keep your glove on the ground, and don't be afraid of the ball," next time I know what to fix and there's more of a chance that I'm going to field it than if the coach had said, "That's terrible." >>When I get good feedback I feel like I can improve with that. I can make a better game and be a better game designer. >>Let's try this out. >>Man: Feedback's really important to learning, we know. And one of the issues with schools that we have is that you generally have twenty kids going just through a teacher, right? And so you-- the teacher doesn't have enough time to get in and really dig in. Teachers want to, but they really don't have the time to dig in and give kids that kind of feedback. When you have a really robust community, you actually have a million points of contact. They can actually jump in and give each other feedback that's very pointed, very much where they are, and is able to be useful for them to move forward. >>But it turns out that schools are kind of built to keep these things out. You know, our schools are very much built to keep these twenty or thirty people all the same age, all the same ability area, all the same geography, in one room and not interacting. What's great about Gamestar Mechanic is that it's trying to use the compelling idea of games and the will and inspiration to create to kind of burst out and have a very vibrant community where people are getting together from all walks of life around building games and studying how do you become a better game designer. Kampar River is part of Bono District which is also in between an area of very crowded transportation and economic development. People are usually afraid of the Bono area if they pass it. Bono from time to time Some ask me for advice, you know, Kerstin, is it worth doing it? I say yes, do it. If you have time No, even if you don't have time, do it. The answer is clear, yes. They ask me, and I say yes. I have a daughter, my husband works abroad. So I am responsible mainly for her. So I have to be, I need the flexibility to take care if something happens for example. I like to have really flexible working hours, so because I am a person that can work very late or very early in the morning. Today for example I started at 5:00 (a.m.) and yesterday I finished at 3:00 (a.m.) in the morning. So therefore I like the flexibility. First of all I have learned a lot concerning the topics, they are interesting, they are relevant. You can use it when you work, You need the knowledge, right? So, this is one benefit. The second benefit is of course, you learn how to organize yourself and study next to work. This is also something you need Yeah, you need to find out when is the best time for you to study when is the best time to work. You learn a little bit more to organize yourself. I mean, people recognize it on your business card. They say, ah, you are a charterholder, or maybe they have a charter too, or they want to participate in the program so you have a topic to talk about. And of course it is recognized with my colleagues in the United States, because they know the CFA but not other educational programs here in Germany. You meet, again interesting people. We have the same, you know, attitude, the same spirit, we share the same idea because of the - we share the ethical standards. We want to promote them, but I mean, I like it. I just, it's like, I won't say it's like a hobby, but I like it! [The Elusive Chris Smith] [Take the mystery out of finding people.] [Clue: Use SharePoint.] [Sound of sirens and a phone ringing.] TED: Hi, Chris Smith? Chris Smith from accounting? Chris Smith from accounting who's responsible for the expense reporting on the Mitchell account? Oh. OK. Have you ever heard of the Chris Smith on the Mitchell account? [WHlSPERS] No. OK. Any idea how to spell their name? No. Thanks. I'll keep trying. SHAREPOlNT GUY: Late night? TED: Why are there so many Chris Smith's in this company? SHAREPOlNT GUY: Wow! Didn't realize there were so many ways to spell Chris. You should use SharePoint for this. Phonetic search doesn't matter if they spell it with a C or a K TED: But that's not enough. It's hopeless. I am never going to find this person. SHAREPOlNT GUY: With SharePoint you can also search by expertise, geography and responsibility to narrow it down. It's a cleaner way to do things. TED: OK. Great! We're all set? Thanks Chris-tine. I may not be a very good detective. But I still need to track people down. That's why I use SharePoint. Mel-O-Toons presents Tom Sawyer Along the banks of the Mississippi river, there once lived a boy named Tom Sawyer, who caused his Aunt Polly more trouble than a barrel of cat fish. Tom Sawyer, you broke Judge Thatcher's window today. That toe's not sore, Tom. Get up and go to school. [breaking glass] Tom Sawyer! Stop where you are, or I'll box your ears. Tom! You called me, Aunt Polly? You broke the cookie jar. Truth was, Tom's mind was on other things, which he soon told to Bill Harper. Bill, meet me tonight down at the river front. What do you aim to do, Tom? I'm not Tom anymore. I'm the Black Avenger of the Spanish Main. You'll be the Terror of the Seas. We're bold, brave river pirates, starting tonight at midnight! Look! A campfire on the island. Somebody's here! Run for it Tom, back to boat! Pirates don't run from trouble, Bill. Come on, let's find out who's at that camp fire. Creeping to the camp fire, the pirates came upon two men, quarreling with each other, Dr. Robinson and Injun Joe. A third man, a tramp named Muff Potter, was asleep nearby. Suddenly, the Injun drew his knife and struck the doctor down! Quickly, the Injun put the knife in the hand of the third man dozing near the fire. Why the Injun's gonna blame someone else. That tramp, Muff Potter, he'll be arrested for sure. Like startled deer, the pirates sped back to their boat and swore each other to secrecy. Only three of us know the truth, Bill. If we talk, that Injun will scalp us. Muff Potter was arrested and it looked as though the truth would never come out. Then one day, Muff Potter's lawyer hauled Tom Sawyer to court and dragged the truth out of him. Now, under oath, point to the man who used this knife that knife on Jackson's Island. Point him out! It was him! There by the window, Injun Joe. You're in a peck of trouble now, Tom Sawyer. Injun Joe's free, and he'll be after you. 'Cause now he knows you saw that fight on Jackson's Island. Weeks passed, and when Injun Joe failed to return, Tom Sawyer grew braver. Then, one day he confided to his girl, Becky Thatcher. It was a black box, full of money, a real treasure box. Well that's what Doc Robinson and Injun Joe quarreled over. I heard them, so I know, Becky. Where is the treasure buried? There's an old barn on Jackson's Island. Must be buried in there. Let me go with you. Nope. Girl's bad luck on treasure hunts. You're just scared. I am not. I'm hunting for that treasure tonight, with Bill Harper. Ready, Terror? Ready, Black Avenger. Start digging in that corner, where the floorboard's loose. Treasure might be there. I'll stand guard. No sooner had Bill started digging then he struck something hard. Tom, I found the treasure! I found it! But just then, Tom ran back from the doorway. Bill, let it be! Quick, up the ladder to the loft! Somebody's coming and I think it's Injun Joe! [laughs] Somebody try steal my... I fix! Carefully, Tom spliced their pants and shirts together, then tied one end to a beam. Soon, they lowered themselves to the floor. Leg it for the river now, Tom. Wait a minute, Injun Joe must have headed for the cave on the other side of the Island. He's gonna rebury the treasure there. Let's go after him. Not me. I'm going home! Not long after, a ferry boat took a picnic crowd to Jackson's Island, and Tom invited Becky Thatcher along. Do you really think Injun Joe hid the treasure in the cave, Tom? I'm not sure, but it would be a good place. Why don't we explore it? Right now! Suddenly, Tom tripped over something, fell to his knees. Becky, look what I tripped over. The treasure! That's wonderful! Now let's go back. Wait! I can't see the entrance to the cave anymore. Becky, we're lost! Grimly, Tom and Becky wandered underground. They had almost given up, when they made a turn in the passageway and then, Look! A light. There's the entrance. We're safe! Later on, Tom told the townspeople about the cave. They were sure Injun Joe would return to get his treasure. So, they set up a guard and waited. One day, he returned and was caught. I give up. I go, peaceful. Tom had help catch Injun Joe, so he was a hero. And he had his share of the treasure, too. But all the money in the world couldn't keep him out of trouble, nor keep him from having more adventures. CC Cartoons Classic Cartoons with Closed Captions in HD Organic Moments is a presentation of Alabama Master Gardeners and the Alabama Cooperative Extension System. Today we're planting a rabbiteye blueberry. Rabbiteye blueberries are well adapted for all over Alabama, from Gulf Shores all the way up to Fort Payne. They grow well, they need very little fertilizer, precious little insectiside . . . . . . they just grow well They do need lots of sun, and they like acid soil. pH between 4.5 and 5.2 is best. Let's talk about what we need to plant this rabbiteye. We need a rabbiteye blueberry, of course. We need a shovel. We need some water. We need pruners, and I'll tell you how we're going to use them in a moment, and we need something to lower the pH. In our case, it's very old sawdust. About 50 year old sawdust. If you don't have that, and most people don't, go for peat moss instead, or finely ground pine bark. The way I like to plant the rabbiteye is to first place it where I want it to be. And then score the ground around it forming a circle that's at least twice as wide as the rootball of the pot. All with the pot still in position. Then, after I've finished scoring it like that, we can move the pot, and we know exactly where we need to dig. We're digging a fairly shallow hole, but we are making it a nice wide hole. So now we have a hole that's about as deep as our root ball and about twice as wide. The first thing I'm going to do is water it really well. And then I'm gonna put some of our sawdust, or in your case peat moss in here, And a little bit of our native soil. Got a little too much water, but that's okay because it'll soak on through. The other thing blueberries need is well drained soil, and this soil is well drained, so it won't take long for it to soak on in. That's a little deep because I know I'm going to press down on this blueberry so I want to have it sitting up nice and high. And then when I mash it down to fit in the hole, then it will be right at the right point. And a little more sawdust, and we're ready to put it into position. I'm going to cover around it with soil . . . Oddie, move, so folks can see what we're doing. And then when I mash it, It'll be right at the soil line. That'll be exactly where we want to be. Fill this in with a little more soil. And some water to finish. And then we'll dress it with a little more sawdust. And when I plant this new blueberry, the first thing I want to do is take about a third of the growth off. Just take off just a little bit of that top growth, to make it easier for the roots to catch up with supporting the foliage. And we're done. Enjoy your rabbiteye blueberry! The solid alginate is dissolved into a liquid form first. Then we can transfer the individual isolated follicles into the alginate. Then we inject the alginate together with the follicles into an encapsulation solution which contains the calcium and calcium cross-links the alginate, encapsulating the follicle inside. I was born with these abilities It was quite an issue for me, growing up and a lot of times people who have abilities like mine, you'll hear that they may have gotten on a car accident and been in a coma, at which point they come back and they, all of a sudden, are able to perceive things that most people can't perceive I was not one of those I came in with my abilities fully intact. (English captions by Andrea Matsumoto from the University of Michigan) Next assess the strength of the rotator cuff muscles. The drop arm test evaluates for a supraspinatus muscle tear. Passively adduct the shoulder to 90 degrees, flex to 30 degrees, and point thumbs down. The test is positive if the patient is unable to keep arms elevated after the examiner releases. "The Lone Sailor - 1" Hello... My name is Jan Linette. Testing video recording system... I'm going sail around the world in this boat. It's an Albin 78, which I own, it's called "Salmo". I'll show you what it looks like. This is the interior... It's a bit sparse at the moment; I haven't stocked up yet. I'm doing that now, will do it this week. The walls are padded, good for tumbling around at sea... "The Lone Sailor - 2" Three years ago... Yeah, I was married back then... With Margareta, my ex-wife... We lived in Djursholm... Actually, it was Stocksund, we just said we lived in Djursholm. We actually lived in Stocksund. If that makes any difference. It's the past, in any case... Whatever, we lived in Stocksund. I had my own company, event marketing. Well... I sailed a lot... I was sailing all the time. Back then... "The Lone Sailor - 3" Hi, it's the 29th of August. It's 4:37 PM. I've got some supplies. My ravioli, to be precise. I'm going to be at sea for 365 days, a year, so I bought ravioli for 365 days. 365 cans, to be precise. I picked ravioli because it's a complete meal. And I bought "Kalle's" caviar as toppings for my sandwiches. Since it contains salt, it'll prevent dehydration... "The Lone Sailor - 4" I haven't... sailing has always been... it's always been an interest of mine, things went well at the company. That event marketing company of mine... And my wife is... "My wife"... my EX-wife... She was a lawyer, IS a lawyer. She was, IS successful, very successful. So we were very well off. And we also... We had good relations with my former business partner, Jeff Carling. So we hung out, our two families. Me and Maggie hung out with Jeff and Eva. Nearly all the time, actually... "The Lone Sailor - 5" Hey hey, today it's the 2nd of September. It's 11:42 AM. Things are coming together. If the weather is favorable, we'll depart tomorrow. I'll begin my journey, I figured I'd show you my charts... I'd drawn... I can't find them, there's so much food... I don't know if you can see all the food I have stocked up... Eh? This is what you eat in a whole year. Ravioli, crisp bread, and Kalle's caviar. Look... it's crazy. All of this will turn into poop. It makes you wonder about people... "The Lone Sailor - 6" We studied at Berg's advertising school, together. Jeff is... well, Jeff was... We were very good friends. He was a good friend and we hung out a lot, me and Jeff. And he betrayed me, of course that makes you... That was part of it, and the fact that he... had an affair with my wife for several years, that didn't make me feel any better... (Applause) My placemat at breakfast was paper and it was flat, which to you probably seems pretty reasonable and to me, is totally irresistable because I love to get my fingertips on paper and I am a paper engineer which means that my job and my drive is to make paper not flat any more. In this case, I made one cut, I made a couple folds, I inverted the center crease, and along the way, I created a very simple pop-up. Two, really. There's a top and a bottom. Along the way I have new creases to work off of. Four perimeter valley creases, two mountain creases down the center. That is a technical way of saying "Look! I made a mouth." Right? It wants to be a mouth and I'll tell you why it wants that. Because paper and ink have been lovers for millenia. It is so easy to augment this notion. We make two circles. We make two dots. Four marks on the page and we have a face. Five marks on the page and we have Lakshmi! (Applause and laughter) This is one of two main types of pop-up. This is called the page-action pop-up. The energy of opening a page makes something happen. The other main type is called an interactive. This is like that. (It) could be in a book, (it) could stand alone. This is one piece of paper, cut and folded. This is also glued. It's one square foot that becomes one cubic foot. Well, I love it! If you think this looks like math, we agree. If you think this looks like magic, we also agree. And it's that combination that really gets me charged about the craft and the are of paper engineering. And I'd like to take you on a little brief survey of some of the basics of paper engineering, starting with one of the first pop-ups that I ever engineered solo. This is by Johnathan Langley. It's the story of Goldy Locks and the Three Bears. There's your page action, right? You open up the book and that makes Goldy Locks scarf up the Baby Bear's porridge. And, a couple pages later you have your interactive. You pull a tab, something happens. Two things, really. She sits, and then her skirt goes up. Yeah, I actually was very pleased with myself when I finally figured this out, because it was hard. I was in the early days. Not all pop-up are for kids. This is an adult book for the cigar smoking market. Pop-ups make really good reference materials. So that's a tobacco plant which you can peruse. And not all pop-ups are for books. This is a pop-up place. This is the Chronicles of Narnia. These were Happy Meals, so tens of millions of these were made and distributed around the globe. This is by far the most popular thing that I ever worked on and I'm going to segway to the least popular thing I ever worked on. This never got off my desk, but I really like it! You pull the tab and the sun and its rays rotate around a common point in opposite directions. Here I liked it so much, I used it again. Instead of rotating, the two pieces pivot in opposite directions around a common point again. This is a technical and pretty unenthusiastic way of telling you "Look. I made something that I think is clever, or cool, or lovely." And I want to share with you today three offspring that I tried to make clever, cool, or lovely. One came to me in a dream, one came to me by accident and one I actually put a lot of effort into. The first would be this. What do you do with this guy? This is the villain of an animated movie about bugs. The client wanted a doll or a stand-up figure. I wanted something with more oomf than that. That's what I'm thinking about on a Friday, right? And on a Sunday morning I woke up from a dream with the blueprints for this in my head and on my hands, and I ran over in my underwear and four minutes later, remarkably fast I had this. Now it's pretty rough. That's how paper engineers work. It's a sketch in paper, but it's enough. It's enough to give me this, right? This is a second stage of this little figure. Now he was deemed a little too rough for the kids, but we did apply technology to the other characters. The future queen in the colony has long elegant wings. Notice, now, this piece is all one integrated piece. It's nice and clean. One piece of paper, printed both sides, neatly folded on itself and glued to itself. There's the other hero. He surfs on a leaf. (His) younger sister has comically stubby little wings and this guy hass no wings, but he rocks back and forth in a jolly way, right? Same mechanic. I hadn't seen anything like this before and I guess no one had either, so the company actually applied for patent in the inventor, that's U. S. Law. I'm the name of the inventor, so I have a U. S. patent. That's sort of good news-bad news. The good news is I'm proud of it; my grandmother is ecstatic about it, but the bad news is I think it requires an asterisk because my subconscious actually invented this. The next thing I want to share with you is something which is more of a conscious effort, because I worked pretty hard on it. This is my attempt of making in paper this old wooden- or plastic- toy called the tumble cube. I hadn't seen it in paper before, but more compelling, I hadn't seen anyone really use volume before. Like most childrens' learning blocks, and even rubix cubes, are all about the surface. I wanted to maximize that volume. So I worked with an artist called Susan Mitchel and we came up with the Christmas Box. It's interactive, it's red, there's things to touch. Some are tantalizingly out of reach, some of them are right up front, or behind windows and it's got a lot of different configuration, something moves, there's a door to pull, a drawer to open. There's this little scrapbook. It's a mouse family getting ready for the holiday season. Notice now the red of the outside is about to become the blue of the inside. There's eight cubes here with six facets each. That's 48 total facets. We're looking at half of them, that's 24. 24 things to play with, 24 is the number of days leading up to Christmas. So when I thought of that, when I was in the prototype stages, I said "That's what I'm going to do! I'm going to make and advent calendar that's interactive." And that's what was satisfying to me, and I thought I was done. I got this protype on my desk and one whole side of it fell forward. It was badly taped. My first thought was "Crap!" My second thought was "Hello! Secret compartment" Because that's what that is and that's what that became and it worked it's way into the final design. So there's a secret compartment. It's the outside of the Mouse House. Santa's sleigh is on the top of the roof there, pulled by a red robin. I like that touch there. So this is the inside. The mouse family's snug in their beds, ready for the holidays. I'm going to show you in close-up. Now take a look. On the left is a rocket in a box. On the right is a crescent moon in a window. There's a secret comaprtment. Mamma (and) Papa mouse (are) sleeping, Brother mouse is sleeping, little Baby Mouse is crept downstairs to see Santa, just in time to put the presents under the bed. Now inside that grandfather clock, upside-down, facing the other way is a rocket. Underneath that stairway, of course is a cresent moon. And the whole thing folds back together, ready to go under your Christmas tree. And the final project I want to share with you is paper engineering gone wild. I was allowed to do whatever I wanted on this. This is pretty rare, but I wrote it and I engineered it and I even illustrated it with, predictably, paper sculpture. It came out a couple years ago. It's called "If I Were a Polar Bear" "White as an iceberge, from head to toe, I'd set out alone to cross the snow, the boldest explorer you've ever seen! If I were a polar bear, I mean." And this is just a lot of paper doing the talking. It's not about snow, it's about paper. And I start with a curve, because curves are hard and I'm showing off. Even that flat piece has contoured curves. And you've got these footprint. They guide you on your path, past the old snow-bound shack of explorers who came, but got cold and turned back, And of course, you can get in there and see what the explorers left behind, right? There's a map in there, and a calender and aparently a dart board. And this is a cheat. No engineering at all on this. I made the polar bear make a snow angel for two reasons. One, I like it and two I'm saving paper because I have big plans for this book and this is my big plan. This is the whole reason I did this book. I wanted to do an igloo. That's a dome. That's very three dimensional. I got a little sled and fishing hole by it. And again, more paper freak stuff, because this is shiny paper for the water, glossy paper for the footprints, matte paper for the ice. A little bit of colour, a lot of drama. A bear jumps in, comes back out. "Where is he? There he is! The North Pole. South, south. Anywhere you go is south. If I were a polar bear, I'd be so proud. When I reach the pole, I'd growl out loud. But adventure awaits, so off I'd go. One step ahead of my tracks in the snow." And that's it. That's how the book ends and that is how this talk ends. And I want to tell you, no, let me share with you. Five marks on a page. You add five marks and figure out what do do with it. You add the folding and the cutting and the gluing, then you add something old-school. You add a printing press and ink. And if all goes well, you're going to come up with something. That is something which I like. That is a bear that I find clever and a landscape I find cool and an object that I find lovely, that is paper, that I can touch, that I don't need digitized any time soon because I am a very playful and progressive man, but I am a stubborn craftsman. I don't want to show you what I make, I want to hand you what I make so that you can touch it too. Thank you for having me. (Applause) (birds chirping) Inflate a balloon. Make it soft. And leave a half inch flat tail. We are going to twist four soft bubbles of the same size. Tie both ends of the balloon in one knot. (birds chirping) Split the balloon on two soft bubbles of the same size. And lock both ends of the 1st and the 2nd bubble in one lock twist. We've just made a digit 8. (birds chirping) The bubbles should be of the same size. (birds chirping) Split the 1st bubble on two bubbles of the same size. And then lock both ends of all bubbles in one lock twist. (birds chirping) The same thing we do with the 2nd bubble. Split the 2nd bubble on two bubbles of the same size. And lock both ends of all bubbles in one lock twits. We have made the four petals flower. We are going to use it to make the owl. So, we have four bubbles. Force the 1st bubble half way through the loop of the 2nd bubble. And force the 3rd bubble half way through the loop of the 4th bubble. We have made the head of the owl. We are going to use yellow balloon to make the eyes, the beak and the rest of the hat. (birds chirping) Inflate the yellow balloon leaving three inch flat tail. Twist the 1st two inch bubble. (birds chirping) Twist the 2nd soft four inch bubble. (birds chirping) Lock both ends of the 2nd bubble in one lock twist. It is the eye bubble. Twist the 3rd bubble two inch shorter than the size of the hat you want to make. For example if you working on 24 inch hat, then the 3rd bubble you twist 22 inch. Twist the 4th soft four inch bubble. (birds chirping) Lock both ends of the 4th bubble in one lock twist. It is the 2nd eye bubble. Twist the 5th two inch bubble. (birds chirping) The rest of the balloon is the 6th bubble. (birds chirping) Lock both ends of the 6th bubble in one lock twist. (birds chirping) It is the beak. (birds chirping) Lock both ends of the chain of the first six bubbles in one lock twist. (birds chirping) Uh...the next step is to attach the beak and the eye bubbles to the owl. (birds chirping) Here is the brown owl. So, let's force the yellow eye bubble inside of the loop of one of those brown bubbles. That is the front view. That's the back view. Lock the yellow beak bubble between the brown bubbles. (birds chirping) OK. That's a back view. That's the front view. Force the 2nd yellow eye bubble through the loop of brown bubble. Fix all bubbles in proper positions. (birds chirping) Take your time... uh...when you adjust bubbles inside of each other. (birds chirping) You may need to pull one bubbles out... then fix it back. (birds chirping) The most important is to make it look nice from front view. (birds chirping) Here is the side view. The front view. The top view. The front view again. And the back view. (birds chirping) Alright, let's use black permanent marker to draw the eyes. (birds chirping) Congratulations. We have made the owl hat. Top view. Front view. The bottom view. Here is the side view. The back view. (birds chirping) Daniel is presenting the hat. (birds chirping) Here is the side view. That's the top view. Put the hat on. (birds chirping) Very good! (birds chirping) Have fun and happy twisting :) (birds chirping) Hi, my name's Christine Sanger. I'm the CEO of the Personnel Group, which is a Disability Employment Service located in Albury-Wodonga, that's servicing the Riverina and north-eastern areas of Victoria. So, my focus at the moment is to really try and ensure that every individual staff member has an innovative and creative approach to the work that they do. [That] they are ever aware of any opportunities where they can use new technology to make things more efficient or effective but, at the same time, skilling up our employees or our job seekers in understanding the new technologies. So to me, it's a huge new wave of economic change that we, as employment service providers, have to be aware of and have to be addressing to properly service our job seekers. We have an internal program called Yammer, which is sort of like an internal Facebook and it's... it can be used for social contact, for having groups where you have a meeting. It can be where people might have a problem and they want to discuss it and get other people's views on it. So it's a.. that's been one of the... probably one of the game changers in getting all our staff engaged in understanding the benefits of some of the new technologies that are around. And as we have offices in other... all across the Riverina and in Victoria, just that connection with each other is really, really important. One of the tools we're trialling at the moment is using iPads, which all my senior staff have iPads because we see that as an effective use of time and being able to communicate with each other. So that's something that's happened immediately. But we're trialling the use of iPads in terms of a quality assurance really. We check with our job seekers and our clients working, our employers and our service providers every year about what they think of our service, as most good businesses do. But that takes the form of written documentation being sent out and then replying in surveys et cetera. So to try and get more information on a regular basis - in real time, as you call it, we have been... we now have this information on an iPad, so that as people come into the office, they can just fill out a form and it goes immediately back to a central area where, if there are any issues or concerns, we can address them straight away. We see employers on a regular basis so we will be taking the iPad out to those people and just saying could they please fill this in. And that information then gets fed straight back to a central location in the organisation where the issues are addressed straight away. So we're doing that and hoping that rather than a once or twice a year operation [it] will be now just an ongoing thing that we can address any issues directly and instantly with our job seekers, our clients, and service providers and employers. We use web-based technology as well to communicate with them. We have Skype for individual people wanting to talk to each other for doing training. We also have our regular YouTube Monday morning bulletin which is a news feed that provides everyone with the same information at the same time with the opportunity for people to then get back to us with questions, or issues, or concerns they might have about anything that has come up in that news feed. But we have one particular incidence... we had ten different... a program called National Green Jobs Corp which were ten different groups of young people across all of our sites that were all doing a similar... doing similar work. To try and engage them, we created a Facebook page that would link them and get them talking to each other about the things that they were doing and what was happening there. That was really successful. It was... We trialled it in a more specific area but it was about... these were very disengaged young people who didn't have many skills at all. The Green... the National Green Jobs Corp projects were actually fantastic in terms of getting people out there and doing stuff and being skilled in jobs that they didn't think they could be skilled in. But the relation... the relating of all the information between each other and the competition - they'd come together at one particular time towards the end of their courses and all have a bbq together or... it was at a bowling green actually, and so they all played bowls against each other. So it was trying to maintain the camaraderie - get a sense of teams; and that was just a communication tool to ensure that they had a means of engaging with each other and using a tool, because most of them were under eighteen, a tool that they were familiar with. So that was very successful. Let's see how long it burns. There was a bit of leftover wax in the tea candle. Seems like the wax is making that crackling sound. The wax is now almost entirely burned. A few minutes later... Wow, I thought this would only burn for 2-3 minutes, but it's been more than 6 or 7. The wind is blowing from a different direction now. Looks like the flame is spent soon. A few more minutes later... The flame is really strugling now. The flame is finally spent. The cotton ball burned for over 10 minutes! [Thrun] Hidden Markov models, or abbreviated HMMs, are used to analyze or to predict time series. Applications include robotics, medical, finance, speech and language technologies, and many, many, many other domains. In fact, HMMs and filters are at the core of a huge amount of deployed practical systems from elevators to airplanes. Every time there is a time series that involves noise or sensors or uncertainty, this is the method of choice. So today I'll teach you all about HMMs and filters so you can apply some of the basic algorithms in a wide array of practical problems. Might want to make a note of the following -- if you're a Samsung fan. It's about a purported 10.1-inch version of the Galaxy Note. Which would be much larger than the current phone-tablet hyrbrid. There's mention of the 10.1 on one of Samsung's own invites to the upcoming Mobile World Congress. It was on Samsung's website for a while today, and now the page is down. Make of that what you will More proof comes from a casting call for a new Samsung ad. Which has also been deleted. Google cache to the rescue! There it is -- at the bottom of the page -- clearly mentioning a Note 10.1. A 10.1 inch note -- would have many Samsung users singing songs of joy. But is it really happening? The Verge isn't convinced. "A 10.1-inch Galaxy Note would conflict with Samsung's marketing efforts up to this point, which have sought to distinguish the Note from both the phone and tablet category, as a standalone and unique product, but that doesn't rule out its existence." Doesn't rule it out -- or in. So, IntoMobile says, maybe it's just a placeholder name, unless Samsung thinks consumers will go for the novelty of the phablet again. "The original message for the Note appealed to consumers because it couldn't be categorized — it's not a phone nor tablet — it's a unique gadget with phone capabilities. That's why we're hearing that the "Note 10.1″ name may just be a placeholder and that this could be the next-generation Tab product." Back to that casting call for a moment. It also mentions use of stylus. Techn Buffalo points out -- that's likely not a mistype. Tabs don't use styluses. Notes do. "The stylus-compatibility aspect of the event makes it even more likely that the Note 10.1 is an actual device, rather than an invite typo where Samsung meant to type Tab." Samsung will host its Developer Day at the Mobile World Congress 2012 on February 28th in Barcelona, Spain. Guys, I'm going out! Hey, Freddie! Pick up some eggs. Whoa, whoa! Ah, HA! Whaaaaaa!.... Awaaaayyy!... [whistling] [sputter] Aww! Oh, no! Aw! Aw, oh, no! Aw, no! Aww... Sweet fancy Moses. Look at the size of those explosions. You know, I...I don't think I've ever loved my country more. Stars and stripes forever! It's Dead or Alive 5. This game was released in September for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3, which is kind of a big deal. Dead or Alive 5 is the first entry in the main series since Dead or Alive 2 to be released for a PlayStation platform. They've been Xbox-exclusive since 2001, so for Sony fans, this is your first opportunity in more than a decade to throw down with the girls of DOA......and to watch them simultaneously pant and jiggle. See, if you're new to Dead or Alive...I'd be lying if I told you it's all about the clever fighting mechanics or rewarding gameplay. No, it's a lot about observing the physics fireworks display that occurs when unthinkably large-breasted and under-dressed women fight each other. Or in some cases, walk. For these reasons and plenty more, the character models really do steal the show in Dead or Alive 5. They're insanely detailed. In fact, you even get sweaty and dirty as the fights progress, just one example of the ridiculous detail that went into them. Of course, the drawback is that...this seems to come at the cost of your environments. It ends up being a game with impressive fighters in comparatively unimpressive worlds. Of course, this series is also known for its actual fighting. Its core mechanics are essentially in tact, as you'll spend much of the fight trying to land the right counter. Timing is important, bluffing plays a big role...Dead or Alive is a really dynamic, intelligent fighter. And the new additions only make it more so. So you can finally sidestep, which is obviously a big deal. The game also adds this Critical Burst, which leaves your opponent completely stunned and open to whatever attacks you can string together. And speaking of crazy attacks, you can actually use your surroundings to trigger moves like this. Hey, RPG stands for "respect pretty girls," *sshole. Throw in all the different modes—and the new stuff like Facebook integration and a surprisingly deep training system—and this is really a nice package. The game does feel a bit too familiar on the surface, but once you get beneath that outer layer—no laughing, kids—you find it's actually a much improved experience. Plenty of little things...and big things...make Dead or Alive 5 a clear Hi, welcome to module 8 of an Introduction to Engineering Mechanics. Today we're going to review the math operation of a cross product. And we're going to visualize the direction of a vector resulting from a cross product, using the right hand rule. We'll use the clock method and the determinate method for performing the cross product operation. We'll define what a moment or a torque is, and we'll define the calculation of a moment or a torque using the a scaler method and a vector method. As a math review, here's the definition of a cross product. If I want to take the vector A and I want to cross it with vector B to find a resulting vector C, I take the magnitude of the vector A times the magnitude of the vector B times the sine of the angle between them in a normal direction to the plane of vector A and B. And so we use the, what we call the right hand rule for direction. Here's a, here's an example of a, a cross product. And so I'm going to cross vector r with f. And so, using the right hand rule, I have a position vector r and a force vector f, and an angle between them. And to find the normal direction, what I so is, I point my fingers in the direction of the r. Vector. I cross it with the F vector. And where my thumb points in my right hand is the normal direction out of the plane for the, the cross product direction. So let's go ahead and do a cross product calculation. We'll use the example of the definition for a moment, r cross F. So I can have a position vector that has an x, y and a z component, and a force vector that has an x, y and a z component. both expressed in Cartesian coordinates. And the first method we could use is the clock method. The clock method says that if I cross I with J and a, I get K. So if, so if I turn in a clockwise direction, right here, I get a positive value. So i cross j is k, j cross k is i, k cross i is j. If I go in the opposite direction, counter clockwise, I get a negative result. So i cross k is minus j. K cross J is minus I, and J cross I is minus K. So let's use that rule, and we'll take the moment about point P. Okay. I cross i is 0. i cross j is k. So we have r x Fy times k. Then I have i cross k. Well, i cross k is minus j, so I have rxFz times minus k minus, excuse me, minus j. So I've got minus rx fz and j, okay? And I, let's take the next term. j cross i is minus k, so I'm going to have minus ry, fx, minus ry. Fx, and j cross i, I said, was minus k. And then j cross j is 0. J cross k is i, so I have plus ry Fz. I and then finally k cross i is j so that's plus rz Fx j. K cross j is minus i so that's minus rz. F y i. And then finally k cross k is, is 0. So that's my, my result. Another method for doing this is, is by finding the determinant of a matrix where I put i j k in the first row, the components of r in the second row, and the components of F in the third row. , to, to take that determinant, there's a number of ways for a 3 by 3, an easy way to do it is to add 2 more columns with the first 2 columns inside the matrix. So I'm going to use i, j, r, x, r, y, f, x, Fy. Sometimes folks call this the, the basket weave method. And so, what we do is we multiply this diagonal, and add it to this diagonal, and add it to this diagonal, and then subtract this diagonal, and this diagonal, and this diagonal. So let's try it. We've got this diagonal is. Ry, fz i, so if I look up at my answer, ry fz i is that term. And then I add rz fx j. And so if I look up again, rz fx j is that term. And then I have rx Fy k. And there's rx Fy k. And now I subtract this diagonal, Fx ry k, which is that term, and then minus rz Fy i. Which is that term. And then minus rxFzj which is that term. And so you see you get the same result. So either way and you can also use other methods to find the determinant and whatever works for you from your math review. Okay. Let's now define what a moment or a torque is in your own words. So take a minute. Write it down on a piece of paper. And then come back and we'll, we'll discuss it. Okay. Now that you've answered that question, a moment or a torque, or a force. Let's take this Wrench here, okay? It's a tendency of a force to cause a rotation about a point of axis. So, if I take a point or an axis down here at this end, and I push with a force here, I'm getting a torque, or a moment., due to that force. And so that's, that's the definition of a torque or a moment, the tendency of a force to cause a rotation about a point or an axis. So let's look at that definition in 2 ways. First of all is a scalar method. The magnitude of a moment is equal to the line of action. Or the force, the magnitude of the force * a perpendicular distance from the point about which you're rotating. To the line of action of the force so d perpendicular defined is the perpendicular distance from the point of rotation. Here this is point P, to the line of action of the force causing the rotation. So, the longer this distance perpendicular distance is the larger the magnitude of the moment will be, or the larger the force is, the large the, magnitude of the moment will be. And so let's look at a demonstration here. So If we take my joint here as being point p, and I have a barbell out here that weighs 150 pounds (no, it doesn't actually weigh 150 pounds, it's only eight pounds); but if I have my arm fully extended, then the perpendicular distance Is longer than if I have it down here. So I get more of a moment. And you can try this with a heavy object at home, or wherever you're at. Take a heavy object in your, in your hand, and put it out there. And so, the line of the, the line of action of the force is always straight down due to gravity. And the perpendicular distance is less the lower we go. And so you get more magnitude of moment up here than we do down here. So that gives you a good physical feel for the moment causing rotation about a point or an axis. We can also find a moment using the vector method. And the definition is, The position vector from the point about which we're rotati ng P to any point on the line of action of the force and this, place, on this picture I've designated as B. And you cross that with the force F and we know how to do the cross product now and that'll give you. In a moment, and we'll do some examples of both methods in the moment due to a force. And so I'll see you next time. Destiny Fate Dreams These unstoppable ideals are held deep in the heart of man As long as there are people who seek freedom in this life These things shall not vanish from the earth... People tell me my head's in the clouds I don't care what they say because i'm dreamin' of you You are the treasure i've found So bright, so bold yet so elusive It's hard to look away even though it's blinding me There are no words to describe how I feel inside I'm really really stuck on you wow wow I have to follow my dreams however crazy they seem And I won't stop 'til I get there, you will see You're all I need to have the strength to believe Believe in Wonderland! I'm gonna follow my dreams however crazy they seem I'm gonna share them with you, a love so true You're all I want, together we can move on Live how we want to There is no limit to us, we have the power of love And we don't wanna live ordinary lives We have the chance to live in paradise Believe in Wonderland! Jaeurazn Presents : Hyorin - I Choose To Love You Translator : popgasa My hot lips want to touch your soft lips So that my love will be delivered to your heart If you still haven't known how I felt I will love you more than anyone in this world (I will love you) I will love you until always (I will love you) Like this moment right now, more than anyone in this world I will love you I can arouse your curiosity by saying difficult words I can spend this night with that common game But I want you to know my heart now I will love you more than anyone in this world (I will love you) I will love you until always (I will love you) Like this moment right now, more than anyone in this world I will love you I will love you (I will love you) I will love you until always (I will love you) Like this moment right now, more than anyone in this world I will love you (I will love you) I will love you until always (I will love you) Like this moment right now, more than anyone in this world I will love you (I will love you) I will love you until always (I will love you) Like this moment right now, more than anyone in this world I will love you Thanks Everybody H: Hello, dear viewers. Today our guest is Alexander Rybak, the winner of Eurovision 2009. AR: It's true. Yes. H: Sasha, tell me, please, when you come to Belarus, what is the most pleasant thing to you? How do people greet you here? AR: It's more pleasant to me to see how people greet each other here. Everybody is smiling and they support each other. H: When you return to Norway, do you try to spend all the time with your parents, or just visit from time to time? AR: Well, no. I'm 27 years old now, so I want to feel independent. Yes. But I pray for my mom and dad, and all my relatives, every evening. And I think about them, but I think it's good for a person... Not to need to communicate with their parents every day, because one can go mad. Well, I have the best mom in the world, and my dad is the best. So when I visit them I try to find some movie that we can watch together. I used to run to my room to play games right away. But, now I try to do something with them. H: I probably won't be the only one who notice that you are very good in Russian. Do you communicate with your parents in Russian? AR: Yes. I'm very grateful to my mom and dad who... When I was little they spoke Russian to me every day, all the time. H: Do you speak Belarusian? AR: No, unfortunately not. H: How do you motivate yourself to get up refreshed in the morning and feel good during the whole day? AR: The hardest moment of the morning is to not forget that a person feels less and thinks more. Because the most recent memories that we have are the ones from the last night or the last evening, when we perhaps listened to music, watched a movie or read a book. And a person feels more in the evening and thinks more in the morning, so we need to use it in a positive way. That's why we often have work in the morning. Well, I don't, but many others do. Or school, which is always in the morning. H: Do you have some idols that you take an example from, or would like to make an example of, or you follow their path, maybe? AR: I really like the characters who are positive in the most negative situations. And I can't say that I'm like that, but I would like to be like that. H: You have a lot of fans, and today they even greeted you. Is that attention a burden to you or is this pleasant to you? AR: Well, of course it's pleasant to me. I wouldn't meet with them otherwise. There are different cultures, different girls. In some countries the main thing for them is to dress up as best as possible, or as little as possible, and to captivate in that way. And in other countries they try to give me more gifts. They don't care that I have to fly to another country after that. They make big and iron statues anyway. And then I... H: What is the best gift for you? AR: What do you think after all I said? H: Something small, right? AR: Yes. Well done. H: So, girls, you should know that the next time you meet Alexander Rybak, you have to present something small, so it could fit in his pocket. AR: Thank you. You understand me. H: In conclusion you may want to say something to our viewers? AR: Yes, of course. I want to tell you a lot. It won't fit into one program. So, please, It is most important to get enough sleep. Today it's too late already, of course. Now it's already time to work. Try to go to sleep earlier, unlike me. And you need to get enough sleep to have energy for creativity and talent, and especially to friendship, because friendship is the strongest thing in the world, even stronger than love. I promise you that. H: Thank you very much, Sasha! Lets go man I'm ready to smoke -Yeah You got the titanic? - Jup You got the torpedo? - Just finished Fluids? - Jup Scooby Snacks? - Boom Lets go Oh my god. Im high This is so real, it is if god wanted us to have it, have a real day How did you do that? - Its hot Fudge, you Idiot, look what you've done. I hate you - Lets go fishing Ah man - What are we going to do? - We need to think of something ...Insects, and it can feed for hours. This particular sloth bear, that were looking at now, its completely unaware of our presence thats how we've been able to get so close, and we've noticed there seems to bee some rustling in the trees behind it, so it may be unaware of another predator entering it's territory... Its too far, the hoover cant reach You can make it - Yup You jump They might not know that its legal - exactly - this is just be careful ...May have just been eating a eucalyptus, and somehow found its way into the sloth bears territory. I don't know whats going to happen here, the sloth bear does not seem to be aware of the Koala. The Koala doesn't seem to care that there's a sloth bear right there. Yeah, got it Shit What the fuck are you doing here? Whats that in your hand? What is that in your hand? Google Wallet has more security features than your leather wallet. It starts by encrypting your credit and debit card info in your Google account online; and then making it available on your phone or the web. When you're shopping in-store, a Google Wallet PlN on your phone adds another level of security. Unlock your wallet. Then tap to pay. For added protection use your Android phone's screen lock. If your phone is ever lost or stolen you can remotely disable your Google Wallet account online. But even if you disable Google Wallet on your phone you can still use it to shop on the web. By the way, KungFuClamChowder74 is a really strong password. Just saying. So, there you go. Secure payments, safe and sound. That splendid music, the coming in music, "The Elephant March" from Aida, is the music I've chosen for my funeral. And, you can see why, it's triumphal. I will, I won't feel anything, but if I could, I would feel triumphal at having lived at all! And, at having lived on this splendid planet, and at having been given this opportunity to understand something about why I was here in the first place, before not being here. Can you understand my quaint English accent? Okay. Like everybody else, I was entranced yesterday, by the animal session Robert Fulland, Frans Lanting, and others. The beauty of the things that they showed. The only slight jarring note was when Jeffrey Katzenberg said of the mustang, "the most splendid creatures that God put on this earth." Now of course, we know that he didn't really mean that But, in this country at the moment, you can't really be too careful. I'm a biologist, and the central theorem of our subject, the theory of design, Darwin's theory of evolution by Natural Selection. In professional circles everywhere, it's of course, universally accepted. In non-professional circles, outside America, it's largely ignored. But, in non-professional within America, it arouses so much hostility, that it's fair to say that American biologists are in a state of war. The war is so worrying at present with court cases coming up, one after another that I felt I had to say something about it. If you want to know what I have to say about Darwinism itself, I'm afraid you're going to have to go look at my books. which you won't find in the bookstore outside. Contemporary court cases, allegedly concern a relatively new version of Creationism, called intelligent design or "ID." Don't be fooled, there's nothing new about ID, it's just Creationism under another name. Re-christened, I choose the word advisedly, for tactical, political reasons. The arguments of so-called ID-theorists are the same old arguments, that have been refuted again and again since Darwin down to the present day. There is an effective evolution lobby coordinating the fight on the side of science, and I try to do all I can to help them, but they get quite upset when people like me dare to mention, that we happen to be atheists as well as evolutionists. They see us as rocking the boat, and you can understand why. Creationists, lacking any coherent scientific argument for their case, fall back on the popular phobia against atheism. Teach your children evolution in biology class, and they'll soon move on to drugs, grand larceny, and sexual perversion. In fact, of course, educated theologians, from the Pope on down, are firm in their support of evolution. This book, "Finding Darwin's God," by Kenneth Miller Is one of the most effective attacks on intelligent design that I know, and it's all the more effective, because it's written by a devote Christian. People like Kenneth Miller could be called a God-send to evolution lobby, because they expose the lie that evolutionism is as a matter of fact, tantamount to Atheism. People like me, on the other hand, rock the boat. But, here I want to say something nice about Creationists, it's not a thing I often do, so, listen carefully. I think they're right about one thing. I think they're right that evolution is fundamentally hostile to religion. I've already said that many individual evolutionists like the Pope are also religious, but I also think they're deluding themselves. I believe a true understanding of Darwinism is deeply corrosive to religious faith. Now, it may sound as though I'm about to preach Atheism, and I want to reassure you that that's not what I'm going to do. In an audience as sophisticated as this one, that would be preaching to the choir. No, what I want to urge upon you, Instead, what I want to urge upon you is militant atheism. But, that's putting it too negatively, If I wanted, if I was a person who were interested in preserving religious faith, I would be very afraid of the positive power of evolutionary science, well, any science, but evolutionary science in particular to inspire and enthrall precisely because it is atheistic. Now, the difficult problem for any theory of biological design is the explain the massive statistical improbability of living things. Statistically improbability in the direction of good design, complexity is another word for this The standard creationist argument, there's only one, they all reduce to this one takes off from a statistical improbability- living creatures are too complex to have come about by chance, therefore, they must have had a designer. This argument, of course, shoots itself in the foot, any designer capable of designing something really complex has to be even more complex himself. And, that's before we even start on the other things he's expected to do, like forgive sins, bless marriages, listen to prays, favor our side in a war, disapprove of our sex-lives, and so-on. Complexity is the problem that any theory of biology has to solve. And, you can't solve it by postulating an agent that is even more complex, thereby simply compounding the problem. Darwinian Natural Selection is so stunningly elegant, because it solves the problem of explaining complexity in terms of nothing but simplicity. Essentially it does it by providing a smooth ramp of gradual step-by-step increment. But, here I only want to make the point that the elegance of Darwinism is corrosive to religion, precisely because it is so elegant, so parsimonious, so powerful, so economically powerful It has the sinewy economy of a beautiful suspension bridge. The God Theory is not just a bad theory, it turns out to be in principle incapable of doing the job required of it. So, returning to tactics and the evolution lobby, I want to argue that rocking the boat may be just the right thing to do. My approach to attacking Creationism is unlike the evolution lobby, my approach to attaching Creationism is to attack the religion as a whole. At this point, I need to acknowledge the remarkable taboo against speaking ill of religion. And, I'm going to do so in the words of the late Douglas Adams, a dear friend, who, if he never came to TED, certainly should have been invited. He was. He was, good. I thought he must have been. He begins this speak, which was tape recorded in Cambridge shortly before he died. He begins by explaining how science works through the testing of hypotheses that are framed to be vulnerable to disproof. Then he goes on, I quote, "Religion doesn't seem to work like that. It has certain ideas at the heart of it, which we call scared or holy." "What it means is, here is any idea or a notion, that you're not allowed to say anything bad about." "You're just not. Why not? Because you're not." "Why should it be that it's perfectly legitimate to support the Republicans or Democrats, this model of economics verses that, Macintosh instead of Windows," "But to have an opinion about how the universe began, about who created he universe? No, that's holy." "So, we're used to not challenging religious ideas, and it's very interesting how much a fury Richard creates when he does it." He meant me, not that one. "Everybody gets absolutely frantic about it, because you're not allowed to say these things." "Yet, when you look at it rationally, there is no reason why those ideas shouldn't be as open to debate as any other." "Except that we've agreed somehow between us that they shouldn't be." That's the end of the quote from Douglas. In my view, not only is science corrosive to religion, religion is corrosive to science. It teaches people to be satisfied with trivial, supernatural, non-explanations, and blinds them to the wonderful, real explanations that we have in our grasps. It teaches them to except authority, revelation, and faith, instead of always insisting on evidence. There's Douglas Adams; magnificent picture from his book, "Last Chance to See." Now, there's a typical, scientific journal. "The Quarterly Review of Biology." And, I'm going to put together, as guest editor a special issue, "Did an Asteroid Kill the Dinosaurs?" And, the first paper, is an standard scientific paper, presenting evidence, Iridium lair at the KT boundary, Potassium-Argon dated crater in the Yucatan, indicate that an asteroid killed the dinosaurs. Perfectly ordinary, scientific paper. Now, the next one, "The president of the royal society has been vouch-safed a strong, inner-conviction that an asteroid killed the dinosaurs." "It has been privately revealed to Professor Huxdane that an asteroid killed the dinosaurs." "Professor Haudley was brought up to have total and unquestioning faith that an asteroid killed the dinosaurs." "Professor Hawkins has promulgated an official dogma binding on all loyal Hawkinsians that an asteroid killed the dinosaurs." That's inconceivable, of course, but, suppose. In 1987, a reporter asked George Bush, Sr. whether he recognize the equal citizenship and patriotism of Americans who are atheists. Mr. Bush's reply has become infamous, "No, I don't know that atheists should be considered citizens, nor should they be considered patriots. This is one nation, under God." Bush's bigotry was not an isolated mistake blurted out in the heat of the moment, and later retracted. He stood by it in the face of repeated calls for clarification or withdraw; he really meant it. More to the point, he knew it posed no threat to his election. Quite the contrary, Democrats, as well as, Republicans, parade their religiousness if they want to get elected. Both parties invoke one nation, under God. What would Thomas Jefferson have said? Incidentally, I'm not usually very proud of being British, but you can't help making the comparison. In practice, what is an atheist? An atheist is just somebody who feels about Yahweh, the way any decent Christian feels about Thor or Baal, or the golden calf. As has been said before, we are all atheists about most of the gods that humanity has ever believed in, some of us just go one god further. And however we define atheism, it is surely the kind of academic belief that a person is entitled to hold without being vilified as an unpatriotic, unelectable, non-citizen. Nevertheless, it's an undeniable fact that to own up to being an atheist is tantamount to introducing yourself as Mr. Hitler or Ms. Beelzebub. And that all stems from the perception of atheists, as some kind of weird, way-out minority. Natalie Angier wrote a rather sad piece in the New Yorker, saying how lonely she felt as an atheist. She clearly feels in an believed minority, but, actually, how do American atheists stack up numerically? The latest survey makes surprisingly encouraging reading; Christianity, of course, takes a massive lion's share of the population with nearly a 160 million. But, what would you think was the second, largest group? Convincingly outnumbering Jews with 2.8 million, Muslims at 1.1 million, Hindus, Buddhists, and all other religions put together. The second largest group with nearly 30 million is the one described as non-religious or secular. You can't help wondering why vote-seeking politicians are so proverbially over-awed by the power, for example, of the Jewish lobby. The state of Israel seems to owe its very existence to the American Jewish vote. While, at the same time, consigning the non-religious to political oblivion. This secular, non-religious vote, if properly mobilized, is nine times as numerous as the Jewish vote. Why does this far more substantial minority not make a move to exercise its political muscle? Well, so much for quantity. How about quality? Is there any correlation, positive or negative, between intelligence and tendency to be religious? The survey that I quoted, which is the Aris Survey, didn't break down its data by socioeconomic class, or education, or IQ, or anything else. But a recent article by Paul G. Bell in the Mensa Magazine provides some straws in the wind. Mensa, as you know, is an international organization for people with very high IQ. And, from a meta-analysis of the literature, Bell concludes that, I quote, "Of forty-three studies, carried out since 1927," "on the relationship between religious belief and one's intelligence or educational level," "all but four found an inverse connection." That is, the higher one's intelligence or educational level the less one is likely to be religious. Well, I haven't seen the original forty-two studies, and I can't comment on that meta-analysis, but I would like to see more studies done along those lines. And, I know, that if I could put a little plug in here, that there are people in this audience easily capable of financing a massive research survey to settle the question. And, I put the suggestion out for what it's worth. But, let me now show you some data, that have been properly published and analyzed. One special group, namely top scientists. In 1998, Larson and Whitton polled the cream of American scientists, those who'd been honored by connection to the national academy of sciences, and among this select group, belief in a personal god dropped to a shattering seven percent. About twenty percent are agnostic, and the rest could fairly be called atheists. Similar figured were obtained for belief in personal immortality. Among biological scientists, the figure's even lower, about 5.5 percent only believe in God. In physical scientists it's 7.5 percent. I've not seen corresponding figures for elite scholars in other fields, such as history or philosophy, but I'd be surprised if they were different. So we've reached a truly remarkable situation, a grotesque mismatch, between the American intelligentsia, and the American electorate. A philosophical opinion about the nature of the universe, which is held by the vast majority of top American scientists, and probably the majority of the intelligentsia generally, is so abhorrent to the American electorate that no candidate for popular election dare affirm it in public. If I'm right, this means that high office in the greatest country in the world, is barred to the very people best qualified to hold it. The intelligentsia. Unless, they're prepared to lie about their beliefs. To put it bluntly, American, political opportunities, are heavily loaded against those who are simultaneously intelligent and honest. I'm not a citizen of this country, so I hope it won't be thought unbecoming if I suggest that something needs to be done. And, I've already hinted what that something is. From what I've seen of TED, I think that this may be the ideal place to launch it. Again, I fear it will cost money; we need a consciousness raising, coming-out campaign, for American atheists. This could be similar to the campaign organized by homosexuals a few years ago, although, heaven forbid, that we should stoop to public outing of people against their will. In most cases, people who out themselves, people who out themselves, will help to destroy the myth that there is something wrong with atheists. On the contrary, they'll demonstrate that atheists are often the kinds of people who could serve a decent role-models for children. The kinds of people an advertising agent could use to recommend a product. The kinds of people who are sitting in this room. There should be a snowball effect, a positive feedback, so that the more names we have, the more we get. There could be non-linearities, threshold effects, when a critical mass has been obtained that's an abrupt acceleration in recruitment And, again, it will need money. I suspect that the word atheist, itself, contains or remains a stumbling block far out of proportion to what it actually means. And a stumbling block to the people who, otherwise, might be happy to out themselves. So, what other words might be used to smooth the path, oil the wheels, sugar the pill? Darwin himself preferred agnostic, and, not only out of loyalty to his friend Huxley, who coined the term. Darwin said, "I have never been an atheist in the same sense denying the existence of a god, I think that generally an agnostic, would be the most correct description of my state of mind." He even became uncharacteristically touchy with Edward Aveling. Aveling was a militant atheist, who failed to pursued Darwin to accept the dedication of his book on atheism. Incidentally, giving rise to a fascinating myth that Carl Marx tried to dedicate Das Capital to Darwin, which he didn't, it was actually Edward Aveling. What happened was that Aveling's mistress was Marx's daughter, and when both Darwin and Marx were dead Marx's papers became muddled up with Aveling's papers, and a letter from Darwin saying, "My dear Sir, thank you very much, but I don't want you to dedicate your book to me." Was mistakenly supposed to be addressed to Marx, and that gave rise to this whole myth, which you probably heard, it's sort of an urban myth that Marx tried to dedicate Capital to Darwin. Anyway, it was Aveling, and when they met, Darwin challenged Aveling, "Why do you call yourselves atheists?" "Agnostic," retorted Aveling, was "simply atheist respectable, and atheist was simply agnostic writ aggressive." But, Darwin complained, "But why should you be so aggressive?" Darwin thought that atheism might be well and good for the intelligentsia, but that ordinary people were not, quote, "ripe for it." Which is, of course, our old friend, the don't rock the boat argument. It's not recorded whether Aveling told Darwin to come down off his high horse, but, in any case, that was more than a hundred years ago. You'd think we might have grown up since then. Now, a friend, an intelligent, lapsed Jew, who incidentally, observes the sabbath to reasons of cultural solidarity. Describes himself as a Tooth-fairy agnostic. He won't call himself an atheist, because it's in principle impossible to prove a negative. But, agnostic, on it's own, might suggest that god's existence was therefore on equal terms of likelihood as his non-existence. So, my friend is strictly agnostic about the tooth-fairy, but it isn't very likely, is it? Like God. Hence, the phrase tooth-fairy agnostic. Burcham Russel made the same point using a hypothetical teapot in orbit about Mars. You strictly have to be agnostic about whether there is a teapot in orbit about Mars, but that doesn't mean you treat the likelihood of its existence as on all fours with its non-existence. The list of things which we strictly have to be agnostic about doesn't stop at tooth-fairies and teapots, it's infinite. If you want to believe one particular one of them, unicorns or tooth-fairies or teapots or Yahweh, the own is on you to say why. The own is not on the rest of us to say why not. We who are atheists are also a-fairists and a-teapotists. But, be don't bother to say so. And, this is why my friend uses a tooth-fairy agnostic as a label for what most people would call atheist. Nonetheless, if we want to attract deep-down atheists to come out publicly, we're going to have to find something better to put on our banner than tooth-fairy or teapot agnostic. So, how about humanist? This has the advantage of a world-wide network or organized associations and journals and things already in place. My problem with it is only it's apparent anthropocentrism. One of the things we've learned from Darwin is that the human species is only one among millions of cousins: some close, some distant. There are other possibilities like naturalist, but that also has problems of confusion, because Darwin would have thought naturalist, but naturalist means, of course, as opposed to supernaturalist. It is used sometimes. Darwin would have been confused by the other sense of naturalist, which he was, of course. And, I suppose, there might be others who would confuse it with nudism. Such people, might be those belonging to the British lynch-mob which, last year, attacked a pediatrician in mistake for a pedophile. I think that the best of the available alternatives for atheist is simply non-theist. It lacks the strong connotation that there definitely is no god, and could there for easily be embraced by teapot or tooth-fairy agnostics. It's completely compatible with the god of the physicists, when atheist like Stephen Hawking and Albert Einstein use the word "god," they use it, of course, as a metaphorical, short-hand for that deep mysterious part of physics which we yet don't understand. Non-theist will do for all that, yet unlike atheist, it doesn't have the same phobic hysterical responses. But, I think, that the alternative is to actually grasp the nettle word atheism itself, precisely because it is a taboo word, carrying hysterical phobia. Critical mass may be harder to achieve with the word atheist, than with the word non-theist, or some other non-confrontational word. But, if we did achieve it with that dreaded word, atheist itself. The political impact would be even greater. Now I said that if I were religious, I'd be very afraid of evolution, I'd go further, I would fear science in general if properly understood. And, this is because the scientific world view is so much more exciting, more poetic, more filled with sheer wonder, than anything in the poverty-stricken arsenals of the religious imagination. As Carl Sagan, another recently dead hero, put it, " How is is that hardly any major religion has looked a science and concluded, 'This is better than we thought!' "'The Universe is much bigger than our prophets said, grander, more subtle, more elegant'? Instead they say, 'No, no, no! My god is a little god, and I want him to stay that way.'" "A religion, old or new, that stressed the magnificence of the Universe as revealed by modern science might be able to draw forth reserves of reverence and awe hardly tapped by the conventional faiths." Now, this is an elite audience, and I would therefore expect about ten percent of you to be religious, many of you probably subscribe to our polite cultural belief that we should respect religion. But, I also suspect that a fair number of those secretly despise religion as much as I do. If you're one of them, and of course many of you many not be, but if you are one of them, I'm asking you to stop being polite, come out and say so. And, if you happen to be rich, give some thought to ways in which you might make a difference. The religious lobby in this country is massively financed by foundations, to say nothing of all the tax benefits, by foundations such as the Templeton Foundation and the Discovery Institute. We need an anti-Templeton to step forward. If my books sold as well as Stephen Hawkings books, instead of only as well as Richard Dawkins' books, I'd do it myself. People are always going on about, how did September 11th, change you? Well, here's how it changed me. Let's all stop being so damned respectful. Thank you very much. These days, everyone is shooting video. Not just with video cameras but with still cameras, too. Everything from high end DSLRs to point-and-shoots, to camera phones. So, you'd be happy to know that there is a lot you can do with your video clips here in Lightroom 4. For one thing, I can import off my memory card, video clips that I've taken with my still camera right along with my still photos like the two JPEGs here. Right next to those, I have this .MOV video clip here in my Lightroom library. If I wanna see what is in that video clip, I can just hover over the clip and move back and forth. If I wanna see the clip larger, I'll select it by clicking in that frame and then I'll go down to the Loop View icon at the bottom of the Library and click. I can allocate more room to the video clip by going over to the far left and clicking in this bar to collapse the Left Hand panel. In Loop View, I have a controller. I can click the Play button on the controller and that will allow me to view the video and even hear the sound. And I'll move my mouse over the clip and click again to stop playing it. Now, I only need a few seconds of this video. So, I wanna trim away the end and I'll trim away part of the beginning, too. To do that, I'll go over to the gear icon at the far right of the Controller and I'll click and that opens the controller to this Frame View. Then I'm gonna take the play head and drag it all the way over to the left to the beginning of the video and I'm just going to scrub that play head to where I want my video to start. Let's say I'm gonna start there. Now, I'll go to the trimming bar right here and drag that trimming bar over until it touches my play head and I've just trimmed away the beginning of this video. Now, this is not a permanent change. Like every change that I make in Lightroom, this is nondestructive of the original video. So, if I changed my mind about where I want the video to start, I can always come back and just move that trimhead over and move the playhead over a little bit and do it again. I'll also trim off the end of this video. So, I'll take that playhead and I'll run it through a little further. Maybe just until that wave disappears and then I'll take the Trim bar at the far right and I'll drag that over to meet the playhead, trimming away the end. Now, I'll scrub back to the beginning of the part that I've clipped and I'll play just that. Great. Now, I have just a few seconds of this video. By the way, you can only trim from the beginning or the end of a video clip in Lightroom 4, you can't take out frames in the middle. And that's not all that I can do with video clips in Lightroom 4. I can capture a still frame from a video clip as a JPEG. To show you that, I'm going to take the playhead back until I get to a frame in this movie that I particularly like. And then, I'm going to go to this rectangular icon at the bottom of the controller and I'll choose Capture Frame. I'm gonna make the filmstrip taller by moving my mouse over its top boarder and then dragging up so that you can see that I now have not only the video here but right next to it, I have a JPEG which I captured from a frame in the video and I can use this to JPEG like any JPEG. I could e-mail it, I can post it on my website and so forth. I can also capture another frame to use as the Poster Frame. The Poster Frame is the first frame that appears on the video thumbnail. It's what's appearing here now in this thumbnail and this particular frame isn't telling me much about this video. In fact, I've actually cut this part off of the actual video so I'd rather have a more representative frame. I can use the frame that I have up there now or I can pull the play head to some other frame. And then I'll go to the rectangular icon on the controller and this time I'll choose Set Poster Frame and that captures that particular frame and sets it as a Poster Frame on the thumbnail for this video but that's not all that you can do with video in Lightroom 4. You can also process a video, changing its appearance. You can even take a color video like this and convert it into black and white. I'll show you how to do that in the very next movie but for now, let's assume that you're done trimming, creating poster frames, and even processing your video and you're ready to export a copy of it so that you can upload it to the web or maybe send it to someone by e-mail. To do that, you go the File menu at the top of the screen and choose Export. That opens the Export Dialog Box. I'm gonna be covering this Export Dialog Box in detail in the later movie in this course but for now, I just wanna show you the Video settings here so I'm going to scroll down to the video section. Here, when you're exporting a video, you wanna make sure to check Include Video Files. In the Format menu, you could choose to export the original. In that case, you would get a copy of this video with none of the changes that you've included at the original size but if I want a copy, say, to upload to the web, I'll choose H.264 as my video format. That brings up this Quality menu. And from here, I can choose exactly which quality I want for compression so, if I want the movie that I'm exporting to be the same size as the original, you can see over here that the target, the movie I'm exporting is going to be 1920 by 1080 pixels and that's the same as the source, the original. I'll come to this menu and I'm going to choose Medium instead. Now, Lightroom tells me that this video will be suitable for sharing on the web. Well, that's great, that's what I wanna do and notice that the size of the target, the movie I'm exporting is going to be smaller than the original. And if I were exporting a movie for viewing on a mobile device, I might choose Low. Lightroom tells me this movie will be suitable for mobile devices and you can see the target's size is much smaller and then, when I click Export, that will export a copy of the movie with all of the changes that I've made it to it here in Lightroom 4. In the next movie, I'm going to show you how you can change the appearance of a movie using Processing settings in Lightroom 4. So, stay tuned for that one. Hi. I'm Wheeler Winston Dixon, James Ryan Professor of Film Studies at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln, and this is Frame By Frame. And today I want to talk about gay and lesbian identities in Hollywood cinema, from the beginning to the present. Hollywood has never been a leader in this area. Gays and lesbians have always been marginalized in the cinema. Early portrayals of gay characters or lesbian characters in films were always stereotypical, and often deeply insulting. BAND CONDUCTOR: "Boys will be boys. Woo!" They were relegated to "pansy" roles or stereotypical "limp-wristed" roles, and these early films are very difficult to look at because they basically just completely marginalize characters. JAMES CAGNEY: "Don't forget. Plenty of room in there." TAlLOR: "Oh, sir. Here's where you need the room. Such a muscle!" Interestingly, there were many gay people working in Hollywood during this period. Dorothy Arzner, the director... and George Cukor, of course, who was gay as a director, and basically directed most of "Gone With the Wind," unitl Clark Gable's homophobia forced him out of the production. But you had to wait a long time in Hollywood before gays and lesbians were actually sympathically and realistically portrayed on the screen. Even in the 1960s, you had things like "Midnight Cowboy," "The Boys in the Band," "The Killing of Sister George," and "Cruising," one of the most infamous films of all time, directed by William Freedkin. It's not until very recently that you have films like "Sunday Bloody Sunday," which is the first real gay onscreen kiss. LlZA MENELLl: "You have to understand the way I am, mein herr." "Cabaret," which was a more direct look at this sort of thing. "An Early Frost," "Parting Glances," "My Beautiful Laundrette"... These are films which basically treated homosexuality and lesbianism as part of the human experience. "Billy's Hollywood Screen Kiss" is another one. "Poison," by Todd Haynes, "Swoon," "The Living End." These are all films that basically portray things in a more positive light. And, of course, the ascendency of pop artists like Andy Warhol, who brought gay concerns into the mainstream, is another factor in moving films forward in this area. There's still a long way to go. American cinema is absolutely heterotopic. Gay-bashing jokes, unfortunately, still occur in too many comedies as a staple. This is something where Hollywood has a lot of catching up to do. It's just like the same thing that happens with racism. Homophobia and racism, unfortunately, are part of American cinema, and go hand in hand, and they have yet to be erased in terms of the way that Hollywood represents everyone equally on the screen. WlU Women's Basketball in TEAM HUDDLE Music Bridge Michele Salvatori shoots and SCORES! Music Bridge Saule Kontanutaite SCORES with an easy layup! Music Bridge Michele Salvatori shoots and SCORES! Music Bridge Charnelle Reed drives to the basket and SCORES! Music Bridge Christina Jones great pass to Rachel Evans under the basket she SCORES! Music Bridge Reed SCORES from an assist! Music Bridge Kontautaite nails the three pointer ALL NET! Music Bridge Kontautaite SCORES again! Music Bridge Reed shoots and SCORES! Music Bridge Nice steal by Salvatori for an easy layup! Music Bridge Nice feed to Reed for the easy three pointer in the corner... SWEET! Music Bridge Reed drives to the basket for an easy two! Music Bridge Text: THERE IS ONLY ONE LEATHERNECK BASKETBALL In this farewell There's no blood There's no alibi 'Cause I've drawn regret From the truth Of a thousand lies So let mercy come And wash away... What I've done... I'll face myself To cross out what I've become Erase myself And let go of what I've done Put to rest What you thought of me While I clean this slate With the hands Of uncertainty So let mercy come And wash away... What I've done... I'll face myself To cross out what I've become Erase myself And let go of what I've done... For what I've done I'll start again And whatever pain may come Today, this ends I'm forgiving what I've done I'll face myself To cross out what I've become Erase myself And let go of what I've done... Na – na – na – na na – na – na – na What I've done... Na – na – na – na na – na – na – na Forgiving what I've done... Na – na – na – na na – na – na – na There is a house in New Orleans They call the Rising Sun It's been the ruin Of many a poor boy And God I know I'm one I cried to my daddy on the telephone, "How long now?" "Until the clouds unroll and you come down," the line went But the shadows still remain since your descent, your descent I cried to my daddy on the telephone "How long now?" "Until the clouds unroll and you come home" the line went But the shadows still remain since your descent, your descent The saints are coming The saints are coming I say no matter how I try I realize there's no reply The saints are coming The saints are coming I say no matter how I try I realize there's no reply The drowning sorrow floods the deepest grief, how long now Until a weather change condemns belief, how long now When the night watchman lets in the thief, what's wrong now The saints are coming The saints are coming I say no matter how I try I realize there's no reply The saints are coming The saints are coming I say no matter how I try I realize there's no reply I say no matter how I try I realize there's no reply I say no matter how I try I realize there's no reply What are you going to do with the rest of your life? I bet you've heard that question before from a parent, counselor, or professor. And since you're clicking around this interactive cd, I'll bet you're asking yourself the same question. What am I going to do? Well, it wasn't that long ago that we were both where you are now. And after a lot of research and soul searching, we chose different paths to the same destination. A career in parks and recreation. Like most industries there are a lot of career choices in this field, but the most obvious being my choice of recreation programming. And the not so obvious ones like mine, marketing and communications. While it's true that many of our coworkers have degrees in parks and recreation, the fact is you can pursue your field no matter what it is in our field. Perhaps you're thinking business, finance, or accounting, we have a place for you. Or maybe you're passion is in keeping things running smoothly so the entire organization benefits. That's what a facility manager for a park district does. Do you prefer sunlight over the glow of a fluorescent bulb? A career in parks and natural resource management could be your ticket to fulfillment. And speaking of fulfillment, my friends who dedicated their lives to therapeutic recreation use that word a lot. I agreed to be in this video because I wish I had a tour like this when I was choosing a career. So, I encourage you to visit all the sections of this cd for more information. And I signed up because I remember the misconceptions I had about parks and recreation, and I want to clear them up for you. Like, there's no real money to be made in this field. The truth is, salary levels are very competitive. And while I don't think you should choose your life's worth based solely on financial gain, this industry also offers great formal and informal fringe benefits. The world is competitive and employers understand that to attract and retain the best employees, they must offer solid compensation packages. The field of parks and recreation is no different. I agree. You know the best career advice I ever got was? Find what you love to do and then find someone to pay you to do it. When I found out that the matra of parks and recreation professionals is to promote health, wellness, and environmental stewardship, I was sold. The opportunities are plentiful, and the rewards are great! So before you move on to the other courses in this cd, we'll leave you with this glimpse of careers in parks and recreation. But be careful, it might just change your life forever. Musical skills and a flair for performing are essential to drum corps, but the physical and mental demands of marching rival that of well-conditioned athleletes. These kids make what they do look easy. It is not. We put a device on him that allowed us to measure how hard he's working, his metabolic rate. And what it actually measures is his oxygen consumption, his carbon dioxide production, the amount of air that he breathes, in addition to the heart rate, and it's sent via telemetry to a computer that does the calculations that tells us how much energy he's expending. Out of curiosity, let's go ahead and put your drum set on just to see how that all works. If you look right now, his values are going to start going up simply because this drum kit's almost thirty percent more addition to your body weight. Do you remember when we were watching from the sidelines? Your heart rate went shooting up as soon as they start playing even though you didn't even have your drums on at that time. His heart rate went up to 180 beats per minute and he hadn't done anything. It's just like the atheletes hearing the gun go off. This is being driven by probably the sympathetic part of the nervous system. You can think of it as an adrenaline rush and he's used to, as soon as he hears those notes, he's used to I'm in the middle of performance mode and so that kicks in. The body was ready for that even though he's standing alongside. They get incredibly high heart rates during the performance and it actually doesn't vary a lot. Your heart rate was up over 200 beats per minute. What did mirror the activity on the field was the oxygen consumption. It got as high, very briefly, as 40 ml/kg per minute. Now what does that mean? That's about 13, 14 times his resting metabolic rate. The little black cross-hatches are the heart rate response. The little red squares are the oxygen consumption. The oxygen consumption is generally about what it would be during the middle of a marathon for a well-trained runner who's halfway through a marathon. If you looked at the heart rate though you would think that you were looking at someone who's running a 400 or 800 meter dash, maximally. So he's working very hard out there. Now what we were seeing was a heart rate that went up and stayed up and I suspect that's because of the performance portion. Because we saw that heart rate response alongside the field, even though he wasn't performing, that alone tells me the music in and of itself and his reaction to it is having effect on his heart rate and that's what kind of tipped us off that there's something different about these guys. These performers work very hard metabolically but they're also doing an amazing amount of work that most of us would find very stressful. And this stress encompasses everything from doing music correctly, doing the steps correctly, handling the heat, as well as just the plain work that they're doing. Wow, thanks to the Cavalier's Jordan Thomas for letting us wire him up for our- "My love for the violin started when I saw young pupils who came to our house to take lessons with my father. This was something special for me, because at that time there were not as many distractions like there are for children today. Music was a world where you could live out your fantasy world." Until the age of 11 Lisa Batiashvili was taught the violin by her father in Georgia. Just before the outbreak of the 1991 civil war the family left for Germany. Today Lisa lives with her French husband, the world-renowned oboist Francois Leleux and their two children, in France. Today the 32-year-old is one of the best violinists in the world. Recently in Stockholm she played Johannes Brahms" Violin Concerto with the Royal Stockholm Philharmonic Orchestra, which is where "Musica" caught up with her. "This concerto requires a lot of physical and inner strength. I learned it when I was 17 or 18 and then I left it alone for a long time. That was on purpose because I wanted to get experience with other concertos and come back to it later, because I thought the length of that piece and the difficulties were so challenging. "I often thought that this piece was written for male hands. There are sections and areas where you need big hands. That is challenging for me, because I have really small hands." Lisa Batiashvili's talent has not gone unnoticed and she is one of the lucky musicians to be loaned one of the precious Antonio Stradivari violins. The instrument she has use of dates from 1709 and is worth several million euros. She says not only does it produce an exquisite sound, but it is also extremely sensitive. "Sometimes I think: oh my god, please act like yesterday! You really have the feeling that this instrument lives and experiences and suffers with stress and strains. For me it is a partner which helps me to make music." Lisa Batiashvili tries to learn a new piece each year - and admits it is not an easy task. "It's getting more and more difficult, because with children you're always very busy and you're less efficient than when you were a student. But as a violinist we really don't have a choice. We have to learn something new constantly. That has also its advantages, because you grow with the music." Hi, my name is Frank, and I collect secrets. It all started with a crazy idea in November of 2004. I printed up 3,000 self-addressed postcards, just like this. They were blank on one side, and on the other side I listed some simple instructions. I asked people to anonymously share an artful secret they'd never told anyone before. And I handed out these postcards randomly on the streets of Washington, D.C., not knowing what to expect. But soon the idea began spreading virally. People began to buy their own postcards and make their own postcards. I started receiving secrets in my home mailbox, not just with postmarks from Washington, D.C., but from Texas, California, Vancouver, New Zealand, Iraq. Soon my crazy idea didn't seem so crazy. PostSecret.com is the most visited advertisement-free blog in the world. And this is my postcard collection today. You can see my wife struggling to stack a brick of postcards on a pyramid of over a half-million secrets. What I'd like to do now is share with you a very special handful of secrets from that collection, starting with this one. "I found these stamps as a child, and I have been waiting all my life to have someone to send them to. I never did have someone." Secrets can take many forms. They can be shocking or silly or soulful. They can connect us to our deepest humanity or with people we'll never meet. (Laughter) Maybe one of you sent this one in. I don't know. This one does a great job of demonstrating the creativity that people have when they make and mail me a postcard. This one obviously was made out of half a Starbucks cup with a stamp and my home address written on the other side. "Dear Birthmother, I have great parents. I've found love. I'm happy." Secrets can remind us of the countless human dramas, of frailty and heroism, playing out silently in the lives of people all around us even now. "Everyone who knew me before 9/11 believes I'm dead." "I used to work with a bunch of uptight religious people, so sometimes I didn't wear panties, and just had a big smile and chuckled to myself." (Laughter) This next one takes a little explanation before I share it with you. I love to speak on college campuses and share secrets and the stories with students. And sometimes afterwards I'll stick around and sign books and take photos with students. And this next postcard was made out of one of those photos. And I should also mention that, just like today, at that PostSecret event, I was using a wireless microphone. "Your mic wasn't off during sound check. We all heard you pee." (Laughter) This was really embarrassing when it happened, until I realized it could have been worse. Right. You know what I'm saying. (Laughter) "Inside this envelope is the ripped up remains of a suicide note I didn't use. I feel like the happiest person on Earth (now.)" "One of these men is the father of my son. He pays me a lot to keep it a secret." (Laughter) "That Saturday when you wondered where I was, well, I was getting your ring. It's in my pocket right now." I had this postcard posted on the PostSecret blog two years ago on Valentine's Day. It was the very bottom, the last secret in the long column. And it hadn't been up for more than a couple hours before I received this exuberant email from the guy who mailed me this postcard. And he said, "Frank, I've got to share with you this story that just played out in my life." He said, "My knees are still shaking." He said, "For three years, my girlfriend and I, we've made it this Sunday morning ritual to visit the PostSecret blog together and read the secrets out loud. I read some to her, she reads some to me." He says, "It's really brought us closer together through the years. And so when I discovered that you had posted my surprise proposal to my girlfriend at the very bottom, I was beside myself. And I tried to act calm, not to give anything away. And just like every Sunday, we started reading the secrets out loud to each other." He said, "But this time it seemed like it was taking her forever to get through each one." But she finally did. She got to that bottom secret, his proposal to her. And he said, "She read it once and then she read it again." And she turned to him and said, "Is that our cat?" (Laughter) And when she saw him, he was down on one knee, he had the ring out. He popped the question, she said yes. It was a very happy ending. So I emailed him back and I said, "Please share with me an image, something, that I can share with the whole PostSecret community and let everyone know your fairy tale ending." And he emailed me this picture. (Laughter) "I found your camera at Lollapalooza this summer. I finally got the pictures developed and I'd love to give them to you." This picture never got returned back to the people who lost it, but this secret has impacted many lives, starting with a student up in Canada named Matty. Matty was inspired by that secret to start his own website, a website called IFoundYourCamera. Matty invites people to mail him digital cameras that they've found, memory sticks that have been lost with orphan photos. And Matty takes the pictures off these cameras and posts them on his website every week. And people come to visit to see if they can identify a picture they've lost or help somebody else get the photos back to them that they might be desperately searching for. This one's my favorite. (Laughter) Matty has found this ingenious way to leverage the kindness of strangers. And it might seem like a simple idea, and it is, but the impact it can have on people's lives can be huge. Matty shared with me an emotional email he received from the mother in that picture. "That's me, my husband and son. The other pictures are of my very ill grandmother. Thank you for making your site. These pictures mean more to me than you know. My son's birth is on this camera. He turns four tomorrow." Every picture that you see there and thousands of others have been returned back to the person who lost it -- sometimes crossing oceans, sometimes going through language barriers. This is the last postcard I have to share with you today. "When people I love leave voicemails on my phone I always save them in case they die tomorrow and I have no other way of hearing their voice ever again." When I posted this secret, dozens of people sent voicemail messages from their phones, sometimes ones they'd been keeping for years, messages from family or friends who had died. They said that by preserving those voices and sharing them, it helped them keep the spirit of their loved ones alive. One young girl posted the last message she ever heard from her grandmother. Secrets can take many forms. They can be shocking or silly or soulful. They can connect us with our deepest humanity or with people we'll never meet again. Voicemail recording: First saved voice message. Grandma: ♫ It's somebody's birthday today ♫ ♫ Somebody's birthday today ♫ ♫ The candles are lighted ♫ ♫ on somebody's cake ♫ ♫ And we're all invited ♫ ♫ for somebody's sake ♫ You're 21 years old today. Have a real happy birthday, and I love you. I'll say bye for now. FW: Thank you. (Applause) Thank you. (Applause) June Cohen: Frank, that was beautiful, so touching. Have you ever sent yourself a postcard? Have you ever sent in a secret to PostSecret? FW: I have one of my own secrets in every book. I think in some ways, the reason I started the project, even though I didn't know it at the time, was because I was struggling with my own secrets. And it was through crowd-sourcing, it was through the kindness that strangers were showing me, that I could uncover parts of my past that were haunting me. JC: And has anyone ever discovered which secret was yours in the book? Has anyone in your life been able to tell? FW: Sometimes I share that information, yeah. (Laughter) (Applause) The first goal of the workers' club is to bring together employed and unemployed people of this neighbourhood so they can fight for their rights, to develop class solidarity, and for the culture and education of this class. I used to work in the private sector, for ten years, and for three years in this particular shop, without getting paid for the last three months. I was fired at the end of October, I didn't receive severance pay, not even the salaries I was owed. After going to the Labour Inspectorate etc., but to no avail, we tried to at least get the wages owed. The official trade union movement has a rather bureaucratic attitude, Mike C11 Atoms Are Recyclable So, any one persons one breath, huh. You guys got atoms from that breath right now. Now usually people take more than one breath Leonardo DiVinci an old dude took many, many breaths. In all his breaths you have hundreds of billions of atoms in the breath in you or any other person who lives for a long time. So you are made up of the atoms of everyone who was ever before you. How many people in the world today? Four and a half billion? That's four and a half billion times ten to the ninth. How many people compared to how many atoms in your lungs? Which is bigger? You know there's a lot of people. People at ten to the ninth. Atoms at ten to the twenty-two. (Whistle) How many people have been on the planet since the beginning? Nobody knows. But Arthur St. Clark has made an estimation and he said it this way: Behind every human being stands thirty ghosts that one thirtieth of the human, of all human race from way back is walking the earth today. That there was ???? Let's say one thirtieth so that means there were thirty more people on the earth from the time zero than there are now. Now there's about four, four billion. And there's thirty times that number for the total number of people that ever lived. Three fourths of twelve. Call this a hundred. That's like ten to the eleventh. Ten to the eleventh is a hundred billion. So a hundred billion people in the world. But the number of atoms in your lungs, ten to the twenty-two, what's that? Billion, billion, eighteen. Ten thousand billion, billion atoms in your lungs. Many, many, many more atoms in your lungs than people that ever lived. So you can be rest assured that inside your lungs or inside your body at any moment are atoms from every human being who ever lived. No community of peoples can freely pursue its happiness without the chances to associate, exchange ideas, and organize. Their associating gives rise to organizations, distinct from government and absent from the market. Designed to bring about public gains, these organizations, when benevolent in design, can improve the human and natural condition, empower people to move ahead, and generally contribute to the common good. Together, they comprise our civil society. At the core of a vibrant and hopeful civil society, are a sensibility, an appreciation, and a comitment to love and forgiveness, a profound regard for human dignity, and a potential for goodness in all people. Non-profit leader John Gardener captured best the magic of this potential we find in people and the organizations they freely create. They are committed to alleviating misery and redressing grievances, to giving reign to the mind's curiosity and the soul's longing, to seeking beauty where they can, and defending truth where they must, to combating the ancient impulse to hate and fear the tribe in the next valley, to finding cures and consoling the incurable, to preparing for tomorrow's crisis, and to pursuing the questions others won't pursue because they're too busy or fearful or jaded. We call upon the busy, fearful, and even jaded people of the world to summon hope, join together with family and friends as well as strangers worldwide, and affirm love and forgiveness as indispensable to good, decent, and happy lives among all people everywhere. Lady Jo? The King's not back yet? Not yet, Your Highness. - Get ready. - Your Highness? I'm going to the palace to find out where he is for myself. Please don't. You're not quite yourself yet. Did I stutter? I said I'm going to the palace. Get everything ready. No, don't get up. Sit, sit. That's better. The royal family doctor will be here soon. He'll read your pulse and prescribe anything you need. The royal doctor? I couldn't... send him away. Again? You just got back and you're disobeying again? Would it kill you to obey me just once? It's not that. But I'm not sick. And to think of the royal doctor treating someone like me... Someone like you? You really don't know? Huh? What you mean... I mean, it's like you're part of me. So of course the royal doctor should treat you. You wouldn't risk me losing you again. Not if you cared even a little bit. Sire. Ah, Officer Cha. I'm counting on you to look after her until this is over. Yes, Sire. Of course. - Your Highness. - Nothing from the King yet? Nothing. We've sent messengers... Messengers? What kind of royal attendants lose their charge? Your pardon, Your Highness. What are you waiting for? Order the palace guards to find him. Belay that. My lord. What do you want? I got worried when you didn't come back to the palace. You're ill and you wasted your time. It's late. Go to bed. My lord. - We need to talk- - Later. We'll talk later. That would be better. My lord. This is the first time he's looked at me that way. Don't let it bother you. It's late. He was tired. No, that's not it. We've been through a lot. But he's never looked at me that way. Something... something's happened. When he was out of the palace. Chunsu, let me. You should take it easy. You're still so pale. You'll get sick again if you don't watch it. You have to take care of yourself, alright? Alright. I promise not to be any more trouble. Listen, Dong Yi... Yes? Nothing. Get some rest. Goodnight. Someone like you? You really don't know? You wouldn't risk me losing you again. Not if you cared even a little bit. Sire. You wouldn't risk me losing you again. Not if you cared even a little bit. The King... and Dong Yi? Physical properties of matter include melting point, boiling point color density magnetism crystalline shape malleability ductility luster and refractive index. The physical properties of matter can be observed without any change in the matter's chemical composition. Chemical properties, on the other hand, can be observed only when matter undergoes a chemical change. Here are some examples of chemical properties. Hydrogen peroxide decomposes easily into oxygen gas and water. Iron reacts with oxygen to form iron oxide. Sodium metal reacts with water to give off hydrogen gas. Sodium hydrogen carbonate - baking soda - reacts with acid to give off carbon dioxide gas. Lead nitrate reacts with potassium iodide to form a yellow precipitate of lead iodide. Red phosphorus can undergo combustion in air. Mom Watch Me Do This Cartwheel (Drinking Juice) Man That Pretty Nuts Last Night Me (Gunfires) (Anvil Bangs) Classic TlMMY WHERE'S YOUR ROOM? Alright Did You See It Mom? I Sure Did Honey (Piano Playing FL Week By Fuego96) Classic (Beeping) BOBBY SEYMOUR YOU'RE DEAD A WHALE ON YOUR FACE! (Crunching) BOBBY WHAT'S THAT ON YOUR FACE? Vegie Tarri Tan Mom Oh Boy This Night's Been Awsome Thank You (Huffing) You Welcome Classic Hi my name is Marcin Jakubowski, and I'm the founder of Open Source Ecology Coming in here from California actually, we've got a project on the ground in Missouri called Factor E Farm and we're about developing the Global Village Construction Set which is about creating a basic set of tools for all the needs a civilization might have to provide its food, housing, energy; the entire infrastructure for living and thriving on local resources Open Source Ecology is based upon the open source movement, which has been translated into the open source hardware development but the concept is about open collaborative development of various critical infrastructures of society in order to make harmonious coexistence between humans and nature. Open source works essentially by the fact that you're creating a distributive economic system ; that means instead of only a few people benefiting from the inventions of building upon all that society has built to date I mean, any invention is simply a little addition, typically, on a large pool of knowledge that is already there in society, so, uh, in today's society, we like to appropriate that and claim that as our own, which, objectively speaking, can be considered quite arrogant, because we're already using all this stuff that came before us so open source refers to an open development system where we're publishing, we're patenting not just for our benefit, but for everyone to to create Hey little sister, what have you done? Hey little sister, who's the only one? Hey little sister, who's your superman? Hey little sister, who's the one you want? Hey little sister Shot gun! It's a nice day to Start again It's a nice day for a White wedding It's a nice day to Start again Hey little sister, what have you done? Hey little sister, who's the only one? (Only one, only one) I've been away for so long (so long) I've been away for so long (so long) I let you go for so long It's a nice day to Start again Come on, it's a nice day for a White wedding It's a nice day to Start again Ow! (Pick it up) Take me back home There is nothin' fair in this world There is nothin' safe in this world And there's nothin' sure in this world And there's nothin' pure in this world Look for something left in this world Start again Come on It's a nice day for a White wedding Wow! It's a nice day to Start again It's a nice day to Start again It's a nice day to Start again So Neil's got a sample of sodium. Sodium is a very reactive metal, it is stored under an oil to stop air or moisture getting on it - stop it oxidising, stop it reacting - and as you can see it is a very soft metal, so he is going to put his knife in and withdraw the lump of sodium, so there is about 2 kilos of sodium here, it's a really quite large rod. - Ooh. - Goddamn. Crosscourts it to Sampson, out to Olivera. Breakaway, easy deuce. The Huskies are still having trouble getting started. We're midway through the half. UMass leads 20 to eight. Back the other way. The dish outside. Moore, top of the key, he got it. Nothing but the bottom of the net. And the Huskies are down 14. Get your hands off me! Major has a look and sets, and he'll take the three and he got it. The Husky fans cheer their underdog UDub squad for that three, but it's hardly enough to send the Minutemen packing. Bounce pass down to the baseline to Moore. To Tucker. Tucker tosses it to Olivera. Downcourt back-door lob. And Sampson finishes that one off. UMass just too strong tonight for the Huskies, as they pull to a 14-point advantage with five minutes to go in the half. Olivera proving his all-American status in this half, and he'll finish it withů a score! Well, UMass leads 42 to 22 at half-time, Billy, and I guess the $64,000 question right now is, has that magic that brought the Huskies into the Final Four finally abandoned them? - Oh, man, it's over! - We suck. We suck! - We are pathetic. - How many points we down, man? - We down 20 points! - It feels worse than that. Let's be honest. We never expected them to get this far. It's amazing where they are. Too much talent down the other end of the floor. They're outclassed tonight. Fellas, fellas, the hole's been dug, man. They're just gonna bury us. Guys, we just can't do it without Antoine. We don't have to, Zigi. Man, what are you saying, Kenny? I'm saying I wanna win this. I didn't come this far to go home empty-handed. You don't know what you're talking about. Malik, we are down 20 points, man. 20 points! Do you know why? I know why! Cos we suck. See, that's bull. We don't suck! They suck! It's bullshit, man! We're playing with no soul! Cos we played that first half without Antoine. Face it. There's only one way we gonna get back in this game. What you saying? I'm saying we go back out in that court, Jimmy, and we take Antoine with us. - No, no, no. We already agreedů - Right here. Right here, Jimmy. Right here. Everything my brother wasů Everything he gave usů is all right there. Right here. Right here. We gotta go out there and we gotta shoot with him, we gotta run with him, we gotta play with himů We have to win with him, Malik. Are you all with me? - We're with you. Let's go. - We're with you. Let's do this. Let's go all the way now! - We're with you, Kenny. - Malik? Jimmy? - Let's go. Let's do this! - Let's go out there and win this game. Let's go, baby! The Huskies have hit the floor running. Start of the second half, they're on a 10-0 run. And they are fired up. Kenny Tyler, top of the key, for three! Kenny Tyler is lighting it up on both ends of the court now. O'Grady looks for someone. Gets it to Tyler on the wing. Tyler drives to the paint, the 15-footer. It's good. Kenny Tyler has electrified this crowd. They're on their feet. Holy smokes, Billy. Kenny Tyler's on fire. What an incredible performance by this young man. It really is, George. You love to see big players come up in big games. He's put this team on his back and he's carrying them tonight. Tyler fakes left, circles in, drives, jumpshot up and it is goodů - They're doing it, Mikulski. - Danny! Hit Lik. Hit Lik. O'Grady, the lob. Major with a slam! And, ladies and gentlemen, we have a ballgame. - Set up. I'm coming back now. - That's it. That's it! In. In, baby, right here! Go, Kenny! Go, Kenny! Major to O'Grady. O'Grady back to Tyler. Fakes left, goes right, fadeaway. He got it. - And the Huskies pull to within 11. - Right here! O'Grady now, over to Hrbacek. Way out on the wing. Sky-hook for three, and Zigi hit it from downtown for the triple. That's it, you American scum, that's it! Motion, baby. Motion. Olivera makes the lay-in to hold the lead at five. Two minutes. Two minutes and we down five, baby. Kenny Tyler cuts it down to three. Major into Tyler. Tyler fakes, high archer off the glass. He got it. And the double brings the Huskies to within two. And a time-out called by the Huskies. The Minutemen clinging to a two-point advantage with just 16 seconds left on the clock. OK, guys, 16 seconds left to a National Championship. We gotta keep Tyler from beating us. And then we run the three with Kenny, OK? Kenny, you make the shot, all right? Let's take this one home, fellas. This is it. This is what we came here for. - OK, come on. Dawgs up, you guys! - Dawgs up! Dawgs up! Come on, Zigi! UMass! And who would've thought the Huskies would even be in this position. 16 seconds on the clock. A chance at being a giant killer of the number-one team in the country. The Huskies are lining up. The Minutemen'll use man-to-man defense. We have to assume Pederson's made the call to Tyler for the game winner. Moore is all over LaSalle. He doesn't want a five-second call here. Finally, the in-bound is stolen by Tucker. And that is it. If they can hold on to it, the championship is theirs. Nine seconds to go. All UMass has to do is to occupy this ball. The Huskies step up the D, but time is running out. Somebody's gotta force a turnover or a foul here or this one's in the books. O'Grady on Tucker. We're down to seven seconds and counting. O'Grady on him like a pit bull, trying to make something happen. Five seconds left. Someone needs a play here. No turnovers. Don't turn! Tucker trying to pass to Olivera and Tyler gets a hand on it. - Here comes Tyler again. - Go! Go! Come on! Tyler again, he's got it. He goes up. I got it, Kenny! Ant, no! Let it go. It's good! Yeah! Oh, my God! Yeah! All the way! Number one! All the way! - We did it, baby! - No, you did it. I gotta go see the coach. I'll be right back, OK? OK. - Hey, RC! - Hey! Antoine. Wait! Antoine! Antoine! Antoine, wait! Ant! Antoineů We did it, baby. No, you did it, like I never let you do it before. And you looked good doing it, too. I had a good teacher. Yeah. They're calling me. They want me to play on the team. They said I might make the starting five if I learn not to hog the ball. - I love you. Come here, man. - I love you. It's OK. I love you. Bye, Antoine. No, no, no. No goodbyes. Cos I'll always be with you. Hey, it's like Pop says. If you and I stick togetherů ..anything can happen. You gonna be all right, man. But if you don't repeat next year, I'll be back. Here I come. Yeah! All right. All right! Yeah, baby! Huskies! Number one, baby! Yeah, Coach! Number one, baby! Huskies! Whoo! Huskies, baby! Huskies! Whoo! Yeah, baby! - That's our sixth man, isn't it? - Yeah, Coach. A and Ků all the way, baby. Yeah! Yeah! Yeah, baby! You the man, Coach! It's been fourteen minutes Since I dropped you off and My mind is still racing Now every thought I think about Is all about you With your two left feet And how you're just so sweet You got me falling Like a shooting star And you've got all my friends Sayin whoa oh oh ohh When I see you smile I need to know oh oh ohh Do your knees go weak Does your tongue get twisted Afraid to close your eyes Cause you might miss this I need to know, I need to know Is it like a rocketship That stole your heart Box it up and took it all the way to Mars I need to know, I need to know (Music) Two weeks and counting Since I saw you standing I've had facts and founding And every thought I think about Is all about you So here's the thing (the thing) I say what I mean No hiding back behind some clever line And you've got all my friends Sayin whoa oh oh ohh When I see you smile I need to know oh oh ohh Do your knees go weak Does your tongue get twisted Afraid to close your eyes Cause you might miss this I need to know, I need to know Is it like a rocketship That stole your heart Box it up and take it all the way to Mars I need to know, I need to know Cause every little thing bout you is makin' me Every little thing bout you is makin' me Go go go, go go go It's making me go go go crazy La la la la la La la la la la la hey La la la la la And you got all my friends Sayin whoa oh oh ohh When I see you smile I need to know Do your knees get weak Does your tongue get twisted Afraid to close your eyes Cause you might miss this I need to know, I need to know Is it like a rocketship Stole your heart (come on) Box it up and take it all the way to Mars I need to, I need to, I need to know Hey hey don't hesitate I can't wait wait one more day I need to know, I need to know Hey hey don't hesitate I can't wait wait one more day I need to know, I need to know Cause every little thing bout you is makin' me Every little thing bout you is makin' me Go go go, go go go It's making me go go go Crazy.. SUBTlTLES BY Pradeep [... please improve this beginin subtitle.... ] Our farm here is about 45 Ha in size and there is a 400 heiht difference across our farm At the bottom we are 110 above sea level all the way up to 1500m. That's a big difference 400m difference is commonly seen as challenging the land is very steep down to the bottom wich you can see here It has aspect that are challenging, but also many advantages We have, amongst other things, pond systems and we work simply wtih gravity and for example we can make electricity with this water trough the height distance, wich also stretches our growing seasons It make a difference, 11000-1500m ! Importantly here we work with terraces Only this way can we have a chance at growing crops Precipitation is around 750mm, not too much and not too little and that is why we manage it carefully with ponds and terraces and hold the water in the landscape The average temperature is around 5 celcius, which is relatively low But in perspective, we have only 1;7 days over 30 Celcius 25 days over 25 Celcius and about 160 days of frost and ice days! There's about 50 days of ice where there is no water flow We're now up at the highest boundary of the farm We're next to one of our many pond systems Water is one of our most important resources We try to use the water well and keep it in our landscape All our ponds fill with spring water We don't have so much water, so we try to use it effectively So we collect water and work with it in pond systems Water cascades from one pond to the next and from that we have built up the pond systems we have her This is a realy important point to obtain a yield from the water and retain it in the landscape as much as possible So we start with water at the highest point and we distribute it down though the land This is the highest pond wich feeds all the others A very important aspect is having a lot of structure in the ponds Our ponds are economies if you like in the sense they all produce something of benefit What the pond can produce, we can use We aim to have no imputs such as food, etc We work with the natural productivity of the pond So the structure is vital to supply that You need flat-zones and deep areas for the fish and other life, a regulated temperature and climate as it were in order to survive the harsh winter here when is really frozen We're creating this optimal structure like here with the flatzones and sunken tree roots wich allows us to have both fish and crayfish The crayfish are a local species which is important Another important point when working with these systems is to incorporate the edges of the ponds and build the systems around them We cannot use big ponds here because of the slope, but it's easy to use a lot of smaller ponds in an integrated system We can have one pondfor one reason, eg, productive flateones the next one with another fonction,eg, a deeper pond for bigger fish We can combine them very well, which is a huge advantage wich I will show you later, when we see all the different levels of ponds We are going to look at various other ponds, we have crayfish We have predators fish like trout, pike and zander as well our main stock of herbivore species like tench and carp Overall the crayfish are the main species that need a lot of structure in the ponds, and thats the fonction of what you see here This crayfish pond also has a small amount of tout, wich is the only predator I produces a lot of foo, and then downhill there are many more predator species This is how the systems work, abundant food sources up here can be distribued down throuh to the ponds below We have various animals here on the farm We have cows, horses and pigs We keep the animals outside all year round that means the whole year ! We chose robust breeds, these cattle are small wa want them to be free but not damage the land Smaller animals have less impact on this steep land We will see that as we explore, on the terrace slopes where trees hold the steep banks which from edges between the annual crops on the flat terraces which provides grazing, so the marginal spaces provide good grazing between flat crop rows So they're always out here on the slopes, whch is why we want light breeds Our cattle are a cross between a more local dwarf breed and Scottish Highland cattle and they have been very valuable to us Our aim is a small cow that is robust Animals are a very important part of ecology We have a lot of flat strips of land that we utilize the animals on we have steep edges and tree crops that we graze them in too Making good use of marginal land We need, so to say, space for the animals to graze that's not just for grazing, so we combine iti with forest systems So we combine ecologies like agroforestry with grazing to receive multiple benefits This terrace has Hugelbeds here you can cultivate, and the trees secure the banks We harvest the bemes form these trees for marmelade and Schnapps amongst other things The animals can graze between the trees wich helps with harvesting Without managing this bank it would soon be avergrown, we wouldn't be able to utilize it effectively We also need land for cropping, thats the point the animals are very important in this service, cleaning and fertilising land The terraces and the bushy edges Terraces for copping, bank for tree yields Here the animals are cleaning the marginal land on the banks maintening the fruit trees so that I can harvest The animals are really important on this hillside, performing additional function in this ecology Here's a grain crop growing on one of the terrace's These grass species are important on terraces, they hold the soil together well They build up the soil and stop erosion when we are working on the land Water is slowed when it hits the terraces and can infiltrate better so it does'nt flow of the front of the banks, stopping erosion this is an old Rusian Rye variety It's a very well adapted grain up here on the high slopes, it yiels very well We harvest this rye every 2 years We seed it in early summer We let it grow in the first year then graze or cut it late summer/ Autumn then the following year we harvest the grain It has the advantage this way of yielding better It grows better, stronger and the weeds are out cometed Without weed regulation it is a very nice result without much effort ! If we grew it annualy ther would be a lot mor weeds and les yield also So it a nice trick to grow it more naturally another benefit is that you can use it twice, grazing and cropping as well as allowing the soil longer to regenerate from disturbance you end up with more humus building up An important reason to have small terraces something that is not thought of often is that with smal rows you have more diversity of plants lots of edge You can see the growth is very dense, as it was cut and has grown back It's very naturally suppresing weeds as it is so vigourous Here on either side you have very good diversity of plants So with a small row crop on a small terrace you never have the problems associated with monocultures Any problems would be very containedregardless becaus of the small size And because we have these beneficial diverse edges around beds with no more than 2m to the middle we always have the maximum amount of life on the ground, wich is very important You can see this on other terraces where its clearer to see all this This is an exemple of a self managing grain crop It is very important we have our own grain... This is one of our earth cellars made with materials available here where we store our fruit and vegetables The main advantage of this structure is we can maintain the right temperature for storing produce with good humidity levels (without using power) The earth cellar has constant good airflow the outlet "chimney" is up at the highest point The air comes in from under the ground so it's cool and gets dehumidified (passing through a tube) It's all about the right temperature air coming into the cellar (stays at around 8 Celcius) Warm air carries more huidity than cold air So if I bring warm air in it will condense water If the air cools in the tube before it reaches the celar The condensed water will flow back out down the tube So it's farly, simple to dehumidify the air and cool this room producing an ideal climate here, without water [.?.] inside Below us are 3 terraces with fruit trees that we also bring animals in to perform ther fonctions both pigs and cows here so it gets grazed by those animals so this is our orchard system with tall stemmed pear and apple We obvicusly harvest fruit also make juice and the pig can eat the cover ripe fruits, feeding them also in this design We'll go an see the pigs, which eat greens in the summer then when we harvest thet also eat fruit in the Antumn Its another example of combined land use trees, pasture and animals giving additional feed for the animals as well as our crops This is our pig pen The pigs are also outside all year long but with dry shelter as you can see with this earth stable where they can stay outside and be rotated to new land While they are in this tmporary space they can find food themselves easly When they arrive on new land they eat the grasses They dig and eat roots and worms, etc... anything they can find This is their nature and then when they have eaten the majority of the food we feed them a little and they will still find anything else Then they go into a new patch which will allow the land to regenerate and that is the pigs cycle. The natural habits of these animals is into the forest and thats why we keep them in forested parts of the land This way they can find their own food and do not damge the land So the animals [.?.] that we cannot really work anyway storry[.?.] ground [.?.] Pigs belong on marginal land that is less useful to us places we can't work with machines or by hand, they are very complementary One can use the pigs natural [.?.] to do use full work, increasing productivity and clean the land It's the most effective animal for this. What we see here is a good exemple of an agroforestry system We combine level terraces and banks that are forested On the terraces we grow crops ans on the banks we secure the soil with the trees in order to add functional use you need a special system for the forest mimicking mid succession We haveproductive fruit trees and timber trees which yield harvest and secure the ground its obviously very steep, but we balance securing the banks with letting light into the terraces it must let light throught on productivity will go down and it will be hard to maintain generally We've designed this with different height layers fruit trees between tall timbers trees and other bushes and the growth in between is harveted for fuel The valuable timbers are left in stand and harvested when they are needed and we graze the land between and harvest kinling also This way we maintain the light on the terraces So we have fruits, timber, fuel and the slope is being stabilised the terrace are aither dropped or used as acces ways in the winter to harvest wood, etc... In principle this is the same system in a different stage of developement here it is an earlier stage of succession and we just decide what stays or goes The pioneer trees are growing of their own accord, we are not planting anything This pioneer stage is where we chose what we want in the system Do I want timber ? Or fruits ? And so we guide the development In a way this is a very ancient technique implemented in our past in a big way It seems to have been forgotten in the last 100 years.... but it's the ideal utilisation of this steep land where trees are essentiel to hold the soil All with goo productivity If I only have a terrace, production is limited But here I increase the productivity, stability and functionality of the land It's hard to see the terraces above but ther is one with potatoe, then one lying faloow This one is for access then below one with rye It looks like a forest a bit, and it's like that It's more like a mid succession forest yet with this feeling we can still produce more potatoes an grain than our neightbours do but mostly because people don't believe it is possible in this land We already talked about the water systems Heres a good example of ponds on different levels The waters constantly flowing down into each pond and here we have a pipe connecting the ponds and an overflow trench here the overflow is an important aspect It regenerate the water (oxygenates) You don't have to, but one should In principle we want to hold the water in the landscape Using it multiple times and so we must try to regenerate the water You cannot keep using it intensively without this so the system has different uses growing yields or cleansing plants so we can oxygenate and regulate the water and allow microorganisms to grow and get it ready for the next pond So this is a really important space when the water goes over these stones it's regenerateing ready for the next pond - it is very important We try to renforce the land between the ponds after every 5 or 6 ponds thera are ponds totaly full of water plants an flat zones that clear the water and then as it cascades down this rocky dich to the next pond Between these ponds the ditches are longer sometimes up to 100 m long so regennerated water enters the next pond in a perfect condition and even with high use the water quality is maintained This is important as we have a limited amount of water You have to decide to let something go or regenerate it With this system you are in a osition to use different structure according to needs So that it really works, so dividing up the water helps like on these slopes... So you can do something with thes flat zones the deep waters and the more open areas. This is the advantage of ponds on slope Here you see the ditch and with this pond, the potential to regulate the flow If I want to have fish I need to make the right conditions the more water the pond has the harder it is to catch the fish But If I can take water out of the pond It makes it all a lot easier And I don't lose the water, it goes to the next pond I want to use it again until I get to the last pond the crayfish, plankton, etc, I never lose thout of the system If I'm emptying one pond I can also fill it from the one above water can always be ready availiable and in big quantities despite the small spring flow It's available quickly if i need it A potential proble with the pond floor life can be avoided by refiling the ponds quickly It's really important to have this control to be able to fill the ponds from above Here I can demonstrate how to move water without the fish getting away by only taking water from the top level The system is very simple Its a flexible pipe with a 90 degree bend If you build it proparly with a flexible arm you can regulate the flow very easly We like it a lot as it is easy and quick 32.55[.?.] please improve yourself J'me tire, m'demande pas pourquoi j'suis parti sans motif I withdraw myself; I wonder why I left without a reason Parfois j'sens mon coeur qui s'endurcit sometimes I feel my heart harden itself C'est triste à dire mais plus rien n'm'attriste It's sad to say that nothing makes me sad Laisse-moi partir loin d'ici Let me leave far from here Pour garder I'sourire je m'disais qu'y a pire, In order to preserve my smile, I tell myself I've had worse than this Si c'est comme ça, bah fuck la vie d'artiste If it's like this, then fuck the artist's life Je sais que ça fait cliché d'dire qu'on est pris pour cible I know it's a cliche to say one is chosen as a goal Mais j'veux t'dire juste pour la rime But I just want to say things for the rhyme J'me tire dans un endroit ou j'serai pas I'suspect I withdraw, to a place where I won't be suspected Après j'vais changer d'nom comme Cassius Klay Then I will change my name, just like Cassius Clay Un endroit où j'aurai plus besoin de prendre le mic A place where I won't feel the need to take the microphone Un endroit où tout le monde s'en tape de ma life A place where the whole world won't tap onto my life J'me tire, m'demande pas pourquoi j'suis parti sans motif I withdraw myself; I wonder why I left without a reason Parfois j'sens mon coeur qui s'endurcit sometimes I feel my heart harden itself C'est triste a dire mais plus rien n'm'attriste It's sad to say that nothing makes me sad Laisse-moi partir loin d'ici Let me leave far from here Pour garder I'sourire je m'disais qu'y a pire, In order to preserve my smile, I tell myself I've had worse than this Si c'est comme ça, bah fuck la vie d'artiste If it's like this, then fuck the artist's life Je sais que ça fait cliché d'dire qu'on est pris pour cible I know it's a cliche to say one is chosen as a goal Mais j'veux t'dire juste pour la rime But I just want to say things for the rhyme Si j'reste, les gens me fuiront surement comme la peste If I'd stay, the people would avoid me like the plague Vos interviews m'ont donné trop de maux d'tête Your interviews just gave me more headaches La vérité c'est que je m'auto-deteste, faut qu'j'préserve tout c'qu'll me reste The truth is that I hate myself It's necessary that I preserve all that I have left Et tout ces gens qui voudraient prendre mon tel, allez leurs dire que je suis pas leur motel And to all the people who want to have my telephone number tell them that I'm not their role model Merci à ceux qui disent "Meugui on t'aime" malgré ta couleur ébène Thanks to them who say "we love you despite of your black colour" J'me tire dans un endroit ou j'serai pas I'suspect I withdraw, to a place where I won't be suspected Après j'vais changer d'nom comme Cassius Klay Then I will change my name, just like Cassius Clay Un endroit où j'aurai plus besoin de prendre le mic A place where I won't feel the need to take the microphone Un endroit où tout le monde s'en tape de ma life A place where the whole world won't tap onto my life J'me tire, m'demande pas pourquoi j'suis parti sans motif I withdraw myself; I wonder why I left without a reason Parfois j'sens mon coeur qui s'endurcit sometimes I feel my heart harden itself C'est triste a dire mais plus rien n'm'attriste It's sad to say that nothing makes me sad Laisse-moi partir loin d'ici Let me leave far from here Pour garder I'sourire je m'disais qu'y a pire, In order to preserve my smile, I tell myself I've had worse than this Si c'est comme ça, bah fuck la vie d'artiste If it's like this, then fuck the artist's life Je sais que ça fait cliché d'dire qu'on est pris pour cible I know it's a cliche to say one is chosen as a goal Mais j'veux t'dire juste pour la rime But I just want to say things for the rhyme J'suis parti sans motif, sans me dire I have left without saying a word Qu'est ce que je vais devenir Left without lying, without asking myself "What will I become?" Stop ! Ne réfléchis plus Meugui Stop! Don't think, Meugui Stop ! Ne réfléchis plus vas-y Stop! Don't think, just leave J'me tire, m'demande pas pourquoi j'suis parti sans motif I withdraw myself; I wonder why I left without a reason Parfois j'sens mon coeur qui s'endurcit sometimes I feel my heart harden itself C'est triste a dire mais plus rien n'm'attriste It's sad to say that nothing makes me sad Laisse-moi partir loin d'ici Let me leave far from here Pour garder I'sourire je m'disais qu'y a pire, In order to preserve my smile, I tell myself I've had worse than this Si c'est comme ça, bah fuck la vie d'artiste If it's like this, then fuck the artist's life Je sais que ça fait cliché d'dire qu'on est pris pour cible I know it's a cliche to say one is chosen as a goal Mais j'veux t'dire juste pour la rime But I just want to say things for the rhyme You can do it, champ! Try it again, but easy. Well done, that's it! They say that every story needs the words of its own. For my story, I couldn't find them for a long time. It began when words had dried up. Well done! You're genius! Last seconds of the game; Come on, let's do it now! Atta, boy! Kajevic Jr. will do the hook. Will he make it? Is the gold in our hands again? Kajevic, and he scores! Kaja, the champion! Kaja, the champion! The motherfuckers were close last night. I was blown off the ground! Enough for today! -What do you mean, enough? I'm in a hurry, man! I paid you 300 marks up front! What's the rush, when they're bombing us? I'm in a rush all the time. I'm a businessman! They say you're doing better than in the last war. Which one? -In both. People smoke more, the enemy is stronger now. Why? Do you think I should fight? -God, no! Just like the last time: You rolling in mud, me pushing cigarettes. One man falls, another fills his pocket. -Way of the world! You telling me I'm not patriotic?- By no means. When I'm through, you'll be a 100% fucking Serb! Right! And you gotta do more work and talk less. Up your ass! -Up yours! What did the doctor say? The bombs scared the kid, so he's a bit.silent. Did he prescribe any medicine? -He'll get over it. -When will he get over? -lf he hadn't been here, it wouldn't have happened. Hey mom, take the kid to the other room. It's my fault I let the kid stay here... when they're bombing us! -They could have hit anywhere. They could have hit your place. -But they didn't. You're bad luck. You simply attract disasters. -Absolutely. Since I attracted you. I take him to spend one night here because my mother's ill. So what? -Whenever I rely on you, it all goes wrong. Everything went wrong since you took him and left me. I've felt a 100% percent better since I left you. Listen, Tijana. He doesn't feel better! You heard what the doctor said: a happy family life! That's what he needs. And you and me, we'd manage somehow. He needs safety, normal life - that was what the doctor said! No drinking with the jerks! -Nor staying with your mom! If my mother weren't that ill. I would take both of them to Italy! And he would start speaking right across the border? I would start singing! Come on, move your ass! I said, get up! Move your ass over here! Your sis says you're on it again. -Everybody's talking. Let them babble! It isn't true, dad! -I don't give a shit about your life. But if they talk again that my son's smoking weird tobacco, I'm gonna beat the shit out of you. I swear by my mother's... -Leave you late mother alone! She was a wimp, just like you are. She's lucky she didn't live to see what I see now. Watch what you're doing, wimp! I'm sorry, bro. -Piss off! Siske! Hey, Siske! Hi, Zuba! What do you want? I told you not to come back. I want you to do that butterfly for me. -I told you I won't. I've got money. -I don't care about your money! You know what that butterfly means? That's what whores have on them. Maya and Beba have it. -Because they are whores! Oops, sorry! I didn't see you there! You're on now. -I am. Do I know you? -My mom lives here. Pavlovic? The little Pavlovic girl? Do you remember me? We were in the same class. I don't think so. -My father was in the army. So, we'd moved to Sarajevo. Turcinovic, remember? Turca? Oh, yes. How did you say we called you? -Call me Josie now. I gotta get back home before the alarm. -Hang on! Pick one of those. -I have a boyfriend. He doesn't like to wait. -Come on. What's your boyfriend's name? -Ufonja. -Oh, Ufi! What are you doing with that guy? -None of your business. Well, it is. You pretty, he an asshole. I'm gonna tell him that. -Oh, I'm scared shitless! I'm off. Ciao! Hey, Josie, hang on! Don't miss your big chance, Josie! I hope they won't bomb here again. They blasted everything. There's nothing left. I'm gonna die waiting for a taxi here. You're gonna die rushing. -Somebody's gotta rush, and that somebody is me. 'Cause you are the legend of the 'hood. Almost a great player.-We didn't get along in normal times. Why don't we try it now? Take me across the river. -Yes, if you pay for the fear. Be a good boy, honey. And listen to your daddy. Take care of him, Kaja, please. -OK, Tijana. I'm gonna bring him some clean stuff tomorrow. Need any dough now? -Sure, for some ice cream and beer... How much do you need? -I'm only kidding. Buy something for Jovan. -I don't need it. If you wanna go across the bridge, let's get moving. They're gonna blast the bridge while you're kissing. And I've already had a bath. Hey, sis, please don't! I can stand the bombs, but when someone starts crying. Where's your kid? -Upstairs. Asleep. Hey folks, this summer's gonna suck bad. Why do you think so? -The bombs are dropping and you ask me why! -It could be worse. It can always get worse here. But it can never get better. When it was better here? -Ten years ago. We went to Sutomore, on the coast. They bombed Sutomore... -That was yesterday, and we were there 10 years ago. And 5 years ago, we were camping in Greece. -It was cool. Sure, you were with Tijana we only had our hands. And, last year. -What the fuck happened last year? A basketball tournament here. The dudes from the city came. Here, on our court? We can play here even now, but we can play "The Lost Brigade". We beat the shit out of them didn't we? -We sure did. We were mean. -You are a mean player. Zuba, Come on! And you're bragging 'cause we've beat some suckers. Remember those upstarts in expensive gear? They didn't know shit. -We're naturals, man. Cut the bullshit, you jerks! Look at yourselves! There's no Sutomore, no Greece for us. We can't go across the border. All we can get here are alerts and that shit falling on us. That's what I said: it's gonna suck bad. Let's rebuild it? -What? The court. Why, we get rid of the mess, lift the basket. And there's a new court! -You're nuts, man. That basket probably weighs 3 tons. Who will lift that? It can be done in three days, I promise! You really are smart, man! Rebuild the court! Well, unless a bomb razes us to the ground. Or unless our anti-aircraft take cover in here. Or unless they decide to send their troops 'cause they have nothing better to do, or unless we starve to death, or unless we get drafted. Then perhaps we'll mend that court some day. I'm gonna get some sleep. This war is fucking boring. What's wrong with him? -He's nuts or something. They are early tonight! -I'll see you. Come on, let's go! Hey, champ! Let me tell him something, mom, please. Are these bastards bothering you? lgnore them. You gotta sleep. We're gonna practice the hook tomorrow. You'll master it a 100%. Dad will clean up the court and coach you. But you gotta sleep, get some rest till tomorrow. Come on! Zuba! -What's up? An earthquake? Another bombing? -I want my butterfly. Fuck the butterfly! You need a pimp, not a tattoo. You're a bastard. -I know. Why didn't you come downstairs? -Where? -In front of the house. Everybody's there. Kaja's giving a speech. He's probably organizing a fucking May Day parade. Fuck! This guy is out of his mind! So, what do you say? Who can guarantee they ain't gonna blast us again? People start to relax, and they come back and boom! Gonna fly high in the sky. -Bye-bye new court, bye-bye! OK, what now? Got a better idea? You wanna spend the whole summer in the shelter? I just said: "Let's rebuild the court!" I don't say it's a big deal. It's nothing much, but. Have you ever been fucked when you did what I said? We've always been fucked when we did what you said. Come on, fuck off. We can do it, really! I say you can't! What's your fucking bullshit, Kaja? These are dangerous times. You gotta try to survive. Make yourselves useful; go sell some cigarettes for me. You know when you're gonna rebuild it? Never! Wanna bet? -Against who? Me.We're gonna make it in 3 days. What are you gonna bet? A slice of pie? -Deutschmarks. Oh, marks! OK, I'll bet you 500 marks you won't make it. -500 marks! You could buy a used car! Too much! Suck my cock! -Stop swearing, fucker! You can't collect 500 marks?! Hey guys, can anyone lend me 300 marks? No small change, man. -I left them in another suit. I'll give you 300 marks. -Very generous! Atta boy! You're my hero now! You heard him, chicken? Looks like it's getting serious now. Why are you putting him on? -Cut the crap! OK, no more kidding. 500 marks till Monday. Here's my hand, yokel! -Fuck you, oaf! -Cut, Kaja. You're cool. And I was a bastard some time ago! -You just pretend. I know it, I keep telling everyone. You just pretend you're bad, but. - I'm cool? Sure, I'm cool. How come I didn't see it a minute ago? You gave him 300 marks. -I don't care about 300 marks. I just wanted to see the fucker's face. What do you blame him for? -All, but that's another story. They're never gonna make it. They know it and you know it. Shitty kids. If they survive this shit, that will be their big success. You belong to the young batch of their breed. A chick with little brains, who'll graduate 'cause the teachers are starving. Your friends are whores and you hope that I'll do you that butterfly to help you to a better start as a hooker. How can you say that?! -What? -Things like that. Because it's true. -It is not. -Yes, it is. -No! -Yes! Hey guys, we gotta drink to it! You gotta toast before each big effort. And then, tomorrow, slowly. -It's no rush, man. No work on Easter. -We'll work when it gets cold. Hey, Jovan! Come over here. Take this to your dad. When your dad was playing, Djordjevic was on the bench. Jovan! There goes the beer! -Honey... Are you OK? For sure? Hi, Tiki. Hello, everybody! Everything as usual? We stick to our ways. -Where have you been all this time? Hi! -Hello! We're rebuilding the court. It's a lot of work. -That much work could kill you. We're just getting things ready. I talked them into it. Jovan's having a great time. Cool, but I gotta go. I brought some clean stuff for Jovan. How's your mom? -A little better. I'll try to catch a couple of hours tomorrow. We can make a barbecue. The guys always ask for you. -I'm touched. I thought, something like a beach party. Good, old times, remember? -Jovan, see you tomorrow, honey. Hold on! Kaja, please try not to let him get hurt, OK? -I'll try. See you! Jovan the champ! Now you know it's yours and no one can take it. We'll make the court tomorrow, Jovan. It's gonna be the best in town. You know who's gonna play here? Rebraca, Bodiroga and Djordjevic against Siske, Turca, me and you. Yeah. You know how tall this Rebraca is? As a mountain, son! Daddy's gonna put you on his shoulders and you're gonna slam-dunk above Rebraca's head. We're gonna beat the shit out of them, you'll see. Mommy's gonna cheer for us. You know she likes to cheer, for the winners. She's gonna yell: "Kaja, Jovan, Kaja, Jovan!" The whole 'hood's gonna support us and we'll win. Fuck! Let's go! Time to go to bed. Fuck, they're giving us hell! Don't they know that Divac is a Serb? - So what? Would you bomb Michael Jordan's country? -I would if I had the weapons. -Give us the sausages. See you, guys! -Hey, grab a sausage! Any news, old man? Just the bad ones. -Bad or worse? The worst. That's what I like about you; you know how to cheer up people! Can't you keep the noise down? Hey, where have you been? Sobering up, like everyone else. Can't I have some peace and quiet? -Yeah, sure, why not? No way! Hey, come on, quick! Come on, let's give it a push! Hey guys, where's Misa? His mom is a bit scared. -She worries a lot, you know. Hey, kid. -Leave me alone! Are you kinda angry with me? I don't need your tattoo. I need nothing from you! Everything around you is filthy. It makes me sick! Me too. Hello, is that you, Tijana? He's OK, still sleeping. It wasn't that bad last night. Some soft bombs, they say. I'd hang them all in the center of Belgrade both the NATO guys and our warmongers. God forgive me! He woke up. Probably heard it's you. Would you like to say something to mom? Jovan, are you there? Mom will drop by to play with you, OK? We're going on a trip soon. Then mom will be with you every night. You should see him listening and nodding. OK, Tijana, bye. Say hello to your mother. Give her my best. Woe is me, when kids have kids! Maybe we're not angels, but we're not the worst people. Why, we aren't done yet. Blisters already? -Delicate skin, eh, Siske? I didn't lift anything heavier than a joint in years. Check him out! Atta, boy! Are we gonna build the best court in town, or are we? Come out on your terrace And hail the Serbian race! Come out on your balconies To hail the champions! God help us! God help us! Why don't you cut it out? -What's up, old man? We're just cleaning up the mess. -You'll suffocate us! As if the terror from the sky weren't enough! That guy in the AWACS can tell time from your watches. Do you want to have them bomb us again? What did you say? They'll bomb us again? We're just cleaning up. You can close your windows. I know you well, Kajevic. You made even little Misa come downstairs! What's the matter, old fart? No one made me do anything! If you want to clean, why don't you clean the shelter? I cleaned it up this morning! -Did you hear it? She cleaned it up! We're no rats to spend the whole summer in the shelter. Don't argue with him, just screw him! Misa, come back inside! I'll tie you to the bed! And you want to play while the bombs are falling on us! Why don't you join the army and serve your country? What are you yelling for? Who's yelling? What are you two doing? -Working. -Drinking. Beer?! In this heat?! You need booze when it's hot! Wanna some booze? -Better have one for us. -For you? Sure. And for the two of you? OK? What about you? -You don't drink anything for me. -Never mind. I'll drink for you too. Come on! I knew it! What's up, guys? Looks like some rusty kind of job? Don't worry, Kaja. We'll fix everything up. Hey, where do you think you're going? Don't make uncle Toza pull out your ears! Hey guys, it's snowing! Let me see! Who needs toilet paper? Look what a lousy print! Saving on us, motherfuckers? If they were throwing out dollars, we wouldn't mind. You're right. Maybe they'll throw those 500 marks for you. Come on, guys, back to work! You'll never win your bet if you don't work. Hold on, your dad's coming. You didn't say hi! -Hi! I didn't see you come in! You were working hard. I can't believe it. You didn't believe we were gonna do it. -To be honest - I didn't. I can't remember when I saw you working last time. Kaja's got some surprises for you. I must take a bath: I reek like hell. - You do. As if you've just come back from the training. Where have you been? -Why? Do you take your dumplings with sugar? - Yes, thank you. Staying for dinner? -I'll stay the night. Your mother has let me. If you don't mind. I do mind. It's an invasion of my privacy. But if you wash the dishes, massage my back etc... .then it's OK. I can't stand another night without him. Go take your bath. Your athlete's torso's just too much. -Ex-athlete's torso. It's because of my mom. A nurse is with her. In case she calls. Don't be embarrassed about the mobile. We are family. See how good you look when you're doing some work? Tijana, I'm a 100% OK! I swear by my mother. I'm not old yet. Look! -You haven't grown up yet! You're somewhere on Jovan's level, believe me. That used to turn you on, Tiki. -It did, once, Kaja. Why not again, Tiki? -You had us! Like a game won! But you lost us. The game is over. -I counted on some overtime, but... Hey, what are you doing? -Aren't he dumplings great, son? I let him spend 3 days with you, and look at him! Hey, what's the big deal? -One kid's enough for me. But two... Too many and two much. I forgot to tell you, son. That friend of yours from Spain, Djordjevic, called today. Sasha called me? -Yes. I didn't know you were in touch. -What a nice guy he was! Kaja used to play with him. Then he moved away. He's in our national team. -Love is what counts. The national team? You're in it today, tomorrow you're out. And what did Sasha say? -He wants to recommend you for a job in Italy. He asks if we need anything. They are early tonight! I'll get some candles. -Come on, honey! Easy, Tijana. Don't panic. -I just want to take him to bed. Probably a graphite bomb. There's a total black-out. Cemetery candles! -They're for dad's anniversary. Let's go to our room, honey. Mommy's gonna put you in bed. She'll tell you the story of a boy, Peter Pan, who lived in the Never-Never Land and didn't want to grow up. He was that kind of man. Good night. Danka, why did you start lying in you old age? Everybody lies today and so can I. It's for your good. Shame on you. -Shame on you! I've got no money, No cigarettes, I've got no wife by my side, I've got no home, no luck, Nobody cares for me. Oh, how I'd like to get stoned, Any kind of drug would do. I wouldn't control my brain, I'd rather blast it with a gun. Cigarettes are like food When a man has no wife. Did you grasp that Danka was lying? -I did. I like the girls in summer dresses. I like the girls in summer dresses. I kiss their backs. I can feel the fragrance of resin... Tonight my ship found her harbor. If I were you, I'd fall in love with me. If I were you, I would. But I'm not. Sorry. I have things to do. Oh, good morning. There will be no tears today, eh, sis? -Not today. I promise. I can see it's a different story. Love or something. Something. Love and war... Hey, where are we going? -Hey, wait for me! How come your mom let you out? -She can't play it cool. Here it is. This is it! -You sure it's a basket? It looks better than the one we have. A little rusty, but solid. -As hard as my cock. Let's try to lift it. It's in one piece. -We'll die hauling it to our court. Come on, guys. You can do it without me. Where are you going? -I've got a situation over there. I'd like to have that situation myself. We won't forget this, Turca! -Hey, Josie! Hold on! I feel awful being here. -A nice place for a walk. Authentic Yugoslav ruins. A must for tourists. Come on, Josie. Come on, let's take a walk. The cafeteria was over there. That crazy dentist's office over there. Such a prick he was, it's good they'd blasted it. Are you afraid of radiation? -Yes, terribly. Don't you feel that something radiates between the two of us? I'm sick. -Hey, check this out! Probably meaning: "Hey, wanna play three on three?" "Let's have a ball" means "let's have some fun". It can also mean. -Sure, sure it can. Your English is perfect. -You fool! Let's sit down. Come on. I was in Sarajevo when the shellings started. We ran a little, we fought a little. Did some funny and crazy stuff. When I came here, I thought: "It's over." And look at me now: Under fire again! Is that why you're all smile? You've seen it all before? I finally grasped that nothing's too terrible. If you look at it the right way, anything can be fun. Nothing has to be really terrible. You see? You're not cheerful; you're crazy. -Same thing. What now? -What now?! Let's weld the basket! How do you mean to weld it? With your nails? Let's bring the cables, the gear. What cables? It's a black-out. -The power's back. I know what we need. Misa, come with me. We'll be right back. Hello! -Hi! What are you doing with the tools? Dad's gonna kill you. If you rat on me, I'll shave you with this stuff. Let's go! Where are you going? This is the safest place. And you think that's funny? But, we love each other. -You're nuts. Josie. Josie, hold on! Josie! I'm gonna fuck you bad because of this, aggressors! Let me show you something! Hold it! - Don't you see what you're doing? - So? That's not the way to do it. You used up the electrodes. I'm gonna get some new ones. What are you doing? We're doing the court. I thought you knew it. Doing the court? -Yes. Looks like you've been welding? -Yes. I can imagine how well you welded it! You know, it's gonna be a real basketball court. I thought this situation was gonna make you grow up! You're just fooling around. -What do you want, old man? When you're not working, you just sit here, smoke, and you can't wait to pick on me! What was it I did to you? Come on, tell me! God did it to me; to let me have a son like you! I've grown up in ruins. But I had balls all my life! I gave you everything, to your mother and you! Was it my fault your mother died? Was it my fault you became such a wimp? Fuck you, old man! You'll never gonna have what we had. We've built everything and you can't even make a fucking basketball court. Hey, Marlboro! Look how the works progress and get your 500 marks ready. When he gives me that dough, we're gonna party till dawn! That's the right height. It's OK. Looks pretty low to me. -It looks too high to me. No, it's fantastic. -It's too high. -Come on, ask Kaja. It's OK, it's cool. Don't sit on the ball son, come on. The height is right, but it looks somewhat. like it's crooked. Anything looks crooked after a bottle of brandy. You're a very interesting man, neighbor. OK, let's check the height. Come over here, son. Come on, shoot! It's 3,05 m. I guarantee. Give me five, son! -Ufonja. Wonderful. But now you'll have to take it back to where you found it. What do you mean, back? -The basket. It belongs to us. You shouldn't have touched it. That's stealing. What are you talking about? Since when it belongs to you? Just a heap of rusty iron. -Who are you to say that? You stole our basket! You know what they do to thieves? What? What? -OK, I see. You came here because of the chick. Ufi. I know you came here because of Josie. And she chose a better, prettier and smarter man. I don't give a shit for that slut. I want the basket back! Why don't we settle this the civilised way? -How? I mean, I'm gonna beat the shit out of you! Hold on! Cut that! Jovan, give me the ball. Let's play three on three up to 21 . OK? So, what do we do after we win? Well, if you win you can take the basket with you. If you lose, it stays here. You can even drop by to play. No way! -Why? You don't dare, do you? Fuck you! He can't do it. -What you mean, he can't? Hold him! Where's the other basket? That's the problem! You gotta fly to win! We started, we started! Fuck you! -No, come on, get away! What the fuck is it? Cover him Turca, please! That's right! Do it, man! How are you, guys? -Hey, hello! Just another foul like that. Do it! Didn't I tell you it was too low? -How you welded it. I'm gonna weld your mouth! Victory? I'm buying beer! -First dibs! -And cigarettes! How are you, Tiki? You were good. You can still score. Well, not like I used to be... What are you doing here? -I came to see you play... Are you putting me on? -I gotta go before the alarm. Wait, wait... Do I look alittle like I used to? -Just a little. You sure are hot for me! -Come on, dream on! Bye bye. Here's some coffee for you. -Thank you. No, thank you. I'm having beer. -A strange taste. The water is two days old. A little stale, smells of pipes. Thank you, we're having beer. -No, thanks. What about Josie? -No problem, buddy. I wanted to dump her anyway. She's become a bore. Fucking hysterical: "They're bombing us!" "They're bombing us!" Just go ahead and cope with her. I'll try. I have a way with women's hearts. -Do you? They're bombing us again! Let's split! Danka, Danka, come on, quick! Did Tijana call? -Yes, she's arrived home. -She has? Here's the vest. Here's the bag. Quick! Mihailo! Misa! -I'm here, mom. What's the matter, mom? And then Hercules jumped on Pegasus and flew back. Try to catch some sleep now, son. He isn't afraid of anything, grandma's treasure! Kaja, there's a game on TV. -I'll wait till he's asleep. Can we agree on the idea that the quality of one's life can be measured on the scale of fulfillment of his ambitions? One smoke and you got stoned, man! My grandfather was a farmer. That's what he wanted to be. My father is a laborer. He always wanted to be one. What about me? -That's what I'm asking. What about you? Is my wish gonna come true? -What would you like to be? A lover. You'd better try to be a laborer or a farmer. Come on, grab yourself a beer. Here you are, Turk! You're the big tiger here, right? I'll bet you a 100 marks they will blast the bridge. Are those 500 marks ready? We already played on the court. It's OK, Turk, it's OK. Suck my cock! Josie, where have you been? It's me, Turca, the pretty one? Didn't you see me? Don't worry, it'll be over soon. Don't worry. Get away from me! -OK, I'll get away. We're gonna suffocate! We're gonna suffocate! We're all gonna die here! Let me go! -I'm off. Where to? -Out of here! Where do you think you're going, woman? Come back here! -Let me go! What's wrong with you? -Let a bomb kill us all! I can't stand this any more! I'm sick! Hey, Josie, remember my scar? You know how I got it? Do you know how? -How? We were running away from Sarajevo. Behind the zoo, where the nuthouse is. Their snipers are here, our snipers over there. I take a look to the left and spot a cherry tree. Branches overloaded with fruit. I feel like I could die for a cherry. I say, what the hell, and set off toward the tree. As soon as I put the first cherry in my mouth, they open fire! I thought I was done. I haven't touched a cherry for five years since that day. What does this have to do with cherries? Nothing. Important thing is that you don't get scared. And I never got to try cherries again. Here's some water. What have I got from my life, guys? How many girls did I have? Nothing! You want me to count them for you? Watch now. There was one in Makarska, on the beach. One in Titograd, while I was in the army. Two. Have a seat, Seka, please! -The tally's three and a half! I ain't counting heavy pettings in the doorways. Nothing for my potentials! I have a whole life to live! Seka, come and sit here. You're pretty, you see. But you look sad. Are you OK? Come on, tell me. Zuba hasn't come down. Probably screwing some chick upstairs. While we're wasting time here. Are you OK, son? Don't be afraid, please. Are you alive, Zuba? -Fifty-fifty. It depends. What's the matter? Are you OK? -They razed their basket. I was right, they ain't gonna make it. I though you didn't care. -I don't. Move you legs, son. Leave it that way, ma. I'll clean it up. I gotta call Tijana first. She isn't answering the phone. Where were you? I've just called. Take it easy, please! Calm down, Tijana! -Just hold me, Kaja, please. You never know when to hold me! I was trying to call all night long. I was worried about you and Jovan. Let me look at your hand. I don't know what to do, Kaja. Does it hurt? What if he never speaks again? -It has to sting a bit. I'm staying here! We should all stick together now. Did they bomb near you? -Worse than ever. How's your mom? -Shivering and trembling. A neighbor's with her while I'm here. You gotta go, Tiki. -I can't. Be reasonable, please. Don't you see they've run amok? It's getting worse all the time. What about the Italian visas? -I can't think about that now. We must think about it! -Just shut up and hold me. What's up, champ? Wanna pee? You don't need a butterfly. You need something else. And what have you got? Me? Nothing, 'cause I don't believe in anything. What about me? Do you believe in me? You? -I don't care for that butterfly. What I really wanted was to be with you. I don't know why; you're ugly, boring and fat. And I still wanted you. So? Do you hate me now? -I can't hate you. I don't know how to do it. -You can learn to hate. Go home now. Come on. Did mom teach you the numbers? Do you know what number was on dad's dress? -Seven. What did you say? Jovan, what did you say? Come on, say it again, please! Come on, son. Come on, say it again! Danka, he spoke up! - What? -He said "seven"! Jovan, is that true? Hello, Tijana! -Yes? -You know what happened? -What? Jovan spoke! -Oh, come on! -Honest to God! -How? He just said "seven". I asked him what my number was. He said "seven". -Don't make things up. -I'd never do that. Let him tell you himself. Come on, tell your mom. Tell her what you. Tell her. Come on. No, he won't do it now. But he really did it. Really! OK, Kaja. I'll call you. -OK. How are you, Toza? -Who is it, son? -Toza. I'll bring 500 marks for you. -It was a mistake, they say. Mistake, my ass! I'm sorry. -I know you have a heart of gold. I'll bring the money. -Hang on. What do you say: let's forget about the bet? Why? -I love to win, but not with their help. Without them, you'd have made it. Then you should give me 500 marks. -Turk. you know. Come with me, I'I lget you the basket. Jovan just spoke. Welcome to our modest celebration! It's your court, Turk, after all. I'd have missed anyway. And, suck my cock! Let's go, guys! Let them idle, but we've got work to do. You, Kaja? -Me? It's OK, buddy. Just don't be late, please. Why are you fooling around? This country's in war, and you're fooling around! Go fuck you! Do it quick. Yes, buddy, I was waiting for you 1 5 days. Do you have a cigarette? -I'll call you later. What's your name? -Seka. Come on? Seka? I'm Toza. -Pleased to meet you. Are you from the 'hood? -Yes, I live here. I've never seen you before. A cigarette, eh? -Yes. Take this. -All of them?! Thank you. -Thank you. What's the matter with you, you drunken swine?! Wait until I come upstairs to tattoo your fucking brain! I'll come down and stick those cigarettes up your ass! OK, I'm waiting for you! I'm sick and tired of you, jerk! What's up? Leave me alone! -Come here! I gotta go home. What did you do with him? -None of your business! It is! Get in here! He just gave me cigarettes. -You don't know him. I'm sick of your lecturing! Sorry. - What for? -Everything. Her name was Jelena. -Whose? You sister's? She was 1 7. Just like you are now. I was drafted and our grandma died and my best friend managed to dodge the draft. I thought it was a good thing; he would take care of her. And so he did. What happened? He took her to Amsterdam. He came back; she did not. And you don't know what happened to her? -No idea. Maybe she's OK. -Then she'd have called. Why don't you ask that friend of yours? Toza? I wanted to kill him. When I stuck a gun barrel in his mouth, he told me she ran away from him with some criminal. And I believed him. Am I the only one whom you've told that? Yes, though everybody knows it. Come on, pick out a card. Remember which it is. Why don't you tell me what card I picked out? How the hell do I know what card you picked out?! I've got something for you. -Really? Cherries! They may start shooting from somewhere. -They won't. Yes, this is the great quality of these guys. The awkwardness, poor play. Yes, yes, all these misses! Come on! Here's your inquisitor! -Yes. Come on, shoot! Come on, hit it! Would you like to play? -Move your ass back home! Come on, hard hats, would you like to play? -Why not? OK, but let's play a men's game! -OK. OK, let's play three on three, up to eleven points. It's one - nil. Ciao. -Hi. Balls, kid! Come on, bro, that's it! It's 1 1 - 8. Let's go to my place. -He plays well, your kid. I coached him. -The kid's got balls. Did Tijana call, mom? What did you say? -Did Tijana call? -Not yet. Looks so calm tonight. -I don't know why they're late. Hey, what are you doing, champ?! Would you like to massage your dad's back? Come on, step on me. Yes, that's it! Hey, take it easy! How come you're here so early? -I came to take Jovan. We are leaving. Where to? -To a safe place. Far away from here. What will happen to Kaja, Tijana? Hey, bravo! Where were you, Tiki? A bit early, aren't you? I came to pack his stuff. -Champ's going home? No, I'm taking him to Italy. I've got the visas. Hey, hold it, son. Hold it. Where are you, honey? Pity you weren't here yesterday. It was great. Everybody came out. As if the situation was normal. Have you seen the court? -What are you talking about? I'm taking him to Italy and you're talking about the court! You should have seen him! He started to speak. I wanna say, I finally did something. It isn't much, but it's something. I did something for Jovan. I did it to make him think of something else. Are you still talking about it? -You should have been here. Everything was abnormally normal, like ten years ago. I thought that this thing has made us. somehow closer after all. -Kaja, I still love you, but it won't make me stay. -Why is it your only way to tell me that you love me? Why?! Hello, taxi! Please send a car to 4th Boulevard No. 70. In three minutes? Yes, thank you. So, you managed to get the visas? I thought we might talk some more about it. Kaja, you said it yourself. Jovan should live a normal life. This place won't be normal even in ten years time. Jovan! Jovan! Hey, honey! Come on out of there, please. Honey, we're gonna take a trip. Across the sea. Eh? Come on, sweetheart. Don't you wanna go with your mommy? Hey, champ, please don't hide there. Do you know how you become a real champion? When you come out to play when it's hardest. And win. When Djordjevic and the guys come to play here, I'll let you know, so that mom can take you here. You know? OK? Come on! No son, it's your ball. Take it with you. I'm overloaded. I can't take this one too. It's my present for him, Tijana. I made you some lemonade and sandwiches for the trip. Jovan likes grandma's sandwiches the best. You shouldn't have. Come on, honey. Listen, Kaja, you really did miracles with that court. You really surprised me. But I need greater miracles to make me stay here. What shall I do? I'll practice to work great miracles. Hey, champ. Come on. Tijana!!! Tijana!!! What is it, honey? -Seven. What are you doing here? You wanna stay here all day long? Nothing. Everything is OK. Lousy weather. A hard day for both NATO and us. You're a nice guy, Turca? Has anyone told you that? Chicks mostly. Let's have a beer together, come on. No, I'll stay here for a while to cool down. Bye. I know. Dad was buried on Thursday. The ceremony was a quiet one. A lot of people died in these days. Zuka and Siske didn't fight any more. They didn't talk too much, either. They were just sitting in silence. Turca talked Josie into going with him to Greece. They made it across the border and left the country. He promised to teach her to laugh again. Misa was the first to get drafted. Many others were called-up after him. Come on, private. Go there and grow up. See you. It's you. Looks like you, doesn't it? I couldn't have done it better, I was looking at the mirror. No one plays any more. I couldn't sleep because of the noise from the court. Now I can't sleep because of the silence. When are you gonna finish that tattoo? Never. Come on, you try. I'd surely have missed. Tijana went to Italy and she got married later. I started speaking again, but in Italian. But I've never forgotten my mother tongue. Translation: Review: Olivera Maric Distribution: ClNEMA DESlGN >> Welcome to week one and session one of my Know Thyself course with Coursera. Thanks very much for joining me I look forward to learning with you this semester this, throughout the course of this experience. So once again my name is Mitch Green and I wanted to talk a little bit about the way in which we'll run the course. The way in which it'll be organized and I will then talk a little bit about some of the main point, one of the some of the topics in the material that we'll be going over. So the first idea is this to keep in mind, you'll be watching for every week there'll be lectures and that will be streamed online to laptop or other computer. You'll be watching two lectures and each lecture will be broken up into five or six different segments, each of which might be between seven and ten minutes long. So, what we'll suggest is that you watch a segment, take a break, perhaps do something that I've asked you to do. Like, for example reflect on a question, write a little essay, engage in a meditative moment and then you'll open up your computer, sit down your laptop, whatever it is. And watch the next segment all the way to the end for that lecture that's the main kind of method by which that they are engaging with the course material, but also hope that because we will have discussion boards, we will have lots of online presence we'll hope that in the cause of watching a single lecture or after you have watched and then try a series of them you will share with us your thoughts, your comments, your questions Now, when you're watching one of the video lectures you'll occasionally see a little in-video quiz pop up. It will have a couple of questions and you'll be asked to answer those questions before you move on to the latter part of that lecture segment, and then the questions should not be terribly challenging. It'll just be. The, by way of making sure that you're following the material. Have a basic understanding of what's being said and if you don't you can go back to the beginning of the lecture, watch it again, in order to make sure you understand the material. That's one thing. Also throughout the course we'll be, and generally speaking at the end of each lecture series, or hour long, roughly hour long series of segments. You'll be asked to answer a short essay question. That essay might be 350, 500, 750 words, in which you'll be engaging with some of the material we've discussed. You'll be expressing your view, also trying to justify and explain, and clarify as best you can. So that will be part of your work for the course. Every week thereabouts, or thereabouts you'll be having a short essay that will be asking you to write. So the idea is going to be we want you, for the most important part I want you to be actively engaged with this course even though there are many thousands of you spread throughout the world and getting involved in The Know Thyself Course, we want your active engagement as much as possible. That will be taking the quizzes in the middle of the video that will be writing the essays that will be responding to other people's work and if raw pass will also get involved in the discussion board that will be associated with this class, raising questions, making comments, showing your observations. I might not myself always be able to respond to everything you write. Because there are many students in the class, but my hope is that either I or one of my teaching assistants will be able to do just that. A few other things, in a moment we will be moving on to our first experience with a meditative moment. Something that I hope you will cultivate throughout this class, in which you will be engaging in a brief meditative activity. So that will be one important part of, of your participation in the course. Again, I want to emphasize, we want as much as possible for you to get involved, share your observations. We'll also be thinking about ways of breaking up all of the students into various subgroups either by nationality, by area of interest or perhaps creating certain villages of people even if their spread around the world. We might create a village in which you've got a lot of people of lots of different types that all form a group of, let's say 150 or 200, that will communicate with each other even though there's a lot of diversity within that group. That could be an exciting and satisfying way to go as well. So I want you to think about the way you'll be engaging with the course. What you might be looking for to get out of it and how to do your best work as a student in this course. And again, this course is going to be about the nature of the self, the nature of self knowledge. Why it's important, what exactly it is, what its limitations are, and as I say why it's important, why if anybody we should care about the nature of the self. Why it's something that we should strive for if in fact it's something that we should strive for. See you in a moment. I am Diane Bisgier and i was very interested by WebFWD after having a history of entrepreneurship working with startups and in startups for most of my career. WebFWD is a way for Mozilla to accelerate innovation around Open Web beyond the walls and the preview of the Mozilla Community. We created this program because we see that these people just need a little bit of prodding. There is so little of what they need to get where they want to be. And i think we can provide this. We are focusing on the Open Web so using open standards for the web. Allowing technologies to cross different platform. Open Photo is an open source photo sharing for many kind platform. It has the emphasis on ownership and portability. So we want to make it easy for you to upload your photos, but retain ownership and control with them. Cash Music is serving the artists community. Allowing them to have tools to promote, and distribute, and merchandise their music in ways that they are traditionaly not been able to do. Synbiota is a developing synthetic biology tool sweet using web standards. What we are doing is offering them this coaching, this mentorship services as well as curriculum in teaching remotely. 24/7 round the ball and i think that he have to have that drive. And Mozilla, the fellows, and the mentors are really making sure that our fire are stocked. Mozilla gives us access to their engineers, their product marketing people. We also have been setup with mentors. Some of us coming from entrepreneurial technical backgrounds, like myself i'm coming from more traditional sort of the venture, banking, some pure entrepreneurial backgrounds. But the idea having ecosystem to help entrepreneurs. That one-stop quarter were gathering people to share ideas, to collaborate, and to build things together in more intensive way. Kinda working as a team to say How can mozilla help us solve some of these problems that we had. We greet the fellows in person, the mentors in person. Regardless what you do i'm pretty sure we've got the right mentor for you. We really want to have some code written that's on it's way or has a real path to becoming what we are calling a "minimum valuable product". That there is a market for what the solution is that you are working on. And there is a positioning that you have for your solutions that's going to make sense in the market. The things we do care about are apps, are data portability, are you, and how you represent it on the web. And obviously today.. mobile... We will be continue promoting the program globally and receiving applications on and on going basis... Sup guys welcome to your very first 3ds Max tutorial. Hopefully this is the first of many. and uh in this tutorial we're going to be going from beginner to very advanced awesome animator and modeler. So you know, go ahead and get ready. Prepare for it. Just wanna let you know. So you probably opened this and you're like WTF what is all of this? and you don't even know where to begin, or even what buttons to start messing up or click or anything. Well I'm not going to keep you from messing up, or clicking or anything. We're on problem 106. The present ratio of students to teachers at a certain school is 30:1. So the ratio of students to teachers is equal to 30:1. If the student enrollment were increased by 50 students, and the number of teachers were increased by 5, the ratio of students to teachers would then be 25:1. So if we increase the students by 50 students,and increase the teachers by 5,the new ratio is going to be 25:1. What is the present number of teachers? Let's just simplify these a little bit. We could cross-multiply. We could just write s over T. 30 over 1 is equal to 30,or s is equal to 30T. And let's substitute that into this equation,because we're going to have to solve for the present number of teachers, which is just T. So substitute this here,so we get 30T plus 50,over T plus 5, is equal to-- well,25 over 1,that's just 25. And then let's multiply both sides of this equation by T plus 5,and you get 30T plus 50 is equal to 25T,plus-- what's 25 times 5?-- 125. Let's subtract 25T from both sides. You get 5T plus 50 is equal to 125. Subtract 50 from both sides,you get 5T is equal to 75. And then T is equal to 15. 15 times 5 is 50,plus 25,right,75. T is 15. So the answer is E. Next question. I don't want to run out of space, so I'll just do it right here. Problem 107. What is the smallest integer,n,for which 25 to the n is greater than 5 to the 12th? Whenever you see some type of an equation or inequality where the variables are under the exponent,and you're comparing numbers of different bases,your first thing that should register in your brain is how can I get these to be in the same base? And it should be pretty obvious here,because 25 is the same thing as 5 squared,so let's rewrite it that way. This statement is equivalent to saying 5 squared to the n is greater than 5 to the 12th. And 5 squared to the n,that's the same thing as 5 to the 2n, is greater than 5 to the 12th. And this right here is going to be true when 2n is greater than 12,when the exponent up here is greater than the exponent up here. That's when it's going to be true. You divide both sides by 2,and you get is greater than 6. So what is the smallest integer,n,for which 25 to the n is greater than 5 to the 12th? So n has to be greater than 6,so we can't pick choice A, which is 6,because if we pick 6,then we would have 5 to the 12th here. And then it would be an inequality, but this is greater than. So the smallest integer,n,now has to be greater than 6, so n has to be 7. So that's choice B. And don't get tricked there. When you get 6 as your answer,you might want to pick A, but n has to be greater than 6. So it's essentially the smallest integer greater than 6,is 7. Problem 108. If x and y are different prime numbers,each greater than 2, which of the following must be true? Each greater than 2,they're both prime numbers. So statement number 1: x plus y cannot equal 91. Let me think about that. If x are y are different prime numbers,each greater than 2, which of the following must be true?x plus y cannot equal 91. Let me think about that a little bit. That means that I can't have two prime numbers that, when I add them together,equal 91. Well,let's think about it. They're greater than 2,and then they're prime. So what do we know about all prime numbers greater than 2? Well,we know that they're both odd.All prime numbers are odd. 2 is the only even prime number. So both of these have to be odd. So if I add an odd plus an odd,what do I get? One way to think about it,this might be second nature to you at this point,but an odd number can be written in the form, 2 times some integer plus 1. It's some even integer,some even number plus 1. So I could write the first odd number like that. Maybe I'll say this is x. I'm just saying that x is odd. I'm not saying that x is prime,but if you're larger than 2 and you're prime,you're going to be odd. Otherwise,you're divisible by 2. And let's say y is equal to 2 times some other integer,plus 1 So if you add two odd numbers together,you get 2 times k, plus m,plus 2,which is an even number. When you add two odd numbers,you get an even number. So if you add two prime numbers greater than 2, you're essentially adding two odd numbers greater than 2, so they have to be equal to an even number. So they can't be equal to 91. So statement 1 must be true. Statement 2,let's think about it. Statement 2 tells us,x minus y is even. So once again,x and y are definitely going to be odd numbers. When you add them,you get an even number. What happens when you subtract them? If I were to subtract y from x,what would I get here? If I were to subtract it,I would get 2 times k,minus m, and then the 1 minus 1. But this k minus m is going to still be an integer. These are two integers, so this is still going to be an integer. And they're different prime numbers,so k and m are going to be different,so this isn't going to be equal 0. So the difference has got to be an even integer. It might be a negative even integer,because we don't know that x is necessarily larger than y,but we know that it has to be an even integer. So statement 2 is also correct. Now statement 3. x divided by y is not an integer. Well,we know that x is prime,which means that it only has two factors,1 and itself. And we know that x isn't 2. We know that y is another prime number. Now,if this statement right here-- if x divided by y-- if that were an integer,then that means that y divides evenly into x. Which would mean that y is a factor of x. Which would mean that x has a factor other than 1 and itself, which would mean that x is not prime. But they tell us it x is a prime number, and y isn't just the number 1. They're both prime numbers and they're each greater than 2, so y is definitely not 1. So in order for this to be an integer,x could not be prime. Since x is prime,and y is some number greater than 2, we know that this is not an integer. So all three of these statements have to be true. And that's statement E,answer E. Problem 109. Let me do it in a different color. All of the following have the same value except-- OK,so we're just going to try to do the math real fast here. 1 plus 2,plus 3,plus 4,plus 5,all of that over 3. 1 plus 2 is 3,3 plus 3 is 6,6 plus 4 is 10,10 plus 5 is 15, divided by 3,this is equal to 5. B,1/3,times 1,plus 1,plus 1,plus 1,plus 1. That's 1/3 times-- this is 5,so this is equal to 5/3. So after we see the next answer we should know where we're going. So the next answer,we have 1/3 plus itself five times. 1/3 plus 1/3,plus 1/3,plus 1/3,plus 1/3. Well,that's five 1/3s,so that's also equal to 5/3. So we should immediately be able to recognize that this is different than the other two. And assuming there's only one answer-- they say all the following have the same value except-- I think we've done enough math, because we know that B and C are the the same value. And A is already different, so A is probably going to be our choice. And if we kept going,D and E are going to have the same value And just eyeballing it,it does look like that's the case. It definitely looks like that's the case,because if you look at the other two problems,you still get 5/3. And E looks confusing,but the fact that A is already different than B and C tells you that A is the answer. And I'll see you in the next video. welcome to the Hindenburg Journalist tutorial where where I would like to try to explain how to use effects i have just put some narration into the track in the track we have the "effects bin" in our "effects bin" we have some empty slots. if we click on that we can choose to add an effect This is the built in equalizer and with the equalizer we can make an eq we can also add some compression we can add more compression I can close the effects again in the effects bin I can turn the effects on and off or right-click and click "none" to remove them from the effecrts bin what I would like to do now is make an equalization for Clark, so he sound the same everytime. So I can reuse it I open my equalizer again This is how I would like Clark to sound now I close the "effects bin" and use the "Voice Profiler" to ensure that he sound like like evert time form this drop-down menu choose learn profile and Hindenburg Journalist will take a snap-shot of the sound I can save that as Clark press "save" I we now open another session I have just opend the program I am working on I would like to apply a Voice Profile to Clark Goto the Drop-down menu apply Profile - Clark It takes the Profile we created before the white line in the background and compares it to the narration and makes an unique eq wich looks like the one we did before If you are working with a sound engineer you can get the sound engineer to make your profile so you can reuse that - over and over again in this way you will always sound optimal this is only a feature that is present in Hindenburg Journalist PRO in the regular version their is a generic version where we have made a setting where your narration will sound pretty good but it will not be optimized for your voice it is generec I hope you find this usefull thank you for watching Surely there was a time on an ancient savanna, when hungry beasts hunted our ancestors. Perhaps, the hot breath of carnivores once drove our own evolution and made us faster, stronger or smarter. But today, we have only one kind of predator left to fear: micro-organisms that cause disease consume us from the inside out. The human body is the food that fuels their rapid fire reproduction. Some bacteria can reproduce a million times more quickly than we do. These microscopic predators have cast a long, dark shadow on our history. The bacteria that cause tuberculosis riddle the bodies of Egyptian nobles, over 4,000 years ago. Another microbe spawned the dreaded "Black Death". In the 14th Century, bubonic plague killed 1 in 3 Europeans. The influenza virus claimed some 20 million lives on the heels of World War I. We were virtually defenseless against infectious disease, until recently. [music] Announcer: This is a battle field. A battle field in man's total war against disease. Here, man has locked his heaviest artillery against premature deaths. Antibiotics: the miracle drugs of our time. [fantasy music] Narrator: In the 20th Century, scientists began to focus on the chemicals that microbes produced to attack each other. Perhaps, some of these compounds would kill disease organisms without harming the human body. The first so-called antibiotic, penicillin, saved countless lives in World War Il. Now doctors had a weapon to fight the infections that commonly killed soldiers wounded on the battle field. By the 1950's, hundreds of antibiotics were on the market. Defeating deadly germs seemed like child's play. In 1969, the U.S. Surgeon General declared it was time to close the book on infectious disease. He spoke too soon. [metal door unlocking] The Russian prison system is ground-zero of a new epidemic. An old killer is back with a vengeance. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Russia's incarceration rate has soared to the highest in the world. More than 1 million inmates are confined to a penal system designed for a fraction of that number. But overcrowding, poor nutrition, and scant sanitation are not the worst of a prisoner's nightmares. Now tuberculosis stalks these men. [cough] The bacteria that caused TB can lie dormant for decades in a healthy person. But if the immune system is weakened, the microbes begin to multiply and consume the lungs. Man: Prisoners are malnourished. Many of them are alcoholics. Many of them are smokers. And just the stress of being in prison, all these factors together, make you very, very susceptible to probably not only being infected with TB but also coming down with active disease. Narrator: When a person with active TB coughs or even speaks, he expels contagious droplets that linger in the air for hours. The next victim needs only to inhale to be infected. At least 100,000 inmates have active TB. But antibiotics are in short supply. Many men will die before their terms are up. [cough] [metal door unlocking] Sasha Belevich is serving time for his second burglary conviction in Tomsk, a city in Western Siberia. His four year term, now seems like a death sentence. Russian interpreter: I never thought I'd be infected. I never gave it much thought. At first, I didn't believe what the doctor told me. I thought maybe it was any other illness; but not tuberculosis. Narrator: Diagnosed during his first prison term, Sasha was given antibiotics. He improved. But after his release, he stopped getting treatment. Now, his TB is back. But the same drugs cannot cure him. The microbes in his body have evolved. When Sasha first took antibiotics, the drugs killed off most of the TB bacteria. But when the treatment stopped, it left some microbes alive; the ones that were most resistant to the drugs. As these survivors multiplied, all their offspring acquired that same resistance. An entirely new strain of bacteria evolved, untreatable with standard drugs. Sasha is now beyond help by prison doctors. He's not alone. At least 30,000 Russian inmates have multi-drug resistant TB... and their numbers are growing. This epidemic has brought Alex Goldfarb from New York back to his homeland. [metal door opening] Working with Russian authorities, he's developing a pilot program in the Tomsk prison to change the way that TB is treated. Dr. Goldfarb: This prison system is the ideal incubator for those drug resistant strains. Russians have been using inadequate, umm... treatment regimens, particularly in prisons, for the past decade. They use low quality drug, they never finish the treatment course. And as the result, these resistant strains are spreading on their own from coughing and that's a major problem. Narrator: For drug resistant cases, Goldfarb has a small supply of so-called 'second line' drugs. Far more expensive than standard TB treatments, second-line drugs can cause dangerous side effects. But Goldfarb's supply won't even begin to cover 300 inmates quarantined in the drug resistance ward. Much less all the cases just outside prison walls. When a prisoner's term is up, he's released into the heart of Tomsk; population ½ a million. Healthy or sick, he's now free to walk these streets and ride these busses with unsuspecting citizens. [music] Female interpreter: Like any medical student, I knew about the disease; I knew its symptoms. But I had no idea it could be like this. Narrator: Anna Kolosova doesn't know how she became infected with a strain of TB resistant to five drugs. Female interpreter: I found out completely by accident. I went to take my driving test and I had to have a medical exam. They took an x-ray and they told me I had tuberculosis. Narrator: Six months later, she began coughing up blood. On leave from medical school, she has been hospitalized, ever since. Female interpreter: If we had second line drugs, Anna's prognosis might be positive. Without them, her prognosis is not positive, in the least. Anna's case is not unique. In my care, I have another college student and other young patients with drug resistant TB. Narrator: Their symptoms can be eased. Their active disease may subside for a time. But the drugs that could save their lives are not yet within reach. there is a storm coming you sound like you are looking forward to it i am adaptable what are you? i am gothams reckoning did they kill him? im not sure why didnt you just kill me? your punishment must be more severe do you think he is coming back? i dont know why would you run? i wont bury you, i have buried enough members of the wayne family. you dont owe these people anymore we have given them everything not everything, not yet the warned me about getting into cars with strange men, this isnt a car in the previous episode (game text on screen) A huge hello, everyone! Just recently there was an anniversary 'In The Kitchen' episode, where Nikolay 'Coulthard' and I overcome the great difficulty and managed to beat the European version of the Battletoads game. Being touched by the moment, I was inspired to share my memories about the second Battletoads game released for Dendy. The game that not only starring themselves, but other equally famous characters from an eponymous game by Technos. For me, personal importance of the game is that... From all Dendy games, all the games that I ever played in my whole life, I can tell without any doubts, this is the game that I completed more times than any other. How's that? - I'll explain it now. Sit back, this is Dendy Memories, I'll share my memories about the game Battletoads and Double Dragon. The first time when I played Battletoads and Double Dragon, that we were pronouncing like [...], was Fall 1995 - four, maybe five months after I got Dendy. The summer has passed, Vitaly and I returned back from the village, being very pleased that we have completed the Darkwing Duck game. The 7-in-1 cartridge continued to please us, well, me for the most part. My school days has started, Vitaly went to the technical college and didn't play with me often anymore. The 7-in-1 was good, but I wanted to play new games. Guys were getting new interesting cartridges but didn't share them with anyone. One day Vitaly and I got lucky, we borrowed a... 3-in-1 it was, I think... It had the same Chip & Dale and Tale Spin, but there also was Battletoads and Double Dragon. An excellent beat 'em up game, we didn't see anything like this before, we barely seen beat 'em up games at all. Except the TMNT 2, but it was more like an arcade. We were playing it together during the evenings when we had a chance to play the console. It still was at my home, we didn't leave it in the village, didn't allowed this to happen. We got the game just for a couple days. Don't remember who gave it to us, I'm not even sure about the other games, I remember we were playing only this one. We played it like three of four times, and the last time we managed to get to the third level. The game was great. It hooked us with its great music, the hot gameplay, we didn't play anything like this before. Arcades are arcades, but... When you beat everyone around with huge first, heels, horns... That was completely mind blowing. Sadly, that joy didn't last for long, we had to return it back. Can't remember, I think we didn't get neither to the Roper, nor to the end of the level, or the shaft with stuff falling down. It seemed very difficult, despite we were using the mode where you can't hit another player. When we tried the other mode, Vitaly was so enthusiastic so he beat me up. I was very upset and told him to not turn this mode on anymore. Sadly, we returned the cartridge, and weren't able to find it again for a long time. Time has passed, 1996 has come. I still remembered the game and really wanted to play it again. I got this opportunity, the summer of that year I went to the village again. Not for the entire summer, for the weekends mostly. Out of all my nearby... neighbors... messed that up again... None of them were lending cartridges. There was one pal, Misha, we weren't seen each other often. He didn't have neither Dendy nor cartridges, but he once introduced me to his friend Sergey. Red haired, a bit chubby, seemingly simple guy, who is in fact thinking how would he get more cartridges from you. I just had one 7-in-1 that I won't ever give anyone... I thought so, until he offered me to trade it. He offered me to trade the 7-in-1 to a single game cartridge, Battletoads and Double Dragon. I was very happy with the offer and easily accepted it. We agreed to trade it for a month, I got the game, he got my 7-in-1. We barely seen each other, I even didn't see Misha, who introduced us, too often. I was so glad that I finally got the game... I was a little bit bored with 7-in-1 and wanted to feel that drive again. So I sat down to play Battletoads and Double Dragon. I was mostly playing as a guy, as I was annoyed that a toad can't hit power ups in jump, can't cling to the right wall at the third level, when you descend in a shaft. So I dismissed the toads, it was mostly Double Dragon rather than a Battletoads game for me. The more so I didn't see the first Battletoads game at the time. I was playing it for the entire summer. We agreed to trade for a month... A month has passed. Another has passed. I haven't seen Sergey in these two months. Haven't seen Misha as well, I was there every weekend, but we lived quite far from each other. I was too young, just 8 years old, so parents didn't allow me to wander around, as there are animals in the village - dogs, cows, bulls, pigs... turtles... When the summer ended, parents didn't allow me to get the console back to home this time. So I left the console at the village and came there every weekend to play it. I also left the cartridge and was playing it every time I was there. During all that time, the summer has passed... the autumn too... In that time I managed to get to the fifth level. And I hated it. The rocket... Oh my God. It seemed so tedious, so damn infinitely endless. You are going forward, a lot of flames there, everyone beat you... A disaster. So I didn't get any further. I was watching the pictures of the bosses in the intro many times, imagining what they are. Robo Manus, Shadow Boss, The Dark Queen... Someone of my friends once called it Queen of the Dark. She is Dark Queen, but we were calling it Queen of the Dark, as it sounds cool. The autumn has passed, and winter of the 1997 year has come. I started to really worry that I won't see my beloved 7-in-1 again. Imagine, it might happen that I would lose it, I would have nothing to tell you in The Curse and previous Dendy Memories episodes... So, when the spring has come, 7 or 8 months has passed since our trade, I finally realized - that's it. Misha... When I saw him, I asked to tell Sergey to return my cartridge, and he was - 'sure, sure'. That's all, you know. What you gonna do, I had to tell parents about my misfortune. 'A bad boy got my cartridge for a month and didn't return it, I don't know where he lives...' I had to listen to few Dad's lectures... You know, I won't dig into that... Difficult time. Well... Then he took the Battletoads cartridge that I couldn't bear anymore, because I wanted to play Darkwing Duck and Robocop 3. He get it and went settling the things up, first to Misha, then they went to Sergey, I think... Like an hour later, he returned, handed me out my 7-in-1 and told that... '...you don't ever give it anyone...' I got it, I learned the lesson for a long time... Not quite, but I'll tell about this another time. I got my beloved 7-in-1 back, and... Since the spring 1997 I forgot about Battletoads and Double Dragon for a while. At the time I saw Battletoads 3 already, a single game cartridge too, I thought that it is the third game. Wanted to see the first one, but it was nowhere to be found... Heck knows where it was. Yeah... Some time later my neighbor, Vlad was his name... Still is... He was one of those guys... the only guy in our block who got everything. Probably every block had such guy. When Dendy became a trend, he got many cartridges. When comic books became a trend, he got a lot. Puzzles are a trend, and he got a pile. And so on, chips, Spider Man action figures... But... I know him as long as I can remember myself, I always appreciate him for not being greedy. He always... He lived three apartments next to me, sadly he is moved now... He always lent me comic books, cartridges, toys for an indefinite time. He knew that I live nearby, he can get it back any time, and I won't give it to anyone... I was honest with him in this respect. Some time later he got Dendy Classic. The same exact Dendy Classic that is seen in every episode of the Dendy Chronicles. He also got a 2-in-1 cartridge with Battletoads 2 and Battletoads 3. Battletoads 3 was insanely difficult, so we didn't play it much. But Battletoads 2, a.k.a. Battletoads and Double Dragon, you know... We were playing it with our entire gang all days around. That was something. Our company of four guys, sitting in front of two gamepads... Those who weren't playing didn't have any regrets that they aren't playing. They were completely fascinated with the action on the screen. We were playing for... How long it was?.. For a real long. There was a guy in our company, Ilya. I mentioned him in my story about Robocop 3. He stated that he completed Battletoads and Double Dragon. His extensive knowledge of Dendy games was probably larger than ours combined together. He was like an expert for us. He said that he got to the Dark Queen and defeated her... We all weren't getting further the fifth level, it seemed unbeatable. One day we got tired of that, and we asked him: 'Ilya, please beat the game, show us that's next, the sixth level, the seventh...' 'The Dark Queen, what she is, how to beat her, and so on...' He didn't resist too long, actually. One day we took the cartridge and went to his home, he had a Dendy too. We crowded his room and sat down to watch how he... Alone, take a note, without a second player, beats Battletoads and Double Dragon. He was playing quite like a pro. When he got to the fifth level, we thought - is he really get through it? And you know, he did it. He beat Robo Manus... Robo Manus was the last point in the game that I was able to get to. I didn't see what's next, because I didn't beat him, no one did, except for Ilya. So... He got to the sixth level. Tactics there was the same, he killed all baddies and got to the Shadow Boss. Sadly, I don't remember the battle, I only remember how fascinated we were. And we were really, really eager to see what is in the end. Surprisingly, the last level turned out to be very short. The main difficulty there is that enemies has more health and they move faster. He was talking so much that he completed the game, 'Did you really beat the game?' - 'Yes, sure, you'll see, how could you not believe.' Imagine, he got to the Dark Queen, and she stomped him into dust. Alas, he didn't beat her. He spent remaining continues there, but wasn't able to do anything. Despite the game was over at the Dark Queen, we weren't disappointed. We were really happy in fact, because we got everything we wanted so much. We've seen the sixth and the last, seventh levels. We've seen what the Dark Queen looks like, how damn brutal she is. We also got a goal to achieve, as tactics for the fifth level became more clear... So we started trying to actually beat that level. Regarding Battletoads 3, Ilya also said he got far there. Not sure if he stated that he beat it, maybe he was cautious to brag like that, if he didn't do that... Maybe he did. We never... well, barely played Battletoads 3, because... My memories about Battletoads 2 and Battletoads 3... Well, Battletoads, let's name spade a spade. ...Is like memories about the games Earth Worm Jim 1 and 2 for Genesis. The first one is insanely difficult but interesting, while the second is really fun and isn't quite difficult. It plays easily... there is no need to strain. Maybe it is just me, but I had to strain in the first game, while the second game - not a problem. Well... Time went, we still didn't see how the game ends. Around... 2000, I think... Somehow Ilya got a few cartridges somewhere. Maybe he traded it, or got as a gift... snatched maybe... One of them was quite interesting - this worthy board. It is notable by being 3-in-1, with Prince of Persia, Little Mermaid, and the Battletoads and Double Dragon. He presented me this board. I was really glad, as I didn't own neither the Battletoads game, nor Prince of Persia... Well, Prince of Persia was useless for me, you know how it works on my console. So... We played Battletoads and Double Dragon on this board, but it didn't last too long. It was 2000, we were seventh-graders at the time... My classmate Denis was visiting me very often, everyone were calling him Dan. He was a very passionate, hardcore Dendy gamer... Sega too. We both were very fascinated with the game. So we played it many times, but not too long, because... ...don't know who and how did it with the board, but these two contacts at both sides are really worn out. These probably were the reason why the board refused to work soon. We tried everything, washed it with cologne, deodorant, alcohol... It worked like 1-2 times after this, then ceased to work again. One day we found a really powerful cologne somewhere, you couldn't imagine how stinky it was... We used it to wash the board really generously, this side and that side... Not a single time after this in these 12 years it didn't work... Err, didn't refuse to work anymore, I mean. It worked fine, so we... In that time, it was 2000 I think... Not 2001, because in 2000 Dan and I completed it... Then there were crazy days, we were playing the game every time Dan visited me. He was visiting me almost daily, before and after school. It was obligatory, if Dan is come, we play Battletoads. We played it every single day, day after day, mastering every level, every movement of every player, every... ...tactics and technic for every enemy. That was heavy. He had my respect because he always was playing as a toad, he didn't look for easy ways,. And I was playing as a man. We liked to do things on every enemy, like... On the third level, he grabs a girl and throws on the floor, I accelerate and hit her with the knees. Or, on the second level, I hammering the enemies into the floor with the stick, and he knocks them away with the heel on the last hit. We loved these moments, elimination of every enemy had to be a teamwork for us. We were playing it for a year, two, three... During this time we completed it 150 times, no less for sure. Still, no matter how much were we trying, we never managed to get to the Dark Queen without losing a single life. Sometimes he didn't lose any life, sometimes I did. But anyway, every single time some stupid thing kills you. So, sadly it didn't happen. Anyway, we were beating it easily. This way the game became part of my gaming history as the most hardcore played ever. Maybe someday it'll give up the first place to the first Battletoads game, or to some other game. I met Nikolay in 2004 or 2005, that's when I got really interested with the first Battletoads game. Still, for me the second game is the most... Don't know... I can't say that it is inferior to the first game, but can't say it is superior either. I have special memories about both games. Don't know. I equally like them both. Although these days I prefer to play the first game, as it offers... a challenge, while the second game seems easy now. Still, I saw Battletoads and Double Dragon before the first game, so it will remain the first game starring Battletoads and Double Dragon that I ever played. Well... These were my memories about this wonderful game. Wish you never forget it and play this beat 'em up greatness too, A standard of quality for Dendy beat 'em ups, so to say. Such game should be never forgotten if you like to play Dendy. I'm sure you do. So, that's all for the nostalgic talks today. Kinaman was here, thank you for watching, see you soon. Bye. Camera work by Maksim Edush a.k.a. McSlM Thanks for help with video editing to SerGoLeOne DST: I have imagined something like Tour de France, whith struggling all the way. And the "come on", and people holding bottles like this along the road and you just grab it and flushes it down and throw it away like that. That's how I imagine it. Daniel Gangsø: It's almost like that. If we make it like that, it will be like that. DST: Then we have to do that. Oh my god. KNS: This is Didrik Solli-Tangen, polished singstar DST: "Ajax Lemon" universal cleaning? Works on everything. Spotless it says. Spotless it will be KNS: But when the singing bird will sit on the saddle over the mountains, there are new challenges waiting DST: I'm not afraid to be dirty. That's in fact what I'm looking forward to the most. KNS: Along with a buddy he will bike "Birken" for the first time. DST: I'm not sure we fully understand what we have said yes to, but DG:We'll get through it DST: Definately! DST: Many people have said to me, "How old are you? Because "Birkebeineren" is kind of 30-year crisis. Why are you doing it?" KNS: Perhaps not the typical "Birkebeiner", but no lack of confidence and youthful vitality. DST: It's a once in a lifetime, or it is now when I'm 25 and younger you can take part in "Birkebeineren" , I shouldn't said this out loud, without exercising that much. KNS: Because the preparation has not been that much. DST: I didn't think of that there would be a summer in between, with a lot of beer and candy. I trained a lot in the spring, but the fitness will disappear as quickly as it comes. No, not quite.. DST: I should have had many more hours. Is that what they say? That I wish I had more hours on the bike? DG: We will fulfill it. DST: Definately. Whatever it costs. KNS: Have you decided for a race time? DST: No, but I think we should do it. I think we should talk to those who knows a bit about this and then find out what is ... DG: I have some plans DST: You have some plans DG: It really depends on the weather DST: Daniel says that it depends on the weather. KNS: He was probably far better prepared for Grand Prix, but he shall be credited for an intense effort the days before "Birken". DST: It's good it's possible to train indoors too DST: Has done some of these DST: And some of these too DST: Has done about 1000 of these DST: Has done a lot of these DST: And some of these DST: Do not know if this helps, but have done some of these too DST: And a lot of these KNS: But there is still a bit training on the bike before everything is in order. DST: It begins ..... KNS: And it's good to have an inner voice to rely on DST: When I'm in the worst uphill, I think that so it's good to have faith in yourself. And then there's one song that counts, and that's this one DS: The pulse is high, but I am in good spirits. DST: I'm happy with the race so far, and now it will be more downhill than uphill, I hope. H: How does the body feel? DST: I feel the lactate is better, it comes faster than in the beginning, but I feel good. [music and machinery noises] FLlM: Well lookie what we've got here, brother of mine It's the same in every town Ponies with thirsty throats, dry tongues, and not a drop of cider to be found Maybe they're not aware that there's really no need for this teary despair FLAM: That the key that they need to solve this sad cider shortage you and I will share AMETHYST STAR: Ooh! FLlM & FLAM: Well you've got opportunity in this very community FLAM: He's Flim FLlM: He's Flam FLlM & FLAM: We're the world-famous Flim Flam Brothers Traveling salesponies nonpareil PlNKlE PlE: Nonpa-what? FLlM: Nonpareil. That's exactly the reason why, you see Nopony else in this whole place will give you such a chance to be where you need to be And that's a new world, with tons of cider Fresh squeezed and ready for drinking FLAM: More cider than you could drink in all your days of thinking RAlNBOW DASH: I doubt that FLlM & FLAM: So take this opportunity in this very community FLAM: He's Flim FLlM: He's Flam FLlM & FLAM: We're the world-famous Flim Flam Brothers Traveling salesponies nonpareil FLlM: I suppose by now you're wondering about our peculiar mode of transport FLAM: I say, our mode of locomotion FLlM: And I suppose by now you're wondering, where is this promised cider? FLAM: Any horse can make a claim and any pony can do the same FLlM: But my brother and I have something most unique and superb Unseen at any time in this big new world FLlM & FLAM: And that's opportunity FLlM: Folks, it's the one and only The biggest and the best FLAM: The unbelievable FLlM: Unimpeachable FLAM: Indispensable FLlM: I-can't-believe-able FLlM & FLAM: Flim Flam Brothers' Super Speedy Cider Squeezy 6000 FLAM: What do ya say, sister? ALL: Oh, we've got opportunity in this very community Please Flim, please Flam, help us out of this jam With your Flim Flam Brothers' Super Speedy Cider Squeezy 6000 FLlM: Young filly, I would be ever so honored if you might see fit to let my brother and I borrow some of your delicious and might I add, spellbindingly fragrant apples for our little demonstration here? APPLEJACK: Uh... sure, I guess ALL: Opportunity in our community FLAM: Ready, Flim? FLlM: Ready, Flam. FLlM & FLAM: Let's bing bang zam FLlM: And show these thirsty ponies a world of delectable cider ALL: Cider, cider, cider, cider, cider, cider, cider, cider FLlM: Watch closely, my friends FLAM: The fun begins FLlM: Now here's where the magic happens Right here in the heaving roiling cider press boiling guts of the very machine FLlM: Those apples, my friends, are right now as we speak being turned into grade-A, top notch, 5 star, blow-your-horseshoes-off, one of a kind cider! FLAM: Feel free to take a sneak peek GRANNlE SMlTH: Now wait, you fellers, hold it! You went and over-sold it! I guarantee that what you have there won't compare For the very most important ingredient Can't be added or done expedient And it's quality, friends, Apple Acres's quality and care! FLlM: Well, Grannie, I'm glad you brought that up, my dear I say, I'm glad you brought that up You'll see that we are very picky when it comes to cider, if you'll kindly try a cup Yes sir, yes ma'am, this great machine lets just the very best So what do you say then, Apples? Care to step into the modern world and put the Super Speedy Cider Squeezy 6000 to the test? ALL: Cider, cider, cider, cider, cider, cider, cider FLlM: What do you think, folks? Do you see what the Apples can't? I see it clear as day. I know she does! So does he! Come on, Ponyville, you know what I'm talkin' about! FLlM & FLAM: We're sayin' you've got ALL: opportunity in this very community He's Flim, he's Flam, we're the world-famous Flim Flam Brothers Traveling salesponies nonpareil FLlM & FLAM: Yeah! In Havana, there's a beautiful building it is the US headquarters in Cuba It's always full of people who wait for hours under the hot sun, trying to get a visa to go to the United States. I don't understand why there are so many obstacles The only way out is to go adventurously and dangerously across the sea Yes, I have no choice. Every time I come they deny me. Three times: '88, '90 and '92 I am going in a raft, I can't continue here. Half of my family is here, half of my family is there. What do I do? What do the Americans say? Where is the truth? We are just pawns here in an old game of chess that is killing us. If they don't kill us here, they will kill us there. Look, I'm going to be frank. This is the fourth time that I have been here. The FOURTH time. I want to see my daughter, she already lives in downtown Miami. If I don't get what I need today, I have a raft that I am going to use The only thing I can do is risk death. This is my fourth time here, and now getting a visa is only a dream I want to see my daughter. There are laws that no one can follow, and we have to accept this. Now, the only option that I have is to cross the ocean It's better than nothing, I am making a raft Now you know. In the year 1988, Guillermo and I legally divorced so my mother in the United States could call for me and my daughter, claiming I was a single mother We knew that this was the only way that we would be able to leave Cuba I went with my daughter first, then he could come How he was going to come, we weren't sure I invited him three times. He presented his papers, but they didn't give him a visa I thought my world had ended What was going to happen to us? This picture is from my mom and dad's wedding My dad looks different now I kept her father's image very strong I explained that he was a very hardworking man, very strong, that he always loved her very much. We never gave up No more than two of us could go and my dad and brother stayed there. When will they come? Soon. Like how soon? Like tomorrow! The raft is named in honor of my daughter, her name is Niseli Maria The name of my daughter and my boat Niseli Maria The virgin of chairty, the patron saint of Cuba. Woo-hoo! [Music] Hi! I'm Wil Wheaton and this is my show Not the Flog. At Geek and Sundry, we call it Wil's boner hour but that doesn't make sense either because the show is not an hour long. Right. You are just going to have to sit here the whole time. The reason Luna is in so many of my TableTop gag reel introduction videos, is because the only time she shuts up is when she is like this. Right Luna? See she won't say anything because she is in my hand. I am here to talk to you today about math. There are 52 weeks in a year. We create 20 new episodes of TableTop every year. That leaves 32 weeks where we don't have something new to show you We have tried very hard to fill those 32 weeks with some fun stuff. Some outtakes, some extended plays, some weeks where we just sit in our offices and drink out of the pool of tears you cry when there is no new TableTop. Its a really good time. But we're trying something new this week. I wanted to talk a little bit about - Luna, seriously shut up - how we choose the games that we play on TableTop. And we're going to do it all here in my dining room, which doesn't always look like this. It kinda does. A few months before we begin production, my producer, Boyan, and I get together, and we make two very big lists of games. We start with between 80 and 100 games, and then put those lists through a series of filters. The first filter that we have to get past is, do I like it? If I don't like a game, we don't play it on the show, the end. Because its my show, and I'm the boss, and if I'm going to be a boss, then I'm going to be bossy. So, the second filter that it has to get through, is does this game look really good. If we are playing a game that uses cards, the cards have to be very clear. If we are using a game that has miniatures, then the miniatures have to look good. And the game can't be too visually busy, because it makes it very hard for our editors, to know what's going on. You know, they're not gamers. Although, I will say, that, eh, roughly 90% of our crew, started out season 1 of TableTop as non-gamers, and have actually become gamers, since like the second day of production. There is nothing better than coming to work on TableTop and on the very first day, the crew gets together, and we sort of have our, you know we're starting the season meeting, and the crew is like okay what game are we going to play at lunch this season? That just makes me really happy. The third filter that we have to pass through, is does this game have a high ratio of luck to strategy. I want you to imagine a graph, okay? This is the luck axis, this is the strategy axis. There are games that I'm crazy about, games like Power Grid and Puerto Rico. They're going to be down here, on that list, right. Low luck, but high strategy. A game like Zombie Dice is high luck and relatively low strategy. A game like Settlers of Catan, is up here. It is high luck and its high strategy. Games that have a high intersection of strategy and luck on that imaginary graph, that I have drawn, are the ones we like to feature on TableTop. Experienced players have an opportunity to sort of plan carefully, and adapt to changing circumstances in the games. And players who are relatively new to the games, are able to feel comfortable and not feel completely overwhelmed and think well if I make one wrong decision early in the game, I'm screwed forever. And that's something that happens in a game like Agricola or Puerto Rico. If you mess up you're never going to get to catch up, and that's just not fun for anyone. The final filter, that the game has to go through, is about the rules. I need the rules to be easily explainable, in about 5 minutes. And the reason this is important, is because TableTop is, for a lot of people, a learning experience. It's how people get - Hi, Riley - how people get exposed to board games, and we need them to be able to have a quick understanding of it and be able to follow the game as we are playing it. If a game is just really, super, hyper complicated like Fantasy Flight Battlestar Galactica, is one of my favorite games ever. But it just takes so long to explain those rules, and that rule book is intimidating and complicated. So this year, we took The Resistance, which uses the traitor mechanic, and Shadows Over Camelot, which is sort of the grandparent of Battlestar Galactica, as an example of that kind game. So now that you know how we choose games to play on TableTop, I wanted to talk about a couple of games that really love, that I really think people who enjoy this show would like playing, but that we can't play on the show, for one reason or another. We roughly shoot 2 hours of gameplay, another hour to an hour and 15 minutes of interviews, that get cut into the game. And then all of that is edited to what you finally see on TableTop. So we are taking a ton of footage, and cutting it down to roughly 30 minutes. This unfortunately means, that some of those really amazing, epic, big box, legendary, long play games just aren't going to work on the show. I said last season, that I've never had as much fun losing a game as I do losing Pandemic, but Arkham Horror is another one of those great structure, role playing board games where you play for 4 or 5 hours and your investigators are going insane and they're dying and you're rarely going to win, when the ancient one actually makes it into our world. But its a really wonderful, really fun game. Even if I split that up into 2 episodes of TableTop, so we took that 4 hours or 5 hours and put it into roughly 1 hour, I think it doesn't do the game justice. And, I don't think its fair to the designers, and I just don't think it is in anyone's best interest to play those games. So unfortunately, games like Eclipse, and eh, Twilight Imperium, they're just games that aren't going to work on our format. There is a whole other collection of games, that were really created by the success of Magic The Gathering. And those are the deck building and drafting games. I love these games. But unfortunately, what makes those games really fun, is what happens in your head as you are trying to decide which card you are going to draw, how you are going to build your deck, and how you are going to react to what the other players are doing. Some games that I would love to play on TableTop, that I would just love the world to know more about are Dominion, and Ascension. Super fun, but just unfortunately wouldn't work. So the last kind of game that I absolutely love, are the two player games. Right? These are games that play kind of like chess, but they're not boring. Oh, I'm going to get hate mail from the chess nerds. Its okay, I love you guys. I'm just teasing because I don't understand chess. But when you have two players, nobody really talks to each other, because this is what a two player game looks like [Music] [sigh] Hmmm... [Music] Its so much fun to play those games, right, but what we need to do with TableTop is have people talking to each other and we need the, a lot of action be kind of like up, sort of around here. So some 2 player games, that I would have loved to put on TableTop this season, but unfortunately, couldn't were All Creatures Big and Small, Battlelore, and Memoir 44. These games are so much fun, but they are just not going to work for our format. So listen, I hope that this has been informative. I hope that this has been interesting to you. I really love making TableTop. I look forward to it. I'm so happy that we are spreading the love of board games to people around the world. I love that we're bringing families together, and just giving people an excuse to get together, at a table, and spend an evening together with other people in person. I think that's a really great thing. And, thanks for watching the show, and making it successful enough for us to do it a second time, and hopefully we'll be able to get to do it a third time. Thanks for watching Not the Flog, and we'll see you next time on TableTop. Play more games! Hey guys! I've got a new guest on my channel today. This is Greg! He is also a student in Japan, so I thought it'd be cool to have him come on and answer some of the most frequently asked questions I get about what it's like studying here, and some of the things we find hard The coolest parts about studying in Japan A whole bunch of different stuff. So both me and Greg are gonna answer your questions! So let's get started Sooo how did you end up in Japan? Did you apply for an exchange program through your home university in America? orrr....? Well A girl came to our class and she was talking about how she studied abroad in Japan, and how easy it is... and how it's affordable! There are so many scholarships you can look into to study abroad So then I just thought, I do really wanna go to Japan... so I went to my school's international centre and I asked them about studying abroad and they told me a select number of options of different schools that I can go to in Japan Oh cool, yah that's exactly the same as me then. I just went through my home university in Canada went and talked to the international advisor there, and yeah also for me my university had several connections with universities in japan so I could choose what area in Japan I wanted to live in :) So when you came here how was your Japanese level? I studied Japanese for a year before I came here... but the difference between studying here and back in america is that it it's very very slow and we're more concentrated on other classes like Japanese Literature and Japanese History instead of actual Japanese language, so it's a lot slower we didn't learn as much... but, for a year. So how was your Japanese conversation-wise? Were you able to hold a conversation when you first came here? Umm... no... How do you find it now that you've been here for about a year? It's a lot better Yeah Yeah, so... studying in japan has really improved your Japanese a lot faster? Yeah, I find that as well. It's great to be immersed in the language and culture and you have chances to use Japanese all the time when you go to the store talk to the person at the cash register At the post office, you're force to use it.... so you really do learn a lot more than you would back in your home country, I think. Okay, one question that I get a lot is how do you afford to go to school in Japan, isn't the tuition crazy expensive?? I don't find the tuition to be much more expensive than it was in Canada I think even in America tuition is pretty expensive for post-secondary education. So I don't think the prices change much so basically the same way you would pay for school anywhere else. I think Greg is getting student loans from America and I got a few scholarships from my home university from the Japanese government, and from my university here in Japan. So scholarships are also a great way to help you pay for your tuition and there are many available. I'll post some links down in the description box of scholarships for foreign students that wanna study in Japan, so check those out :) Also as a student in Japan you're allowed to work twenty eight hours a week. You're allowed to apply for a working permit. Sooo there are many jobs that you can do here, teaching English or working in a convenience store, if you have a basic level of Japanese or some universities offer jobs. I work in the office at my university. But yeah, there are lots of working options so that's also another way that you can pay for tuition here :) Another question how do we find it trying to make Japanese friends? Do we find it difficult? Do you have any problems communicating with japanese students? What do you think about that? Well... it's actually pretty hard at times because my Japanese level is not the best and like I said, I studied for one year in America but it's kind of like I didn't study at all because it was very slow, and I never used Japanese. So here is kinda like starting all over. But at our school it's kind of easy at times to make friends depending on if you go to clubs, or talk to your advisor or help teach English, something like that. That's true, yeah. But besides that at times it can be hard to. Yeah, I find that lots of Japanese people are kind of shy to talk to foreigners. Maybe because they don't know if we'll understand them or they're not comfortable with their English ability so you may find that they won't try to be super friendly with you, but I think if you initiate the conversation and try to talk to Japanese people that it's really not that hard to make friends they're usually super friendly and they encourage conversation, especially with foreigners. They're usually really interested in learning about your country and culture But yeah, as for clubs if you do join a school in Japan make sure you participate in lots of different clubs. Sports clubs, karate, judo, kendo, all those kind of things. or culture aspects, like Japanese calligraphy or the tea ceremony I was in that club for a while. What other kind of clubs do we have... An anime club for anyone who likes anime You can watch anime and discuss it Art clubs, singing clubs There're all different kind of things and it's a really great way to make friends You'll become friends with everyone in the club like almost instantly as you get to see each other every week, so yeah. How do you find it when you have to go say... to the post office or the bank, and you need to do something like open an account or send a package? Do you find it hard to talk to the workers and get across what you want to do? At times it's actually very hard because I know what I want to say, but maybe I forget the word at the time or something like that. Or I think about it too much, and then I'm like, ohh I really don't know it... So usually I take somebody that knows more Japanese than me, so that helps me if I ever get caught Yeah, that's a good idea. Yeah if you don't feel comfortable with your Japanese bring a friend with you when you need to go do some of that complicated stuff. Even for me, I find it difficult to explain some things at the bank... I just don't know the vocabulary, it's hard... Most places don't know much English...So yeah that's a great idea to bring someone that knows more Japanese than you. Or even bring a Japanese person with you. If you're going to school here you're gonna be making connections with Japanese people they're probably gonna introduce you to their families, and I'm sure they would be and i'm sure they would be super friendly and wanna help you if you ever need someone to go somewhere with you. Anddd lastly, what do you enjoy the most about your experience going to school here? Well, that I'm actually HERE in Japan. Because like I said before in America we actually learned very slowly, Japanese, and in most cases we don't use it much at all besides in the classroom. So here we actually have to use it everywhere So it's actually good in my opinion to come here and study Japanese. Yeah, your Japanese has gotten so much better since you first came here. You'll see a quick improvement in your Japanese for sure. It's really great. Even if you're not in actual Japanese language classes when you're in Japan. Just being here and having to use it every day you'll see a really quick improvement in your Japanese level. For me I really enjoy just everyday Japanese life. Japanese food is awesome there are grocery stores and convenience stories everywhere. So it's really not hard to get anything you want, sushi, sweets all kinds of drinks and snacks. As you've seen throughout my videos I like to introduce the interesting Japanese snacks, there's TONS It's really cool. You just never get bored, there's always something new to try out. Also activity-wise, karaoke shopping game centers darts, billiards bowling there's just so many cool things to do and we live in the city so we can go to big areas of Tokyo, Shibuya, Shinjuku super quickly and it's just really fu, there's so many fun things to do here. That's my favourite thing about living in Japan. All right! So that's all for our question-and-answer video today. If you guys have anymore questions please leave some in the comment section below, and I'll answer them in a future video. Thank you Greg, for joining me I will see you guys again soon! BYEEEE :D Everyone wants divinity to be within the realm of human comprehension, human feasibility; what we think is possible rationally. That's why people are not interested in God, or want little or nothing to do with it. [Inconceivable but Perceivable] Acintya-śakti, muhyanti yat sūrayaḥ; The God, the Kṛṣṇa we're interested in is bewildering even to the demigods, can bewilder Brahmā, Indra, Śiva. Mahā-Viṣṇu wants a glimpse of Kṛṣṇa; wants to see the beauty of Kṛṣṇa, how beautiful He must be. Even other forms of Kṛṣṇa want to see, have a glimpse. Yaḿ śyāmasundaram acintya-guṇa-svarūpaḿ [Bs: 5.38]. He says, Śyāmasundar, Kṛṣṇa, what does he look like? Acintya-guṇa-svarūp. This svarūp, this form, has inconceivable qualities. People say, "Why is Kṛṣṇa this colour? Why is he like that?" It's an inconceivable colour; an inconceivable form. But we're given some hints, local references. Dvārakā Kṛṣṇa is enamoured by the beauty of Vṛndāvan Kṛṣṇa, and in the inverse. See, these things become more meaningful the more we become acquainted with them. So if we understand how inconceivably beautiful and attractive Viṣṇu is, then this will take on increased connotation, and meaning when we hear that when the Vraja-gopīs are searching for Kṛṣṇa and they think they see Him hiding in a kuñj, the kuñja, because He is, and as they think they've found Him and they're running towards Him, Kṛṣṇa pushes out two more arms and takes a Viṣṇu form. And when the Vraja-gopīs encounter him and see, from a distance it looked like Kṛṣṇa but close up it's Viṣṇu, it says, "rāgodayaḥ kuñcati" [Cc: 1.17.281]; their hearts are ... well one word is crippled, but ... they're disappointed. "Oh, Namo Nārāyaṇa," they're respectful, "have you seen Kṛṣṇa? We're searching for Kṛṣṇa, and you know everything, where's He hiding?" And so that shows something, that Vraja-gopīs are dismissing Viṣṇu from the object of their search. Progress means elimination and a new acceptance. Raghunāth Dās Goswāmī says, "Don't be too attentive to vidhi-mārga, because if you are you'll be hurled down to Vaikuṇṭha." Raghunāth Dās Goswāmī, the prayojan tattva ācārya, can say such a thing. So, Vraja-gopīs, they dismiss Viṣṇu from the object of their search. Is He not the Absolute Truth? Is He not Bhagavān? Dismissed. Not interested. Hearts are disappointed. Then what is it they're looking for that Viṣṇu cannot reciprocate? Therefore Kṛṣṇa's called Akhila-rasāmṛta-mūrti, He's the all-accommodating, all-reciprocating: Rasa-mūrtimān. So we shall resist trying to take the infinite, the Supreme Absolute Truth, and make a tree chart, or want every little aspect of the Infinite to fit in a little box in our puppy brain; our skull size kingdoms that we rule over. Hey guys, nocxx here and this is episode.. 28 I think of the let's play Oc.tc Hi this is Kiev Ackman again. Welcome back. Just talked briefly about how we're raising more food animals than ever. And in tighter geographic proximity than ever, and now we're going to get into why that may be problematic from a public health and environmental quality perspective. Let's start that discussion off by examining what we actually feed animals that we intend to eat. We feed food animals antimicrobial drugs and I guess the most commonly recognized antimicrobial group of drugs are antibiotics, and in certain classes of animals like cattle, we also feed synthetic hormones. As I mentioned earlier, later on in this lecture, we're going to go into far greater detail on the use of antibiotics in food animal production. We also feed food animals reprocessed animals that die during the production process and bi-products of food animals that are not considered fit for human consumption, like feather meal and we'll talk about that in a little bit. We routinely feed food animals animal waste. Poultry waste in particular is fed back to poultry and fed to cattle. And in some cases, we will feed animals waste from industrial processes. process is. One example of this is that the process waste from production of brass contains numerous minerals that are considered beneficial for animals die. Unfortunately, those process wastes also contains a number of heavy metals that are considered to be not nutritionally valuable and potentially hazardous to human health. We've talked about what we're feeding food animals but how much waste are we talking about when we think about 9.1 billion food animals being produced per year. To give you a little bit of perspective I wanted to show you some data on processed human sewage, that are often referred to as human bio solids. The US population produces about 6.9 million dry tons of processed sewage each year. And we apply a good fraction of that to the land, about 3.9 million dry tons. In comparison Animals raised for food in the US produce 287 million dry tons of waste per year. And we apply nearly all of that to land. And one key difference between human and animal waste is that we treat human waste before we, apply it to land. We treat it to remove metals. And we also treat it to kill pathogens. There's a lot of debate about how effective that treatment is but we're really not going to go into that here. The issue I'd like to discuss is that we almost never treat animal waste before applying it to land. In some cases, we let it compost in piles on fields or we may let it sit in a lagoon. But we do not go through thorough treatment processes before we land apply this fertilizer. And just to give you another factoid, we produce about a dry ton of animal waste for every US citizen each year. So it's quite a bit of waste and it poses some serious management challenges. So we've talked about what we feed food animals and we've talked about how much waste food animals generate, but what's in animal waste. Well, the first thing I think that you might hear about quite commonly, when thinking about animal waste, is the presence of bacteria. And some of those bacteria, because we feed animals antibiotics, may be resistant to many of the antibiotics that we use in human medicine. We also find protozoa, parasites in food animal waste. Certain viruses have been demonstrated to exist, and persist, for even up to a year in food animal waste. Food animal waste also has animal dander. Residues of some of those pharmaceuticals, some of the drugs that I mentioned before. Heavy metals, hormones, both naturally occurring hormones that animals excrete in their waste, and some of the Residues of the synthetic hormones that we feed certain types of food animals. And of course animal waste is rich in nutrients, nitrogen and phosphorus. Which is why it tends to be applied to land as fertilizer. We've talked about what's in animal waste, now what do we do with animal waste. I mentioned before that we apply most of it to agricultural land as fertilizer. In some cases we may store it first in hopes to reduce some o f the pathogen loads, and we may store it in lagoons. And this is a picture of a newer lagoon here. And some cases we may stack it in fields in long piles called windrows. Recently there's been a lot of attention towards minimizing the impact of land applied manure on bodies of water like The Chesapeake Bay. So certain parts of the industry have set up some alternative treatment strategies to mitigate Some of those concerns. One of those strategies is development of poultry waste incinerators. There's a very prominent one operating right now that operates in Minnesota that burns turkey waste for energy and there are proposals to bring a number of these to various other states across the U.S., including North Carolina, Maryland And a few other places. This is a picture of a bag of pelletized poultry waste and this is something that I've spent quite a bit of time studying, I actually did some of my doctoral work around pelletized poultry waste and this bag is from a pelletization facility in Delaware that pelletizes a lot of the poultry waste that's generated on the Delmarva Peninsula and One reason this is seen as an alternative to land application, is that pelletized waste can be loaded into train cars, and then shipped west, or shipped elsewhere, where it can be sold in fertilizer stores for 25 bucks a pop. And the last alternative method for managing waste, that wanted to mention today was feeding a waste back to food animals as we actually mentioned before. Now, these management strategies pose risks to surrounding communities and environmental quality for a variety of reasons. I think first and foremost that the waste rarely stays where it is put. So, with land application of waste, there's concerns that certain weather events and precipitation events Are very good at mobilizing some of the nutrients but also some of the waste born contaminants, both horizontally via runoff and vertically through leeching into surface and ground water. Failed storage systems like the one pictured here, this is a ruptured man ure lagoon can spread the contents into the surrounding area and surrounding bodies of water. Water, and given some of the micro-biological contaminants that are present in waste, these failures of storage systems are potentially of concern. Waste incineration will take any contaminants that are present in animal waste that are able to survive incineration like heavy metals and arsenic and introduce them into the air. Anything that isn't cleaned in an air scrubber prior to leaving an incinerator will stay behind in the ash product that's left over from the incineration process. And that ash product is then, as you may have guessed, sold as fertilizer. Animal-house ventilation can take any of the particulate or micro-biological contamination that's present inside of a production facility and spread it into the surrounding community. And, unfortunately, there's very little data on community and worker exposures to air from animal production facilities. There's also the potential for direct illegal releases of manure into surface waters and if you visit EPA's ag website, they actually have a listing of fines they've issued. For these releases. And what's interesting is the EPA has been heavily criticized over the years for being very lax in it's protection of surface waters from animal waste releases. So you can imagine the idea that they are actually reporting finds that they're giving means they're really sort of only getting the tip of the iceberg. What's really important to consider here is that a number of these pathways are opportunities for waste-born contaminants to actually get into ground water and what's really key to recognize is that ground water across the U.S. constitutes 40% of public water supplies. But for folks in rural areas, especially people who live around these types of operations, Operations, most of them are really on ground water. It's uncommon in rural areas to see city delivered water, so there is a real potential for human exposure to these waste born contaniments. There are a number o f other transport mechanisms that I haven't yet mentioned and I wanted to show you a couple of pictures. This is one I actually did mention, these are ventelation fans on the side of a poultry industrial food animal production facilty. And as you might imagine Anything that's in the air within the facility can be easily mobilized into the air surrounding these containment structures. This is a picture I took just upon arriving in Mexico on a sampling trip and we happened to get stuck behind a poultry transport truck. And research from colleagues here at Hopkins has actually demonstrated that poultry transport trucks are very effective methods of transporting bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics into surrounding communities. Workers are a wonderful vector, especially for transporting microbiological hazards from production facilities into the surrounding communities. Unfortunately, workers are rarely allowed to access to protective equipment. And in certain types of animal production, may have. Limited or no access to shower facilities to decontaminate themselves between work shifts, so they certainly are a means by which bacteria especially, but also viruses, can be spread. Collegues at Hopkins have also demonstrated that flies are very effective vectors for transporting bacteria from food animal production sites into surrounding communities. Flies have a residency of between one and two miles so for people who live in rural communities where animals are produced there are real risks of being exposed to bacteria as a result of deposition from flies. And the most commonly recognized transport mechanism is. Probably quite obvious to most of you and that's transmission of micro-biological hazards or maybe chemical contaminants through meat. I talked a little bit before about workers and I just wanted to speak specifically about how workers are really the front lines in terms of exposures to some of the contaminants that I talked about on animal waste and certainly some of the contaminants that are present in anim al production facilities. And this is a picture I took on that same sampling trip in Mexico where we were doing some air sampling and I was able to catch a couple of pictures around one of the facilities we visited and this was certainly not an uncommon image among the farms we visited there and from what I've been told some of the farms here in the states as well. This young man has the unfortunate job of sweeping swine waste out of a facility and if you Actually have a look at the waste that he's pushed along to the wall there. And what you can't see in this photo is. If he were to continue to move in a forward direction, and, and push the waste, there's actually sort of a conveyor where all of the swine waste runs down the side of the building, and into a very large manure storage pit that's just wide open to the environment. So what's important to recognize is that there are five million documented farm workers and that includes both crop farm workers and workers in animal production facilities that may have routine contact via either direct contact with animals or through contact with animal waste that's used as fertilizer. So they may come into contact with those waste borne contaminants. There is no federal oversight of people who work in food animal production facilities. These facilities have a variety of exemptions under laws, that would normally require OSHA to actually set up standards for the workplace. So they are often unprotected. And as you've seen from some of the photos I've shown you. Industrial food animal production workers are often not afforded access to personal protective equipment that might help them minimize their exposures to some of the hazards that we've described in waste. So they're often unprotected and in some cases, especially in poultry production, those workers are not offered access to decontamination facilities like showers. Although research has shown that those showers can also be a source of exposure to certain pathogens as well. And lastly, many of the workers go home an d spend time with their families and if they don't have adequate access to protective equipment or decontamination facilities, their families are at an increased risk of Developing infections or coming into contact with some of those waste borne contaminants. I've spoken a couple of times before about some of the concerns over air quality within animal production facilities, but let's go into some greater specifics about what's actually there. So there are wide array of airborne contaminants In these production sites. I think the most commonly recognized are certain gases like ammonia which is very common in poultry production facilities. And hydrogen sulfide which is particularly present in swine production facilities. There are also an array of papers that examine the composition of volatile organic compounds that are present at different food animal production facility types. One of the most recent papers was one from USDA that looked at a mixture of VOC's that are present in poultry houses and they speciated, or determined Unique chemicals, for about 60 different volatile organic compounds in swine production facilities of paper from earlier, in the 2000s documented 330 unique volatile organic compounds. What's interesting about those mixtures of volatile organic compounds, is that the majority of them are not toxicologically characterized, so We not only can't really make sense of what it means to be exposed to them individually, but we have even less information about what it means to be exposed to large mixtures of those chemicals. Animal production facilities tend to be very dusty places and have higher concentrations of particulate matter. I've mentioned, extensively, the presence of different bacteria viruses and protozoa that may become airborne, and available for exposure. Certain bacteria life may produce endotoxins that have been shown to link to human morbidity. And animal dander is increasingly becoming of concern. Concern because of its ability to elicit allergic responses. As I mentioned before , the health relevance of all of these is established, but for some of them we're just starting to understand how they might influence health. And lastly, I talked about VOC mixtures being challenging to understand because of the impact of mixtures, but we're talking about not only just mixtures of VOC's but mixtures of many different types of airborne pollutants and we have a very, very poor understanding of how they work together to impact health. So we've talked about workers. We've talked about the air quality inside of houses. Now, let's talk about rural communities that surround these production facilities. Now, I mentioned earlier in the lecture, that these types of operations tend to be geographically concentrated, so there are communities Where folks will have houses and those house may be bordered on one, two or three sides by animal production facility. And you can imagine that there are concerns that people who live in those houses have impacted quality of life. And may be at increased exposure to contaminants that emanate from those facilities. So there have been a number of epidemiologic studies that have looked at specific health outcomes associated with being exposed to those contaminants. And the majority have focused on respiratory and mental health outcomes but there's Documented relationships between exposure to food animal production contaminants and asthma prevalence, increased rate of hospitalization, irritation in a variety of organs including eye, nose and throat. There are studies that look at depression Anger and anxiety associated with living in close proximity to animal operations. There been small number of studies that have looked at relationships between reports of odor and measures of quality of life. And when you see the subsequent lecture from Steve Wing he's going to go into greater detail in some of these studies. And there is emerging literature on the economic effects of owning property, especially houses in Rural areas where animals are produced. And there have been demons trations of decreased property values and property damage associated with living near one of these types of facilities or living near multiple animal production facilities. So in closing to this section of today's lecture I wanted to talk about a couple of challenges and actually conducting public health research on food animal production sites and characterizing the related public health impact. I mentioned before that we're dealing with a number of different types of stressors that are related to producing animals in the current dominant model and we're talking about exposure to chemicals. We're talking about exposure to bacteria viruses protozoa. But we're also talking about other types of stressors that are not always considered when thinking about environmental health hazards and those may be social hazards and economic hazards as well. We are talking about a number of different exposed populations who have different activity patterns that require in some cases separate evaluation or examination to study in order characterize exposure in examine outcome. We do know that certain types of people, or certain sub populations tend to be more highly exposed to these contaminants. And I think those in order of exposure would be workers and then fence line and surrounding communities. And lastly, consumers may suffer from Certain practices associated with the way that we produce food animals and I'll talk a little be more about that in the case studies. It can be challenging to relate some of the adverse effects to exposures due to access issues to rural communities and production sites. And that really speaks to the next bullet which is the integrated nature of animal production. Given these contractual arrangements between animal producers and the integrator companies it can be incredible challenging to get access to food animal production sites or animal. Processing sites, where the animals are converted from live animals into meat. You may imagine that an integrator company, that owns a processing plant, or hol ds a contract over an animal production site, may not be interested in allowing a public health researcher access to one of those sites. Because those researchers may find relationships between production practices. And risks or human illness. And that may. From an economic perspective, put an integrator in a vulnerable position. There really are no clear answers to getting over some of these research barriers. But I think what's important to recognize is there is a burden that's borne by the public in terms of concerns related to food safety. The people who are really. Bearing the burden of our current food production system are those workers in those rural communities, who really are the sort of the front lines facing these exposures. So anyways, that concludes the first part of today's lecture. The next step will be the case study on antibiotic use in food animal production. Help! Don't panic. Come one at a time. Help! - Don't panic. You idiot! God i love you. Okay, get down, it's out of control! Bunty i just love you! Save me! I will die! Hail punjab! Bunty, open your mouth. Very good. How are you, sir? I am sorry for whatever happened. These are your passport's. - Thank you. Whenever you are cured, then you can leave. We will meet in some corner of the world. Some corner, but not in a cot. Thank you. Downloaded From www.MySubtitles.com Wilkinson's cannon borer. No one man does it all. In spite of the myth, James Watt did not invent the steam engine. He only invented a vital bit of it. And it's only when all the bits come together that the final form of the steam engine comes into existence. And when it does, that's when it causes widespread change to occur. In this case: the Industrial Revolution. [♪ busy ♪] This is the standard view of the Industrial Revolution: black, satanic machines. [♪ busy, threatening ♪] But although these machines slammed the world into the industrial age - (didn't they just?) they did something else too. Something genetic. [♫ ♫ ...] Steam power began by changing the shape of the countryside with the mines and the factories. It went on to change the people themselves, genetically. Because, when it was used for transportation, on the new railways, people started marrying much further afield. Not just the girl next door. The travel bug hit everybody. [♫ ♫ ...] [Steamboat Whistle] [♫ ♫ ...] [♫ ♫ ...] Thanks to John Wilkinson's cylinders, steam power was to take people all over the world. And now, it would no longer matter to a ship's captain which way the wind was blowing with steamships, like these, still running on the Italian lakes. Why are we on an Italian lake? Well that's something else that has to do with Wilkinson. Now, the dynamic world of iron and steam made a lot of people a lot of money, including, of course, John Wilkinson: the man from whom everybody bought their steam engine cylinders. Which is just as well because he needed the cash. Well, he didn't. His brother-in-law did. You see, at the impressionable age of 18, his sister Mary married a man called Joseph Priestly - a Protestant minister who failed in the pulpit because he had a stammer, a bit of an amateur scientist, he discovered oxygen and, to judge by his letters... [steamboat whistle] ...a real creep. Because, he married Mary for her money and when he discovered she didn't have any he sponged off her brother. Well, in 1767, he and Mary found themselves living in Leeds next door to a brewery where Priestly divided his time between preaching (badly), and sniffing (although scientifically) around the place next door. Now during this "scientific sniffing" he discovered that there was a 9 inch layer of gas, floating above the beer in the vats. And it did very mysterious things like: candles went out in it, and mice died in it. Ether didn't seem to do very much at all, but before he had a chance to find out why he dropped a load of it into the beer and the brewer slung him out. But, not before he had also discovered that if you poured water from one glass into another, back and forth in the gas the gas went into the water and made fizzy bubbles! [Sound of Soda Siphon] Mmmm! Tasted great! Priestly had invented Soda Water. The fact that the Navy refused to try it out as a possible cure for scurvy only whetted Priestly's appetite. By 1770 he was using gun barrels - made by his brother-in-law John (free of charge of course) and heating substances up in them and exploding the gases that came off using the new electric spark that was around at the time. Well, he got so excited about these bangs he was making, that he wrote to a fellow investigator. Letter begins, "I've only just received your two letters because apparently they were sent with an Italian singer who only just got here," and then goes on to detail the rest of his new discoveries. And this letter is why we are on a lake in Northern Italy. Because it was sent to a man called Alessandro Volta who lived here in Como. And - quite by accident - the letter arrived in just the right place, at just the right time. [Steamboat Whistle] It was the right place because Como was surrounded by marshland. And what happened next has to do with the fact that marshland can be very unhealthy It was just the right time because when Priestly's letter arrived, Volta had just finished inventing a new way of making the spark that Priestly was using to explode his gasses with. It was a kind of -um- "portable electricity generator". And it was to turn out to be absolutely vital in the business of identifying bad smells. Let me explain... Priestly's letter sent Volta off on a trail that everybody else was on at the time: Investigating what kind of gasses were mixed up in air. Now some people, like Priestly, got substances burned them and exploded the gasses that came off. Other people put acid on metal and looked at the fumes. Volta? Well, he went fishing. In 1776 his boat was in an area of reeds in a marshy part of Lake Maggiore when he couldn't help noticing that some bubbles were coming up from the marsh I say he couldn't help noticing it because the smell practically made him throw-up! (laughs) But, in true investigative style, he approached the mysterious stuff with a lighted taper. Marsh gas. Methane. Only Volta called it "inflammable air." At this point, he got out his "portable electricity machine." Pretty much all that was known about electricity at the time was that if you rubbed certain substances they gave off sparks. Now, Volta chose this substance: it's a cake made of three parts turpentine and one part wax. And if you rub it with a cat skin briskly, like this and then put this lid on top of it, and then make contact between the lid and the metal base - like that that lid now has a fairly stiff charge of static electricity in it and it will retain that charge almost permanently. Which is why Volta called this his "Eternal Electricity Machine." Now, Volta used to carry this charged lid around as a power source for his next invention, which was based on Priestly's idea of using an electric spark to explode gasses. Only Volta did it with style. He had himself a glass pistol made. See? Two wires from the outside run in to the inside where they almost meet. What you do is, you fill the pistol up with inflammable air, put a cork in the end of it, then, very carefully, earth that wire and bring the lid over until it touches the other wire at which point the current runs down the wire, jumps across the gap, forms a spark, ignites the inflammable air and.... [snap! crackle! POP!] [Boink! Boink! Boink! Boink! Plook!] Volta had two great ideas immediately, the first was to turn this into the new terror weapon "The Electric Glass Bomb" Never got anywhere of course. But the second was that this was an excellent instrument for finding "bad air". Because he'd already proved that "bad air" exploded. At the time everybody thought that malaria came from "bad air" - "mal'aria" is Italian for "bad air". So for the next 30 years people went around poking their new instruments at oh, cesspits, bogs, dung heaps, sewers - you name it - if it was indescribably awful they'd sniff it Now the "Bad Air Brigade" became really rather fashionable Um, Napoleon, in his North African campaign, ordered a bad smell map of Egypt to be made. - Now there's a thought - 'course, they were all on the wrong trail. Malaria had nothing at all to do with "bad air". So, in the long run the electric pistol was a bit of a flop. And there it might have ended. Except for what happened about 1850 in the Arctic Ocean. [♪ Sea Shanty ♪] By then these Yankee whaling ships were having to go up to the North Pacific to find whales. The Atlantic was almost fished-out. So, the price of whale oil for lamps was rocketing. In 1859 a bogus army colonel dug a hole in Pennsylvania and found the answer. Oil. Our hero's name was Edwin Drake. And thanks to him there'd be oil lamps forever! Well, what else could you do with it? [♪ triumphant ♪] [soda siphon] Now, sorry to do this to you, but do you remember Priestly and his soda water? [Waltz music] Well, guess where his soda water went over very big? Germany! In the health resorts full of people taking their punishment (I... I mean cures!!) with Teutonic thoroughness. Gallons of sulphur water forced down with every mouthful of lettuce No wonder they went for Priestly's "fizz". Have you ever tried straight sulphur water? Anyway, it was at one of these spas that something got done to that oil they discovered in America. Something that involved Priestly - yet again. [♫ ♫ ...] [computer voice] Aaah yeah I'm about to drop some particle physics into club. The LHC is supah-dupah High You know what I say Check it [normal voice] Twenty-seven kilometers of tunnel under ground Designed with mind to send protons around A circle that crosses through Switzerland and France Sixty nations contribute to scientific advance Two beams of protons swing round, through the ring they ride "Til in the hearts of the detectors, they're made to collide And all that energy packed in such a tiny bit of room Becomes mass, particles created from the vacuum And then... LHCb sees where the antimatter's gone ALlCE looks at collisions of lead ions CMS and ATLAS are two of a kind They're looking for whatever new particles they can find. The LHC accelerates the protons and the lead And the things that it discovers will rock you in the head. We see asteroids and planets, stars galore We know a black hole resides at each galaxy's core But even all that matter cannot explain What holds all these stars together - something else remains This dark matter interacts only through gravity And how do you catch a particle there's no way to see Take it back to the conservation of energy And the particles appear, clear as can be You see particles flying, in jets they spray But you notice there ain't nothin", goin" the other way You say, "My law has just been violated - it don't make sense! There's gotta be another particle to make this balance." And it might be dark matter, and for first Time we catch a glimpse of what must fill most of the known "Verse. Because... LHCb sees where the antimatter's gone ALlCE looks at collisions of lead ions CMS and ATLAS are two of a kind They're looking for whatever new particles they can find. Antimatter is sort of like matter's evil twin Because except for charge and handedness of spin They're the same for a particle and its anti-self But you can't store an antiparticle on any shelf Cuz when it meets its normal twin, they both annihilate Matter turns to energy and then it dissipates When matter is created from energy Which is exactly what they'll do in the LHC You get matter and antimatter in equal parts And they try to take that back to when the universe starts The Big Bang - back when the matter all exploded But the amount of antimatter was somehow eroded Because when we look around we see that matter abounds But antimatter's nowhere to be found. That's why... LHCb sees where the antimatter's gone ALlCE looks at collisions of lead ions CMS and ATLAS are two of a kind They're looking for whatever new particles they can find. The LHC accelerates the protons and the lead And the things that it discovers will rock you in the head. The Higgs Boson - that's the one that everybody talks about. And it's the one sure thing that this machine will sort out If the Higgs exists, they ought to see it right away And if it doesn't, then the scientists will finally say "There is no Higgs! We need new physics to account for why Things have mass. Something in our Standard Model went awry." But the Higgs - I still haven't said just what it does They suppose that particles have mass because There is this Higgs field that extends through all space And some particles slow down while other particles race Straight through like the photon - it has no mass But something heavy like the top quark, it's draggin" its ass And the Higgs is a boson that carries a force And makes particles take orders from the field that is its source. They'll detect it.... LHCb sees where the antimatter's gone ALlCE looks at collisions of lead ions CMS and ATLAS are two of a kind They're looking for whatever new particles they can find. Now some of you may think that gravity is strong Cuz when you fall off your bicycle it don't take long Until you hit the earth, and you say, "Dang, that hurt!" But if you think that force is powerful, you're wrong. You see, gravity - it's weaker than Weak And the reason why is something many scientists seek They think about dimensions - we just live in three But maybe there are some others that are too small to see It's into these dimensions that gravity extends Which makes it seem weaker, here on our end. And these dimensions are "rolled up" - curled so tight That they don't affect you in your day to day life But if you were as tiny as a graviton You could enter these dimensions and go wandering on And they'd find you... When LHCb sees where the antimatter's gone ALlCE looks at collisions of lead ions CMS and ATLAS are two of a kind They're looking for whatever new particles they can find. The LHC accelerates the protons and the lead And the things that it discovers will rock you in the head! [computer voice] aah yeah Our understanding of the universe is about to change, Thanks to the LHC collider. Yes you see, to the E to the R to the N, comin' straight all in Geneva Mr. B I drop them. Alpine Cat, over and out. Presents A short by Kamil Kwieciński Winter. Humiliating season for someone like me. Snow. Deadly substance in the wrong hands of my schoolmates. I've even forgotten how is it like to came back home wearing dry clothes. Everyday the same - I'm counting the steps to the gate. They remind me how close the freedom is. How long I have to walk to get out of this impasse. One hundred steps of pain. 'Snowball' One. Two. Three. Four. Five. Six. I can feel their eyes on me. The weakest link is the best objective and the more someone cares about something, the easier it is to pick it up from him. Yes. I'm their objective. Eleven. Twelve. Thirteen. Fourteen. I can feel how they're loading their guns with ammunition made of snow. Twenty-five. Twenty-six. Twenty-seven. Twenty-eight. A quarter of the way behind me, but the worst is just waiting for me. I'm accelerating, and so the next twelve steps pass in a second. Unfortunately, my ease has ended. The first shot fires in my direction. I stop. I know it's inevitable. I see the snow particles detach from the gloves. I hear the molded ball crosses the resisting wind. And finally - I feel how the snowball hits me in the head splattering to the millions of small pieces. I have them everywhere. On my hat. On my face. Behind the shirt. Ice crystals on the neck instantly cool off my body. My reaction only worked up enthusiasm of observers. Encouraged by the pioneer, they are boldly forming these tiny missiles in their hands. Weapon of massive range. The soldiers of the Snow Queen are preparing to shoot the victim. They are reloading their guns and targeting the vulnerable individual. I dodge. Two of them misses. It's a good omen. I do not see the third and fourth. Pants become devastated by the particles of water ice. In this state, I do the next steps. Get a grip! So little is left. I push on. Artilery launches four missiles. Well-aimed. Fortunately - nylon jacket is a perfect shield. No loss. They're laughing at me. But I don't really care about their opinion. I'm over them. I'm over-towering them with my intelligence. Yes, it's a fact. They do not understand, what can result from the inconspicuous fun. They're not going to imagine that dry clothes might run out. They won't... They won't... Fifteen. Fourteen. Thirteen. Twelve. Counting in my mind regardless of their childish abuses. While dreaming, I can not see the threat. A second later I'm lying in the snow. I hear their footsteps. They're running away. They know that this was the final punch that striked me the most. I get up without any help and I despairly overcome the last distance. However I do not feel that triumph. My mind is occupied by the omnipresent moisture. It's everywhere. On my trousers. On my jacket. On my hands. On my face. Hat and scarf didn't stand. I doubt in a waterproofness of bag. Like every other day, I'm going to the bus. And finally, to the longed house. My asylum. Like every other day, I struggle with life. But why the life is made ​​of this horrible snow? Subtitles by Kamil Kwieciński. Subscribe our channel for more translated films and shorts! If you report any mistake - post your comment! 'Snowball' Translating subtitles from Khan Academy by ArtemRomanov All links are in the section below Make an account on universalsubtitles.org website [Narrator] For this quiz your goal is to define a procedure named replace_spy that takes as its input a list of 3 numbers and modifies the value of the third element in input list to be 1 more than its previous value. To solve this quiz you're going to have to experiment and understand how values are past procedures in Python. Something we haven't talked about yet, but if you solve this quiz you'll have a good understanding of how things might work. The behavior that we want is shown in an example, so if the value of spy is the list 0, 0, 7, we call the procedure replace spy, passing in spy. Note that we're not using the result. We're not assigning this back into a variable spy. We're just calling replace spy, but after the call the value that spy refers to has changed. Now it has the value 0, 0, 8. So, I haven't yet told you what it means to pass a mutable object like a list to a procedure, but try to define replace spy and see if you can figure out what happens. . Lets look at solving quadratic inequalities. For example, lets solve the following inequality. Now when we solve quadratic inequalities, we start in the same way as we do when we solve quadratic equations. Namely, bringing everything to one side and getting zero on the other. So, this gives us X squared. Minus 4x minus five is greater than zero. And now we can factor the left hand side. It factors into X minus five times x plus one is greater than zero. Now when solving these types of inequalities, there's a few different approaches. The first approach is what we call a sign analysis. Now remember if we have a product A times B greater than zero, what does that mean? That means that either A and B are both positive, or A and B are both negative. In other words. A is greater than zero, and. B is greater than zero or A is less than zero, and b is less than zero. So lets apply that here, we have a product of factors greater than zero, which means that the first factor X minus five is greater than zero and the second factor, X plus one is greater than zero. Or the first factor is less than zero and this second factor is less than zero. Which means, that x is greater than five and x is greater than negative one. Or X is less than five and X is less than negative one. Now we can consolidate this into just x is greater than five, can't we? Because if you think of the number line, let's say this is negative one and this is five. If X is larger than five. Certainly, it's larger than negative one and similarly, you can condense this 2X is less than negative one. Because if x is less than negative one certainly x is less than five. So combining these on one number line, we get X is less than negative one or X is greater than five. And notice here, that we have open circles at these values, because our original inequality up here was a strict inequality. Now we're asked to put our answer in interval notation. Therefore our answer. It's negative infinity up to negative one open parenthesis because we do not want to include negative one union again open parenthesis because we don't want to include negative five up to infinity. Alright, what about the other approach? The second approach is what we call a graphical approach. So we still start with the same inequality and we begin in the same way by bringing this five over. So we have X squared, minus four X minus five is greater than zero, but now let Y equal this left hand side, this X squared minus 4x minus five. So to solve this, we need to find x values. That make y greater than zero, which we can do by thinking of the graph of what? The graph of y is a parabole isn't it? And because the leading coefficient here namely, one is greater than zero we have the parabole opening upward. And we found this vertex here by using the formula that x, is equal, to negative b, divided by two a. Which in this case, is negative, negative four divided by two times one, or two. And then we can find the y coordinate of the vertex by plugging that value two into the equation. So we'd get y is equal to two squared minus four times two minus five and two squared is four and four times two is eight, so we have four minus eight minus five which is equal to negative nine. Which is how we get this vertex here? Now remember, we want to find the x values that make y greater than zero, Y will be greater than zero above the x axis here on these green pieces. So what we need to do is determine what x values will land us on those green pieces. Which means we need to find these x intercepts here. And we can do that by factoring. What does this factor into? It factors into X minus five times x plus one. And the x intercepts are the values where this is equal to zero. And these values are x equals five and negative one, which means this here is x equal to negative one and this is x equal to five. Now we know y is equal to zero at those values, but we're only interested in the x values that make y strictly greater than zero. Therefore, we need to exclude those values in our answer. So put open circles here on the graph. So as long as X is greater than five or less than negative one, will land on these green pieces of the parabole. Therefore, our answer is the same as it was in the first approach. Namely, negative infinity, up to negative one, union five to infinity. And these are two different approaches to solving quadratic inequalities. Thank you, and we'll see you next time. Hi, daddy... - Hi, sweetie. - How's it going? - Fine, and you? - This is Marcelo. Marcelo, I'm just going to change for us to go out, okay? - Dad? - What, sweetie? Take a seat, Marcelo. - How are you? - I'm great. How are you? Don't call me you, call me sir. Sorry... How are you, sir? What do you think? If you've had raised a little princess like her for the past 15 years, ...just for a fucking shitty dude to rub her with his dick, How would you feel? What? But I'm lucky that you're not a fucking shitty dude, right Marcelo? I'm not? No, I'm not. I was about to tell you... And you wouldn't rub her with your dick, right? - What? - What? You wouldn't rub her with your dick! Right? No, no... we're only going to the movies. Oh, the movies? What movie? What time? The new James Bond movie. No. You're gonna watch "Fishtronaut", at 4 P.M. Walter will be at the same row as you. Who's Walter? Walter is a guy who works for me when he's not at the military base. Do you know what a military base is, Marcelo? I do... So have you joined the army yet? No... I've just turned 18... Oh, you've just turned 18? You know, when I was 18 I've already lost my father, my mother, ...I lived and worked in a sawmill in Catumbi. I've already gotten syphilis, gonorrhea, chancre, scoliosis, AlDS... - AlDS? - AlDS! What do you think? An 18-year-old boy would live in a sawmill in Catumbi ...because it's cool, because it's a hippie thing? Life is not the glass of milk you drink in the morning, kiddo! Yes, sir. At least you're 18, you're similar in age. Ju usually brings bigger guys home... at least you're similar in age. She told me I was her first boyfriend. - Did she tell you that? - Yeah, she did. Did she, really? Did she tell you that? Are you mocking me sir? - Am I mocking you? - Yeah. Look at me, you fucker! Do I look like I'm mocking? My wrinkles, my gray hair, do you know what they mean? It means struggle. These are scars of war, Marcelo. I'm the guardian of this house. I am the tough one. You know why? Because I want this girl to get settled. I wanna find a guy for her. One guy. To settle with her. But are you the one? He likes volume... fluff up your dick. What do you mean? With the hand. Here. Fluff it up, like that. Milk it up, fluff it up. Fluff it... Fluff up your dick, Marcelo! Yeah... it's just that... your testicles... the balls... ...they slipped through your shorts. Yeah... they did. Yeah... they're blue... Yeah, I painted my balls blue... Why would you do that? Discovery Channel... The monkey with the blue balls rules the entire fucking place. And who's the house's dominant male, Marcelo? Tell me, who is he? You, sir... Yeah, I'm the big gorilla with the blue balls! And you're the little monkey who wants to join the tribe, right? You want to fuck the gorilla's daughter, don't you, Marcelo? And I think my blue balls need a new coat of ink. It's peeling off, the blue is coming off. So, hey, look at me. Grab the blue ink, do it, little monkey. Come paint the monkey king blue balls! Do it, damn it! Go, do it, grab my balls, go! Mom! My blue nail polish is full of tiny hair again! Tradução e legendas: Melissa Prado In the unit, we've been discussing fixed parameter tractable problems and there are a lot of new things about these. First, the exponential part of the running time is restricted to the parameter k rather than the parameter n, and at least in many cases k is much less than n. Another new thing is that they provably allow for some very effective pre-processing rules and the details of some of these are a little bit out of scope for this course, but we can get a bit of a taste for them by working at vertex cover and noticing a few key insights. Now, let's say we have a graph G and suppose it has n vertices along with parameter k, now what I'd like to know is does she have a vertex cover of size at most k. So in other words, we were discussing the decision variant of the vertex cover problem. Another way of saying this is that at most a certain number of vertices are needed to cover all the edges and this could be either k-1, k, 2k, k+n, or n. Another fact that this question or the answer to this question will imply is that if any vertex is an endpoint to a certain number of edges or more, then it must be in the cover, and this could be either k-1, k, k+1, 2k, or k² edges. So for both of these questions, please check whichever on is most appropriate. Today we're going to talk about a second way in which you can refute an argument. The second way of refuting an argument is something that we would call reductio ad absurdum. What is reductio ad absurdum? Let me give you an example. Contrary to what most people believe, it is actually impossible for a person to walk from 1 location to another location. Let me explain why. Imagine that this is the distance between any two locations. Now suppose a person starts at this location right here and they want to walk over to the location over here. How are they going to do that? Well in order to do that they first have to traverse half of that distance. But, in order to traverse half of that distance. They first have to traverse half of that distance or a quarter of the total. But in order to do that, they first have to traverse half of that distance, or an eighth of the total. And in order to do that they first have to transverse half of that distance or a 16th of the total. Now notice, this process could go on and on indefinitely before they can pass through any distance at all. They have to pass through half that distance, and that goes on forever, so no one can ever get started. Since no one can ever get started, no one can ever traverse any distance at all, and so, it's impossible, for any person, to walk from any one location, to any other location. Quid est demonstrandum. What you just witnessed, was an example, of a reducteo ad absurdam. I was giving an argument for a particular conclusion. The conclusion that it's impossible, for any person to walk from one location to another location. And then, someone proved, simply by walking from one location to another location, that the conclusion of my argument was false. The conclusion of my argument had to be false since someone actually did walk from one location to another location. In a reductio ad absurdum you refute someones argument by showing that the conclusion of that argument is false. But what does that tell you that the conclusion of someone's argument is f alse. Well it could tell you one of two things. Either the argument is not valid or if the argument is valid then 1 or more of the premises must be false. Here's why. If the argument. What that means is that there's no possible way for all of the premises of that argument to be true while the conclusion is false. But if the conclusion is false, and the argument is valid than that means that there's no possible way for all of the premises of that argument to be true. So one or more of the premises. Must be false. Now in the argument that I was giving a moment ago for the false conclusion that it's impossible for any person to walk from one location to another location, is it clear that one or more of the premises I was using was false? Well, no, it's not. Because I wasn't entirely explicit about what premises I was using. I was sneaky about that. So until I make explicit what premises I was using just the fact that you can do a reductio ad absurdum of my argument doesn't tell you whether any of the premises I was using was false. Maybe all of the premises were true, but the argument wasn't valid. The argument afforded some way of having all the premises be true, even when the conclusion is false. So, until we see the argument laid out more carefully, we can't tell from the fact that the conclusion of the argument is false, whether that shows that one or more of the premises of the argument is false. One of the useful things about laying out arguments carefully, is that then, when you find out that the conclusion is false, that can tell you what lessons you should learn. About the truth or false hood of the premises. Let's try to be more careful in spelling out the argument that I gave for the conclusion that it's impossible for anyone to traverse any distance by walking. So, one way of spelling out that argument is like this, premise, there is no distance. That can be traversed first before traversing any other distance. And it might seem that from that premise I concluded there is no distance that can be travers ed at all. Now, stated that way the argument seems clearly invalid. So, from the fact that the conclusion is false. We don't learn anything, about the truth or falsehood, of the premise. The premise could be true, or it could be false. In fact, as it happens, the premise is true. There is no distance that can be traversed, before traversing any other distance. because no matter what distance you traverse, you first have to traverse half of it. Alright, so the premise is true. But the conclusion is false, and that shows that the argument is invalid. So the fact that someone was able to do a reductio ad absurdem of the conclusion of this argument doesn't tell us anything about the truth or falsehood of the premise that I used in this argument. But there are other arguments that are valid And so when someone is able to do a reductio ad absurdum of their conclusion, that does show that one or more of the premises is false. Let me give you an example of those. Suppose someone says to you, I am lying to you right now. Now, you might make the following argument. Premise. Every statement is either true or false. And from that generalization. It follows that the particular statement that you just heard is either. True or false. But the particular statement that you just heard is the statement, I am lying to you right now. Now, this is a valid argument. The argument from the premise 1 to the conclusion 2. But is the conclusion 2 true? Well consider again the statement you just heard: I'm lying to you right now. Is that statement either true or false? Well, suppose it's true. So when the person said, I'm lying to you right now, what they were saying to you Was true, but if what they were saying to you was true, then they weren't lying to you right now. But if they weren't lying to you right now, then what they were saying to you, was false. But if what they were saying to you was false. Then the rule line to you right now and so what they were saying to you was true. So if that statement is true then it must be false, and if its false then it must be true So, it can't be either true or false, because if it's one, it has to be the other as well, and that's impossible. A statement can't be both true and false. So, their statement, I am lying to you right now, can't be either true or false. It's got to be neither. But if their statement, I am lying to you right now is neither true nor false, then the conclusion of this argument right here conclusion two is false and, if conclusion two is false, then since the argument from one to two is a valid argument, the premise one Must also be false because there's no way for a valid argument to be one in which the premise is false and the conclusion true. So premise 1 is false and we just proved it's false by doing the reductio ad adsurdum on the conclusion 2. Now so far in this lecture we've looked at two different reductio ad absurdum arguments. The first one was very simple. It was a reductio ad absurdum that consisted in someone's walking from one point to another, thereby proving That the conclusion of the argument that I was giving was false. They proved it just by walking from one point to another. That's all they needed to do to prove it. But the other reductio ad absurdum argument, that we just considered a moment ago. Was much more elaborate. It consisted in an argument to the effect that, if a statement that you just heard, I'm lying to you right now, is true, then it must be false. And if it's false, then it must be true. So it can't be either true or false, because if it were either one, it would have to. To be both, and that's impossible. Now that's a more complicated argument. That isn't as simple as just walking from one place to another. So sometimes giving a reductio ad absurdem argument can be very simple. It can be as simple as walking from one place to another. Other times, it can be very complicated. It can involve lots of steps Also, Reductio ad absurdum arguments sometimes don't tell us anything about the truth of the premises of the arguments, whose conclusions they p rove to be false. That was the case in our first argument. We didn't learn anything about the truth of the premises I was using in my argument, because the argument, itself, wasn't valid. All we learned was that the conclusion, itself, was false. But we didn't learn whether the premises were false. But sometimes reductio out of certain arguments can teach us that the premises of the argument whose conclusion was proven to be false are themselves false. That's a case where we can prove that the conclusion of a valid argument is false. If the argument is valid, then a reductio of its conclusion. Discredits its premises because there's no way that the premises could be true if the conclusion is false and the argument is valid. So reductio ad absurdum arguments come in different kinds. Some are simple, some are complicated, some tell us something about the truth of the premises of the argument that they're targeting and some don't. But in all cases, reductio ad absurdum, can be an effective tool for refuting someone's argument, for showing that someone's argument doesn't succeed, doesn't succeed in demonstrating the truth of its conclusion. In the next lecture, we'll talk about straw men and false dichotomies. These are pitfalls. That can befall any attempt at reductio ad abusrdum. And these are also ways of refuting someone else's argument. We'll talk about those next time. In propositional logic there are two types of sentences, simple sentences and compound sentences. Simple sentences express simple facts about the World. Compound sentences, express a logical relationship between the simpler sentences of which they are composed. Propositional logic simple sentences, take the form of atomic symbols codes proposition context. By convention, we write proposition constants, a strings of letters, digits and occurrences of the underscore character. In order to avoid conflict with other types of symbols we use letter, we require that every proposition constant begin with a lowercase letter. For example, raining, spelled as shown here, is a proposition constant, as are raining spelled with lower and upper case letters but beginning with a lower letter case letter are 32 raining. And raining underscore or underscore snowing. Raining beginning with a capital letter is not a proposition because it begins with an upper case letter. 324567 is not a preposition const, proposition constant, because it begins with a number. Raining hypen or hyphen snowing fails because it contains the dash or minus, dash character or minus sign. Compound sentences are formed from simpler sentences and logical operators of various sorts. There are six types of compound sentences in propositional logic. A negation consists of the negation operator followed by a simple or compound sentence all enclosed in parentheses. For example, given the sentence P, we can form the negation of P as shown here. The argument of a negation is often called the target of the negation. A conjunction is a sequence of sentences separated by occurrences of the and operator and enclosed in parentheses. For example, we can form the conjunction of P and Q as shown here in the middle. The and operator is usually written using this wedge like symbol, though occasionally we use ampersand. For example, in typing formulas for application programs. The constituent sentences of a conjunction are called conjuncts. A disjunction is a sequence of sen tences separated by occurrences of the or operator, and enclosed in parentheses. For example, we can form the disjunction of P and Q, as shown in the example at the bottom. The ore operator is usually written using this upside down V, Though we sometimes use vertical bars as an alternative again when we're typing for application programs. The constituent sentences in a disjunction are called disjunts. Three down, three to go. An implication consists of a pair of sentences separated by the implication operator and enclosed in parentheses. The sentence to the left of the operator is called the antecedent. And the sentence to the right is called the consequent. The implication of P and Q is shown here in the example at the top. A reduction is a reverse of an implication. It consist of a parrot sentences like separated by the reduction operator and enclosed in parenthesis in this case the sentence to the left is called the consequent and the sentence to the right is called the antecedent. An equivalence, or by conditional, is a combination of an implication and a reduction and we can express it as shown here in the bottom. Note the constituent sentences with any compound sentence can be either simple sentences or compound sentences or a mixture of the two. For example the expressions here are all legal compound sentences. One Disadvantage of our annotation, at least that's written, is that the parenthesis tend to build up, and need to be match correctly. It would be nice if we can dispense with unnecessary parenthesis as shown in the example in the middle. Unfortunately we can't do without parenthesis entirely, since then we would be unable to render sentences unambiguously. For example, the two different sentences shown here would result in the same unparenthesized expression even though they mean different things. The solution to this problem is the use of operator precedence. The table shown here gives a hierarchy of precedents for our operators. The negation operator has higher precedents than any of the other o perators, and has higher precedents than or and the remaining operators, and or has higher precedents than the implication operator, the reduction operator, or the equivalence operator. The, and those last three operators are all, have equal precedents. In unparenthesized sentences, it's often the case, then, the expression is flanked by operators, one on either side. In interpreting such sentences, the question is whether the operator associates with the operator, with the, with the expression associates with the operator to its left or to its right. We can use precedence to make this determination. In particular, we agree that an operand in such a situation always associates with the operation of higher precedence when an operand is surrounded by operands of equal precedence, the operand associates to the right by convention. The examples here show how these rules work in various cases. Expressions on the right are the fully parenthesized versions of the expressions on the left. In the first case Q in the middle is associated with the and, because and has higher precedence than or. Similarly, in the second sentence, Q is associated with the and on the right side. Since, again, and has higher precedence than or. In the next two cases, the association is to the right, because the operators are of equal precedence. And in the final example, P is associated with not, because it's the operator with the highest precedence of all. That's all for syntax. Let me just summarize with a few definitions. Use the phrase propositional vocabulary to refer to a set or sequence of propositional constants. Given a propositional vocabulary, a propositional sentence is either an individual member of this propositional vocabulary, or it's a compound sentence formed from simpler sentences built from this vocabulary. Finally a propositional language is the set of all propositional sentences that can be formed form a propositional vocabulary. This exercise tests your grasp of the rules of syntax by asking you to determine whether vari ous expressions are syntactically legal sentences in propositional logic. La favola di Pinocchio 228 broadcast Once upon a time... A King! — say now my little readers. A King! — say now my little listeners ... No, guys, you have it wrong Once upon a time there was a piece of wood. It wasn't a luxurious, wood but a simple piece from stack of those who sit in winter stoves and fireplaces for fire and to heat the rooms. I don't know how it went, but the fact is that one fine day this piece of wood happened in the shop of an old Carpenter, who had Mastr'Antonio name except that everyone called him Cherry master, due to the tip of his nose, that was always lustra and paonazza, as a ripe cherry Just Cherry master had seen that piece of wood rejoiced; and giving himself a hand fregatina for contentment, half-mumbled vocals: This wood just happened to time; I want to borrow the copier to make a coffee table leg Said and done, immediately took the axe arrotata to begin to remove the peel and to digrossarlo; but when he was there to leave go the first remained with the arm asciata suspended in the air, because he heard a little voice thin thin, that said, commending themselves: — I do not picchiar so strong! Just imagine how was that good old master cherry! He lost his eyes around the room to see where he could never be output that little voice, and did not see anyone! Looked under the bench, and none; looked inside a closet that was always closed and none; looked in the chip basket and sawdust and none; opened the door of the shop to take a look even on the road, and nobody. Or then? I understand; — then said laughing and scratching his wig you see that little voice I figured I am. We'll leave it up to work. And shooting the axe in his hand, pulled down a solennissimo hit on piece of wood — Ouch! thou hast done wrong! — shouted regretting the usual little voice. This time master Cherry was stunned take eyes off of Cape fear, with wide open mouth and glue down tongue ciondoloni down to the Chin, like a mask from fontana. It's like a torrent, it's like an avalanche, it's just so much energy. On a visceral level it reminds me of a lavender cupcake because the icing is so thick and so layered, it's so scrumptious... The swirls, the patterns, the movement, the dark lines that surround all the houses... The village is more stable and quiet, but everything else around it is rumbling and flowing. The sky expands beyond this place... "I'm going to go beyond this place..." What we're picking up is his emotions... I see the stars' pure wedding and creating their own dance, almost like a meditation. I was hiking in New Mexico, it wasn't like these stars that were so far away. It was like the universe was around you and not this thing million miles away. I think it allows people to dream. Turn on the two. The mayor's rally is ### this morning Change it Stuart I can't, Mike You do it But it's not enough to have a far-reaching political agenda. I'm running for re-election because I love this city. Okay, next order of business. Negotiation with the city's road crews They want better benefit, probably it's not enough to get to wear thoes really cool orange vests Yo, boss makes a funny### Isn't he cute. I wonder what he is thinking right now I'm checking the temperature What a time, lie around in a diaper sleeping like 18 hours a day, and every once in a while someone puts her breast in your mouth You remember being a baby? I was talking about college Hey, any information about this kid's mother Yeah, she's not a very good one The cop says she just abandoned him Did you call the social services? I'll. No rush Social services can't pick up the kid till tomorrow, so I'm gonna need a baby sitter I'll do it Great. You might as well to my tie. He has been using this as bibbing You want me to take that to the dry cleaners for you That depends, Paulie Are you gonna really take it to the dry cleaners or you are gonna have Claudia clean it, and then give me a fake invoice### Nevermind I thought we were going dancing tonight We can bring the baby Oh, that'd be great. We can take turn posing as a needy single mother 'cause guys really love that I wanna help Mike, okay? This crush on Mike is getting out of control WOuld you please keep it down? Not everybody knows how I feel Mike was just here How do you know that Nikki, everybody knows. Look, I love Mike. I'm just saying when it comes to relationship. He doesn't have the best track record I just don't want you to be another notch in his belt.### especially when there is so much room left on this one Listen, I'm sure, if I talked to some of Mike's girlfriends, they'd have great things to say about him Mike.What to say about Mike Well I have to admit. I do kinda miss him. I mean not Mike, I mean the apartment. It was just the most unbelievable apartment. The hardwood floor, closet and the art I mean the views... I could just go on about that place Good kisser though, not as good as you think he is, but, really good Well, the road crews they are threatening to strike unless we meet their listed demands Mike, why do we need human road crews anyway And here we go You know, when I was growing up, there was a Golden Retriever used to running around town, filling in holes All he wanted was a scratch on the tummy### Well, we tried that with the road crews sir, but all I got was one of these Play hardball Mike You got it sir. By the way, I am thinking of seeing a psychiatrist You don't say I have issues, Mike Well, isn't there another healthy way to deal with the problems Have you considered overeating### It's just a sexually. Is this gonna make me uncomfortable No, don't be silly As you recall, the last time I had sexual intercourse was with your mother. Actually sir, that had slipped my mind Really, you would think someone like that That's sarcasm, sir. Of course. Anyway. Last weekend, I ran into Sara Briggs, my old high school flame. We ran out, Mike. dinner dancing and back to her hotel room But when the moment came###, I couldn't Hell, I need to talk to a professional Sir, you're a public offical Can you just tell me what happened? Well, you know the guy that comes around in the ice cream truck Sur,e Mr Soft I'll set something up Hey, Nikki, what are you doing? Hey, you are not gonna believe this I think he said his first word. He said "Dada" He said "Dada"? He said the russian word for yes I think he was trying to dada, he was asking for you Get out of here How are you doing? Say it again. No rush. No pressure. Say it now He'll sayi t again eventually I'll warm up his bottle. Can you hang out for a while Yes, I guess so Cool. this'll be fun. I bet you never even changed a diaper. * Are you kidding me? I had a single working mom. Changed my own diaper. .Here we go There's no way that's ready I nuked it. I know what I'm doing Hey, it's okay Just second degree burn. I'll give you your milk, as soon as it stops bubbling Right. Let me give you a little fatherly advice It's good to be a doctor. Unless, of course, you're playing doctor, then it's good to be the patient. It's good to be the patient. I was married for 22 years. I raised a child, Meg, she is in college now And I don't feel like I've never really been intimated with a woman It's really interesting, but I'm not really sure why you're telling me this I was married for 22 years. I raised a child. Meg, she's in college now. Yet, I don't feel like I've ever really been intimated with a woman Should I lay down I've been homeless about... possibly 15 years. My work career was a truck driver for the past 20 years. I developed arthritis and I had to get off the truck you know all that so... I've always had a job. I'll find something, but it's not like that. I've been unemployed since 2004, this is 2007. (male narrator) Almost half of all Americans will personally experienced poverty for a year or more at some point in their lives. Right now, 37 million Americans are living below the official federal poverty level. There's, there's families that's out here on the streets, a mom and her kids, sleeping on the lower Wacker Drive, cold as it's been, sleeping on the lower Wacker Drive where mom goes to sleep and the little kids are up watching over her. And that's sad. (narrator) In the richest nation on earth, 37 million people are living in poverty. One in eight Americans: men and women, black and white, young and old. Medication bills are so high even with the new program that they have out for us. And in what they call the donut hole in the middle of the year, it's just impossible to make ends meet. Every year my stepdad, he gets laid off of work so it's nine of us in the family. Yes, and during the whole winter we don't have like, like food and we come here for food... [crying] and because we have like a hard time. (narrator) It's not because they aren't trying. They have jobs, they work, but they still come up short. It's not that I choose to be homeless or anything, I can't afford to live anywhere and I'm living basically from one person to another. I never thought I'd ever end up like this, but I didn't have no choice. I'm all on my own and my family, there everybody is gone. (narrator) One American stricken by poverty is a personal tragedy. Thirty seven million poverty-stricken Americans is a national disgrace. When you say, "Americans," that don't apply to us. They don't even pay attention to it, turn the TV off because he's not talking to us. I'm not even on the pay scale. I had to go to one program to be 200% below the poverty level to go and I met the criteria. Our government, they say that they're going to help us. They make all these promises to us. When they get into office, they forget all about us and leave us out in the streets with nothing... with nothing, no support, no nothing... and it hurts. (narrator) When are we going to put an end to it? For the wealthiest nation in the world, putting an end to poverty is not a matter of money; it's a matter of will. Do we have the will? Do we even care? It's not just people that are drinking or are walking the streets or anything-- children, babies, people that actually work. It's changed and we have to do something about it, all of us together. (narrator) We are committed to ending poverty in America, one person at a time. We have the will and we know the way. Won't you help us? It was a Saturday. According to intelligence reports, all civilians would have already gone to market. Anyone still in the village would be Viet Cong. But the intelligence was wrong. Many villagers were still finishing breakfast. At 7:22, the first helicopters left for My Lai. The first helicopters appeared over My Lai at 7:35 am. There was no hostile fire. Within 20 minutes, all 120 men and five officers of Charlie Company had landed. There was no opposition. I was 19 when I went to Vietnam. I was a rifleman specialist, fourth class. I was trained to kill but the reality of killing someone is different from training and pulling the trigger. So, you knew when you went into the village that if you found women, old men, children, anything that was living, you know that you were going to have to kill them that day? From woman and children to dogs and cats, yes, yes. But I didn't know it, that I was going to do that. I knew the women and children was there but for me to say that I was going to kill them, I didn't know I was going to do that until it happened. I didn't know I would kill anyone, I didn't want to kill anyone. I wasn't raised up to kill. She was running with her back from a tree line, but she was carrying something, I didn't know if it was a weapon or what, but it was a woman, you know, I knew it was a woman. I didn't want to shoot a woman, you know, but I was given an order to shoot. So I'm thinking that she had a weapon, running. So when I shot and I turned over, it was a baby, you know, shot about four times, three or four times, and the bullets just went through and shot the baby too, you know, and I turned over and I saw the baby's face was half gone. And I just, I just blinked. I just went, the training came to me, the programming to kill and I just started killing. That day in my life I was personally responsible for killing between twenty and twenty-five people, about twenty-five people personally. From shooting them to cutting their throats to scalping them to cutting off their hands and cutting out their tongue. I did that. Why did you do all that? You didn't tell me, why did you, why did you kill them and do all that? I just went, my mind just went, I didn't and I wasn't the only one that did it. A lot of other people did it. I just killed, once I started the training, the whole programming part of killing, it just came out. But your training didn't tell you to scalp people or to cut ears off. No, no. But a lot of people were doing it so I just followed suit. I just lost all sense of direction, of purpose. The most disturbing thing I saw was one boy and this was something that, you know, this is what haunts me from the whole, the whole ordeal down there. And there was this boy with his arm shot off, shot up half, half hanging on and he just had this bewildered look on his face and like, What did i do? What's wrong? He was just, you know, it's, it's hard to describe and I, I shot the boy, killed him. And it's, I'd like to think of it more or less of a mercy killing because somebody else would have killed him in the end. But it wasn't right. Throughout the morning of March 16, a photographer and a reporter from an army newspaper followed Charlie Company through My Lai. These official black and white photographs taken with an army camera did not show what was happening to the people whose homes were burning or the fate of villagers rounded up by the Gls. But the photographer was also carrying his own camera that day. I happened upon a group of Gls surrounding these people and one of the American Gls yelled out, "Hey, he's got a camera." So they kind of all dispersed just a little bit, and I came up on them and looking at the photograph, I noticed the one girl was kind of frantic and an older woman trying to protect a small child and the older woman in front was just, you know, kind of pleading trying to beg, you know, and that and another person, a woman was unbuttoning her blouse and holding a small baby. Okay, I took the photograph. I thought they were going to question the people. But just as soon as I turned and walked away I heard firing. I looked around over the corner of my shoulder, I saw the people drop. I just kept on walking. At the time, it was just kind of capturning the reaction but when you look at it later on in life you know now these people are dead. They were shot. It's just kind of an eerie type feeling that you, that goes over, you know, goes through your whole body, and you think back, could I have prevented this? How could I have prevented this? And it's a question I still kind of, you know, ask myself today. During the mission as it was going on, we kept just re-conning around. We started seeing a lot of bodies. It, it didn't add up, you know, how all these people were getting killed and wounded and we weren't receiving any fire. Just, you know, it didn't make sense. There was, there was too many casualties there and now they were, the locations they were in, you know. You see, our artillery couldn't do this, there were, you know, bodies in places that the artillery didn't hit, trying to get out of the village. The radio traffic recorded between command helicopters high above My Lai betrays no knowledge of the slaughter warrant Officer Thompson was witnessing as he hovered just above the ground. Between 9:30 and 10 o'clock, when Thompson saw Gls advancing on another group of women and children, he decided to do something. He landed the aircraft in between American forces and the Vietnamese people in the bunker. Got out of the aircraft, has us get out of the aircraft with our weapons to cover him and he went and had words with the lieutenant on the ground. He asked the lieutenant how he could get these people out of the bunker. The lieutenant said the only way he knew was with hand grenades, so when Warrant Officer Thompson came back to the aircraft he was, he was furious and he was desperate to get these people out of the bunker. He told us he was going over to the bunker himself to see if he could get them out. I don't even think he took a rifle with him, I think he was, besides a side arm, he was relatively unarmed. He told us if the Americans were to open fore on the Vietnamese as he was getting them out of the bunker, that we should return fire on the Americans. I turn my back to the wind To catch my breath Before I start off again. Driven on without a moment to spend To pass an evening with a drink and a friend I let my skin get too thin I'd like to pause No matter what I pretend Like some pilgrim Who learns to transcend Learns to live as if each step was the end (Time stand still) I'm not looking back But I want to look around me now (Time stand still) See more of the people and the places that surround me now Time Stands still Freeze this moment a little bit longer Make each sensation a little bit stronger Experience slips away Experience slips away Time Stands still I turn my face to the sun I Close my eyes Let my defences down All those wounds that I can't get unwound I let my past go too fast No time to pause If I could slow it all down Like some captain, whose ship runs aground I can wait until the tide comes around (Time stand still) I'm not looking back But I want to look around me now (Time stand still) See more of the people and the places that surround me now Freeze this moment a little bit longer MAKE EACH SENSATlON A LlTTLE BlT STRONGER Make each impression, a little bit stronger Freeze this motion a little bit longer The innocence slips away The innocence slips away... Time stands still Time stands still I'm not looking back But I want to look around me now See more of the people and the places that surround me now Time stands still Summer's going fast, nights growing colder Children growing up, old friends growing older Freeze this moment a little bit longer Make each sensation a little bit stronger Experience slips away Experience slips away... The innocence slips away. Hi there. I'm going to be talking a little bit about music, machines and life. Or, more specifically, what we learned from the creation of a very large and complicated machine for a music video. Some of you may recognize this image. This is the opening frame of the video that we created. We'll be showing the video at the end, but before we do, I want to talk a little bit about what it is that they wanted. Now, when we first started talking to OK Go -- the name of the song is "This Too Shall Pass" -- we were really excited because they expressed interest in building a machine that they could dance with. And we were very excited about this because, of course, they have a history of dancing with machines. They're responsible for this video, "Here It Goes Again." 50-million-plus views on YouTube. Four guys dancing on treadmills, no cuts, just a static camera. A fantastically viral and wonderful video. So we were really excited about working with them. And we sort of started talking about what it is that they wanted. And they explained that they wanted kind of a Rube Goldberg machine. Now, for those of you who don't know, a Rube Goldberg machine is a complicated contraption, an incredibly over-engineered piece of machinery that accomplishes a relatively simple task. So we were excited by this idea, and we started talking about exactly what it would look like. And we came up with some parameters, because, you know, building a Rube Goldberg machine has limitations, but it also is pretty wide open. And we wanted to make sure that we did something that would work for a music video. So we came up with a list of requirements, the "10 commandments," and they were, in order of ascending difficulty: The first is "No magic." Everything that happened on screen had to be very easily understood by a typical viewer. The rule of thumb was that, if my mother couldn't understand it, then we couldn't use it in the video. They wanted band integration, that is, the machine acting upon the band members, specifically not the other way around. They wanted the machine action to follow the song feeling. So as the song picks up emotion, so should the machine get grander in its process. They wanted us to make use of the space. So we have this 10,000-square-foot warehouse we were using, divided between two floors. It included an exterior loading dock. We used all of that, including a giant hole in the floor that we actually descended the camera and cameraman through. They wanted it messy, and we were happy to oblige. The machine itself would start the music. So the machine would get started, it would travel some distance, reacting along the way, hit play on an iPod or a tape deck or something that would start playback. And the machine would maintain synchronization throughout. And speaking of synchronization, they wanted it to sync to the rhythm and to hit specific beats along the way. Okay. (Laughter) They wanted it to end precisely on time. Okay, so now the start to finish timing has to be perfect. And they wanted the music to drop out at a certain point in the video and actual live audio from the machine to play part of the song. And as if that wasn't enough, all of these incredibly complicating things, right, they wanted it in one shot. (Laughter) (Applause) Okay. So, just some statistics about what we went through in the process. The machine itself has 89 distinct interactions. It took us 85 takes to get it on film to our satisfaction. Of those 85 takes, only three actually successfully completed their run. We destroyed two pianos and 10 televisions in the process. We went to Home Depot well over a hundred times. (Laughter) And we lost one high-heeled shoe when one of our engineers, Heather Knight, left her high-heeled shoe -- after a nice dinner, and returned back to the build -- and left it in a pile of stuff. And another engineer thought, "Well, that would be a really good thing to use" and ended up using it as a really nice trigger. And it's actually in the machine. So what did we learn from all of this? Well, having completed this, we have the opportunity to step back and reflect on some of the things. And we learned that small stuff stinks. Little balls in wooden tracks are really susceptible to humidity and temperature and a little bit of dust, and they fall out of the tracks, the exact angles makes it hard to get right. And yet, a bowling ball will always follow the same path. It doesn't matter what temperature it is, doesn't matter what's in its way; it will pretty much get where it needs to go. But as much as the small stuff stinks, we needed somewhere to start, so that we would have somewhere to go. And so you have to start with it. You have to focus on it. Small stuff stinks, but, of course, it's essential, right? What else? Planning is incredibly important. (Laughter) You know, we spent a lot of time ideating and even building some of these things. It's been said that, "No battle plan survives contact with the enemy." I think our enemy was physics -- (Laughter) and she's a cruel mistress. Often, we had to pull things out as a result because of timing or aesthetics or whatever. And so while planning is important, so is flexibility. These are all things that ended up not making it into the final machine. So also, put reliable stuff last, the stuff that's going to run every time. Again, small to large is relevant here. The little Lego car in the beginning of the video references the big, real car near the end of the video. The big, real car works every time; there's no problem about it. The little one had a tendency to try to run off the track and that's a problem. But you don't want to have to reset the whole machine because the Lego car at the end doesn't work, right. So you put that up front so that, if it fails, at least you know you don't have to reset the whole thing. Life can be messy. There were incredibly difficult moments in the building of this thing. Months were spent in this tiny, cold warehouse. And the wonderful elation that we had when we finally completed it. So it's important to remember that whether it's good or it's bad, "This Too Shall Pass." Thank you very much. (Applause) And now to introduce their music video, we have OK Go. OK Go: An introduction. Hello TEDxUSC. We are OK Go. What are we doing? Oh, just hanging out with our Grammy. What what! It think we can do better than this. Hello TEDxUSC. We are OK Go. Have you read the "Natural Curiosity Cabinet?" I mean, "Curiosity" -- excuse me. Let me start again. We need some more ridiculous things besides "The Cabinet of Natural Curiosities." Tim's sundial hat. Have you seen the new work they've done to the Waltz Towers? Sorry, start again. (Barking) Dogs. Hello, TEDxUSC. We are OK Go, and this our new video, "This Too Shall Pass." [unclear] Kay, we can still do one better I think, yeah. That one's pretty good. It's getting better. (Music) ♫ You know you can't keep letting it get you down ♫ ♫ And you can't keep dragging that dead weight around ♫ ♫ If there ain't all that much to lug around ♫ ♫ Better run like hell when you hit the ground ♫ ♫ When the morning comes ♫ ♫ When the morning comes ♫ ♫ You can't stop these kids from dancing ♫ ♫ Why would you want to? ♫ ♫ Especially when you're already getting yours ♫ ♫ Cuz if your mind don't move and your knees don't bend ♫ ♫ Well don't go blaming the kids again ♫ ♫ When the morning comes ♫ ♫ When the morning comes ♫ ♫ When the morning comes ♫ ♫ When the morning comes ♫ ♫ When the morning comes ♫ ♫ When the morning comes ♫ ♫ Let it go ♫ ♫ This too shall pass ♫ ♫ Let it go ♫ ♫ This too shall pass ♫ ♫ You know you can't keep letting it get you down ♫ ♫ No, you can't keep letting it get you down ♫ ♫ Let it go ♫ ♫ This too shall pass ♫ ♫ When the morning comes ♫ ♫ When the morning comes ♫ ♫ When the morning comes ♫ ♫ When the morning comes ♫ (Cheering) Daiei Motion Picture Company presents Sansho the Bailiff Produced by Masaichi Nagata Based on a story by Ogai Mori Screenplay by Fuji Yahiro Yoshikata Yoda Director of Photography: Kazuo Miyagawa Art Direction: Kisaku Ito Music: Fumio Hayasaka Cast Tamaki: Kinuyo Tanaka Zushio: Yoshiaki Hanayagi Anju: Kyoko Kagawa Sansho the Bailiff: Eitaro Shindo Taro: Akitake Kono Zushio as a boy: Masahiko Kato Anju as a child: Keiko Enami Directed by Kenji Mizoguchi This tale is set... ...during the late Heian period... ...an era when mankind... ...had not yet awakened as human beings. It has been retold by the people for centuries... ...and it is treasured today... ...as one of the world's great folk tales, full of grief... Zushio, be careful. Okay. Mother. What is it? How did Father end up in a faraway place like Tsukushi? Father is a great man, isn't he? Certainly. He is a righteous and fine man. That's what I thought! Father! Father! Zushio-sama! Zushio! Don't be violent! Step back, all of you! We didn't come here to fight. We're here to appeal. Then, please, calm down! Are you the general? Master, please come out! We're all here for you! - What are you going to do? - We'll have master's transfer cancelled! The transfer is just a pretense. It means exile! What kind of nonsense is that? He is being punished because of us! We can't just stand by and watch! Let's all go to the general's office and appeal! Wait! I know you care for our master. But what you want to do will only make his situation more difficult! Be sensible and listen to us. For 13 years, famine has caused suffering for all of you. You need every working hand you have. That was why our master opposed the general's demand... ...for more men to fight his war and the increase of taxes on rice. His attempt to help you was overruled. If you do this now, you too will be punished! That's right! If you riot, he will be blamed! He will be accused of rebellion! So, please, return to your homes! You're too lenient on them! This is a riot! Kill them all! What are you saying? I do not approve of that! Keep out of this. You are no longer governor. How dare you speak that way! Zushio-sama. Your food is ready. I am sorry to have caused you trouble, Uncle. You've involved the whole family. Your wife and children are in pain. The peasants are in pain as well. Nonsense! You cannot compare us to peasants! You fool! Tamaki. Take the children to your parents' home in Iwashiro. Yes. Tell them I am sorry... ...for disappointing them after they put their trust in me. Zushio, I wonder if you'll become a stubborn man like me. You may be too young to understand, but hear me out anyway. Without mercy, man is like a beast. Yes. Even if you are hard on yourself, be merciful to others. Men are created equal. Everyone is entitled to their happiness. This is the goddess of mercy, Kwannon. A family treasure. Think of this as my principle. Keep it in remembrance of me. Always keep it with you. Understand? Yes. Now repeat what I've just told you. "A man is not a human being without mercy. Even if you are hard on yourself, be merciful to others." "Men are created equal. Everyone is entitled to their happiness." - Do you remember your father's face? - Yes, Mother. - And his teachings also? - Yes. Zushio, it is time to say goodbye to your father. Anju, become a lovely lady. - Look after your sister. - Yes, Father. We are not parting forever. Be hopeful and brave. Yes. I never dreamed I would have to leave this place. - Governor! - Master! Come, we must hurry. We have to find a place to stay. Zushio, Anju... ...we are taking the same road your father took. Father. My lady! My lady! There are no lodgings available in this area. Why is that? There have been bandits and slave dealers posing as travelers recently. They have been killing and kidnapping women and children... ...so the governor has prohibited sheltering travelers. Bandits and slave dealers? - We are in trouble. - What shall we do? We have no choice other than to find a place to camp. Camp, my lady? We must build a shelter before it gets too dark. Zushio, Anju, you must help too. - Yes. - Yes. Here. Mother, shall I go get more? Yes, more thatch and soft grass would be nice. - Come, Anju. - Yes. Brother, we should get this branch. You can't break it by yourself, Anju. Mother is calling us. - It's the sound of the waves. - No, listen carefully. Anju, come back quickly! Zushio! Anju! You two must be hungry. This will help. - What was that? - Wolves, my lady. Do not worry. They will not come near the fire. Don't worry, dear. It'll be all right. I'm sorry we don't have any warm food. I will try to go get some porridge from a house nearby. And some bedding for sleeping. I'll be right back. Thank you. Who's there? What on earth are you doing here? We are travelers. We could not find any lodging. I'm very sorry to hear that. The cold night is harmful to children. Come to my place. I can give you warm porridge. I appreciate your kindness, but I would not want to intrude. Just come quietly. Even if the authorities find out, I'm sure they'll allow one night. - Come, quickly. - Thank you... ...but there is one more person with us. Another person? Is this person a man or a woman? She is a woman. Our servant. Then it's all right. I can't have a man staying with a priestess. I was able to get straw mats, but could not get any food, my lady. It's all right. This priestess here... ...has graciously offered to lodge us secretly for the night. - Really? - Now, then, let's go. Thank you so much. I am so happy. Thank you so much. I can never thank you enough for your kindness. It is nothing. I do not live my life only to serve the gods. No, really. Even family cannot help us. It is a cold world. So you stayed at your brother's in Iwashiro for six years? Yes. Marriage will break apart even siblings, I guess. With their stomachs full, the children have selfishly fallen asleep. And what are your plans for travel? It is impossible to walk. Why don't you go by boat? There are hard roads ahead. Also, there are many bandits lurking around the mountains. Is going by boat safe? Certainly. I know reliable boatmen. - I will ask them for you. - Thank you. I made all the arrangements while you were asleep. - How can we ever thank you? - It was nothing. Thank you. Here they are. Please take care of them. Thank you for accepting them. Come this way. Here you are. Please get on the boat. I'll never forget your kindness. Zushio, Anju, say goodbye. - Thank you very much. - Farewell. Farewell. I'll be praying for your safe voyage. Thank you very much. Now, lady. You go first. Anju-sama. Zushio-sama. Go ahead and get in. Get back, I'll help the children. The children will ride separately. We can't all fit in one boat. That won't do. I need the children with me. - Please! - Shut up! Mother! Priestess, are you sure they are reliable? You'll be taken to the right place! - Mother! - Mother! - Mother! - Mother! I'll give you all the money. Please go back. Please, go back. Please! Mother! Mother! Go back, please! Please, I beg you! Please! - Mother! - Mother! Please! Go back! Please! Ubatake! Ubatake! Those kids over there. These kids? They're too young! - They're smart and will be useful. - How much? Four and a half silver for one. Eight silver for both. They look weak. I don't want any sick ones. No, thanks. Hey! Wait a minute! Hey! Stop all that sobbing! Your mother's already been sold to Sado. Crying won't get you anywhere! That's enough! If you want to keep crying, you'll get no food. Please, buy them. I need to get rid of them. Go to Tango. Try Sansho the Bailiff. - Sansho the Bailiff? - He's the richest man there. - He'll buy them from you. - I see. You'll have a better chance than here. Hurry up! Hey! Don't stand around! The kids are here. Bow to the master. You paid seven silvers for these weaklings? What can they do here? They're too weak to do rough work. Maybe they can sweep the yard. No, I spent enough on them. They need to work as hard as others. What are your names? - They won't say, master. - Why not? Stubborn kids, eh? Take them away. Have no mercy on them! Walk! Walk! Kinpei! Kinpei. - Brother! - Anju! You come this way! Brother! Anju! Where do you think you're going? That way. Get going. Here. A newcomer. Teach her some work. - She should be playing with dolls! - What? - Are you serious? - Shut up and get to work! This is unbelievable. Namiji. - Here, try holding this. - Yes. - Can you walk? - Yes. Damn that heartless demon! I don't know who sold you, but you poor thing! Get up. Come on. Brother! This way! Wait! Get back here! Forgive me! Please! I beg you! I wasn't trying to escape! I really wasn't! Those kids reminded me of mine back home. I just went to the third gate. Fool! That's as bad as trying to escape! Forgive me! Please, forgive me! - What are you going to do? - Give her what's due, of course. That's Namiji. Are they going to kill her? Of course not. If they kill us, they have one less worker. Then she will be confined? You don't know what happens? Look! This is what happens! Forgive me! I won't do it again! Please forgive me! I won't do it again! She's apologizing. You don't have to punish her! They need to be taught a lesson. Here, you do it, Taro. You spineless coward! Don't look. Eat your supper and start your night work! Hurry up and eat! Get in here. Where did you two come from? Come here. Tell me. There's no need to be afraid. Do you have parents? They sold you? Father would never sell us! "Father," you say? You're no peasant's kids. Why were you sold? Tell me everything. Here, have some rice cake. It's roasted well. A messenger from the minister is coming, and Taro decides to disappear! Hey, Kichiji! Where's Taro? Go find him! A guest will be here soon. Get the women ready! And bring some sake! Even children as young as you are sold and bought... ...treated like animals, and nobody questions it. What a horrible world! Tell me your father's words again. "A man is not a human being without mercy. Even if you are hard on yourself, be merciful to others." I want to get you back to your parents, but Sado is far. Tsukushi is even farther than that. It is not a distance that children can travel on their own. Wait until you grow up! Whatever happens, you must endure it. I now see why you keep your names secret... ...but you will need something. I will give you names. For you, Mutsu-Waka, after your birthplace. You will be Shinobu, "to endure through anything." - Understood? - Yes. Taro-sama! There you are. A messenger from the minister is about to arrive. You are needed back in the hall. - Tell my father you couldn't find me. - He is an important guest from Kyoto! Come. Let's go. Such a sudden visit. I thought you had come to scold us. Nonsense. What for? We only have to thank you. You collect taxes promptly... ...and provide more tributes every year. It is a great help to us. I am honored, sir. You're the most trusted man among all the bailiffs. The minister insisted that I visit and study the methods you use... ...in the handling of your people. Please, I do not deserve such praise. I am only doing my duty in managing his lordship's manor. It is seldom done these days. The minister appreciates your work so much... ...he is thinking of inviting you to Kyoto as a reward. - Is that true, sir? - Yes. I cannot believe it. I appreciate his kindness. Kichiji, bring the chest! This is a humble token of my gratitude, sir. This is impressive. Thank you. This is my son, Taro. Show your gratitude. You are lucky to have such a father. Be a dutiful son. Girls, begin your dance! Are you asleep? Take care of yourselves. Open the gate. - Where to so late? - It's none of your business. AFTER TEN YEARS, THE YOUNG CHlLDREN... ...HAVE DEVELOPED INTO STURDY YOUNG ADULTS... ...IN SPlTE OF THElR LONG HARDSHlP AND MlSERY. THE WlNTER FlNDS ZUSHlO... ...ALlAS MUTSU, 23 YEARS OLD. ANJU, KNOWN AS SHlNOBU, IS 18. Brother, wake up. - What? - The alarm. That way! He ran that way! This way! This way! Come back here, you! - Over there! - Get him! Why, you! Catch him! Get him! Get him! Let me go! Please! I've been working patiently for 50 years! Let me go. I'm already 70. My days are numbered! Let me die a free man! I don't want to die here! Mutsu, you handle this. - Who did the branding? - It was Mutsu-Waka. How cruel of him! He'll die a miserable death. Mutsu is a bad one. Must be the son of a bandit. Don't worry, you're not to blame for anything. - Teach this newcomer. - Pleased to meet you. Take care of her. Look. Like this. Try it. - What's your name? - Kohagi. - How old are you? - Sixteen. - Are you a peasant's daughter? - Yes. - Where were you sold from? - Sado. Sado? Do you happen to know a woman named Tamaki? No. She was sold 10 years ago. She was 35 or 36 then. She must be 45 or 46 by now. I'm sorry. Sado is a big island. Are you in pain again, Namiji-san? I feel as though a heavy stone is in my stomach. You're getting worse. I can't rest unless I die. We're not human beings. Why does the rest of the world turn its back on us? What are you saying? You're talking like a newcomer. I have to get back to work. You too. Zushio, how I long for you! Isn't life torture? Anju, how I long for you! Isn't life torture? So miserable as I am sold away Boatman, quietly row away Hey, what song are you singing? What is it called? It goes, "Zushio, how I long for you. Anju, how I long for you." Who taught you that? It became a popular song in Sado. Who first sang such a sad song? A courtesan, they say. - A courtesan? - Yes, named Nakagimi. Do you think she's still alive? I don't know. "Zushio, how I long for you. Isn't life torture? Anju, how I long for you. Isn't life torture?" Is that right? - Sing it again. - Yes. Zushio, how I long for you! Isn't life torture? Anju, how I long for you! Isn't life torture? It's Mother! Isn't life torture? Isn't life torture? Wait! Please, wait! Take me too! Please, take me! This is all the money I have! Row off, quickly! Please! Nakagimi! Not again. We're going back! She's impossible! Cut her tendon so she can't run away! Please, I won't do it again! Please have mercy on me! Shut up! Please forgive me! Remember, girls. Runaways are punished like this! Too bad, Nakagimi-san. We can't see the mainland today. Zushio. Anju. Zushio, how I long for you! Isn't life torture? Anju, stop it! Stop singing. It's the first news about Mother we've heard. Don't you care? Don't you think of Father and Mother anymore? Don't you want to see them again? What's the use of wanting? If we escape, we'll find a way. How? We don't have any money. How will we look for them? Just look at us. It's better not to meet them like this. So we'll go to Kyoto and become somebodies. Become somebodies? Stop dreaming. Despite our births, we're servants now. Slaves! Who'd bother with us? You'll be sold to a brothel. I'll become a thief. Or we'll both be beggars. You already have the heart of a bandit! A soul lower than that of a beggar! How can you brand an old man's forehead like that? How can you be so brutal? Did you forget Father's words? Don't you feel shame before the goddess of mercy? Brother! How could you? It does me no good! It's better to be loyal to the bailiff and get on his good side. You have changed. Mutsu, Namiji isn't going to make it. Go dump her in the mountains. Namiji is like our sister. Please let her die here. - Take her, Mutsu. - Yes. Don't take her, brother. She's still alive. Don't give her to wild birds. It's the bailiff's orders. Another dead one? This one's still alive. - Take them. - Yes, sir. Open the gate. Not you! When you're reincarnated, be born to a good family! Be born to a rich family! Hey, hurry up. I tied this to the Buddha, so hold it tight. And this is the goddess of mercy, Kwannon. You'll be born fortunate in your next life. Ready? That's too ruthless. Please let me protect her from the frost. Make it quick. Brother, help me. Brother, doesn't this remind you of the time we camped near Naoe Port? Mother had us gather straw and grass like this, remember? Zushio! Anju! Oh, Mother is calling us! Zushio! Anju, let's run away. What? Let's escape! You mean it? Then hurry! - Go alone. - What about you? We'll be caught if we're together. I'll delay them. Meanwhile, run away as fast as you can. They say there is a temple at Nakayama. You'll be safe there. I can't leave you. They'll torture you. - No, the other pair - Performance over? Of course! I'm on the bus! Are you? - Aren't I? - No discipline! - Everyone was waiting! - Are you in charge? You understand collectivism? Give me a break! I'm not that late - I didn't spoil the show - Didn't you? You think you were okay? - What do you think? - I'm not bad What the hell were those train sounds? I don't know how a train sounds! Never taken a train? Even if you've never tasted pork, you must have seen a pig! I've only heard one! Seen The Train Driver's Son? Seen Railway Guerrillas? I'm not a train driver's son Forget it, Mingliang Finished? Let's move Ready yet, Mum? Can't you make yourself useful? More chores? Have you asked Brother? Who's older, you or him? You should have had him first then Shouldn't have had you at all! We're different! I'm an art worker, I use my brain Really? Here, you follow orders Then I'll stop coming home Yes, society needs you, live outside! - Lf you won't feed me, the Party will - Get out! He slashed girls' trousers with a razor He used to cut the girls too, until he got more skilful Then the girls didn't notice... ...until they got home - Pretty bad - Your trousers, Zhang Jun The bottoms are so wide! I could sweep the streets with them! Didn't you see this boiling? Where did you get those bellbottoms? My Auntie got them in Guangzhou Your Auntie bought them for you? They're trendy in the big cities, you know Then you should go and live there! I would if I could! Mum, you should liberate your thoughts! You should try self-criticism! Watch out they don't lock you all up Men need to let off steam! No legwarmers? Catch your death, then Come on! - Want a pair, Eryong? - And get my legs cut? Who'd want to do that, idiot? Come on, help unload the logs Okay Your hat Hey! - What are those trousers? - Bellbottoms What? Bellbottom trousers - Can you squat in them? - Of course Show me Squat - See? - Okay People can work in those trousers? I'm an art worker, no manual work You sound more like a capitalist roader I can't talk to you What's the time? See, there they are Really? Them? That Cui Mingliang looks like a real idiot Why not teach him a lesson? - Go on! - I don't dare I do What time do you call this? Sorry, my watch stopped Not smart enough? Stupid! - What are those trousers? - Same as his lmitating others like a kid! - They're in fashion - One good turn... It's starting, it'll be sold out! Buy the tickets! Quick! Go on! Go on! I'm a rambler 'm a rambler A rambler's fate is sad 'm a rambler 'm a rambler won't disguise who I am 'm a rambler Yin Ruijuan of the Cultural Team! Someone wants you outside! Yin Ruijuan of the Cultural Team! Someone wants you outside! Dad! - Why are you here? - I'm not with a crowd - Who are you with? - Zhong Ping - Learn from good people! - What do you mean? Face the wall! You're easily led, always seeing foreign movies Cui Mingliang! Sir You're seeing this film too Why have you come out? - I have a report to write - Really? I have to go You can write reports? - Go back and watch it - No, I don't want to Then don't be late I don't believe him Wearing glasses doesn't mean he can write! He just blindly follows others! Of course I'm judging by appearance! I see hundreds at the station every day I know a bad guy when I see one Coincidence! No, I saw you I saw you too My father would too, let's go down Haven't you been with Zhong Ping? Why should I have been? Zhang Jun's family doesn't know yet? They should by now - What's wrong? - Nothing Zhong Ping's family seems to like Zhang Jun He ate at their place last night Your father goes too far sometimes - What do you mean? - He's like a KGB man Don't say that, he is my dad Since Mum died, he's worried about me But he's like a military dictator! Don't say that - What are you doing tomorrow? - Working Auntie wants me to meet a man tomorrow A prospective husband? They arrange the whole thing That's nice, to have it arranged Auntie says he's a dentist Great, a university graduate! - Why are you so happy? - Am I? Where is Ulan Bator? Capital of Outer Mongolia Where's Outer Mongolia? Up north, past Inner Mongolia And further north? USSR And further north? The sea, I guess And further north? What the fuck are you on about? Further north is here, Fenyang 18, Wujia Lane... Zhang Jun's house So we're all north of the sea "Romance... romance... "What is romance? "My soul is like a willow in March "Romance... romance... "What is romance? "Who loves not romance? "My thoughts ripen like fruit in autumn" You use this ruler for fighting? Comics? How old are you? Camelia? What's this Camelia? She sells camelias "Through Marguerite's sad demise, the book reveals... "...the ugly face of capitalism and the fact of moral hypocrisy "Marguerite has humble origins "To survive, she prostitutes herself on the streets of Paris..." Paris! Prostitute! Eat! Let him be, don't look for him "Slightly out of focus... Slightly out of focus..." Are you crazy? Losing your temper? Thinking about that dentist? We could beat him up! Smash out his teeth so badly... ...even he couldn't fix them! Good plan? I've been looking for you! I told you we'd get haircuts! Not you... Cui, you should watch TV this evening I'm waiting for a haircut I see, very impressive! Yin Ruijuan! Let's go - What's on? - Daredevil Garrison, I think Daredevil Garrison? - Supposed to be good - War film? Come on, Zhang Jun You weren't asking me Shut up and come along Quick! Come! Cui Mingliang Come on, Eryong Are you sick? Still taking the works bus home? - Any plans tonight? - Yes - You had a perm - Yes Looks good! I'll be going, then - You go ahead! - Okay Go on, Xu is waiting for us You were taking your time with her I had to let her finish Plenty to say to her, but not to me - We see each other every day! - So? Come on You're angry again No, I'm not What's upsetting you? You are... all your socialising with girls We all have pasts, you know Is that wrong? Didn't someone say you should love a person completely... ...including his past? - Who said that? - Who? A friend... Pushkin He thinks I should love that girl Han too? Maybe you can leave that to me I'll beat you to death! We'll meet again in twenty years How beautiful our great Motherland will be The sky is new, the earth is new City and village alike will glow Young friends, this spring will be yours Yours and mine The new generation of the 1980s! The new generation of the 1980s! We'll meet again in twenty years... With 8 or 9 wives and hordes of kids! Settle down, everyone We need to talk Zhang Jun, stand up Sing us Young Friends Gather I'm no vocalist Never mind, sing it Young friends gathering today Rowing little boats n the bright spring... That's enough! Quiet! What were you singing in the truck? I wasn't leading it No? I heard you! You were the loudest What was it? Is this a punishment? Calm down, our priority is unity! Unity? I heard it was you - I don't know - Don't know? - Who else then? - Don't know Me You again? Okay, sing it for us We'll meet again in twenty years With 8 or 9 wives and hordes of kids Stop! What are you singing? When is twenty years from now? 2000 Where will our country be by then? The 4 Modernisations: Industry, Agriculture, Defence and Science And what are your goals? Several wives, hordes of kids? We practice monogamy Several wives? Like landowners before Liberation? You think you could handle that? And hordes of kids? We practice family planning... heard of birth control? It's just a song Where's your discipline? Yes, there's the Open Door policy But reforms are still needed Think about it Okay, I'll reform "Long live birth control! "One child's enough! "Long live birth control! "One child's enough!" Come on in - What's wrong? - Forget it Don't want a perm after all? Lt'll look good What if it doesn't? It will! Do it for me! Come on, if Han dares to... - Say that again! - No, no - Anybody there? - No Boss, where are you from? - The south - Where? Wenzhou Far from Guangzhou? Around 400 km That far! You want to go south? Yeah, my Auntie lives there - It's nice there - Really? Can you turn it off now? 7 or 8 minutes more Be patient, perms take time - I don't want curls - It'll look great Really You'll look just like that poster Quiet! The agenda is programme reform We'll introduce some pop music We've invited someone from town to guide us Maybe some of you don't like it But it's been popular in the cities for a while and there have been heated debates there My feeling is... ...pop music is relaxing and... What? Nothing I see Zhong Ping has a perm Very up-to-date She looks like a Spanish girl! She could dance flamenco! It would look great! The 5th National Assembly announces the rehabilitation... ...of Comrade Liu Shaoqi The Party resolves to return to the bases of Mao Zedong Thought Under the flag of Mao Zedong Thought Onward to final victory! Honour to Comrade Liu Shaoqi! "Following the same trail, leading to the tree... "The morning sun lights my face and the leafy branches "Dear companion, dear tree! "Spring stream on the border "Clear and pure "Songs of the border... "...warm the heart... "The harbour nights... "...are so peaceful "Waves gently rock the battleship" Zhong Ping! You know who's being charged? - Who? - Piggy - What did he get? - Death penalty! His mother must be sad Serves him right! One less scumbag, who cares? - Many watching? - Lots It was packed I was just passing by Nearly finished? - Too big? - About right I taught you to cross-stitch! It's too hard to do This is out of fashion, you know Never mind I'm always wrong Did you see him die? No I don't know where they do it The police shoot them from behind Their brains must splash out... Don't! It's gross! Everyone watches What's up? You're smoking? - No thanks - Try one Won't your father be angry? He's out at work - Okay? - Fine Are you choking? I think Lai has a crush on you Me? He fancies you! No way! Lai is very choosy Yes, but that post-office girl dumped him Who dumped who? She dumped him! - I didn't know - Six months ago! No-one's better than Zhang Jun Think so? Then you can have him I wouldn't dare What do you think he's doing now? Probably thinking of you Not necessarily I'm not thinking of him! You have tears in your eyes! That's smoke You've made up your eyebrows! For Zhang Jun? It looks awful! No it doesn't It's the latest style - Awful! - No, it's not Don't do mine! Stop it! It looks awful. Shut up! - Mine look awful? - Yes! Take care! Will you shut up? This will make you look so fashionable Who cares? That's enough Don't move! Just a moment... Hang on... Wait till I've finished It hurts! Mind your cigarette! Been with her all afternoon? Just chatting About me? A bit Saying what? Good things That's fine Zhong Ping's been strange lately Why? Because of Zhang Jun? Don't think so She'll be okay What do you know? - What don't I know? - You think you know it all Someone asked me yesterday... ...whether you're my girlfriend Are you? Why are people so nosy? I want to know too I don't know Oh, there's some post for you For me? By the window Mingliang: The outside world is great! Zhang Jun, in Guangzhou We're so happy on vacation n the countryside with friends Light rain is falling... ...if Taiwan girls are better than Singapore girls Mingliang! Stop! Foreign devil! - Doing well now? - When did you get back? This afternoon So soon? You bought a tape player? - Who's that? - Zhang Di Who? He's very popular More than Teresa Teng Let me see How's the big, wide world? Pretty good Come on, tell me about it Everyone's busy all day Zhang Jun! You're back! How are you doing? How's southern food? Okay... the food here's better Zhong Ping! Can I hear it? How do you open it? Careful, don't break it! The sandstorm blows, but we sing on We friends have no cares n the world Our cattle and horses are strong We sit proud in the saddle We warm the world with our light! Gen... Gen... Genghis Khan Nothing can stop me, know where I'm going... An electric alarm might be better It's not to keep out villains Who's a villain? We had a thief once He must have been hungry, he took two eggs It takes all sorts It's so hot! Where is happiness? Cui Mingliang, what's upset you? Who says I'm upset? Yin Ruijuan - What did she say? - She says you're sick Why doesn't she tell me? She doesn't dare - Why not? - Because you're sick! Can't you act normal? I'm normal enough Calm down and talk to me! Anyhow, she's a girl - It's useless - Idiot! Talk to her then You've upset her, don't you care? Hi, Uncle! - Visiting? - A washing machine? - Just bought it - We'll bring our washing over! Seize the moment, talk to her In all this time, I've never really thought of you as my boyfriend I was taken aback when you brought it up the other day You didn't notice I've been thinking I feel... we're not a good match And my dad doesn't like you I didn't dare to tell you before Of course, Dad's not the main problem It's me who feels we're not a good match Incompatible We can still see each other... You're right, but you know what's wrong? You're saying it too late Cui Mingliang... us 27 to Songjiachuan... ...is ready to depart Wen isn't stupid, is he? He made his own TV in two days Why is ours taking so long? No money this month, I bought a guitar What's up? Cui Wanlin, come inside! What is it? I'll say this in front of our sons You took that from my bag? Who did you buy this for? Erbo wants it for his wife You never buy anything for us on your trips! But you never forget that bitch! Mum, let him explain I won't listen It's not your business Father, I'm 24, I know as much as you do - Are you rebelling? - What if I am? Have a little secret want to tell you t's something buried in my heart Here it comes! Don't miss! Let's leave How can I face them? Scared? If you are, let's leave Let's talk it over with our parents Be serious Chief, you were stationed here? That's right, I was here for years Close by, in a place for all of us lot from the city It's not bad here Yes, quite prosperous, you can tell from this hospital Thanks a lot, Dr Liang Too much trouble Don't say anything, you're almost family So, we're ready Let's do it then What's wrong? Don't give me a headache Chief, what do you think of privatisation? I'm not sure yet To be frank, it's very simple If you have money, you can privatise Everything's yours: The actors, the equipment... Good business! If I do it, you'll be mine! Maybe not... but are you considering it? Most team members are Don't miss your chance Many have longed for this chance Mr Xu, your friend's girl says she doesn't want it I'm scared Of course I'm scared No abortion I don't want it any more Then what do you want? Go on in! Fuck you! To celebrate the 35th Anniversary of the People's Republic of China... ...the armed forces will salute Deng Xiaoping in march-past... We must resolve the privatisation issue today The terms on offer are attractive Better than many other communes, you can check for yourselves The asking price isn't that high So what do you all think? Li Hongyun! Just smoking? This has been pending for months If you still hesitate, what hope is there for reform? My wife won't agree! It's like the Sino-British Talks... Your wife's become an Iron Lady? Inflexible! Don't criticise his wife! Li Yang, what are your thoughts? You're always harassing me about this Why are you so quiet now? The key thing is the money I can't raise that much It's not all that much The commune knows you're not rich Chief, you're so keen to get rid of us To sell us out! How could I bear to do that? I'm selling my own job here! Okay, I'll help you out, I'll accept the offer Really, Song? What a relief! Are you going to follow Song? He'll be our leader And you'll be his advisor - Are you leaving? - Aren't you? No, my father is ill Zhang Jun, stop playing I'm staying I'm waiting for you! I'd rather open a store Zhong Ping... - I'll teach you mahjong - Don't - I'm playing for you - Stop! Zhang Jun, stop playing! Stop shouting, just play - What's with you? - Mind your business Just play Your turn Nine! Zhang Jun! Very close... ...very far Just wait a bit We're almost done - Do me a favour - What is it? I promised to say goodbye but I can't Tell them not to wait for me Unload it all there Can you imitate a rooster's crow? Just copy me, okay? Zhang Jun, come and eat! What is it? Any water? - Why? - To wash my hands Really? Sanming, water Thanks A bit more Me too Cousin... I'm Sanming Sanming, I didn't recognise you! You have a moustache now! It's been a while! I was about to go looking for you! How's your mother? I'll go see her after we've eaten Tell her we're coming, okay? I'll eat first No, either the girl won't have him... ...or we won't have her Sanming will have a hard life He'll need a good wife No-one stupid or handicapped He'll work in the coalmine Wenying is still studying That's good, but it costs too much And it's getting more expensive! Sanming alone can't earn enough She'll have to come back, to work Pity, she's studied for 2 years Right... I'll keep going here for as long as I can... We'll save up to keep her there But if we fail, she'll have to come home She's still young She should study The only work here is in the fields and down the mine She'd do better in education But we're almost starving here How can we pay school fees? Here comes the electricity! There'll be power tonight Sit down No need for the oil lamp now It gets so dark in here - Big or small? - Small, it saves electricity Know what this is? They shit here Is Mingliang's cousin dumb? Didn't you hear him say hello to Mingliang? Then why doesn't he say anything? It's so nice to see the mountains You like mountains? - You should marry here, then - Why not? Better than marrying you! Okay, I'll find you some sex-starved old man I feel like shouting! Go ahead People of Jinjiazhuang! It's a few minutes to eight At eight, we'll have electricity From now on we can eat at home Our children will be able to study... ...and we can grind flour! Thanks to the Communist Party We have this wonderful facility Forever following the Party's lead Forever loyal to the Party Forever loyal to the Party Always grateful to the Party From now on, we must use our electricity with care Our homeland... ...is built on our prosperous fields Smoking chimneys atop new houses... Sanming Stop the truck Sanming, get on! No need, I'll go this way - This is quicker - It's okay, it's not far Hongxi! Hongxi! Where the fuck are you? Never here when I need you What are you doing? If you don't like it, quit! Fingerprint here Over there... Next! Get a move on, over there Fingerprint! Get changed, quickly I can't read, I'll get help Quick, don't fuck around Read this to me, I can't read "Contract "1: Life and death are questions of fate "I am willing to work in Gao's Mine "Management accepts no blame for accidents "2: In cases of death or accident, the Mine offers... "...500 Yuan compensation to families "3: Daily wage is 10 Yuan Get it? - Is it clear? - Yes Don't come to me with any problems We're not responsible for anything It's clearly stated That old hat is useless, go and get changed Cousin, I'm going Where are you from? Lin County? That's Xiaoyi over there You can see the lights from here It seems close by... ...but it's quite far - Your schoolmate? - No, I never went to school Who is she? Quite pretty The country is in my dreams My homeland may be far away... ut that will never change... ...my Chinese heart Cui Mingliang, it's your cousin Sanming, what is it? Please give this 5 Yuan to Wenying Tell her to get to university, never come back here I'm going The long and empty platform The wait seems never-ending The long wagons are carrying... ...my short-lived love The long and empty platform Lonely, we can only wait All my love is out-bound Nothing on the in-bound train There's a train coming! My heart waits, waits forever... ...waits forever... Yin Ruijuan... You don't understand her She's quite self-important; even tried to enter the provincial dance troupe Why didn't you? I preferred to stay with you Song asked me about you just now -Asked what? -Where you'd been What did you say? I said you were seeing the world Smart of you -I'm going -Stay a bit? They would make a good couple You think so? But it won't happen... Unlikely Don't make fun of them I'm not, you'll see Tired? A bit hot This is nice, no-one knows us here So no supervision! Let's just stay here, not go back -No -Why not? I'd like to be your wife -Don't want you -Can't accept that Wretch! Just want to be your wife Come here... Yes. Hello? Anyone there? Why carry a knife? I bought it. Where? At the hotel Are you husband and wife? Didn't bring the certificate Forgot the certificate? You can't stay together without it Are you having an affair? Are you really married? Tell me No No? We know everything, so admit it Think it over Your work unit? Cultural Team How are you related to him? He's my husband Husband? How did you meet? As kids How long ago? At least ten years! More than ten years? We're in the same Cultural Team, so we got married So you got married? Why don't you admit the truth? Enough! Your boyfriend has confessed everything. You want us to go on with this? -Admit what? -You ask? That you're not married! So we're not Thanks, Song, here's to you Not like that, link arms! The couple's way Who here is from Fenyang? What's wrong? -Song Yongping? -That's me We have some questions for you Mingliang, take over from me I'll be back Hang on, Jiao, just a moment Boss, the shop's out of Energiser drinks... Just one bottle? Yeah, I'm so thirsty Put it on my tab HANCHENG - FENYANG Why blow your money on a restaurant? It's just this once I've never eaten out before, and it's my son's treat Eat up Try the meat Shall we order more, Brother? Boss, give us some braised meat Wenying... Here's 10 Yuan from Sanming Your brother's earning money now You have to study hard Ignore the pressure, concentrate You'll pass this time Eat! Come on, eat up! Wenying, eat up What's up with Zhong Ping? Zhang Jun, what's up with her? It's too much! No discipline at all! Who does she think she is? We're sinking in quicksand here! We're not even on tour yet I'll find her She's supposed to be the lead! Aren't we all equal in art? I'll find her Zhang Jun! - Mr Zhong, where's Zhong Ping? - Don't know You're her father I just don't know She's gone, and I'm worried Who knows where she is? These days, she goes where she likes I can't stop her, I can't follow her She goes wherever she likes - Aren't you worried? - What's the point? It scares me to think of it She didn't tell me anything What can I do? Gen... Genghis Khan Every beautiful girl wants to marry him Genghis Khan Gen... Gen... Genghis Khan Every beautiful girl wants to marry him Let's go... The next song is dedicated to... ...the guards in the provincial prison from their colleague s it true... ...I am leaving you? S it true no more tears will fall? S it true... ...I have a one-way ticket? Leaving on a road with no end? S it true I am leaving you? S it true no more tears will fall? S it true, as I said before... ...that lovers must be lonely? How many times must I feel this pain? Telling myself to go back Holding back my tears Telling myself I don't care The long and empty platform The wait seems never-ending The long wagons are carrying... ...my short-lived love The wait seems never-ending My heart waits, waits forever My heart waits, waits forever Zhang Jun! - What the hell? - I'm hungry You're kidding me Get to fucking work! Dear people of Jia County! Today we present, from Shenzhen... The All-Stars Rock'n'Breakdance Electronic Band! They've come here... ...on a tour of our province Comrades, give them a big round of applause to welcome them Our brother is two years older Three of us, we're twins Dad's always angry with Mum After a fight, he just lies there saying nothing Then Mum gets worried She asks me to talk to him We sisters have to mediate for them I think I have the best mother in the world... ...compared with other mothers A girl in our last troupe... ...visited our home for a festival She thought Mum was great! I asked her why It's because Mum's a doctor She looks after me when I'm ill, gives me hot-water bottles till I'm feeling better Most peasant mothers aren't so caring But Mum is so considerate That's why this girl was so impressed You're good daughter too! When we're with her, she doesn't need medicine! You know, when I go home... I could send you by mail! - A medical package! - It's true! She'd love to see us, but we can't go We have to perform We used to get only 100 Yuan a month Just enough to buy her some food Now I can send her cash We need the money What brings you back to us? I was restless at home Why? How's my stitching? I was just fed up Very delicate! Your mother taught you? No I taught myself! It's my talent You're a genius! I felt stuck in Fenyang, that's why I came - It's boring being alone - Terrible Get up! - What time is it? - See for yourself Quick, get up Time to rehearse! Sanlin, get up! Juan, get up! Hongli... Come on! Eryong, come on, it's late - Ready yet? - Nearly Get a damn move on! You lazy scumbags! PRlVATE MARKET FOR CLOTHES AND SMALL GOODS - Stop fighting! - Help! You think you can beat them? You must be out of your mind You think you're that good? What are you doing? What are you doing? Come on! T's natural to change position When two people are in love... ...any position is natural They can try in any way... ...to heighten their love Most prefer it with the man on top, the natural way The woman lies passively, face-up The man on top taking control He takes the active role JlASHEN - WUBAO You're the station master? - What is it? - Listen... We're the All-Stars Band from Shenzhen Rock'n'Breakdance Band We like this place... ...so we'd like to put up a stage and do two shows here Got a permit? From Shenzhen? We'll have to approve the show Of course Sure, we'll show you Would you prefer... ...the songs or the go-go dance? The hot stuff! Do Boy Under the Streetlamp It's "Girl", not "Boy" - How was it? - Pretty good! So we can put up our stage? The station master isn't here - He's not here - You're not in charge? No I'm not, he's at home - So why ask to approve us? - You can go see him What's up, girls? Come along now... These things happen It hasn't cost you anything Cheer up! Under the street lamp ...a girl is crying Where did she come from? Crying so bitterly... Who has jilted her? Where can she go? ...and is expected to form an area of low pressure... ...in the vicinity of Ulan Bator The Inner Mongolian authorities... ...have issued a warrant for Shen Zhimin, 22, male orn in East Beijing 1.8m tall He wears glasses He can drive and... ...wears green army clothes And for Yu Lik-Wai, 24, male orn in Guangdong Province 1.7m tall He has a strong Cantonese accent TAlYUAN - FENYANG Where's Dad? He's opened a shop by the highway He lives there, rarely comes home He's that busy? No, he just doesn't want to come home Let's forget about him He doesn't treat this as home I'm past caring about it Those timbers are useless, sell them Who says? - Where's it from? - The mine Useless bloody mine We could make money with cement, what about that? Zhang Jun! Ah, the tax collector! - I can give you a rebate - How kind! Maybe I should break my leg Me too... disability allowance! Eryong, how's business? - So so - Quite good? Cui Mingliang, you're back! - Treating me to dinner? - Why should I? Just kidding! But they won't charge you - Couldn't take the risk - Who'd dare report you? Zhang Jun, let's take her to dinner Jinyun Restaurant Okay, I'll host, Eryong can pay! Thief! How's the big wide world? I kept moving How's your new job? Not bad Why haven't you locked me up? - Where? - At my place What's this roadwork? Fenyang is always like this now It never ends You haven't changed I'm alright Mum Why don't you divorce him? Where's your fish? You know my fish? No, it's my first time here I didn't like them Is it still snowing? Yes - What's funny? - Nothing Cigarette? No thanks Given up? - Have you? - No Help yourself - Are they a bribe? - I can afford them myself When did you start smoking? Ages ago - With whom? - Zhong Ping Have you heard from her? She's impossible! She left without a word And no-one's heard from her Anyone here? Want to buy something? Is Cui Wanlin around? He's out - Ask him to visit his home - Okay, I'll tell him want to move to the seaside 'd love to see the sky there And hear the sound of waves Get your bags packed 'il wait for you English subtitles: Tony Rayns Processed by: B.B. COM - Paris Child (Thor) "Milk" (Father speaking) "You want milk? ok. (Father Speaking) Sooo...you wanted 2 ounces of milk was it? um, yeah (Father speaking) Do you remember how many grams is in 2 ounces of milk, Thor? (baby speaking unintelligibly in background) Father speaking) "That's right Gunner" Do you remember how many grams is in 2 ounces of milk, Thor? No. (Father speaking) It's 3 grams. Would you pull out your pump and correct yourself with 3 grams of carbs? No, no! (Father speaking) It's ok, Gunner's just paintin'. I want the napkin to clean that up now. (Father & Mother speaking) Well, let's worry about that after we correct your pump.So no blood sugar, right? How much again? (mother speaking) 3 grams of carbs. (Mother & Father) Uh-huh, uh-huh. That's right. (child banging on table in background) That? (Mother & Father) Yep, yep. Father speaking) Did you put 3 in? Yeah (father speaking) ok, hit act..yep (Father speaking) Look at it-did you give yourself a normal or square wave bolis? Square (Father speaking) Ok, did it already beep that it gave you the insulin? Yeah (Father speaking) Ok, alright you can out the pump away. It said that it gave me point 1. (Father speaking) Yes, it did! Thank you Thor. Yes? Gabriel, where are you? Hurry up! Yes, okay, i'm coming Hello, my name is Gabriel. That was just my boss on the phone, I'm late once again. Cold Coffee... ...and Cigarettes, that was pretty much always been my breakfast. Actually I lived pretty much in my own world. All these everyday routine tasks - far too much for me. I was always told I have to set myself goals in my life... ...but that did not interest me. And so far I didn't care about my fellow human beings. Where have you been? Calm down boss, I'm here now, right? The customer has been waiting for a long time. I'm on my way. If you are late again I will fire you. Understand? Yes... Fucking jerk... Fucking box... Come on, what's going on here? Yes? Pizza... Yes, how much does it cost? Five. Five? One moment... Here you are. Thank you. Bye. Bye. Wait! Yes? This is a salami pizza! Yes, it's a salami pizza, that's right. But I ordered ham and by the way this pizza is cold. Come on, just take it. After all I've been waiting long enough now. Listen, I don't give a shit about that. And also the wrong one. Hey, Stop...! Yes? Gabriel, why don't you answer your phone? What the fuck have you done? You never have to come back again, Loser! I warned you. Yes..., it's ok! Gabriel, Gabriel... Buy gold in any form. Coins, dental gold, jewelry. Fuck this place! Fuck ey... Hi. Hey Gabriel? What are you doing here? I wanted to see you once again. Can I come in? Yes... Want to drink something? Tea, water? Yes, a glass of water, please. You don't look good. I know. Lara, I miss you... Oh, don't start that again. I need you, I need your help. You have to give me money again. I can't and I shouldn't you know that. Yes... I can't keep on giving you money. Please, this is the last time. I've lost my job today. I haven't even eaten any proper food. I don't know what to do, please help me. It's the last time. Hey... What is he doing here!? Hey, everything is ok. No! I don't like this game. Fuck off! I don't want to see you here anymore Get out of my way, go away... Don't touch her. Stop it! If he comes in here once again... I will never see him again. Fuck, fuck! Bitch... What's the matter? I want to talk to Said. Said, it's Gabriel. Okay, come in. Hey Said. What's up? Not much. What have you been doing? Long time no see! Here and there, like always just around here. I have a really screwed-up day behind me. Tell me! I got into trouble on my job. A customer was bothering me a bit and in the end I went crazy... ...and finally Lorenzo kicked me out. My ex-girlfriend also stresses me out. Can I take a swallow? Feel free! Why I'm here... ...I have got money problems. My landlord threatens me and is going to kick me out if I don't pay the rent I really don't know what else to do. I was hoping you could help me somehow. Buddy, I like you but you still owe me money therefore I can't give you any money. But you could do me a favour, I have a job for you tomorrow. You want it? I'm listening... Hey Are you all right? How are you? Don't ask. Lara called me yesterday. What happened? Ohh... You can't do that all the time. You can't always approach her and ask for money. Why you don't address me? I'm your sister. You know that you can always ask me if you are in trouble. You don't have any idea of what is going on. And finally you did that with her boyfriend. Gabriel, you can't do that. Look, we all support you, we just want to help you. You all really don't know what is going on. What happened? I am up to my neck in dept, I have lost my fucking job and finally Lara's bum fucked me up. What do you expect of me, huh? Look, we all want to help you. If you want, I could ask Dirk and for sure you can work for him. Dirk, my ass! I will never accept him as a father, ... ...you can do it, but expect that I will comply. You don't have to accept him as a father, you just need to take his help, you know, only to get out of that mess. To be honest I will take care of the matters myself. Fuck, I'm not in the mood for fun. Listen, let's come together! Mum will cook for us. I am pretty sure that we will find a solution. Fuck off, I don't give a shit about my parents' home, I don't give a shit about all of you. Calm down, please, stop it Let's try it. I will talk to them and we will find a solution. In any case. I will take care about that by myself, I have no desire, I already have a plan, I'll do it. Gabriel, wait, please, Gabriel... Yes? Gabriel, listen carefully. Yes, Said. We'll meet at 8pm at the Railway Station West. 8pm at Railway Station West, okay. Okay, see you. See you soon. I'm sorry. Hello? Mum, I'm coming home. Armed robbery failed, 3 dead. A man without goals in his life has to suffer his destiny, a man with goals in view shapes his destiny. (Immanuel Kant, German philosopher 1724-1804) Wait, I will help you. Thank you. You're welcome. Royal Thai Army 102th Signal Battalion Mahidol Wittayanusorn School Wat Laksi Piphatradupathum School Presents ARFS. Social Service for children Hey! We have work! Good morning! And this is... What program is it again? The program you were hired for, what is it called? Yeah, I kinda forgot it. Never mind, forget about the program name. The point is that today, our objective today is: second year ARF strudents from Mahidol Wittayanusorn school and Wat Laksi School What are we doing today? What are we doing? MWlTS and Wat Laksi Are we going to the temple? Hmm, yeah that's good And now we have just arrived at Phuttamonthon. We'll take a stop here and go to the temple. No no no. Today, everybody is going to participate in a social action project called ARFS. Social Service for children And today, everybody is going to do social service at Foundation for children which is around Phuttamonthon Sai Si Nakhon Pathom province. Let's have a test of readiness. Everybody, are you ready? We are ready! We are excited! Wow, they are very, very ready. All of them are ready. And how will this project proceed, we need to watch, right? We shall watch what will happen next. Don't miss even a second! in ATFS. Social Service for Children! at Foundation for children The weather's good today. Ahhhh And finally, we have arrived at The Greenery 7, Pinklao Phuttamonthon. We arrived so fast today. Wait, wait, wait. Aren't we supposed to be at Foundation for Children? What? This? The Greenery? House? Not this house! No, no, no. Here! Ohhhh! And here we finally arrive at Foundation for Children Foundation for Children, Bann Dek Sarn Ruck Kindergarten which is just around Phuttamonthon Sai Si Let's go and see how hard the ARF Students are preparing for the project today. Come with us. And now, The activities are proceeding nicely We are starting our activities already Hmmm? That man seems familiar.. What are you doing? Ouch! What are you doing! Cleaning the windows, see? The others are working hard, so we should help! Ahh. this is one of the activities. And here we have partitioned the work into zones. Here, you'll see that people are cleaning windows. You can call it the Social Action Zone. or alternatively, the labour zone. And now we have arrived at the alien workers detention center. Nah, just kidding. This is the area behind the Foundation for Children building. In which is area will be transform into a safe, non-toxic garden to grow food for the children. But now will we will have to reenergize ourselves first. A little break before we continue in the next section. See you again after the break! Behind the Scenes of... ATFS Social Service for Children. We're back again! Back to the good activities we are doing. Let's go and see the next activity! Let's go! After bathing in the sun and being blowed by the wind, we shall come back to see the joyful children. Now, it seems like the children are joining in some sort of activity. There's Paper. There's Colour pencils. Looks interesting. Let's go and see what the children are doing. Follow us. Hey everyone, what have you drawn? Can you show it to me? What should we do? They don't talk to us. What animals have you drawn? What's this? What's this? They won't answer... And now it is the acitivity where children will be drawing animals creatively. Now let's see, what else have they done. But when you walk pass, you need to bend down. OK? OK! Mice! Form a line! Count all! One! Two! Three! Four! Five! Six! Seven! Eight! And now we are with the director of this children center. Today, We have the honour from the director for him to be telling us a short introduction about himself and about what we are doing today. Here he is. Hello A short introduction, please. I am Director Chainarong Chimchoojai. The kids call me Mr.Pomm. I am the director of Bann Dek Sarn Rak Kindergarten, Foundation for Children. Here we adopt poor children and children with broken family. I have a question for you: what do you think about the ARFS doing a social action project, taking care of the children, cleaing up the place today? Well, it started last year, right? Your seniors came. And this year you guys came, successively. I think it is a great project to train ARF students because in addition to serving the country, as a soldier in the future, right? you also serve the society. By doing social action activities and volunteering, which needs a lot of energy both physically and mentally. Helping the kids here, I think that, you guys are an important force in country. The children here, one day, might be an important for of the country, like you guys. So I think that this is a good project. I wish that you all will use this social service activity and volunteerism for other area in the country. I hope you have a safe trip. (Psalm Maharaja Song) (Psalm Maharaja Song) Attention! Fall Out! Thank You Sir! Hey! And the activities today passed successfully. Today, we have given happiness to every single kid, have done social service, and have done a lot of great activities. Everybody is physically tired, but not mentally tired in participating in this activity, not even a tiny bit because everybody have a volunteering heart a good consciousness and love to do social action projects. All good things always come to an end. But our heart for society will never end. And I believe that our country will develop rapidly with people like us. For today, we have to take our leave. See you again when the nation needs us. We have ran out of time for today. For today, Good bye. 2nd Year ARFS Training Center, 102 Signal Battalion, Kamphaengpetch Arkarayothin Military Camp Mahidol Wlttayanusorn School Wat Laksi Piphatratupathum School We sincerely thank you Bann Dek Sarn Rak, Foundation for Childen for giving us an opportunity to do a great social action project. Thank you for watching! Camera Ready? And now The bus didn't wait for us. We were too busy filming. And now we missed our bus, eventhough we decided to help carry items. And if you look that way, The water levels are extremely high today. A big mass of water flooded the road. Now our bus have arrived. Let's quickly get on the bus. No stunts, no substitutes, because this year we really miss the bus. This game sucks. Castlevania 1 and 3 are great classic Nintendo games, but for Castlevania 2: Simon's Quest, the game designers obviously were not thinking straight. At first it seems like a pretty decent game, little different from the first in the series, but that's okay. Zelda 2 was different from the first, Mario 2 is different, but they were all good. The first thing that strikingly different is the fact that you have to go through towns, talk to people, and buy stuff. Never really mind it that it makes a little more like an adventure story and it's kind of like Zelda, so that's okay. But the first problem comes in when it changes from day and night. Why is this need to happen so often. like every five minutes? Why is it take so long? Nobody feels like sitting through this every time. How would you like it you were playing a game, and every five minutes I came over to pause it, and count a ten tedious seconds, and let you continue play the game? Come on, from up here you can see the cafe. I would prefer to see it from down here. Don't be so fuddy-duddy! I'll help you. Me? A born tourist? I need help? I need help! What a big boy you are. Wasn't it worse climbing up here? Look around. Isn't it beautiful? Beatiful. But a lift would be better. A lift! Tell me Boriska, do you do this often? All my free time. I guess you can get used to it. I will get used to it too. You? Yes. I want to start a new life. Look darling, here, far from the noise of the world here in the sweet emrace of nature, amidst bird song, hand in hand, I owe you a confession. I'm listening, Daniel, Boriska, I decided...that I will learn to sell. Sell? Don't be silly, you are the best salesman in the country. Not really, I always sold fur coats in August and bikinis in December. That was naughty, very naughty. It's nice of you to admit to it. Yes, it's very nice of me. But as long as we are confessing... I have another one. Boriska, now that we are finally alone, I want to tell you that I... That I... That you... That I...you...Boriska... I had enough of this Klimkó. Let's liquidate this triangle. You need to chose, Klimkó or me! Haven't you realised Daniel, that I have already chosen? Whose department am I working on? Boriska! Boriska! You love me? Yes. Boriska loves Daniel. Because Daniel is sweet. Because Daniel is good. Because Daniel is smart. Because Daniel is handsome. Alright, I'm not handsome. But you can get used to me. Yes, I can. And what will happen with Klimkó? He'll be here in a minute. I knew it. I can't even be happy without him. Please undertsnad, I don't want to oscillate anymore. We have to tell him him, that I... that I... that you... that I love you. We have to tell him. Yes, we have to tell him. Yes. Yes, we have to. Yes, you have to. Yes. Me? Flowers for the flower. Thank you. How are you, dear Boriska? Well. We are both very well. Why didn't we climb up together Boriska, why did you give me a rendez-vous up here? The truth is Rezso, Daniel has to tell you something. Please. Sir? A jus d'orange. Well, where to start. Do you know what happened to Balaam's donkey? No. He starved to death, because he couldn't chose between two delicious bales of hay. I don't understand. He doesn't understand. The two delicious bales of hay would be us, and the donkey... no, this isn't good. It isn't good. Something else. Look, I could obfuscate, I could say this and that, Be brief, brief, Ok. So Boriska loves me and hates you. Was that brief? Is that true, Boriska? Only partially. It is true that I love Daniel. I don't know what to say. Have a drink. I see I am superflous here. Indeed. Boriska, be very happy. I'll try. And shouldn't I be happy? Be. Honi soit qui mal y pense. Rezso! Don't leave like this. Pay for the cordial. And next time something else will come up. Glauziusz or Daniel. Dou know how aful it is to be stood up? Because I do. Well Ilonka, there is only one thing for it, we have to get married. Sweet love is blossoming in my heart the sky is smiling in your eyes we are walking the path a gentle breeze is caressing us, it's good to be near you. A happy summer in Budapest, Hundreds of happy hours with you, many new thrilling emotions, connects my life to yours. This city is beautiful for us, the lights shimmer for us, It is true happinness that awaits you here, so love me like I do you. Roaming the mountain top, just a few gentle clouds, I feel the warmth of the summer in my heart. See the Danube, the sunshine playing on the waves, our city really is beautiful. A happy summer in Budapest, Hundreds of happy hours with you, many thrilling new emotions connect my life to yours this city is beautiful for us and the lights shimmer for us it is true happiness that awaits you here so love me like I do you. Here's a problem designed to what you to think about the decision the firm face to whether to invest in creating a plant or not. So consider a market with two firms. Each of them can produce, at a constant marginal cost of mean dollars per unit and the key thing is that they can create a brand at a semi fixed cost of F. If they create the brand, they get half of the demand. If not, they engage in a oligopalistic competition, okay? Now suppose the government introduces a branding fee of t dollars? By [inaudible] that if, if the company wants to create a new brand it has to send a tax of t dollars to the government. Question? What is the lowest t at which firms do not create a brand at a symmetric equilibrium? The vision isn't that clear to me and i am just waiting for the presidential elections so that I can be able to see the future of the country and if it can be stable politically, because right now, we hear that the present government can be changed any time. So, we are still waiting for the change of Egypt. I can foresee a better future for Egypt. It's true that we have got people in charge that can't make you feel optimistic about the future but I can really see the future. We are going forward ,even if we are doing it slowly but after all it'll be shining. It's just a matter of time and we will reach the future we really seek. first of all, a problem that we have got nowadays is the "distrust" theory: If I say something accepted by the others, so it's ok, but if someone contradicts what I said or say something I don't like , I just try to distrust him and his patriotism, and others can easily believe that. This is just a normal result for our ignorance and lack of freedom that we didn't experience before. So, this is the second negative aspect: we never practiced our freedom before. It's something we need to live and experience, order to live with it afterwards. In my point of view, many of the negative aspects in our society are just the result of some reasons. They are the accumulations of many years of poverty and lack of awareness that a bad and corrupted regime and weak economy have left behind. There are negative aspects, but by the time, , if people start to comprehend the real meaning of democracy and practice their freedom , those negative aspects will disappear. One more thing that we live nowadays is that we have got no patience and we don't give some people the chance to show their best. Everybody thinks he is the only right person and he doesn't stand between both sides. If I see that somebody else is not from my own political current, I will just start saying that he is wrong and distrust him. It's just a lack of respect to the opposite point of view; I can hear an opinion that I don't like but at least I should respect it and accept it as much as I can. I order to be sincere; we are now living in a period full of negative aspects and pessimism. However, 80% from people want the change to a better situation. It's true that there are some people who are still trying to corrupt and distrust, , but our spirit of changing our country to the best, our spirit of optimism and hope are the most positive things we have. Another positive aspect that we have experienced is our trial of living democracy by making free elections. Even if we name these elections just a trial, and we can't live our life trying, but we did start. It's all about the Egyptian citizen that always surprises the world and even himself in the hard situations. They are people that have got the ability to be united and aware enough to take the right decisions all by their instinct. It's a great value to have this great human resource that is just ready to start working. We need little more effort and we can become one of the most successful countries in the whole world. The best way to do it, in my point of view, is to start by ourselves as individuals in this society and we can become better that we are today. Till now, I don't belong to any political party whether religious or liberal. I see that being moderate is the best way in everything. I do want the fixed rules of my religion to be applied, but still I want the respect and freedom of liberalism: principles that I want to live because I'm convinced that I should live with respect for the others. So, a political current that can represent me the most would be liberalism. I'm against having a religious background in politics or in governing. However, being moderate isn't about the way that some people define that it is just about an atheist person who can go naked by the street. What I know and understand about freedom is that it's about doing what I want without harming the others or crossing the limits of people around me. Talking about a current or a political party that I can belong to, I can say that I believe more in Socialism and its principles. Talking about the presidency candidates, before we knew names that have got history and thoughts, but now we hear about the huge number that took a part in the presidential candidacy. Some people say that if someone doesn't candidate himself, he\she will have to pay 500 L.E as a fine. This would just reflect the common state of mind that we experience nowadays. Now, I can talk about the famous people. I think that there are already many good and trusted names and that they have got good thoughts. I can't assume that I really know them that much because, during 30 years, we lived with the pharos principle or the only governor that we should all trust till his death or till our death. Actually, some of the presidency candidates are capable of taking responsibility and go forward with the country to the future that we want However, in the meantime, a big number of them are not qualified for such a big mission and it's not because we are different in the points of view, but because we have many good candidates that had an effective role with the civilian society and was a part of it and from its activities. They were also opponents during the whole past 30 years, so that it's why I see them as the most qualified people to govern the country. I really hope to have a wise president that is interested in law. He should be aware of the law even if it's not a part of legislation, but most of the law scholars and experts are more aware and they have got a good vision. for me, the most important thing that should exist in the future president are his actions. I want him to implement what he says and also to respect that , if he has got a religious background, he shouldn't rules with his own principles, but he should respect the fact that I might not be a Muslim or I might not have that religious tendency. I see that his performance is weak and he can do better. Even if, as many people say that he has got nothing to do or he lacks authorities, I see that at least he should work on fixing the current situation of the country and take actions. But I just feel that he is weak and he makes announcements without doing anything practical. We need something practical Nobody can deny that the current people's assembly has got many negative sides , but still it's an important step towards democracy. He should start with education because if people had been well educated and aware enough, we have could become better than we are today. We would have appreciated one another; we would have thought differently. The second thing to start with is to create the environment that would allow us work better under a system based on justice. He should terminate the words" recommendation, disorder and outnumbering", then we can have really security and respect for the governing power. It will be respect not fear. won't have fear any more from the government or the governor only because he has got the power but I will respect him and will have my own duties and obligations. We are not expecting from him the highest level of satisfactions, yet there have been many steps that he didn't take and others we didn't expect from him. or me as individual, didn't expect that from him. Although the people's assembly has got many negative points, I see that we learn through experimenting a new experience and making mistakes. All will be fine by time, and people should have some patience. However, the people assembly, even if it doesn't have the executive branch and can't govern, it should have taken some decisions and now, it's responsible not the people. All of this happened because it's not the assembly of the revolution. first of all, I have to respect the opinion of the majority, even if we are different in the points of views. I shouldn't make noise around me by saying "they're the majority and that's why they can decide only them". The second thing I can also have a good influence on the cycle around me. I'm a student and I should educate myself well. I study agriculture, so I have to take a part in the production process and don't waste all what I have learnt in my faculty. to start affecting people around me positively not just by ordering people and assuming that I 'm right and no one else is. I should also start to apply the right things I believe in and if people are convinced of what I'm doing, they will act the same. I have to start my career and see how I can help others. I should learn effectively and do my best to get as much knowledge as I can, so that when I start my career life I can truly make benefits to my country. If I want to help myself, I should start help my country first and then it will automatically help me. Shot and edited by : Mohammad Omar Sally is an architect who creates a blueprint of a rectangular dining room. The area of the actual dining room is 1,600 times larger than the area of the dining room on the blueprint. The length of the dining room on the blueprint is 3 inches. What is the length of the actual dining room in feet? So there's a couple of really interesting things going on here. They give us the dimensions of the blueprint in inches. We want the actual length in feet. And then they tell us that the area of the actual dining room is 1,600 times larger. So they're not saying that the scale of the blueprint is at 1/1600. It's going to be something less than that, and let's think about what that scale is going to be. Let's just think about some different scales. Let's say that this is my blueprint, and this is the actual reality of the dining room that we're thinking about. And my blueprint is let's just say 1 by 1, just for the sake of argument. Now, if this was a 1 by 1 square and we increased the dimensions by a factor of 2, so it's a 2 by 2 square, what's the area going to be? Well, this area is going to be 4. This area is 1, this area is 4. So you notice that if we increase by a factor of 2, it increase our area by a factor of 4. Or another way of saying, if we increase each of our dimensions by a factor of 2, we're going to increase our area by a factor of 4. If instead we increased each of our dimensions by a factor of 3, this would be a 3 by 3 square, and we would increase our area by a factor of 9. So notice, whatever factor we're increasing the area by, it's going to be the factor that we're increasing the dimensions by squared. So let's just think about it that way. So they're telling us that we're increasing the area by 1,600 times. Actually, let me just clean this thing up a little bit. So one way we could imagine it, if our drawing did have an area of 1, which we can't assume, but we could for the sake of just figuring out what the scale of the drawing is. Let me clear all of this here. So the area of the actual dining room is 1,600 times larger, and so if the drawing had an area of 1, then the area of the actual dining room would be 1,600 So what would I have to multiply each of the dimensions by to get an area factor of 1,600? Well, if I multiply this dimension by 40 and this dimension by 40, we see 40 times 40 is 1,600. You might say, hey, Sal, how did you figure out 40? Well, the 16 is a big clue. We know that 4 times 4 is equal to 16, and so if you gave a 0 to each of these 4's, if you made it 40 times 40, then that is going to be 1,600. So this information right over here tells us that the scale factor of the lengths is 40. That would result in an scale factor for the area of 1,600. So that's a good starting point. Now let's go to the actual dining room on the blueprint. So the actual dining room on the blueprint doesn't have these dimensions. We just used that to figure out the scaling factor. The actual dining room on the blueprint has a length of 3 inches. So maybe it looks something like this. They don't give us any of the other dimensions, so we can even imagine a 3 inch by 2 inch, 1 inch, whatever we want. We could even imagine a 3 inch by 3 inch square. They only care about the length. Now let's multiply both of these by a factor of 40. And we only care about the length here. They actually say what's the length of the actual dining room. So let's multiply it, and obviously, this is not drawn to scale. Let's multiply this times a factor of 40. So 3 times 40 is 120, and this, of course, is what we're referring to as the length. Now, you might be tempted to say OK, we're done. This will be 120. But remember, this is 120 inches. So what is 120 inches in terms of feet? Well, 1 foot is equal to 12 inches. If we were to multiply both of these times 10, we know that 10 feet is equal to 120 inches. Or another way you could have thought about it, you have 120 inches divided by 12 inches per foot is going to give you 10. So 120 divided by-- 120 inches-- let me write it this way. 120 inches divided by 12 inches per foot is going to give you 10 feet. So that's the actual length of the dining room in feet. I'm lost without you Can't help myself How does it feel to know that I love you baby? I'm lost without you Can't help myself How does it feel to know that I love you baby? Tell me how you love me more And how you think I'm sexy babe That you don't want nobody else You don't want this guy You don't want that guy You wanna touch yourself when you see me Tell me how you love my body And how I make you feel babe You wanna roll with me You wanna hold with me You wanna stay warm and get out of the cold with me I just love to hear you say it It makes a man feel good baby Tell me you depend on me I need to hear it I'm lost without you Can't help myself How does it feel to know that I love you baby? I'm lost without you Can't help myself How does it feel to know that I love you baby? Baby you're the perfect shape Baby you're the perfect weight Treat me like my birthday I want it this way I want it that way I want it Tell me you don't want me to stop (don't stop) Tell me it would break your heart That you love me and all my dirty You wanna roll with me You wanna hold with me You wanna make fires and get Norwegian wood with me I just love to hear you say it It makes a man feel good baby I'm lost without you Can't help myself How does it feel to know that I love you baby? I'm lost without you Can't help myself How does it feel to know that I love you baby? Cause you will tell me every morning Oh all right baby Oh yeah Oh baby Oh darling All right right I'm lost without you! Can't help myself How does it feel to know that i love you baby? I'm lost without you Can't help myself How does it feel to know that i love you baby? Ooh yeah Oh baby Oh darlin' All right right Oh baby Oh darlin' Ooh ooh baby All right right... yeah. When you first left me I was wanting more But you were f........... that girl next door What'd you do that for When you first left me I didn't know what to say I'd never been on my own that way Just slept by myself all day I was so lost back then But with a little help from my friends I found the light in the tunnel at the end Now you're calling me up on the phone So you can have a little whine and a moan And its only because you're feeling alone At first when I see you cry Yeah it makes me smile Yeah it makes me smile At worst I feel bad for a while But then I just smile I go ahead and smile Whenever you see me you say that you want me back And I tell you it don't mean jack No it don't mean jack I couldn't stop laughing No I just couldnt help myself See you messed up my mental health I was quite unwell I was so lost back then But with a little help from my friends I found the light in the tunnel at the end Now you're calling me up on the phone So you can have a little whine and a moan And its only because you're feeling alone At first when I see you cry Yeah it makes me smile Yeah it makes me smile At worst I feel bad for a while But then I just smile I go ahead and smile BismillahirRahmanirRahim Q: If someone has many dreams of the Holy Prophet (S) but their life does not change what should he do? How do we stop ourselves from faling into that gaflet? A: It's also a sickness these days, everyone is having dream about Holy Prophet (AS). Everyone is having dreams. Mashallah. Having dreams, yes, it's a good question, because if Prophet came to you and your life did not change, something must be wrong with you. Nothing with the Holy Prophet (AS). If you have doubt then you have completely lost your faith. But Prophet is coming to you it's like now, imagine, because Holy Prophet (AS) is saying, those who see me in a dream it's like they have seen me in reality, physically, isn't it? Imagine you are here and we are in the presence of the Holy Prophet (AS) And our life is supposed to get better but it is not. Understand what it means that your life is going to get better anyway It's going to get better in the way of Allah and His Prophet Your spirituality has to get better Your servanthood has to get better What does it mean your life wants to get better, your life, what? You're going to get a better car, is that what it means? You dream about the Prophet and you're going to get a better house? Better husband, better wife. Because that's what people are thinking about religion, about Tarikat, about dreams, about all of these things anyway To get better means my dunya must get better because if dunya is good it's a sign that my Akhiret is good Where is the belief then? We've become completely like Christians There are Christian groups that are like that, correct? They say they have big conferences it's like a business meeting and they say the sign that God loves you is that you become rich! Dollar, dollar ministry. So we have become like that? Oh our lives must be better, physically, then that time we are going to be happy with our Lord. No. Our lives must be better, our relationship to Allah must be better our relationship to our Prophet, our mission in life our bridge that we are going to build for the Akhiret, then you start building a bridge, you start experiencing, you start understanding, you start longing, for your original home, the Paradise, longing for that, not for this world. Like I said then this world will become tasteless, that time your life is better. That time your life is better. Physically there may be certain tests coming to you, it's okay. All Prophets went through that , Awliyaullah they went through that, That is an honor to us. To be doing that in the way of Allah. But if you are always dreaming about the Holy Prophet (AS) and you are not getting better dunya and you are not getting better Akhiret, maybe you should change the channel of your dreaming. But in these days safety comes, safety is only under the domes of the Friends of Allah If you are under the domes of the Friends of Allah, then that time, your waking and your sleeping it will be under protection. And yes it is going to be better because under the domes of Allah, the Friends of Allah, we are looking to our original home, to make that life better. Not here. It's okay, a little bit here and there, we are going to pass from this world too Katerina Dova there's a storm coming you sound like you're looking forward to it I'm adaptable what are you? I'm Gotham's reckoning did they kill him? I'm not sure why don't you just kill me? your punishment must be more severe do you think he's coming back? I don't know The Ruling of Douaa After Prayer Shaykh Mohammed Ibn Saalih AlUthaymeen May Allah have mercy on him Regarding Douaa or raising the hands during the Douaa we learned that the Salaf [Righteous predecessor] , or the companions and those who follow them .. ...used to make Douaa before Tasleem [Meaning after tashahud, before tasleem] so regarding this matter [Raising the hands during Douaa] after Salah, Is it obligatory? or is it supererogatory? The Shaykh: "May Allah Bless you.. The Question should not be regarding raising hands after salah, The Question should be regarding making Douaa After Salat [in general].. is it permissible or not? "The answer is... it is not permissible!" Because Allah says: "And when you have completed the prayer... -Finish the ayah.. - ".. remember Allah " - Exactly. He said "Remember Allah" He didn't say "Make Douaa"- so its impermissible to make Douaa after Salah. The place of a Douaa is before Tasleem, The prophet Peace and Blessings be upon him He used to teach his companions.. the tashahuud and then he would say: "and then make Douaa as you wish" so he made Douaa permissible before tasleem, And he Adviced Muadh [May Allah be pleased with him] to say [after tashaahud and before tasleem]: "Oh Allah..Aid me to remember you, to thank you and to improve in worship" This is a Douaa. Also the meaning of this As long as the person is praying then he is conversing Allah but once he ends his prayer [after tasleem], then he has ended this converse. So is it better to make douaa during the Converse with Allah or After [you end the converse]? Indeed the first one is better. And there is no difference between Obligatory and supererogatory What about the Hadith that says "The douaa between the Adhaan and Iqamah is never rejected" ?? Yes that is correct. You want to make Douaa after you preform your sunnah [before Iqamah] that's permissilbe. so long that you are doing for the sake of Douaa being answered [between adhan and iqamah] and you can raise your hands while making douaa, until the Salah starts. -What if the person takes along time in making douaa after shahadah [before tasleem]?? - It is permissible. Abu Sanad al Shaa'ati - Youtube channel. *only Arabic. Professor Mark Saltzman: Great, well welcome, today we're going to continue talking about vaccines. We started on this topic on Tuesday, particularly emphasizing smallpox and kind of the history of vaccine development. Then, also emphasizing in the case of smallpox, how even after the scientific discovery was made, it took many, many decades for people to be able to produce the vaccine in large enough quantities and distribute it, so that you could think about making an impact on global prevalence of the disease. We want to talk about that same concept today in terms of polio, which is a vaccine that is both made and manufactured in a different way than the smallpox vaccine. That will lead us into a discussion of sort of modern methods and sort of the spectrum of methods that are available now for vaccine development. The other thing that I want to do today is try to tie this discussion on vaccines a little bit more closely with what we talked about last week, in terms of what happens inside your body when you receive a vaccine or when you're exposed to an antigen, and how the immune system actually responds to that. The question is 'what happens after a vaccine is introduced into the body?' I want to spend some time on that until we talk about--before we talk about development of the polio vaccine. Here, I've just picked a couple of the pictures that I showed you last time when we were talking about cell communication in the immune system, What happens after the vaccine is introduced into your body is that it initiates cellular events. Cells share signals with each other, and that leads to activation of a specific cell population if we're thinking about a vaccine that produces antibodies, for example, that leads to activation of B-cells, immature B-cells, which do two things. They both proliferate, increase in number, and they differentiate; they differentiate from immature B-cells into antibody producing cells. So, let me go back to what we talked about last week and illustrate that a little bit more closely. One of the things that happens is that certain cells within your body process the vaccine or the antigen and we talked about that. We talked about host cells that are perhaps infected with a virus, displaying pieces of that virus, antigenic pieces of that virus in the context of a surface receptor called MHC-1, presenting that. Other cells in the immune system recognizing that this is a foreign molecule, but is being presented in the context of a 'self' cell. Because it has MHC-1, your MHC-1 on it, this T-cell recognizes that it's one of your cells but it has a foreign antigen associated with it. In this case, it might be a piece of a virus that's replicating inside this cell. So, that's antigen presentation to this population of cells called cytotoxic T-cells, T_c, a subset of the class of T-cells in the immune system. They become activated and they produce, eventually, mature cytotoxic T-cells in large numbers. These cells can now kill cells that have the correct signature, and the signature is MHC-1 with this foreign antigen associated with it. Now, for antibody production it is still a T-cell that recognizes the antigen presenting cell. But this antigen presenting cell is more likely a professional antigen presenting cell, or a subset of cells of your immune system that are specialized in ingesting foreign particles and displaying their contents to the rest of the immune system. So, the classes of T-cells: macrophages, natural killer cells, these are a class of cells that's particularly important called dendritic cells. They might ingest extracellular antigen, presented pieces of it on their cell surface in the context of MHC-2. Another subset of T-cells called T helper cells will recognize that signal by direct contact with it, and they will become activated and proliferate. Now, these T_h-cells, helper T-cells, go on to stimulate B-cells, and it's these B-cells that become the mature antibody producing cells that make quantities of antibody that fill up in your body. The antibody that they stimulate is antibody that's specific to this antigen that was presented earlier. Now, I recognize--well you should recognize that this is a very simplified view of a highly complex network of interactions that takes place. If you go on to study more about immunology, which I know most of you will, you will recognize that I'm--this is just the simplest level of one of the most complex systems within our body. It has to be complex, because we're asking the immune system to be able to respond to every potential foreign pathogen that we come into contact with. It does that through a complex set of sort of cellular interactions, and it turns out also gene rearrangements if you go further to study that. This is just a highly simplified view. What I want you to remember is that specific sub-populations of cells get activated, the activation results in a specific response. In this case here, you're generating host cells, cytotoxic T-cells, that can kill only very specific cells, cells that are expressing this foreign antigen. In the case of the helper cells they stimulate a specific population of B-cells to mature into antibody producing cells, and that antibody is generated against the antigen that stimulated it. If we just thought about that second part of it, just the antibody generation, or the humoral what we called last time--last week, the humoral immune response, the immune response associated with generation of antibodies in the blood and in other fluids. We looked at the kinetics of this response, what happens in your body after you're exposed to an antigen. So, this is a time course here, this scale is in days. So, this is several months and this logarithmic scale on the Y-axis represents antibody concentration. Now, we're not thinking about total antibody concentration because you already have a lot of antibodies circulating within your blood and in your fluids. We're thinking about the particular antibody that binds to this antigen that you're exposed to. I'm using, here, antigen interchangeably with vaccine for our purposes today. So, the antigen we're thinking about is a vaccine particularly designed to elicit immune response against a pathogen. You introduce that antigen into a person, into me for example. There's a lag period where if I was just looking for antibodies nothing happens for a while. At some point, maybe a week later, four to eight days later, you would start to see antibody levels rise. Again, these are antibodies that are specific to that antigen or vaccine that we introduced. Those levels would reach a plateau after some period of time, maybe after a couple of weeks and then they would begin to decline again. Now, if I was a person that was designing a vaccine and I noticed that this was the response that it got, that antibodies were produced, they reached some intermediate level, they started to fall, I would say, 'well I haven't stimulated the immune system enough, let me re-boost, let me give another dose of antigen. ' If you did that what would happen is you would see antibody levels rise even more sharply than before. The response to the second exposure in antigen is different in a couple of ways. One is there's no lag period, notice that antibody levels start rising right away after the second exposure. That rate of rise is steeper so they--antibody levels go up more rapidly and they reach a higher level. Now, this is just a typical response. You could probably find some antigens that don't follow exactly this behavior, but in general, this is the kind of behavior you would see on first exposure to an antigen or vaccine, called the primary exposure, and on subsequent exposure to an antigen or vaccine called the boost. If this was tetanus, you got this tetanus vaccine when you were young; you get a boost every five or ten years because your antibody levels are starting to fall. Now, just--what this diagram also shows you is that that response is specific to that particular antigen. It's not just that your whole immune system gets revved up and it's going to respond more rapidly to any antigen it's exposed to. If we did the experiment where on this booster we included not only the initial antigen but some unrelated antigen, the response to the unrelated antigen called B here, looks like a primary response. There's a lag phase, there's a slow rise to an intermediate level of antibody. So, every time you're exposed to a new vaccine or a new antigen you go through this primary response before you have the secondary response. Does that make sense? Kate did you have a question?Student: If there were just--if you were trying to create a positive reaction of antigens and it showed up naturally wouldn't it create this reaction anyway in terms of your body would create antibodies like the secondary response volume to antibodies?Professor Mark Saltzman: So, I'm not sure I understand the question. The question is, 'if you're naturally exposed to antigen wouldn't this happen anyway?' Yeah, so for example, you get exposed to--before there was a vaccine your brother or sister had chickenpox, and so you got exposed to chickenpox naturally through your contact with them. You would have this initial response, now that initial response might be too slow to prevent you from getting chickenpox.Student: Right, but if you just got the primary exposure, wouldn't the secondary response automatically--not a booster shot, just the secondary response [inaudible], because you were exposed [inaudible]?Professor Mark Saltzman: Yeah, so you're asking, if for example, why do you need a booster of tetanus, because if I get exposed to tetanus wouldn't I have this rapid response? The answer is 'yes you would', the question is 'would that response, even though it's much faster, be fast enough to protect you from the initial exposure to tetanus that you got?' Probably it wouldn't, you would probably get a little bit sick anyway, but recover. That's a really good question, and I'm talking in terms of generalities here but the specifics matter. That's why every--development of every specific vaccine turns out to be different because they don't all follow exactly this kind of time course. Some, like the smallpox vaccine on one exposure generates a very high response that lasts for many years so you don't need a boost. Others generate a weaker response that does require boosting. So, there's no absolutes about this, this is a general response where all the features can be different with different pathogens. Did that answer your question? Why the lag phase? Why the lag phase at the beginning? Well, because it takes some time for these cellular events that I mentioned earlier to happen. The antigen has to be presented to helper T-cells, those helper T-cells have to stimulate a B-cell population to both proliferate and differentiate. So, this is a picture I showed you before. You can imagine that even when this immature B-cell gets the signal 'now is the time, you need to turn on antibody production', that it takes some time for it to both proliferate to make enough cells and for those cells to mature to the point where they become what are called plasma cells, which are antibody producing factories; takes some time for that to happen. Now, why is the time less on second exposure? Because on second exposure there's another population of cells that I haven't mentioned before that remain after the primary exposure and those are called memory cells, they're down here. So not all of the B-cells that are stimulated become plasma cells or antibody secreting cells. Some of them become what are called memory cells. These are cells that recognize a particular antigen, they're ready to differentiate into antibody. They're ready to rapidly differentiate into antibody producing cells and they're waiting for that second signal to come. So, these memory cells are a way that your immune system keeps track of antigens that it's been exposed to for even if maybe the plasma cells that were producing antibody in response to the initial exposure have died and disappeared. Memory cells are long lasting cells that remember this exposure and can respond very quickly on second exposure. We talked about antibodies, we talked about them two weeks ago, we talked about them in section last week, uses of them. I just want to remind you that if you looked at the population of antibodies inside--in your blood, for example, the predominant antibodies would look like this. These are of the class called IgG, they're Y shaped molecules. They have a region down here called the FC region, and that is responsible for effector functions. There's a region up here called the antigen binding region and those--and there's two copies of that region and it's responsible for antigen binding. So, many--the predominant number of antibodies in your blood look like these IgG molecules. But not all of them do, there are different kinds of antibody molecules. Not only the IgG but there are special antibodies called secretory IgA and these are highly enriched in mucosal fluids in the mucus lining of your gut, and the eye, and of other--of mucosal organs. They're also enriched in milk. So, milk contains large quantities of this special class of antibodies called secretory IgA. They also have binding sites for antigen, but they are sort of two IgG type molecules bound together by another peptide chain. So, imagine taking two IgG's, turning one upside-down and then they're hooked together. The advantage of this is that now you have four binding sites for antigen instead of just two. So, these are better at binding to antigen because they have more binding sites on them. It also turns out that they're made stable in these environments like milk and mucus secretions because of this secretory chain which is wrapped around it. Another important class of antibodies is called IgM. The IgM is really five IgG-type molecules that are linked together through disulfide bonds, such that their FC portions are all pointing in and their antibody binding portions are all pointing out. So, now you have a single molecule, very large molecule, with not just two binding sites but with ten binding sites. This is a very potent molecule for binding to antigen. One of the things that I didn't mention before is that when you get this primary response and then the secondary response, if you looked at the antibodies that are generated during the primary response, again we're only looking at antibodies that bind to the particular antigen or vaccine that we have used for the priming. If you looked at the antibodies that were present in the blood, for example, you would find that most of those antibodies are IgM during this initial period of antibody concentration rise. Most of them are of the class IgM; IgM antibodies are produced on first exposure. If you looked later, as the antibody production response matures, some IgG is produced so that in the late period after initial priming you'd have a mixture of IgM and IgG in the blood. On second exposure it's different, that IgG is produced predominantly on second exposure to an antigen. One thing I do want you to remember is that IgM class antibodies are the antibodies produced on first exposure. Why? Why do you think IgM are produced on first exposure? Well, one way to think about is they have more antigen binding sites and so they're going to be more efficient at neutralizing the pathogen on a per-molecule basis than IgG is. So, it's good to get those produced more quickly. The memory cells, which are stimulated, lead to an IgG response and that's why IgG is the antibody of--that is produced predominantly after the boost, but there is some IgM produced also. Let's talk about the polio virus vaccine, keeping those things in mind. Polio was--is a crippling disease. In many cases, it affects--it also initiates its infection through the gut. It can be passed from one person to another orally and infects first cells of your intestinal system and then spreads to other cells, in particular, spreads to cells that are involved in the neuro muscular junction and can affect then muscle activity or your ability to move voluntary muscles. So, polio--the disease caused by polio can be a paralytic disease, crippling, and in some cases can lead to death if the disease progresses in certain ways. If we looked in 1950, this is the incidence of paralytic, or the worst form of poliomyelitis in the U.S. was about 20 per 100,000 people. This is mostly a disease that would occur in children. You would first get exposed in children--in childhood and then at a point when you're susceptible to the disease. So in a town that's the size of New Haven with a population of let's say 100, 000 people in just the immediate New Haven area, there might be 20 of these instances of very severe form of polio per year, 20 crippled children would result. So, over the course of time this could have a very substantial impact on the community. Because it's passed by--can be passed by an oral route it's a disease that's very effectively transmitted in school settings where children are together, or childcare settings. So, it was something that parents before 1950 were very concerned about. If a case of polio emerged in the community, the chances that it could spread to other children or to your child were high; so, great interest in this in the early part of this century. A group of scientists, mainly in Boston found, importantly, that they could cultivate the polio virus, the disease causing polio virus; they could cultivate it in cell culture. They found that certain cells, in particular, epithelial cells from monkey kidneys, were very effective at propagating the virus. So, you would grow these monkey kidney cells in culture, you would add some virus to the culture broth, the cells would become infected, the virus would go through its life cycle. The cells would be basically little reactors for generating lots of virus so you could make lots of virus to study. Jonas Salk, who probably you've heard the name, was a physician who, at the time thought, 'well if we can make large quantities of this virus then perhaps we can make it into a vaccine.' But unlike the Cowpox virus, vaccinea, that we talked about before, this is the real disease causing agent. If you just introduced this polio virus, which you could make in large quantities into people now, you would be causing polio. So, you couldn't introduce the live virus in because that would cause the disease not just immunity. Remember that the lucky thing about the smallpox vaccine was that a naturally occurring attenuated form of the smallpox virus variola called vaccinea was found. So, that was a naturally occurring attenuated virus that could be produced into a vaccine that didn't cause the disease. The strategy that Salk used was to kill the virus instead. Make a lot of the virus, it has all of its antigenic epitopes on it, but we'll just kill it so that it can't replicate. Then, if we inject it into people they'll be getting the real virus. Hopefully their immune systems will respond to it like the real virus but it won't be capable of replication because we've chemically cross linked it so it can't go through its life cycle. I'll talk about viral life cycles in a moment and you'll see how that killing worked. They grew the virus in monkey cell cultures, they purified the virus because you got to get all the other stuff from the cells that you're growing it in a way, they inactivated it by treating it with formalin which is just a formula--it's just a mixture of Formaldehyde; Formaldehyde cross links proteins. So, you cross link all the proteins in the virus, and you make a particle that looks like a virus but it can't act like a virus any longer because it can't replicate. Then, they did preliminary studies of safety and effectiveness in people. Basically, injecting it into some test subjects, making sure that they didn't get diseased from it and looking at antibody responses to see if it worked and it did. So, very rapidly a clinical trial was started. Now, the problem, or one of the challenges with clinical trials of vaccines is that you have to enroll a lot of patients into clinical trials because only a few are going to get sick in any case, only 20 out of 100,000. So, you're treating healthy people and you're trying to prevent them from getting a disease and you don't know who's going to get it. You have to test it by giving the vaccine to a large population of people, and then watching and seeing if you've reduced the incidence of the disease. It's--that's a very different process than testing a drug, where if you had a drug for heart disease, for example, you would give it to patients that had heart disease and see if you had an impact. You could do that with a relatively small number. If you're trying to prevent a disease that only occurs at a rate of 20 per 100, 000 people you have to give the vaccine to millions in order to see if the number goes down. Does that make sense? They started the clinical trial. The clinical trial was designed such that almost two million elementary school children were given this test vaccine. You could imagine that this is a monumental sort of undertaking in a number of different ways. One is if you have to coordinate how you're going to give this vaccine to two million children across the U.S. You want to give it to people in different communities, to make sure that it works in all the subpopulations where the vaccine's potentially valuable. You want to give it to children because it's children that are susceptible, and that's where you would like the vaccine to be useful is in children. So, you want to give it to them because the biology of children is different than adults, and so you need to make sure it works in that population. They had to give some of them the real vaccine and some of them a placebo vaccine in order that they could really tell if the vaccine worked; you have to have it placebo controlled. They did this in 1,800 elementary school children, so these are about eight year-olds. So, imagine proposing a clinical trial like that today where you had a test vaccine that had been tested in a few patients, was thought to be safe, but we're going to give it to a million--the test vaccine to a million or two million eight year-olds in the U.S. and see if it works. Well, you know that was possible at this time for a couple of reasons. One is people must have had an incredible amount of confidence in Jonas Salk. He did a good job in preparing the initial studies to show that it was safe. Two is it gives you some sense for how concerned parents were about the risks of polio in the community and how much they wanted a vaccine to be developed, such that they gave permission for their children to enter into this trial. Well, the vaccine turned out to be about 70% effective. As we'll see in section today, a vaccine does not have to be totally perfect in order to prevent transmission of a disease, because when a disease enters a community its spread from one person to another. If you can block one of those people from getting the vaccine, you also stop--from getting the disease--you also stop all the people they would have transmitted it too from getting a disease. One can stop spread of disease through a community without being 100% effective in each person who gets the vaccine. That's an important concept. So, it was effective, it was rapidly then introduced into general use. I taught at Cornell before Yale, and my assistant was a woman named Bonnie at Cornell. She was part of the clinical trial that did this, and they gave everybody certificates after it was done. So, you didn't know at the beginning, you knew you were enrolled in the trial, they gave you a shot, you didn't know whether you were part of the real group that got the test vaccine or the placebo group that got the control; turned out that Bonnie was part of the control group. So she got a certificate at the end thanking her for participating in the clinical trial, and also telling her to go get the real vaccine because she hadn't had it yet. So, this is real people who were involved in these tests. Well, this shows what happened in the period after this vaccine was introduced into the general population so that would have been in 1954. This is a complex slide, so let me show you what it is. The Salk Vaccine is also called the Killed Polio Vaccine, and some people call it KPV, also sometimes called Inactivated Polio Vaccine, IPV, but this is the vaccine I just talked about produced by Salk. After the clinical trial it was rapidly introduced into the population. This curve here with the square shows you how many millions of vaccine doses were distributed across the U.S., so this is hundreds of millions of doses that were given. As those doses were given you look at the prevalence of polio within the United States. It dropped dramatically in the period from 1954--this is these filled black bars refer to this axis, polio cases per 100,000 population dropped down to only three or four cases by 1956. So, this just shows as the vaccine was distributed, given to more people, that prevalence of the disease dropped dramatically. Well, it also illustrates that one of the things you do after you introduce a vaccine, you can't stop there, you have to continually watch what's happening with this disease in your population. One thing that happened was that after 1956,1957 the number of cases were down, there was a small bump here, the cases were up. This was of great concern because the number of polio cases shouldn't go up as the vaccine is being even more actively distributed through the country, so what happened? This led people to go back and look at the places that were manufacturing the vaccine to make sure that they were all producing vaccine of the proper quality. It turned out that one of--there were three vaccine manufacturers, one of them was using the procedure not quite correctly, they weren't completely killing the virus when they produced their vaccine. So, some of these cases were probably due to polio that was transmitted by incompletely killed virus that was present in the vaccine. They fixed that procedure and after that the cases went down even more. Now, the polio vaccine that Salk produced was very effective, but it required a fairly large dose of the vaccine and it had to be injected into the arms of children. So, there was some thought that maybe we could do better. Particularly, if we took advantage of the fact that this is a virus that's easily transmitted orally and could you make a vaccine that would be effective orally as well, that would be a tremendous advantage, especially in children who don't like to get shots. If you could take your five year-old or eight year-old in to get a vaccine that was orally administered instead of a shot that's a much easier thing to do. Plus it makes it, as I talked about last time, much easier to think about distributing the vaccine around the world because shots require skilled medical personnel, whereas, an oral vaccine could be self-administered. That means that it's easier to take into certain kinds of populations or remote parts of the world. An oral polio vaccine was developed by a man named Sabin. What he did was took the polio virus into the laboratory and tried to make an attenuated form of it, that is, 'can I get the virus to mutate in ways that it doesn't change its physical structure much so it still looks like active polio but it changes its disease causing properties, so it changes disease causing properties without making it non-immunogenic?' He produced an oral polio vaccine from an attenuated virus. This was not a naturally occurring attenuated virus as used in smallpox, but a virus that was attenuated in the laboratory, basically by propagating it in culture and looking for mutants that were formed as you propagated this virus under different experimental conditions. This is the vaccine that you probably took; the vaccine that's still most widely used in the U.S. is the oral form of the vaccine. It's used because of the reasons I described. Why would you maybe not want to use the oral vaccine? What are the disadvantages of using it? Knowing what you know now, any concerns about taking the oral polio vaccine instead of getting the shot? Are there any features that you'd worry about? Bobby?Student: The virus is not killed so [inaudible] Professor Mark Saltzman: It's a live virus, which is actually going to infect your intestinal system and reproduce. Because it infects your cells and reproduces, your immune system responds much more vigorously. You could imagine that you've got virus that's propagating inside your cells, making more and more virus, your immune system really responds well to that. Doesn't respond as well to killed vaccines, and that's why the Salk vaccine has to be injected at a high dose. So, it's more effective because it's a live virus but it's a little bit more concerning because it's a live virus as well, in that you trust that it's attenuated but could it convert back to a virulent form or a form that caused a disease. Turns out that that hasn't been a problem. In fact, another advantage of the oral vaccine is that you give it to children. They take it, the vaccine itself, the virus, reproduces in their gut and they can actually spread it to other children in the same way that they spread the disease where you've got children that are maybe at school or at childcare. Have you ever looked at children in the playground? They're all over each other sometimes and they can spread saliva or other fluids. It turns out that if you give one child in a home the oral vaccine, you often have a protective effect in other children in the home as well because it spreads from one individual to another. That's another advantage of the oral polio vaccine. Well, polio is not yet eradicated but there still are hopes that polio could be eradicated. It's only endemic, that means only naturally occurring in certain countries. The World Health Organization keeps track of what countries have cases of polio and when they occur, and what the frequency of--So, this is a map from a few years ago and there are efforts that occur occasionally. For example, this effort that's described here from 2001 where the World Health Organization has a push, they say, 'we know where the cases are occurring, we know what communities still have polio within them, if we do sort of really gear up for a massive immunization effort in those areas we could eliminate polio from that community. In this way, by knowing what communities it's in and acting on all of them at once you might be able to eradicate polio in the same way that we eradicated smallpox.' So far those efforts have failed for a variety of reasons. One is the resources that are needed in order to do this. The other is that some places where the disease occurs the governments are not stable, or there might be civil unrest or civil wars and that makes it very difficult to orchestrate giving vaccines when there's other things happening in the country that are of more immediate concern. And there are some communities that are frankly suspicious of Western medicine and don't want people to come in with their modern approaches and feed things to members of their community. So, there is still problems to solve in doing this. I wanted to show you, so that if you're interested in this, and you want to keep track there is a website called Global Polio Eradication Initiative and you can look, and you can actually look and see what countries polio is occurring in and where they are, and how many cases have been reported. You can't see this too well but there's a map of the world here that actually shows you all the individual cases of polio that occurred between this period of August 2007 and, it's cut off on the screen, February of 2008. This is the kind of surveillance that's needed to really make an impact and this is why--one of the other ways where engineering approaches are needed in order to solve medical problems like this one. There's a lot of engineering that we've already talked about in terms of producing quantities of the vaccine, producing it reliably, producing it safe, distributing it, and keeping track requires a level of sophistication that maybe you wouldn't have thought about initially. That slide is on your--is in the slides that are distributed if you want to follow on that website, there's the picture that I copied yesterday. You see most of the cases are in Central Africa and in the region around India, particularly Northern India. Let me go back and finish up today by talking about the lifecycle of a virus. Again, this is a highly simplified version of the lifecycle of a virus. This might be a polio virus, for example. The example I've given here is a virus that contains DNA as its genetic material. You know that some viruses use RNA as their genetic material and so their lifecycle is going to be slightly different than this. HlV is a member of the family of viruses called retroviruses, and retroviruses all use RNA as their genetic material. I'll talk about that at the end of the lecture here. Here's a DNA virus, it infects a cell. Usually viruses have certain kinds of cells they want to infect or that they're capable of infecting. That infection occurs because of a ligand receptor interaction on the cell surface where the virus itself is the ligand and it takes advantage of a receptor that's expressed on the cell surface. For example, HlV enters cells of the immune system by binding to a receptor called CD4. These tropisms, or affinities of viruses for certain cells, are well mapped out now. The virus enters the cell and it breaks down. It breaks down into its component parts and I show two of those component parts here, one is the genetic material, in this case DNA, and the other is all the proteins that form the structure of the virus. That DNA gets replicated to make many more copies of the viral DNA using host mechanisms, that is, often using the DNA polymerase which is naturally present in the host cell for its own replication. The proteins that are produced by genes that are on the viral genome get transcribed and translated in order to make more structural proteins that are needed for assembly of the virus. The virus then can self-assemble, that is, you've made a lot of genetic material, you've made a lot of the structural pieces, there has to be some way that the virus can reassemble, repackage itself into active forms. Then that--those active forms are released from the cell. Now, sometimes those--that release occurs without the cell itself dying. In other cases, the virus propagates in such high numbers that release is literally an explosion of the cell. Release of tens of thousands, hundreds of thousands of new virus particles from one individual cell such that the cell gets killed in the process of replicating the virus. These released particles can now go on and infect neighboring cells, they can travel in the bloodstream to infect cells at a distance and the virus spreads throughout a multicellular host. Now, what happened with the Salk vaccine is that Formaldehyde was used. Formaldehyde cross-links proteins, so, if you treated this virus with Formaldehyde, even it was able to enter a cell, it couldn't break down anymore. So, its genetic material wouldn't be released and even if it was released, the genetic material is also cross-linked, and so it can't be transcribed and translated or replicated. So, this is the stage at which you prevent disease in the Salk vaccine. In the Sabin vaccine, or the oral polio vaccine, now you have a non-virulent virus. So, one that perhaps does not reproduce in such high numbers that you create an overwhelming infection, but one that still goes through its lifecycle but is limited in its effect. That suggests, now, if you think about this even highly simplified lifecycle, suggests some other ways that we might use kind of modern technologies to engineer new vaccines. We've talked about getting lucky, finding a naturally occurring attenuated live vaccine as in the case of smallpox. We've talked about killing a virus by cross-linking it, for example, to make a substance that looks like a vaccine--looks like a virus but can't replicate. We talked about attenuating in the laboratory, using cell culture techniques and what we know about mutating viruses. One can also purify parts of the protein, that is, parts of the virus, that is, 'do I really need to deliver the whole virus?' If the immune system recognizes only small pieces of the virus and mounts an immune response to that, how about if I just take these pieces of a virus like some structural subunit, some piece of protein and use that as a vaccine? Now, I'm not introducing any genetic material at all so I don't have to worry about it replicating because there's no genetic material, all I do is deliver the particles. Well, this is an approach that's been used in a variety of vaccines, most successfully with Hepatitis B, so the problem is where do you get these proteins? Well, one way to get proteins, and it was first used in Hepatitis B, is to find patients, find individuals who are already infected with Hepatitis B. So, Hepatitis is already infecting cells of their liver, their liver is actively making new virus. It turns out in the case of Hepatitis B, the way the lifecycle proceeds--the cells make too much of the protein and not all of it gets assembled into the virus. So, if you look in the blood of patients that are infected with Hepatitis B you find a lot of Hepatitis B surface subunits, proteins without the nucleic acid circulating in their blood. What if I collect that blood from patients that are already infected with Hepatitis B, purify the Hepatitis B protein, and inject that back into people? That would be a subunit vaccine because I'm purifying a subunit of the virus that could be injected and hopefully induce an immune response. It turns out that that works. Any potential problems with that approach? Would you like to get that vaccine? You've all been immunized for Hepatitis B, would you be happy to hear that that's where your Hepatitis B vaccine came from? It's okay? Sounds okay? Student: [inaudible] Professor Mark Saltzman: It does sound okay and it does work. The danger is that it's being purified from patients that have a disease and so you want to make sure that there's not other diseases that are present in that sample at the same time. The Hepatitis B subunit vaccine was produced at the same time that HlV-AlDS was being recognized as a problem in this country. We did not yet have good methods for screening blood to look for HlV, we didn't have the ELlSA technique that I--we talked about in section a few weeks ago and so there was a great concern that there might be other diseases that you'd be passing on from--unknowingly from this subset of patients that you're isolating the vaccine from. So, that particular sub unit vaccine was only used in people that are at high risk for acquiring Hepatitis B, that is, people that work in healthcare situations that are exposed to blood routinely as part of their job. It wasn't used in the general population. What was--the vaccine you got was produced totally outside of people using recombinant DNA technology. In that case, we took the gene for the Hepatitis B protein. Took it out of the virus completely, cloned it into a plasmid, that plasmid was expressed in a foreign host, in this case it was expressed in yeast cells. Yeast cells were grown in large numbers with this plasmid inside, they expressed the plasmid and so you made Hepatitis B surface antigen not in people but in cell culture where it was not normally formed. Then that subunit was purified and formulated into the vaccine, the kinds of vaccines that you and I got. This was an early example of recombinant DNA technology being translated into a clinical product and that's the vaccine that's widely used in practice now. Another approach which is still investigational, in that it's being tried for many diseases but not yet clinically used in any particular one, is maybe you don't need to introduce a whole virus or pieces of a protein at all. What if you took, instead of using--instead of going through the step of isolating the gene for Hepatitis B, cloning that into a plasmid, expressing the plasmid in cells, manufacturing these cells, and then purifying the protein product--what if you just took that plasmid that contains the gene for Hepatitis B and you gave that directly to people? Then, you could get the Hepatitis B protein expressed in your cells. If we injected it into a muscle let's say, and your muscle cells took up this plasmid. Now the plasmid started to do its thing, which is replicate and the gene gets transcribed. Then, your muscle cells would start producing Hepatitis B surface antigen and your immune system recognizing that's a foreign protein would start responding to it. That concept is called DNA-based vaccine, or DNA vaccines. So, totally avoids the manufacturing processes that are used to produce other vaccines; you got to manufacture DNA instead. I want to say a little bit about the cost of vaccines because this is a part of what makes it difficult to accomplish what's usually our goal in a vaccine development, which is deliver the vaccine to every population in the world. Often, vaccines cost a considerable amount to produce. The Hepatitis B vaccine I talked about before produced by recombinant DNA technologies, called Recombivax HB, that's one version of it. If you or I buy it, it costs $51 per dose, you need three doses to be effective. Why do you need three doses of Hepatitis B? Because this is not a virus at all, but it's a virus subunit, your body doesn't respond to it as strongly, your immune system doesn't respond to it as strongly. So, you have to formulate it properly. That is, mix it with things which make it more--make your immune system respond more strongly. You have to inject it multiple times because the first blip that you get in immune response is not very high, you have to boost and often you have to boost again in order to get a high enough response to be protected. For any one of us it costs $153 - $156 to be immunized. Now, that is doable for us but that's not affordable in many parts of the world. In addition, this is just the cost of the vaccine, not the cost of the doctor or nurse who injects it into, you so you have to figure that cost in as well. The CDC can buy this from the manufacturer for a lower price, and when you hear about government organizations distributing vaccines to different parts of the world, they're buying at a reduced rate but it's still not inexpensive. Measles, Mumps, and Rubella this is an established vaccine also quite expensive. I didn't have the commercial price for the chickenpox vaccine called Varivax but you can imagine that it's even more than $50 a dose for that one. I just wanted to try to put that in perspective. I also talked last time about smallpox and the perceived need to produce more smallpox vaccine in the event that smallpox is used as a weapon in 2002. So shortly after 9/11 the Government made a contract to a company called Acambis to make four hundred million doses of smallpox for $343 million dollars. So, this is not cheap, right? The problem is you've got to make hundreds of millions of doses sometimes in order to have an effect on progress of the disease. So, even if the cost is small, $10 a dose, it quickly amounts to a large amount of money. There were some problems with that deal and I just give you one news report on that, but you can follow it if you're interested. In spite of that fact, it turns out that vaccines are one of the best uses of our money in terms of extending the lives of population. This is old data now, from 1995, but I don't think it's changed very much. It asks the question, 'how much do different public health interventions cost per life saved?' So, we have a mandatory seatbelt law here. That means that you have to have seatbelts in all your cars; that means people pay more for cars because they have seatbelts. You have to enforce the law and all the costs that goes along with that. In terms of lives saved by that measure, it's estimated that it cost about $69 per life saved, so that's a reasonable cost to spend. For something like Measles, Mumps, and Rubella immunization which costs what I showed you before, you can save so many lives that way that the cost of distributing and producing the vaccine is actually less than the value of the lives that are saved. So, it saves money, you're saving money by doing it, not that it's not costing you. Obviously, these are complex calculations, but I just want to point out that and smoking cessation advice, advice about not smoking to pregnant women is another very inexpensive life saving intervention. Things that we think are good, and I'm not advocating we don't do them, like having radiation emission standards for power plants, nuclear power plants, and other power plants cost a lot of money per the risk involved with them. On this scale, vaccines are a very inexpensive way to save lives. Okay, we'll stop there, section this afternoon, we'll talk about disease spread through populations and how vaccines impact that. I swear ... Takbir! God is the Greatest! Takbir! God is the Greatest! Everyone, raise your hands! ... your right hand We swear to God ... [We swear to God ...] We swear to God ... [We swear to God ...] To preserve the sovereignty of our homeland ... [To preserve the sovereignty of our homeland ...] ... its territory, its coastline, its airspace [... its territory, its coastline, its airspace] and to protect law & order ... [and to protect law & order ...] everywhere we are ... [everywhere we are ...] and to uphold all international agreements ... [and to uphold all international agreements ...] ... made with all states [... made with all states] and to commit ourselves to the values of the revolution ... [and to commit ourselves to the values of the revolution ...] and to protect unarmed civilian demonstrators ... [and to protect unarmed civilian demonstrators ...] and to commit our blood & our lives to topple the regime ... [and to commit our blood & our lives to topple the regime ...] ... this criminal regime [... this criminal regime] and may God bear witness to what I said [and may God bear witness to what I said] and may God bear witness to what I said [and may God bear witness to what I said] Long live Syria, democratic & free! [Long live Syria, democratic & free!] God is the Greatest! [God is the Greatest!] God is the Greatest! [God is the Greatest!] The name of the batallion: "Mu'awiyah" This is the oath of this batallion Sal: This is Sal, I'm here with Ben Eater. Ben: Hi Sal. Sal: And you've made this module, Ben: I did. Sal: called the fundamental theorem of arithmetic! Ben: Very exciting! Sal: Very exciting, isn't this? This says that we can essentially get to any whole number greater than one Ben: Right. Sal: by taking products of prime numbers. Ben: That's right. Sal: That any number Ben: Any number. Sal: can be made by taking Ben: Just the right prime numbers Sal: by multiplying a bunch of prime numbers together. Ben: Yeah Sal: and right over here, were essential going to try to do that. Ben: and there's one and only one way to get to that number. Sal: There's only one way, there's not other kind of ways.. Ben: There's only one set of prime numbers that will get you to any number Sal: Very, very interesting. So let's see, they say find the prime factorization of 42. So when their saying prime factorization, you know when your saying, since you wrote this, your saying factor this and all the numbers that when I multiply them together I get to 42. Well, the prime numbers. Ben: Prime numbers. And so we only give you prime numbers Sal: You only give the prime numbers, 2 through 13. It says use arrows to change the exponent on each prime number. So the exponent is how many times you're going to multiply that,or, and we have many videos on this, going into depth on exponents, but you could also, one way to visualize it is how many times your going to multiply one times its number. Ben:Right. Sal:For at least this case right over here, we're multiplying one times two 0 times, so the answer is one there. If you mulitply it by 2 once, you get a two there. and then if you do it by 2 twice, you get 2 times 2, is 4. So the prime factorization of 42. So the way I think well, lets use your hints. Ben: OK Sal: Sometimes, you've got these hints you should think about if their.. so lets see, I'd like a hint. so let's see what it tells us to do. We can use a factor tree to break 42 into its prime factorization. Which of the pime numbers divides into 42? so. Ben: A good place to start is think of any of those prime numbers and which ones divide... Sal: And maybe start with those at the smaller end...Ben: thats what I like to do, Yeah. ..Sal:And 2 is usually the easiest one to think of. This is an even number, 2 is going to didive into it. so lets see if thats what ya'll confirm in the hints. Oh, yes, right there, 2 goes in, and you can do this on paper if you want, or you should but 2 goes into 42 21 times, so I can just try doing it 21 times, but we're not done yet, because 21 is not a prime number, is not even listed here, keep listing the prime numbers, 21 is not prime,and so 2 does not go into 21 anymore, so we're kinda done with 2, 2's, so actually, lets see, we have 1 2 over there, but 3 does go into 21! Ben: It does. Sal: 3 does go into 21, and so lets see, so 21 can be factored into 3 times, so lets see if thats what your hint...Ben:which are both prime Sal: which are both prime! lets see if thats what the hint confirms. Yes! 3 times 7 and then 7 is prime and your done Ben: Thats right! Sal: So you can say your gonna have, er, your gonna have this 2 right over here, your gonna have a 3, and then were gonna need a 7. 2 times 3 times 7 is 42. And were done! And we go right over here answer, check, click the.. need to change your answer, no no already did that. so now i just check the answer, and I'm done! Correct! Next question. and I got two, we used the hints so we dont get full credit. Lets do the next one. Lets see what shows up. Oh,we already know the prime factors of 21, we just did that! So we got a three, and we got a 7 in there, and there we go! Lets do another one. 18. So 2 goes into 18. Ben: It does. Sal: 2 goes into 18. and so, if I wanna do this in my head, 2 times 9, and I dont need to do this in my head, since I have hints, Ben: You have hints! Sal: You have hints, that essentially do that.so we can use our factor tree and break 18 into its prime factorization. It's 2 times 9! and 9 is odd, but not prime.2 doesnt go into it, 3 does. so we have 3 times 3, leaving us with 3.. 3 is prime so were done factoring. So this is interesting, so we have a 2, and then were multiplying by 3 twice. 3 times 3 is 9, and times 2 is 18. And were done. we have not been able to prove the fundamental theoem of arithmatic wrong! Ben: Thats right! (both men laughing) haven't disproved it. Sal: right, very good. well, this is very neat. >> Earlier, when we looked at the planning graph, I already mentioned that there is something missing in this graph. There are certain nodes missing, and there were certain edges missing. And that's what I said earlier, that there were no mutex relations included. So what we will do now is look at these missing nodes, and we will also look at the missing edges, which define mutual exclusivity between propositions and actions. So that's what we'll be looking at next, the mutex relation between propositions and actions. Earlier we have looked at independence between actions in the same action layer. We have seen that 2 actions in the same action layer that are dependent cannot be included in our final layer plan. Now we will have a look at how this effect propagates through the planning graph. And first we will look at dependent propositions, and here is an example. This is part of the planning graph we have looked at earlier, and you will note that in the proposition layer p1, we have the propositions r2 and ar. That is the robot r is at location 2, and container a is loaded on to the robot r. The proposition r2 is present in that proposition layer, because it is a positive effect of the action Mr12. The proposition ar is in that layer, because it is a positive effect of the action Lar1. Now you may remember these 2 actions from an example we have looked at earlier and that showed that Mr12 and Lar1 are not independent. So these are dependent actions, which means they cannot be selected from this action layer for our final plan. But of course if these actions are the only reason why these propositions are in this proposition layer, and these actions cannot possibly occur together, that means, the 2 propositions also can't possibly occur together, at least not in this proposition layer. So that means, r2 and ar are incompatible, in proposition layer p1. Another example would be to look at the propositions r1 and r2 in proposition layer b1. Clearly these 2 propositions are a positive and negative effect of the same action. So if we include this action in our plan we can't have r1 and r2 both be true in p1. So again they are incompatible in this proposition they are, r1, and r2 are incompatible in proposition layer p1. So we have seen 2 reasons here why 2 propositions in a proposition layer may be incompatible. The first one shown by this example was that we have 2 dependent actions that are the only producers of the 2 propositions. Then the 2 propositions must also be dependent. And the second reason was, that we had an action, that had the two propositions we were looking at, has positive and negative effects, and that again means, they are incompatible in that proposition layer. Now, we will look at how we can simplify this, by dropping two of the two cases, namely the second case. And we can achieve this by looking at the things that were currently missing from the planning graph and those are the no-op actions. So introduced no-op operations for a proposition P and we give those the name AP and the purpose of these is that they carry forward the proposition P from one proposition there To the next, so they have only one precondition. Namely that the proposition P is true in the first proposition there. And then, they have one effect that makes the proposition true in the next proposition layer. They are, that means in this example we would actually need 6 additional actions in the action layer A1, 1 for each of these proposition symbols that we carry forward. So, we have a No-Op operation for each one of those. I want to look at only one specific No-Op operation though, namely the one for Ar1 that carries the symbol r1 forward. And now let's look at the same example we just looked at, in the second case of the previous slide, where we looked at the propositions r1 and r2, that were positive, and the negative effects of Mr12. Now, we can see that, r1 is also a positive effect, of Ar1, and r2 is a positive effect of Mr12. But when you think about it for a second, you will see that these two actions are not independent so they cannot occur together in our final plan. And that of course means that the two propositions are incompatible in layer p1, but this time for a different reason. Namely because the two actions that add them are incompatible. So the introduction of the No-Op operations means we don't have to explicitly carry for or what proposition Limbels from one layer to the next, because the No-Op actions do that for us. And they simplify our incompatibility test for propositions in the same proposition. Layer. Now that you've seen these examples, it should be fairly easy to understand the definition, of what it means for 2 propositions to be mutually exclusive. So 2 propositions, p and q, that are in the same proposition layer pj are, mutex, which stands for mutually exclusive, if the following two conditions hold. Firstly, every action in the preceding action layer, tha'st Aj, that has P as a positive effect, including the noop operations, is mutex with every action in Aj, that has Q a positive effect. So if we find a pair of actions. In the action layer aj that have p and q as a factor respectively and these two actions are independent, then we know that we can also have p and q as propositions in the following proposition layer. And the other way in which we can have p and q compatible in the following proposition layer is if there is a single action in Aj, that has both p and q as positive effects or the other way around. If there's no such action, then the two propositions may be mutually exclusive. In other words p and q are not mutex if they are produced by a pair of independent actions or by a single action. I hope you understood this so far because now I am going to confuse matters slightly. So, when I talk, I talk about independent actions, but what's actually written here in the definition is that we require the two actions and the same action layer to be mutex with each other, and that we haven't defined here, but we will get to the mutex relation between actions shortly. Now before I continue here comes a little bit of notation and I want to introduce the symbol mu Pj for the set of all pairs of propositions p and q, all those pairs that are in proposition their Pj and that are mutex. So mu Pj are old mutex pairs in proposition layer Pj. And for those of you who prefer algorithms to formal definitions, here's the pseudocode that defines mutex for proposition. Here we define the function mutex that takes 3 arguments. The first 2 are the 2 prepositions in a preposition layer that we're trying to test for mutual exclusivity. And the third component is something that we haven't seen, but as before this is something we will see shortly. This is simply the set of all mutex actions in action layer aj. Then we simply go through two Nestas loops here. The outer loop tests all the producers of proposition p1. So there should be an action a one that produces this proposition. And the inner loop simply takes the actions that produce proposition p2. So we test all possible combinations of producers for the two propositions. And if we find a single pair, a1, a2 that is not mutex, that is not in our given mutex relation between the actions, then we can return false because we know these two propositions can't be mutex. We found a pair of actions that can produce them and these two actions are not mutually exclusive. Otherwise, if we can't find such a pair, then we return true, and we know that these 2 propositions in their proposition layer must be mutually exclusive. Now you may ask, what happened to the second part in the definition where we can have a single action that produces both? Well, this is actually covered by this algorithm, when you select a1 and a2 to be the same action, then it produces both the propositions we're looking at, and of course an action is never mutually exclusive to itself. So this case is covered with this simple algorithm. Now a quick word about the time complexity of this algorithm and we see here that we have two loops over all possible actions. So if we assume that we have a maximum of m possible actions including the no-op operations, then this algorithm will run in o of m squared because we're going through two loops over all possible actions and those are of course limited to all the actions we might have. So, it's polynomial. I have loved and I have loved, poor me, much more than I should love. And I have cried when I have felt that I would suffer and get desperate It was when from my infinite sadness you happened. I have found in you the reason of living and loving in peace and not suffering anymore. Never more, because love is the most sad thing when it falls apart. I have loved and from my infinite sadness you happened. I have found in you the reason of living and loving in peace and not suffering anymore. Never more, because love is the most sad thing when it falls apart. Love is the most sad thing when it falls apart. the two triangles shown below are similar. Identify their corresponding sides and angles. so we see here based on how it's marked this angle is equal to that angle. This angle with two arcs here is equal to this angle with two arcs here. and this angle over here with three arcs is equal to this angle with three arcs over there. So thats how we can identify which angles correspond to which other ones. So for example, angle CAB, angle CAB, corresponds to this angle over here which we can call FDE. If we say angle ABC This corresponds, so now we're looking at this angle right over here, angle ABC corresponds to angle DEF. and then finally angle BCA, which is that angle over there, corresponds, we look at the three bars, corresponds to angle EFD. Now when we think about corresponding sides. Now let me color code it actually that will make it a little bit more interesting, side AB, segment AB i guess you could call it corresponds to what? Well you can tell by looking at the angles, this is the side between the one arc angle and the two arc angle It corresponds to side DE on this triangle. Then if we look at BC right over here, BC corresponds to its between the two bars and the three bars, it corresponds to EF. Another way that you could think about it is that this blue side is opposite this angle EDF, or FDE, we called it FDE over here. It's opposite that angle and it's opposite that angle, the one arc angle. This orange side was opposite the three arc angle. This side over here AC, it corresponds to, well its the only one that is left but it's also opposite that two bar angle. It corresponds to side DF. And we're done. We've shown all the corresponding sides and angles. We're on problem 55. At a certain picnic each of the guests was served either a single scoop or a double scoop of ice cream. How many of the guests were served a double scoop of ice cream? So let's say that d is the number of guests that were served double scoop and that's what we're trying to figure out. So what are their statements? Statement number one says at the picnic 60% of the guests were served a double scoop of ice cream. So 60% percent of the total were served a double scoop. Let's see if we can write that algebraically. So 60% of the guests. So the total number of guests are the number of guests that were served double scoops plus the number of guests that were served single scoops. Then we have all of the guests,right? This is this is equal to the total number of guests. And then they tell us that 60% of them were served double scoop. So the number that were served double scoop is 60% of the total. So that statement number one is just an algebraic equation. And this alone though doesn't help me solve this equation. Maybe in the next statement they'll tell us how many total guests there are. What this is. And that'll help me but I don't know. Let's see,statement number two, they say a total of 120 scoops of ice cream were served to all the guests at the picnic. So once again,they're telling us that there are 120 scoops of ice cream,they're not telling us that there are 120 guests So let's see,what are the total number of scoops. So there's the number of single scoops and each of those are-- the number of guests that got singles scoops are s and then the number of scoops is just 1 times that because they each got one scoop. And then you have the number of guests that got double scoops But then the number of scoops they got is going to be 2 times that. So this is the total numbers scoops,right? The number of people that got single scoops times 1 plus the number that got double scoops times 2 and that is going to be equal to the total number of scoops. And this alone isn't going to help us solve how many double scoops were served, it depends on the singles scooped and all of that. But if you look at both of these statements we have two linear equations and two unknowns. So at this point you should immediately say,unless somehow these are the same equation or somehow these are two parallel lines, these should intersect and allow you to solve this equation. So immediately-- especially if you don't want to waste time-- you should say that both statements together are sufficient. And if you want me to prove this to you, let me see if I can solve this. So I'll do it in a different color. So let me do some substitution. So here we get s is equal to 120 minus 2d. And we can substitute this back here. So you get 0.6 times d plus s,which is 120 minus 2d, is equal to d. And so you get 0.6 times 120 minus d is equal to d. And what's 0.6 times 120? That's 72,right? 6 times 12 is 72. 72 minus 0.6d is equal to d. So you get 72 is equal to 1.6d and then 72 divided by 1.6 is equal to 45. So there,we solved the problem.d is equal to 45. 45 double scoops were served. And then we could substitute back into the equation to figure how many single scoops or how many total guests there were, but this is all that we had to figure out. And we were able to using both statements combined. To the next problem. 56. What is the value of xy? OK. Statement number one: they tell us that y is equal to x plus 1. And that's not going to tell me what xy is,I mean there's a bunch of x's and a bunch of different y's depending on what I choose. Two: they tell us y is equal to x squared plus 1. Once again,this by itself-- it completely depends on which xy's I pick,right? I can pick any combination and get different values. You could try that out yourself. But I have two equations and two unknowns. It's a little tricky because one of them's non-linear, but let's see if we can figure it out with substitution. If y equals this and y equals that,we could set these two equal to each other and see if we can solve for x. So we get x plus 1,that's the first one,should equal this one because they're both equal to y. x squared plus 1. Let's see,we can subtract 1 from both sides and you get x is equal to x squared. And let's see,you could say-- well,you could divide-- if we assume that if x does not equal 0-- so there's two solutions here,right? x could be equal to 0. That's completely legitimate. They never told us that x isn't equal to 0. That would satisfy that equation. And then what other x would satisfy? x could be equal to 0 or x could be equal to 1. Either of those are completely legitimate answers here,right? Fair enough. If x is 0 this is true,0 equals 0. If x is 1,1 is equal to 1 squared.x can't be negative 1. Negative 1 is not equal to negative 1 squared. So these are the two solutions for x. So right now it seems like it's a little shady,but remember, we're not trying to solve for x or solve for y, we're trying to solve for xy. So maybe when we solve for y something,I don't know, interesting could happen. Let's solve for y. If you assume x is equal to 0 what's y? y is equal to 0 plus 1.y is equal to 1 in this case. That's one solution. And if you put x is equal to 0 here you also get y is equal 1 So this is one set of solutions. And in this reality xy is going to be equal to what? xy is going to be equal to 0,right? 0 times 1 is 0. Now if x is equal to 1,what is y? Well,if x is equal to 1,y is equal to 1 plus 1, y is equal to 2. Well,then xy is equal to 2. So using both of the statements, I still don't know whether xy is equal to 0 or 2. Someone would have to tell me that x is not equal to 0, x is equal to 0, and only then can I really solve this equation. So the answer to this,even though we have two equations and two unknowns,because one of them was a quadratic and had two solutions,we actually don't know what xy is. So the answer is that the statements together are not sufficient or E. That's interesting because they actually make you do a little bit more work than just eyeballing it and saying, oh, I have two equations to unknowns. You've got to be a little careful when the equations are non-linear. At least I think that's right. Alright,question 57. They want to know what 1/x plus 1/y-- some police sirens outside. I live in Palo Alto,there's not normally a high crime scene here but you never know. Anyway,so 1/x plus 1/y. So statement number one is x plus y is equal to 14. Actually let me try to simplify this a little bit. If I were to try to add these two,what could I do? Well,when you add two fractions you have to find a common denominator. An easy common denominator for x and y is just xy. So 1/x is what over xy? Well,it's y/xy plus-- right,this is the same thing as 1/x-- plus,and if I had xy here,what's 1/y? Well,that's x/xy. So that can be rewritten as y plus x over xy. And now when you rewrite this statement like this, then statement one looks a little interesting. They gave us the numerator at least.They haven't told us what xy is but they told us that y plus x, or x plus y is equal to 14. So statement one,it's kind of part of the puzzle but it's not completely helping us. Let's see what statement two tells us. I suspect,if this is solveable, they'll have to tell us what xy-- yep,they tell us what xy is. They tell us that xy is equal to 24.So then we're done,right? This simplifies to this and they're telling us what this is. x plus y is 14. So it equals 14/24-- not that we have to really solve for it-- but that is equal to 7/12. But as soon as we got-- you say,oh,that's that,that's that. You're done. You say,both statements together are sufficient. So C. 58. If d denotes a decimal is d greater than or equal to 0.5? They put a 0 here so you make sure you notice the decimal. d,greater than or equal to 0.5. Statement number one tells us that when d is rounded to the nearest 10th the result is 0.5. So let's see,it could be 0.52 and when you round it to the nearest 10th it becomes 0.5. But on the other hand,it could be 0.46 and when you're round it to the nearest 10th you also get 0.5. So since statement one says it could be either one of these, it really doesn't help us to know whether we're greater than or equal to 0.5. This one is greater; this one isn't. So statement one by itself doesn't help. Statement two: when d is rounded to the nearest integer the result is 1. Now this is interesting. If something is rounded to the nearest integer it has to be greater than 0.5,right? The smallest number that when you round it to the nearest integer equal to 1 is 0.5,right? So it has to be 0.5 or it has to be 0.51,because 0.499999, when you're round it to the nearest integer,is going to be equal 0. That's the only way it can get rounded to 1, if you're 0.5 or above. So actually statement two alone is all you need to know that d is greater than or equal to 0.5. So that is choice B. Statement two alone is sufficient. Alright,I've realized I've run out of time. See you in the next video. SPEAKER 1: OK. So let me proceed here. I've applied a force, F. And I have asked you the question, what is the acceleration? OK? Now, the answer here is pretty simple. What you would do, given that you've taken physics, mechanics, and so on, you would very quickly ask me what is the mass of the object, m. And I would very quickly tell you the mass of the object is m. And then, you would very quickly respond that the acceleration is given by the force divided by the mass of the object. Gives you the acceleration. So that was pretty simple. So you asked me for m. I tell you what m is. You respond a equals F divided by m. And you are done. OK? That was pretty simple. It wasn't hard at all. Now, why wasn't that hard? It wasn't hard because, in trying to figure out the acceleration of the object, you just asked me for the mass, m, of the object. You ignored a whole bunch of other properties of the object. You ignore its shape, its temperature, its color, where did I apply the force, how it smelled, and so on and so forth. This kind of simplification where you took an object and you assumed that the object had a mass acting at that point and the force was applied at that point is called point-mass discretization or point-mass simplification. And by making the point-mass simplification, you were able to tremendously simplify how you solved the problem. And in doing so, you were able to get the acceleration very, very quickly. OK. So with this little piece of insight, let us go back to our light bulb example and see how we can find the current through the light bulb through the filament and by an application of a [? voltage read ?] and somehow take inspiration from the point-mass discretization that we did in physics. So let's data the bulb for a second here. In this bulb, we really don't care about exactly how the current flows inside the filament. We don't care about its temperature, its shape, its orientation. We just don't get about a lot of things. All I care about is what is the current through the bulb. So to do so, much like we did the point-mass discretization, what we're going to do is replace the bulb with a discrete resistor. We will replace the bulb with a discrete resistor for the simple purpose of calculating the current. And using this very simple model, this very simple simplification, I'm not going to be able to tell you what its temperature is or what its shape is and so on, but I will be able to tell you what its current is. So let's proceed with this simplification and continue down the easy path. So as I said, we'll replace the bulb with a discrete resistor for the purpose of computing the current. And so, let me draw a little picture. So here's my representation for the battery. And what I'm going to do is here are my two points, A and B, representing the two terminals of the bulb. And I'm going to replace the bulb and model it as a resistor with resistance, R. There's going to be some voltage, V, across the resistor. And my goal, as I said earlier, was to figure out the current, I. So what I've done is I've replaced the bulb here with a resistor, where the resistor is serving as a model for the bulb. It's a discrete element called the resistor. And by doing so, now I can very quickly compute the current through the bulb using Ohm's Law, as the current, I, is simply V divided by R. Now, wasn't that simple? OK? Show me where the differential equations are. They're all gone. By making an extremely simple model, by making the simplification and replacing all of the properties of the bulb with the simple resistor with resistance, R, I was able to compute the current, I. Let me continue. And in EE what we are going to be doing is we're going to be doing things the simple way. And in this particular situation, to find the current, I, through the bulb, I replace the bulb with a resistor with resistance, R. And I very quickly was able to find the current. So this is going to be a constant, constant point that we make in 6002X, which is that, in EECS, as engineers, we do things the easy way. In fact, this is true of all engineering. Here in engineering, our goal is to build useful systems that help humanity. And our goal will be to try to do it in the simplest manner possible, unlike like science where, in science, you have to learn what is. But in engineering, we're going to take the easiest path possible in order to build useful systems and possibly make as many simplifications as we want, as long as we get to our goal So in this particular situation with our resistance, R, represents the only property of interest for us, in terms of computing the current, I, for the filament of the bulb. So this is very much like the point-mass simplification where we replaced placed objects with their mass, m, in order to find the acceleration, a equals F divided by m. So I really hope that you see this relationship between the simplifications we made in physics to the simplifications we make in EECS. And as we go on, I'm going to show you some really, really extraordinary results that we get by making some of these some simplifications. So as I said, the R represents the key property of interest for the bulb and enables us to compute the current. What R has done is that it relates the voltage across the resistor to its current. So R relates the voltage and current related to the element. R relates the V and I of the element to each other by the expression I is given by V divided by R. So this relation, I equals V divided by R, is called the element v-i relationship. So obey these elements, and we will define a v-i relationship for those elements that's going to capture the voltage and current relationships for each element that you will see in this course. So this lumped element, R, that we've created to replace the bulb for the purpose of computing the current through the bulb is a lumped element abstraction for the bulb. You've abstracted out all the properties of the bulb into this element, R, for the purpose of computing the current through the bulb. It's important for me to point out this word that you see here, abstraction. This is probably the single most common word that you will hear in an EECS curriculum. A large part of what we do in engineering is we build abstractions. We make things simple and represent them with some abstract properties. OK? Many of you have probably done computer programming. And in computer programming, you are very used to writing programs with a set of lines of code. And what you might do is if you have a function, f, with some arguments, then you might replace the properties and the actions of a bunch of lines of code with this abstract function, f. So that's another example of abstraction where f replaces a set of lines of code that will perform the same function. So it's so much easier to use f. f can replace a set of lines of code. The same manner, our element, R, will replace a large set of differential equations and properties that would characterize the bulb. So you will see this concept of abstraction again and again and again in all of electrical engineering and computer science as you do more and more courses in this area. And if there's one word that describes our entire field of EECS, it is this word abstraction. OK. Enough on abstraction. As you can see, I love the concept of abstraction. And let's pretty quickly summarize what we've seen so far. We build lumped elements. And lumped elements are characterized by their vi relation. So for example, I could have a lumped element that looks like this. And I can define a voltage across a lumped element. And I can define a current through the lumped element. And in this case, when I define the voltage and the current going in through the positive terminal of the element, the power consumed by the element is given by the i. So remember this. You will see this again and again as well that I take an element, and I define a voltage, v, across the element, and I define a current going in to the positive terminal of the element. And in that case, the power consumed by the element is going to be vi. I want you to be careful whenever you define power as whether the power was consumed by the element or power is supplied by the element OK? In this case, the power consumed by the element is vi. So to continue with the resistor, my resistor is a lumped element. And I can describe it with a voltage, v, and a current, i. And I can also plot the values. So for the resistor, the vi relation is given by i equals V divided by R, where R is the resistance property of this resistor. So this element is characterized by its iv relation. i equals V divided R. One interesting computation you can make is, how do you plot this element relationship on an iv curve? Then I show you a pair of axes here. So let me pause for a couple of seconds while you think about what this relationship might look like. Let's say that I'm able to go out and survey every single member of a population, which we know is not normally practical, but I'm able to do it. And I ask each of them, what do you think of the president? And I ask them, and there's only two options, they can either have an unfavorable rating or they could have a favorable rating. And let's say after I survey every single member of this population, 40% have an unfavorable rating and 60% have a favorable rating. So if I were to draw the probability distribution, and it's going to be a discrete one because there's only two values that any person can take on. They could either have an unfavorable view or they could have a favorable view. And 40% have an unfavorable view, and let me color code this a little bit. So this is the 40% right over here, so 0.4 or maybe I'll just write 40% right over there. And then 60% have a favorable view. Let me color code this. 60% have a favorable view. And notice these two numbers add up to 100% because everyone had to pick between these two options. Now if I were to go and ask you to pick a random member of that population and say what is the expected favorability rating of that member, what would it be? Or another way to think about it is what is the mean of this distribution? And for a discrete distribution like this, your mean or you're expected value is just going to be the probability weighted sum of the different values that your distribution can take on. Now the way I've written it right here, you can't take a probability weighted sum of u and f-- you can't say 40% times u plus 60% times f, you won't get any type of a number. So what we're going to do is define u and f to be some type of value. So let's say that u is 0 and f is 1. And now the notion of taking a probability weighted sum makes some sense. So that mean, or you could say the mean, I'll say the mean of this distribution it's going to be 0.4-- that's this probability right here times 0 plus 0.6 times 1, which is going to be equal to-- this is just going to be 0.6 times 1 is 0.6. So clearly, no individual can take on the value of 0.6. No one can tell you I 60% am favorable and 40% am unfavorable. Everyone has to pick either favorable or unfavorable. So you will never actually find someone who has a 0.6 favorability value. It'll either be a 1 or a 0. So this is an interesting case where the mean or the expected value is not a value that the distribution can actually take on. It's a value some place over here that obviously cannot happen. But this is the mean, this is the expected value. And the reason why that makes sense is if you surveyed 100 people, you'd multiply 100 times this number, you would expect 60 people to say yes, or if you'd summed them all up, 60 would say yes, and then 40 would say 0. You sum them all up, you would get 60% saying yes, and that's exactly what our population distribution told us. Now what is the variance? What is the variance of this population right over here? So the variance-- let me write it over here, let me pick a new color-- the variance is just-- you could view it as the probability weighted sum of the squared distances from the mean, or the expected value of the squared distances from the mean. So what's that going to be? Well there's two different values that anything can take on. You can either have a 0 or you could either have a 1. The probability that you get a 0 is 0.4-- so there's a 0.4 probability that you get a 0. And if you get a 0 what's the distance from 0 to the mean? The distance from 0 to the mean is 0 minus 0.6, or I can even say 0.6 minus 0-- same thing because we're going to square it-- 0 minus 0.6 squared-- remember, the variance is the weighted sum of the squared distances. So this is the difference between 0 and the mean. And then plus, there's a 0.6 chance that you get a 1. And the difference between 1 and 0.6, 1 and our mean, 0.6, is that. And then we are also going to square this over here. Now what is this value going to be? This is going to be 0.4 times 0.6 squared-- this is 0.4 times point-- because 0 minus 0.6 is negative 0.6. If you square it you get positive 0.36. So this value right here-- I'm going to color code it. This value right here is times 0.36. And then this value right here-- let me do this in another-- so then we're going to have plus 0.6 times 1 minus 0.6 squared. Now 1 minus 0.6 is 0.4. 0.4 squared is 0.16. So let me do this. So this value right here is going to be 0.16. So let me get my calculator out to actually calculate these values. So this is going to be 0.4 times 0.36, plus 0.6 times 0.16, which is equal to 0.24. So our standard deviation of this distribution is 0.24. Or if you want to think about the variance of this distribution is 0.24 and the standard deviation of this distribution, which is just the square root of this, the standard deviation of this distribution is going to be the square root of 0.24, and let's calculate what that is. That is going to be-- let's take the square root of 0.24, which is equal to 0.48-- well I'll just round it up-- 0.49. So this is equal to 0.49. So if you were look at this distribution, the mean of this distribution is 0.6. So 0.6 is the mean. And the standard deviation is 0.5. So the standard deviation is-- so it's actually out here-- because if you go add one standard deviation you're almost getting to 1.1, so this is one standard deviation above, and then one standard deviation below gets you right about here. And that kind of makes sense. It's hard to kind of have a good intuition for a discrete distribution because you really can't take on those values, but it makes sense that the distribution is skewed to the right over here. Anyway, I did this example with particular numbers because I wanted to show you why this distribution is useful. In the next video I'll do these with just general numbers where this is going to be p, where this is the probability of success and this is 1 minus p, which is the probability of failure. And then we'll come up with general formulas for the mean and variance and standard deviation of this distribution, which is actually called the Bernoulli Distribution. It's the simplest case of the binomial distribution. She's got a smile that it seems to me Reminds me of childhood memories Where everything Was as fresh as the bright blue sky Now and then when I see her face She takes me away to that special place And if I stared too long I'd probably break down and cry Sweet child o' mine Sweet love of mine She's got eyes of the bluest skies As if they thought of rain I hate to look into those eyes And see an ounce of pain Her hair reminds me of a warm safe place Where as a child I'd hide And pray for the thunder And the rain To quietly pass me by Sweet child o' mine Sweet love of mine Where do we go Where do we go now Where do we go Sweet child o' mine [Star Wars theme playing] -Nothing can save you now, Jedi scum. Either die like your master or pledge yourself to me. -I... I, uh... Master. -Trust in yourself, young Padawan, for a Sith Lord's only weapon...is fear. -You will be avenged, Master. [cries out] -You know you're holding that upside-down, right? -What's that? Oh, God! -Oh! -I got him, I got him! -(both) Noob! [laugh] Captioned by SpongeSebastian -[screaming, blood squirting] You believe in all this? I like it because it's quiet in here I feel comfortable sitting here Why don't you examine the guns? I trust you Each day, I linger This heart wanders day andnight I do so want to find my destined companion So that my heart can stop wandering I wish for the day that you would suddenly come Gently accepting each other Letting me know that the person I'm eyeing That something has changed So many expectations, so many dreams Because the heart is worrying about so many things Even if there wasn't much hope Having hope would be enough for me to look forward to the future Without getting my heartfelt desire lfl get it, why would I not accept it? Don't move！ It's so cloudy － Your cornea has been damaged. Your vision has been impaired， but there's hope － I can't see clearly. － Don't worry. Jenny， I'm a policeman. Can you remember the face of the murderer? Help! Help! Help! Get up! Die! Don't touch me I've fought them off. Don't be afraid Why don't I drive you home? Jenny... How do you know my name? I listen to you sing every night Who are you? Listening to you sing all the time， I feel like we've become friends I know your eyes have been damaged and I've wanted to help， but I've never had a chance Actually, not everyone is a bad person in this world Will you let me help just this once? Once I see that you're okay, I'll leave Be calm Let me go check It's only a cat That cat always comes in and tears up my clothes. It's a nuisance Why did you switch the light off? You can see? Just a shadow. It wasn't as bad last month. At least I could see contours It's better to leave the light on. I feel safer Where are you? I was just looking at the scarf There's a bloodstain, right? I can't wash it off The man who injured my eyes left this scarf behind I will never forget him for the rest of my life Let me get you a cup of tea － No need. Why not listen to some music? Each day, I linger... This heart wanders day andnight I do so want to find my destined companion So that my heart can stop wandering I wish for the day that you would suddenly come Gently accepting each other... Letting me know that the person that I'm eyeing That something has changed... So many expectations, so many dreams... Little Eagle, you're too earnest. It won't work One look at you, and they'll figure out you're a cop Smile... smile for me No way! You look like a police inspector Chang, stay alert. This guy is like a mad dog Just because he's crazy, don't you be crazy like him Staying alive is important Brother Hung, sorry to keep you waiting for so long Who's this? He's one of my boys. Say hi to Brother Hung Brother Hung Pat him down Hey, Brother Hung. You don't have to be that nervous This isn't our first transaction I think I've seen him somewhere before Here! Here's HK$ 200000 After I've looked at the merchandise, I'll give you the rest － What are you doing here? Open the boot for me Open the boot! Quickly! Open it! You bastard! You betrayed me! Are you a turncoat? Speak up! I'm not a traitor! I'll never be a traitor! A misunderstanding! Brother Hung! On my life, he's not a traitor! Don't get in my way! I've seen him at a police station! Tsang Yeh! Hang in there! Mad dog... He's a real mad dog! Out of my way! Don't come over here! Don't move! You... ass... Finish your sentence! Inspector Li, the suspect Wong Hung was holding a hostage and the tram was filled with passengers You weren't even sure where the suspect was, correct? Intuition Then did you consider the passengers' safety? Did you issue a warning before firing? There wasn't enough time The hostage had a heart problem Her family complained that you fired without warning so she was literally frightened to death They insist on pursuing the matter Ridiculous! How would I have known that she had a heart problem? I've been investigating Wong Hung for six to seven months I know that he's seriously mentally unstable and has homicidal tendencies Would you rather I'd waited until he killed the hostage before I fired? The cop that Wong Hung shot to death － did he deserve to die?! Who can his family complain to? Fine. Write up whatever you want People file charges against me on whichever case I work on anyway Take my badge, then! Catch! I thought your hand had healed by now It's hopeless No plans to go to physio? It's beyond that A shooter without an able hand is like a cripple Even if I get back into practice, it's not my show anymore His name is Wong Dung-Yu He has contacts with Central and South American drug lords － Why is he a target? Just do it I want HK$ 1500000 Isn't that a bit high? After this, you'll never see me again Okay. As you're going to be taking his life, it shouldn't be a problem These are not registered and don't have serial numbers Very clean. The police won't be able to trace them The bullets have been altered to the type that you like Easy to pick up, difficult to put down Do you want to change your mind? Why agree to do it again? Jenny's cornea is not transparent at all any more If she doesn't get a cornea transplant soon then she may go blind There's a cornea bank in Hong Kong, but unfortunately there aren't any in it Even if someone is willing to donate a cornea there's already a waiting list of several hundred people Why don't you try overseas? CHURCH OF SALVATlON I have to do something. I have to go away for a few days I'll come back to take you to America to get your eyes healed You have to come back I will Thanks Today is the Dragon Boats Festival There will be many important government officials attending the "Painting The Dragon's Eyes Ceremony. The information that each of you have been given pertains to the person that you have to protect Everyone, stay alert and be extra careful Even this scum... needs our protection Attention everybody the Painting The Dragon's Eyes Ceremony is about to start Would all the competing dragon boats please gather in front of the podium Today we've been fortunate enough to have the chairman of the Dung-Yu Group with us Mr. Dung-Yu Wong; the Legco councillor, Mr. Si-Ming Chow; Hong Kong chairman of the Rotary Club Mr. Gwok-Wah Chu; President of the Professional Women's Association, Ms. Mung-Chu Lee Lam and many other VlP's many of whom are our movie stars and pop idols After the ceremony, the exciting finale of the dragon boats race will begin We hope that all athletes will try their best to win! Good luck! － Mr. Chow, are you okay? Cover him up. Don't alarm the public All units! There's been a shooting on the VlP podium Wong Dung-Yu has been killed The bullets came from the direction of the sea. The murderer is nearby All units! Begin searching Stop and interrogate anyone looking suspicious － Mr. Wong, just fainted. It's nothing. Please go on with the show Tsang Yeh! Don't let him get away! Tsang Yeh! There's an explosion over there! Something's going on! You're right! Let's go! That's the guy we're after! Don't let him escape! Don't move! Don't be afraid! You'll be fine Don't cry － He's down there! Follow him! Quickly! Do you know of any hospitals around here? You think that's where he's heading? He's not going to throw the little girl down the hill Nurse, where's the emergency room? Come with me. Over here What's wrong with the little girl? She's been shot Leave the rest to us then. Measure her blood pressure Prepare for an operation We have to help her regain consciousness as soon as possible Ready the ECG heart monitor What's the condition? Is the pulse and blood pressure normal? The pulse is very weak and the blood pressure is on the low side Did you see a man carrying a little girl entering this place? Sir, what's your relationship to the girl? How did she get injured? Sir, where are you going? What's your name? I need to register the information Where did the man go? I'm a policeman. Continue with your work Everyone stay calm and carry on － Ignore them. Let's save this girl. Don't bother the doctor. Lower your gun － Let's get out of here! － Where? Help! Help! Evacuate everyone first! I'll call headquarters － What have you got? I've seen the suspect but he escaped Don't you always operate on intuition? A lot of people want to see me portrayed in a negative light I'm betting on the fact that I'll win this case, not lose it lfwe do well, it benefits both of us You're not going to get another chance this good in your life Put on a good show, okay? Chief Inspector Dou, I don't know how to perform I will try my best to catch the murderer I won't let you down When you get promoted, don't forget us Please, draw him as I describe him. Just try to draw his face In his 30's Some crow's feet He has a manly air about him He's a bit different from the average assassin He's very calm... quite intelligent His eyes are very alert Full of compassion Full of passion － Hello. - It's Ah Jong Ah Jong? Why haven't you left? I need all the money now Bring it over tonight Tonight Okay. I'll bring it over tonight Mr. Wong, you should have let me handle Ah Jong today You should not have sent people to kill him － What if he reveals my identity? I've not trusted anyone since I've been in this line ofwork! Including you! I am very clear on Triad rules I'm his manager. I'll deal with the situation I don't care about the rules, just the methods As his identity has been exposed, I want him dead I'm the boss now. I can play this game however I want Okay, I'll let you deal with him. But if you can't handle him I'll deal with you! You're on my payroll! It may be linked with this old case Six months ago, there was unrest among the Triads Wong Dung-Yu's Triad brother, Jeung Wan, was targeted and assassinated At the time, the assassin even injured the eyes of a female singer The assassin has still not been found What's the name of the singer? Jenny I heard that she almost lost her sight A real shame Every shot takes a life He's no ordinary assassin I hope we're looking for the same man If my intuition is correct, he's not a cold－blooded killer Every shot of his takes a life and he's not cold－blooded? He risked his life to take that little girl to hospital to save her life If he shot and injured that singer he'll still be in touch with her I have notyetshed any tears Happy... A leisurely pace... That will be accompanied by tears － Ah Jong! Sorry. I can't see very well. I mistook you for my friend That song is very beautiful. Can you sing it again? I only want to sing it for one person Ah Jong? You sing the song with such feeling I feel I'm getting to know your friend just by listening to the song It's unfortunate that he's not here right now Wherever you are, he's going to miss you Maybe he never left Don't you trust me? Should I? You're right In our line ofwork, it's sometimes difficult to trust even a friend Why did someone know where I was getting off the boat? When I was driving the getaway car to the pier, I was followed I was careless Who wants to kill me? Why ask? You know the rules of the game Why didn't you run away when you had a chance? I hadn't been given my money Who wants to kill me? If you don't reveal your identity, he won't try to kill you I'll repeat my question. Who's trying to kill me?! You're not even sure if there are any bullets left Don't you remember I always save the last bullet? I either use it to kill someone or kill myself Wong Hoi Wong Dung-Yu's nephew He wants you dead He's the one who wanted you to kill his uncle Do you really only have one bullet left? Ah Jong! Thank you for saving my life Actually, like you I've been forced into a situation where there are no other choices I never want to see you again Inspector Li Inspector Li, it's not exactly a picnic ARTlST： CHAN GU FONG "FLOAT" It's his place That would be a coincidence Get that drawing immediately and ask the neighbours Gently accepting each other... Letting me know that the person I'm eyeing... Thatsomething has changed... So many expectations, so many dreams Because the heart is worrying about so many things Even if there wasn't much hope Having hope would be enough for me to look forward to the future Without getting my heartfelt desire And ifl was to get it, why would I not accept it? You were right. I asked around the neighbours He really has... You losing it or what? Jenny Ah Jong, you're back Why aren't you here? I'm going to get your medicine first Then I'm going to take you somewhere else Why? Moving to less polluted surroundings would be better for your eyes Okay It would be ideal if I could move close to the sea I want to see the sea and sky. That would be so good Why don't you pack first? I'll be there soon I'll wait for you Why didn't you run away when you had a chance? Why? Hey! You're the new garbage man? This is the fire escape route. You're throwing the trash everywhere － Okay, sorry, sorry. You better move it all quickly! I've paid my building maintenance fees. You're so lazy! You'd better move it all quickly You're a mature adult and you're so lazy So dirty! How dare you! Ah Jong. Is that you? Yes, Jenny You brought a friend home? Yeah. He's a friend from football practice We've played football since we were children living in the housing estates Yeah. His name is... Runt, Shrimp Head You were called Shrimp Head? Yeah We're so happy to meet up again I'm not that happy Why aren't you happy about seeing your friend? He gives out negative vibes From childhood, he's been following me around like a vengeful spirit I won't be following you around for much more Why don't I pour you two tea? I have to － Be careful not to burn yourself. I'm smart, I won't burn myself Ah Jong, why don't you entertain Runt, and take a seat Take a seat, Runt Okay, Shrimp Head Grandma, do you watch everyone throw out the trash every day? No, someone gave me HK$ 1000 to chat with you Hey, sir, we haven't finished chatting yet! Hey! Let's chat some more before you leave! Let's see who's going to lose You're the one who misses every time you're in front of the goal You're wrong. I have the best striker What a pity that your striker is lame Were you always this earnest? Yes I don't take things lightly Same with me That's why I feel we're alike in some ways Are you trying to say that we're as good as each other at football? You two are really getting along well. Have a cup of tea first － Jenny, be careful with the tea. Jenny, entertain Runt first Have a cup of tea, Runt － Thank you. Is that another pal who's dropped by? No... The garbage lady came by I don't have any trash to throw away She said the drain is blocked. She needs to help you unblock it The drain is on the balcony, grandma Runt, your voice is very familiar. Where have I heard it before? I've seen you at the bar You weren't willing to sing the song I really liked Oh, you're Mr. Li. What a coincidence! Yeah, Runt. Why don't you tell Jenny a bit more about yourself － I have to go to the toilet. Wait, I'll lead the way. There's a toilet in my bedroom too Wow, there's a big rat! Why don't I catch it for you? Hey, it's me! Don't shoot! You－know-who's down there pointing a gun at me! What's happening? Where's Ah Jong? I know that you're both lying to me Speak up Tell me who you are I'm a police detective Ah Jong is an assassin. He's killed someone We've been after him for some time I don't believe you! Jenny, don't be like this Jenny, calm down. Listen to me Sit down first The guy whose shot injured your eyes six months ago was Ah Jong Now the Triads want to silence him I don't believe you! The law sometimes cannot accommodate human folly I hope that you will cooperate with us and act as bait to lure him out Jenny... I'm on your side lfAh Jong is in our custody, at least it will be to his benefit It's better than being killed by the Triads I don't care howmuch it costs. But I want him dead He exposed his identity, and broke the rules I want him lying dead in front of my feet! First transfer USD 100000 into my account After the job, pay in another USD 200000 If I don't see the bank receipt from you even if someone were to hold a gun to your head now, I won't move a finger Go to the bank now and take out USD 100000 － Yes. You're finished. You still have the guts to come see me? Give him the money He won't give up until he gets his hands on his money Or what? He'll shoot me? I've got brothers all over the streets. We'll see! As a Triad member, trustworthiness is also important Don't mention him anymore, unless you want to beg before me! Why can't you see this as a chance for me to fix things with a friend? That way things will be sorted out between us too Brother Hoi I'll kneel down... if it makes you happy You're a real pain in the ass! If I didn't still consider you a Triad elder, I'd beat you senseless! What's the big deal about him? He's just an insignificant nobody! I really don't understand! Why are you always on his side? He's a complicated man Don't mention him again! Something's happened! Hurry up! Kill him! Kill him! Don't let him escape! Big Brother, you're injured! Stay back! Kill him! We can handle this! Get back! It's too dangerous! Kill him! If you still consider me a friend, then blow me away with one shot! I don't want to see a friend kneeling in front of someone else begging money for me! I may not be very involved these days but I always come through when I've promised a friend! If I could kill you with one bullet then I wouldn't have to kneel in front of people begging for your money! Of course I feel ashamed of myself! The world has changed You and I are no longer suited to the Triad lifestyle because we treasure the past too much Maybe we're the lucky ones When the time comes to die I don't want to leave without even one friend My regret is that I owe you one One can't think like that with friends Otherwise, what are friends for? Right? Jenny keeps hoping that she'll see the sea and sky again You've done so much for her I wonder how she feels about you Hello Ah Jong, why did you leave so suddenly and leave me all to myself? I'm very sorry. Something came up We have to leave tonight Tonight? Dr. Ho contacted me and told me there's a pair of corneas in Singapore thatlots ofpeople want to gethold of He's alreadyreservedit forme andsaid thatit wouldbe best forme to leave tonight Very well. I'll go with you I've booked tickets for tonight. I'll wait for you at the airport You have to come tonight Okay. Bye Do you think he'll come? Are you going to go? She's never lied to me － What's up? We must keep an eye on all exits and corridors Stay alert, everyone It's all set up, unless he's not coming If he comes, he won't be able to escape Chairman, please don't worry when you're away. Just leave it up to us If something happens, we will contact you Thank you for seeing me off Please have a good journey! While I'm away, I'll leave the company in your capable hands Yes. We understand Take care! Ah Jong! Don't come! Ah Jong, run away! What's wrong with you? - Take care and have a safejourney! There're many policemen here. Don't come! Ah Jong! Where are you? The police want to arrest you Don't come! Go quickly! Ah Jong! If you're here, run away quickly! Don't let them catch you! The police want to arrest you! Ah Jong! Don't let them catch you! Ah Jong! Don't let them catch you! Run away! Ah Jong! Run away! It's me Don't move! Don't move! Stand up! Don't move! Don't move! Let's go now What's up, cop? Is it a crime to talk to a girl? Arrest him! Apologies! Apologies! Go and search the area! What were you doing at the airport? Checking out girls! What's your profession? I'm a talent scout for a film company － Why did you fight my officers? Drunk? Stand up and take a few steps! Where's your friend? I don't have friends I know that you people live your life by a code of honour I also want a friend like you If you tell me, then you'll be helping him Not hindering him I also want to help him resolve his difficult situation Which would also solve my problem You'll have to sort out your own problems If the person you're speaking of really doesn't have any friends then he would also resolve the situation himself Li Ying from this moment onwards, Chan Bok Man will be in charge of your case You're transferred to another case I want to know why? I don't have confidence in you! Your emotions are getting in the way of logic. You won't succeed. You'll fail Chief Inspector Dou, you've never understood me Yes, I misunderstood you. That's why I'm replacing you － I won't give up! Ah Tsang! Help Inspector Chan finish up Release Fung immediately and then follow him around 24 hours a day until you get some dirt on him Do you understand? BE FlLLED WlTH HONOUR Would you kill people again? At first, I thought I would only kill bad people, and not good people But it's not that easy I don't want to kill anyone again. I hope I can achieve that I was followed. The cops and Wong Hoi's guys But I managed to lose them Wong Hoi hired a gang of experts to deal with you You'll be okay. There are enough guns here for you to deal with them Where are you going? I'm going to get your money back Wait for me at the church tonight You're going by yourself? It's all right. It's what I should do I'm still a Triad elder. They still have to show me respect Brother Sei If it's not possible, let it go I don't want to lose a friend like you Tsang Yeh Tsang Yeh I... I followed him to... no. 6 Horizon Drive It's very easy to find － I'll find it. I'll find it I'll definitely find the place. Don't worry Little Ying... It's not about winning or losing No－one can win against everyone Sometimes losing doesn't mean that you failed Tsang Yeh... Tsang Yeh! Ah Ying! Did he tell you where the assassin was? Go ask Tsang Yeh yourself! Ah Jong! What are you doing? Ah Jong, why is it so dark? It looks like it's going to rain today Don't worry. Your eyes are fine － Are we leaving now? Stand still Who is it? I guess he's seeing us off Why haven't you shot me? I'm a policeman. I won't shoot someone in the back － Just like my profession. I uphold the law, you violate it! If I can't arrest you today how am I supposed to avenge with my dead friend? I'm sorry. I won't let you arrest me If you need to avenge your pal, why don't you just shoot me dead? Don't force me to fire on you! I can't believe you actually shot me I don't miss an opportunity You won't have many more You won't win every time Where are you? Ah Jong? Runt... where is Runt? He's just in front of us Don't arrest him He promised me he won't kill anyone else again － Put down the gun first. I won't let go of the gun unless he lets us leave! I beg you! Let us go! I won't let you arrest him! Did I hit him? Is he dead? I didn't mean it! I didn't mean it! Runt isn't dead Don't be afraid! Stay calm! If you want to arrest me, shoot us out of here first! Let's discuss this after we get Jenny out safely! My car is outside Let's go! I won't let you take me back to the police station Put your gun down I know you won't kill a cop Thanks You could have shot me dead with one bulletjust now I won't casually kill my enemy until I understand him Do you understand me? Sometimes fate is a trickster Who would have guessed that the person who understands me... ...is a cop Actually you could give up I've considered that but if I promise to do something, then I have to do it I wish I could be as carefree Sometimes I really want to do something, but I can't I believe in justice, but no－one believes in me Good people are usually misunderstood You really don't look like a cop You don't look like an assassin either I'm sorry. I've even dragged you into all this I just want to know who's behind all this Every profession has its rules. I can't tell you that I knew you wouldn't say anything But the road you're taking is a long one You must always take care I still have to arrest you Come on We'll stay here for the night. When my friend brings me the cash we'll fly off to America tomorrow I wonder if those people will find us here They won't They won't find their way here. Don't worry How come there isn't any light? I can't see anything Ah Jong, quickly turn on the lights Why don't you turn on the lights? Ah Jong Ah Jong, turn on the lights I think there's a temporary power failure Is your friend really going to show up? He will He will definitely show up Big Brother, the money for Paul has already been prepared I wonder if he can deal with Ah Jong? Big Brother. Brother Fung is here What if he betrays you again? I will still consider him a friend. After all, he's helped me before － I need the money. There are few people who can be considered true friends They exist. They're just rare Throw down your weapons. Everyone, throw down your weapons! Isn't your hand damaged? It's damaged, but I still have some of the pro left in me You profession only leads to death Why continue to stay in it? Teach me how to retrace my steps then Where's my money? Ah Sing! You're really stupid! You should have shot me in the head! You're right I haven't held a gun in so long. I'm less competent now If I had a chance, I'd like to restart my life But it's a shame... I want that money Where's Ah Jong? You should give him that money That's the meaning of ethics and honour Ridiculous! Are ethics and honour valid in your profession? The world's changed now Very few people believe Uncle if it's this tough being human it's better for you to be a dog Actually we're very similar We both make a living with a gun But how we use a gun is different Right? If I'm a dog, I still have my dignity If you won't tell me where Ah Jong is you won't even get the chance to be a dog! Throw him in the garbage! Get me the money! Do you still have bullets? Try me Those of us in our profession usually save the last bullet to kill another or ourselves Quickly! Turn around! I can't believe I was stupid enough to miscount! Follow him! Quickly! I want you to do me a favour If I'm killed but my eyes aren't injured get me to a hospital to save my corneas for Jenny If you can't even do that then give her the money and get her on the plane Are there really no other choices? The only time in my life I've done the right thing... ...is this time Are you going to help me? What is it? Brother Sei Your money... I got the money back for you To be able to settle matters with a friend is the most important thing Brother Sei Thank you for this They say that I'm a dog I don't even know if I'm a man or a dog Brother Sei They're not qualified to criticise you Brother Sei! Brother Sei! Brother Sei... Am I a dog? No You're not a dog you're a man You and I are no longer suited to the Triad world I don't want to be like a dog, and be shot to death by them I'm dying, and I don't even have a bullet You do I do － Ah Jong. Don't leave me Hey! What are you planning? Shoot my way out! Don't kill more people! Throw down your gun and come with me! Throw down my gun? I've had to kill a friend I've known for more than a decade with one shot and you're asking me to throw down my gun? When my partner died, I wanted to shoot you too! But now I don't want you to die Take Jenny and get out of here! Run away? Even if I run to the ends of the earth, they'll still follow me! I can't run away, so I'll take a risk! Go outside and try telling them that you're a cop! Let's see if they drop their weapons! Ah Jong! Ah Jong! Runt! Thank you, Shrimp Head! Runt, I owe you Don't talk about owing favours One can never fully repay favours done out of compassion. Good luck! Jenny, don't run! Stay there! Don't move! Runt! Give me a gun! Shrimp Head! Catch! Are you an accurate shoot? How else could I be a cop? We've been friends for so long, and I still don't know your real name Do you need to know? Well, something tells me that after all this is settled if you're not dead, you'll have escaped It'll be good to be able to remember that I once had such a friend Then do you want me to die or escape? If fate hasn't already decided, then I don't want either That shows you care about me Didn't you make up my nickname Shrimp Head? Who is it? Please do not hurt her! Walk! Walk! Throw down your weapon! I told you to throw down your weapon! Will you or won't you, you bastard! Ah Jong! Ah Jong! Where are you, Ah Jong? You don't have to be afraid! I'm just in front of you! You had better put down your weapon! Jenny, don't struggle! Don't hurt her! I won't hurt her! I'm going to kill her! Let her go! Don't make any dumb moves! Let the girl go first! No way! And if I don't let her go? Put down your weapons! Runt I hope you're able to pull off what you promised me No problem Don't forget that you still have a friend to back you up Throw down your weapons! I will kill her! Put it down, you piece of shit! Shrimp Head! Shrimp Head! Ah Jong! Jenny! Ah Jong! Where are you? Ah Jong! Ah Jong! I surrender! I surrender! I'm willing to cooperate with the police! Lock me up! You don't look like a cop You don't look like an assassin either I believe in justice But no－one believes in me Good people are usually misunderstood Arrest him! Let me! Arrest me! Arrest me! Take me away! I request that the police protect me! I will cooperate...! Shrimp Head... Shrimp Head... Shrimp Head... This series is about perhaps the most powerful idea ever to occur to a human mind. The idea is evolution by natural selection. And the genius who thought of it was Charles Darwin. I'm a biologist and Darwin has been an inspiration to me throughout my whole career. His masterpiece, On The Origin Of Species, was published 150 years ago. And it changed forever our view of the world and our place in it. What Darwin achieved was nothing less than a complete explanation of the complexity and diversity of all life. And yet, it's one of the simplest ideas that anyone ever had. In this series, I want to persuade you that evolution offers a far richer and more spectacular view of life than any religious story. It's one reason why I don't believe in God. I want to show you how Darwin opened our eyes to the extraordinary reality of our world. In this first programme, I'm going to tell you who Charles Darwin was, explain how he discovered his theory of evolution, what it is, and why it matters. By the end, I hope to have convinced you of the truth that evolution is a fact, backed by undeniable evidence. And I want to give you a glimpse of the brutal elegance of the force which, Darwin realised, drives evolution on... ..natural selection. When Charles Darwin was born 200 years ago, sailors and explorers were sending home a dizzying array of specimens like these from all parts of Britain's growing empire. Every animal was believed to have a unique place in God's creation, each made by God according to his perfect, unchanging design. At school in Shrewsbury, the young Charles Darwin was taught that God had created the Earth, and all this rich variety of life just 6,000 years ago. Today, thanks to Darwin, we know differently. But even now, according to polls, four out of every ten British people prefer to cling to the old ideas and believe that God created our world and every living creature in it. I think it's scandalous how little our children are taught about evolution at school. A typical class gets just a few hours to study one of the most important ideas in science. This lot got me. I went to meet a science class of 15 to 16-year-olds at Park High School in London to try to open their eyes to Darwinism. Why do we need to find out about evolution? Why do we need to find out about evolution? Because it is the explanation for our existence and because it explains such a huge number of facts, because everything we know about life is explained by it. I believe in my religion so whenever I read about evolution, I can't understand it, I don't believe it, I just, like, believe my religion. Right, so you know what you believe when you start, and any new book that says anything different, you don't read it? Even if you've got evidence, I just like...I've found a stronger evidence, which is the Holy Book, so... So, the reason you believe it is because that's the one you were told first? 'I can see that a few hours in the science lab is no match 'for a lifetime of religious indoctrination.' I was brought up to believe it. Is that a good reason to believe something? Yeah, because I went to church since I was little. Yeah, and it says it in the Bible. Yes, but in the Hindu sacred scriptures, it says something different, doesn't it? Yeah, they're brought up to believe that... So everybody should believe what they're brought up to believe even though they contradict each other? You can be made to believe something in science, and then, you can be made to believe something in religious studies, but it's really up to you what you believe. You can't just say that... Well, look, I hate this phrase, "made to believe", that's awful, and I would hate anybody to think I was trying to make anybody believe anything. I'm asking you to look at the evidence. Perhaps you haven't got a full impression of how strong the evidence actually is. Nobody has seen evolution take place over a long period, but they've seen the after effects, and the after effects are massively supported. It's like a case in a court of law where nobody can stand up and say, "I saw the murder happen", but yet, you've got millions and millions of pieces of evidence which no reasonable person could possibly dispute. That's sort of the way it is. 'There's only one thing for it - 'I'm going to show them evidence - 'something they can touch with their own hands, see with their own eyes. 'Later, we'll see if I can make them think again. 'When Charles Darwin was a teenager, 'he would have been as much of a creationist 'as some of these children.' Darwin was born into a prosperous Shropshire family in 1809. His father was a doctor, and keen that his son should follow in his scientific footsteps. But the adolescent Charles, more interested in shooting and fishing than academic prowess, was contemplating an easy life as a country parson. Luckily for him, and for us, he had the opportunity to open his eyes to see the world. In 1831, as a young man of 22, Darwin's family connections got him a once-in-a-lifetime invitation - a round-the-world voyage on the survey ship, HMS Beagle. Over five years, Darwin collected hundreds and hundreds of specimens to send back to the collections. But increasingly, he wasn't satisfied with just recording the animals and plants he saw. He was beginning to have doubts about the Biblical story of how animals were created. While ashore, riding across the South American flatlands, Darwin amused himself by chasing after rheas - shy, ostrich-like flightless birds. But he was puzzled. Why had God bothered to create two very similar but slightly different types of rhea? Had an original group of rhea split in two, and once separated, started to develop in their own way? The mystery deepened when Darwin noticed an even more marked effect - on islands. I was lucky enough to retread Darwin's footsteps on the Galapagos Islands last year. Here, he began to wonder why God would have created distinctive kinds of tortoise, finch or iguana on more or less identical small islands. Were iguanas like these related rather than separately created? Were they cousins of the similar but different iguanas on nearby islands? This pattern of relationships became even more intriguing when Darwin encountered fossils. The evidence of fossils would help Darwin develop a theory of life on Earth far more wonderful and more moving than any religious story of creation. This team of American scientists has uncovered the remains of two-million-year-old ground sloths. Today, I'm joining the dig because it was fossils like these that made a huge impression on the young Charles Darwin during his voyage on HMS Beagle. To Darwin, they looked like ancient, giant versions of animals he saw around him. (MAN) The ground sloths flourished for millions of years, and were quite successful. - They were huge, weren't they? - Some of them were. They were bear-sized, up to...almost rivalling mammoths and mastodons, up to six metres in height when they reared up onto their hind legs. (DAWKlNS) What struck Darwin was how, apart from their enormous size, the fossils closely resembled in every other detail the skeletons of modern sloths living nearby. (MAN) You can see similarities in the details of their teeth, peculiar features that they share with modern armadillos, modern tree sloths and modern anteaters. We can infer that they are related to these animals. (DAWKlNS) The discovery of fossils was a huge challenge to the religious orthodoxy of Darwin's youth. What were these animals? When had they lived? And why didn't they exist any more? Some suggested that fossils were just God playfully ornamenting his world. Others claimed they were the bones of sinners drowned in Noah's flood. But Darwin was one of the first scientists to correctly identify them as long-dead species of animals. He was starting to grasp that the Earth might be a lot older than the Bible led us to believe. And how had he realised this? Through a fascination with geology. During the voyage of the Beagle, Darwin had had time to immerse himself in the pioneering work of Charles Lyell. Lyell argued that the landscape we saw around us was formed by the slow action of vast forces, not thousands, but millions of years of gradual change. So, if the Earth was shaped and reshaped over an immense period of time, was there room, Darwin began to wonder, for life to undergo slow changes as well? You know how old these rocks are? They're about 200 million years old. Back in the 19th century, lots and lots of people came here to look for fossils. And some of the most famous fossils have been found here. 'I'm taking the science class I met earlier to the beach. 'Many of these teenagers have been brought up 'to mistrust the idea of evolution. 'I'm hoping they'll find a small fragment of the kind of evidence 'that made Charles Darwin think again.' Do you know what our ancestors were like 200 million years ago? - They weren't... - They were around, they wouldn't have been here because this would have been the bottom of the sea. They would have been kind of like shrews, little whiskery, twitchy... It seems to be like a dream, but it's real. Yeah, yes, it does, doesn't it? This is all sedimentary rock, meaning it's laid down at the bottom of the sea, mud coming down, layer after layer after layer - that's what fossils are. 'On a beach like this, 'the pounding sea gradually exposes different layers of rock 'and within them, hidden treasure - 'a history of past life on Earth. 'So, each layer you go down to, 'you find a completely different set of animals.' And if you look at the animals that you find, and plants, over the great span of time, you find that they form a kind of ordered sequence, you find fish, 400 million years ago, but you find no mammals at all 400 million years ago. The fish gradually changed into amphibians, changed into reptiles, reptiles changed into birds, changed into mammals. Did you find that? - Yes. - Oh, that's terrific. That's really great. Yeah. That's a beautiful ammonite. That's really beautiful. Well done for finding that. That's wonderful. 'The fossil hunt has been a success. 'Like Darwin, these teenagers have been brought face to face 'with some tangible remnants of evolution.' The evidence Darwin had seen with his own eyes on the voyage of the Beagle seeded huge heretical questions in his mind. And once he started thinking, he couldn't stop. Darwin, once an easily distracted student, returned from the voyage of the Beagle a determined, even obsessive research scientist. The trip had changed him and it was soon to change the world forever. Back in London in the late 1830s, the specimens he'd collected and his reporting of the voyage made Darwin a scientific celebrity. Even more importantly, while cataloguing his finds, Darwin realised that life forms weren't fixed. They had changed over time. They must have evolved. Now, he wanted to pull together all the evidence to understand how and why this had happened. It took Darwin 20 years of research, on and off, to develop the ideas that would eventually be set out in The Origin Of Species. He wanted to be fully certain of his facts. BlRDS TWlTTER The hard graft was done here at Darwin's home, Down House in Kent. Long before the days of the internet, of course, Darwin drew upon the collective knowledge of an entire generation of naturalists all over the world. He sent out thousands of letters asking for data, posing questions, trying out theories. And back the letters flowed from all around the world into Down House, a river of information. Darwin studied the detail of how different mammals share remarkably similar skeletons. Their limbs have the same bones in the same order, just reshaped and resized to suit different ways of life. He was drawn to the similarity of early embryo development in very different types of animals - fish, birds, reptiles. Increasingly, he became convinced that every living thing must be related to every other. Darwin began to see the history of life as a vast family tree. Life began millions of years ago at the base of the tree, and as time went by, our ancestors evolved, split off and multiplied along branches until now, every species on the planet is a twig at the end of a branch - all are related, all cousins. Life had evolved from single cells into complex sophisticated beings. It may seem like a huge leap, but Darwin realised it had been achieved by small steps over a vast span of time. He grasped the immense age of the Earth. Darwin believed the world was hundreds of millions of years old. Today, we know it's over four billion years old, and the life we can actually see around us has existed for an insignificant blink of that time. Darwin's wife Emma used to play to him on the piano in this very room, and Darwin would lie on the sofa and listen. It's not clear how much he got out of it, though, because it was once said of him he was so tone deaf that people had to nudge him to stand up when they were playing God Save The Queen. I want to use this piano to illustrate the vastness of geological time, and yet how comparatively little of it is occupied by those animals and plants that we know anything about. If we have the origin of life at the bottom of the piano there, and recent times at the top, I find it astonishing that we have nothing but bacteria all the way up here, past middle C, way up to about here, when more complicated cells than bacteria first evolve. And then we get the first mini-celled animals, the first large animals somewhere here, fish start around here, the dinosaurs don't come in until about here, and then, the extinction of the dinosaurs around here. About here, the apes and monkeys, and the whole of human history would occupy a space less than the width of one piano STRlNG right at the top of the keyboard. Life had evolved over time. But how had this happened? Why hadn't creatures stayed the same? WlNGS FLAP, PlGEONS COO Darwin wasn't just an abstract theorist, he like to get his hands dirty, testing his ideas, and in the 1850s, he became fascinated by pigeons, by how man had remoulded the wild rock dove into a rich variety of forms. Darwin's bird specimens are now stored at the Natural History Museum at Tring. It's a very weird feeling, these are actually Darwin's own specimens. I see from Darwin's own label here that this is a blue owl pigeon. Tumblers are characterised by this curious tumbling behaviour that they show, sort of falling through the sky. This one has been relabelled, it is a Darwin specimen. This one actually has Darwin's original label here. Darwin realised that, for centuries, through small steps, pigeon breeders had been in the business of evolution. Here was life in constant flux. One of the big things Darwin had to fight against was the feeling that people had that species were species and they never changed into anything else. Artificial selection on dogs, pigeons, cabbages, was a beautiful illustration for Darwin of how plastic things were, you could pull them, it was like modelling clay, almost - you could take a wild animal and pull bits out, press other bits in, enlarge bits. It was showing that there's nothing static about species. Species can change. Now, in his 40s, Darwin became a pigeon fancier. He kept some 90 birds of 16 types, devoured books on breeding and attended numerous pigeon shows. What excited Darwin was the powerful comparison that could be drawn between domestic breeding and what he'd observed of nature acting on wild animals like the finches he'd collected in Galapagos. In the pigeon's case, it's artificial selection, it's human breeders using their eye to choose - I think I'll breed from that one, I want the beak longer, or shorter, I want the plumage to be whiter or fluffier. So, breed from the one that has the quality you want, and then, after surprisingly few generations, you can produce a change in the breed. In nature, it's not like that, of course. Nobody comes along and says, "I want one that has a great big, thick beak." Nevertheless, given that there are tough seeds that only a thick beak can crack, natural selection favours those individual birds that succeed in cracking the seeds, until you end up with this sort of climax beak, which is really huge, the product of tens of thousands of generations of... natural selection breeding for ability to open tough seeds. BARKlNG Man had utterly transformed many animals and plants by selecting for particular characteristics over and over again. Nature was also doing this. But how could nature make specific choices, as humans could? Darwin's answer would come in understanding exactly what nature is. 150 years ago, Charles Darwin's work revolutionised the way we understand our world. For 20 years, he had pieced together evidence that proved the fact of evolution and developed a theory of how nature, not God, selects life in a similar way to humans breeding pigeons. How does nature select? In the cruellest way. Today, much of the world is controlled and cultivated by man, but there are still a few remote places red in tooth and claw. I've come to Kenya, where I was born. It's one of the wilder places on Earth, where the full force of natural selection can still be seen. As night falls, it's kill, or be killed. ANlMALS GRUNT The total amount of suffering in the natural world is beyond all decent contemplation. During the minute that it takes me to say these words, thousands of animals are running for their lives, whimpering with fear, feeling teeth sink into their throats. Thousands are dying from starvation or disease or feeling a parasite rasping away from within. There is no central authority, no safety net. For most animals, the reality of life is struggling, suffering, and death. For Darwin, grappling with nature's horrors must have been a huge challenge. As a young man, he had wanted to become a country parson. He had believed in an orderly and harmonious animal kingdom. Now, he contemplated the brutal reality of nature. Darwin's brilliance was to connect what he was seeing with an idea from a completely different discipline - economics. Thomas Malthus had written a popular influential diatribe about the perils of population growth in early industrial Britain, and how this would inevitably be stopped by food shortage and disease. Darwin seized upon Malthus's warning about a human struggle for resources, and he applied it to what was happening in nature. As more individuals are produced than can possibly survive, there must in every case be a struggle for existence. Nature is an arena of pressure. Of every individual born, the chance of it surviving to reproduce the next generation is very, very small. Most animals die young. The next step for Darwin was to realise this - what makes the difference between success and failure in the struggle for existence isn't just chance. All living things vary, even if only slightly. Darwin realised this was the key, a tiny variation - sharper teeth or faster legs, keener eyes, better camouflage, better sense of smell can make a crucial difference in an animals chances of survival. If an animal survives, it is more likely to reproduce and crucially, pass those variations on to its offspring. Nature's struggle for existence means that organisms with helpful variations tend on average to survive and reproduce. Those without die without offspring. The race is survival. The finishing line is reproduction. This is what Darwin defined as natural selection... ..the key to evolution. "Natural selection is daily and hourly scrutinising throughout the world "every variation, even the slightest, "rejecting that which is bad, "preserving and adding up all that is good, "silently and insensibly working. "We see nothing of these slow changes in progress, "until the hand of time has marked the lapse of ages." Gradually, very gradually, as successful variations are inherited, natural selection sculpts life into different shapes, better and better adapted to eke resources out of their particular surroundings. Longer necks are favoured to feed from tall trees. Thinner fur for warmer climates. Life forms become ever more specialised. And if separated from their ancestral group by geography, by a forest or desert, on an island, they can specialise to such an extent that they no longer breed successfully with that ancestral group. They are then classified as a distinct species. This is the origin of species. But evolution doesn't stop there. These species are then themselves honed by the presence of other species. The environment in the form of lions is getting systematically worse from the point of view of a zebra. And from the point of view of a lion, zebras are getting systematically worse, they're getting better at running away. Predators are getting better at catching prey. Prey are getting better at escaping from predators. So there's a kind of escalation, it's an arms race. Arms races account for the spectacularly advanced engineering of life - camouflage systems, camera lens eyes, venomous stings. Arms races can be seen in unexpected places. Mankind is certainly not immune to the nightmare Darwin called, "the war of nature." We humans are currently in a battle with viruses. It's being fought all round our world. Today, in the slums of Nairobi, natural selection acts through a virulent disease cutting through the population. Nairobi's prostitutes have, on average, seven to ten clients per day with a high prevalence of HlV which causes AlDS. But genetic researchers have found that some lucky individuals have a weapon in the arms race with HlV... Salome? Yeah. > How are you? I'm Richard. '..a remarkable resistance to the virus.' Can I ask, how long have you been a sex worker? 25 years. And during that time, have you lost many friends to AlDS? I have lost many friends. Many friends? When did you first discover that you are resistant to HlV? She knew for a long time, but she actually believed completely in 1990 that she was resistant. She feels God has been good to her and she's the lucky one. Yes. It's not God at work here in all this squalor and suffering. And it's not luck either. The Canadian scientist, Larry Gelmon, has studied the odds of survival. We knew the prevalence of HlV in the sex worker population, we knew the prevalence in the clients they were dealing with, we knew how often they were having sex with these people, and it was a mathematical impossibility that they should have been sex workers for as long as they have with the number of contacts they had, and not become HlV infected. The resistance these women have seems to be a variation that can be passed on to their children. Some of the women are related to each other familially, we also think there is some factor in their blood, in their cells that is probably genetically transmitted. (DAWKlNS) I suppose if we came back in 1,000 years, we might expect to see a major shift in the frequency of these genes in the population? (GELMON) Yes, I think in any epidemic situation, those people who are very vulnerable and susceptible will get sick and die. And those people who are going to survive are going to have some kind of resistance which they'll transmit on to their descendants. Just as Europeans today are descendents of those who had the genes to survive the plague, so if Africa's AlDS epidemic took its course, natural selection would favour descendents of women with resistance to HlV. This is the unstoppable force of natural selection first revealed by Darwin, now observed by modern science. Back in England at Down House, now 20 years after his voyage on the Beagle, Darwin had worked out the answers to the biggest questions ever asked. But he was strangely reluctant to go public with his idea. Darwin himself said that he'd become a kind of machine for grinding theories out of huge assemblages of facts. I think that wasn't really what it was like at all. He was an extraordinarily imaginative, deep thinker. He had a prodigiously curious mind as well. He was drawn to facts that didn't fit. He once said, "I cannot bear to be beaten." Darwin's theory explained how the diversity of life from the planet had evolved spontaneously without interference from any god. But he was acutely aware of how upsetting this flat contradiction of the religious story would be. He hesitated to publish. Then, in June 1858, Darwin received a letter from a naturalist travelling in the Far East, Alfred Russel Wallace, which set our similar ideas. Darwin was in despair about being scooped. He was even ready to drop his life's work. But he was persuaded by Charles Lyell and others to present his unpublished work alongside Wallace's notes, and then complete his masterpiece for publication. I've come to meet Randal Keynes, Darwin's great-great-grandson to try to understand Darwin's frame of mind as he finished his book. This is a book about geology by Mr Greenough. It has this wonderful inscription - "Charles Darwin, Buenos Aires, October 1832." So he's on the Beagle, really getting into his stride as a geologist. This is a scrapbook, a children's scrapbook that belonged to Darwin's daughter Annie. 'Darwin was no aggressive polemicist. 'He didn't take to the stage to publicise his work, 'but sought to influence leading thinkers behind the scenes, 'by sending them proof copies of the book with apologetic letters attached.' He would write things like, "This vile rag of a theory of mine." Was that genuine modesty or was there an element of false modesty about it? It was entirely real, um, and this is a very strange point about him. Through the years when he was steeling himself for publication, um, he was, at different times, enormously confident in it, and at other times, he was utterly uncertain. He had a deep fear, I think, that one species would be discovered that had some element of its make-up that could only have been designed. Doubts may have lingered in Darwin's mind, but finally, 150 years ago, he set out his ideas on evolution and how it worked in The Origin Of Species. The book sold out its first run of 1,250 copies within two days. It has never been out of print since. The Origin turned our world upside down... ..but still there was one big gap in Darwin's understanding. 150 years ago, at the age of 50, Charles Darwin finally published the big idea he had sat on for almost 20 years... ..a natural law that explains life itself and the evidence available to him to back it up. This is the most precious book in my collection. It's a genuine first edition Origin Of Species. But it's not just the most precious book in my library. Charles Darwin's Origin Of Species is one of the most precious books in the entire library of our species. This book made it possible no longer to feel the necessity to believe in anything supernatural. It completely revolutionised the way we see ourselves, the world and our origins. But what Darwin never cracked was how the improvements of natural selection were preserved from generation to generation, why they didn't become diluted by interbreeding. It was only in the 20th century, in the neo-Darwinian revolution, that scientists married evolution with genetics. Genes are the long strings of code, instructions to the cells that build all living things. Scientists now realise that genes from the parents don't blend as they combine during reproduction. Each gene is inherited in its entirety...or not at all. The science of the genes also showed how new variations arose. When animals reproduce, their genes are copied, and put into sperm and eggs. During that copying process, occasionally there's a random mistake. Those mistakes are mutations, which give rise to new characteristics on which Darwinian natural selection then acts. And, what's more, genes can be compared with pinpoint precision. The genes in every cell of every living thing are made up of DNA - a code of the same four chemicals, known as A, T, C and G, which these machines can analyse. Whether the cell builds a hamster, a horse or a human simply depends on the order of the letters in the code. Just as Darwin might have predicted, animals more closely related by evolution have more similarities in their code than more distantly related animals. And these codes can be printed out right here in this man's lab. In 2000, Craig Venter was among the first scientists to map the human genome, our sequence of code letters. In the process, this unlocked the ultimate proof of Darwin's Tree of Life. 'He was looking at the visible world and seeing how different it was.' We now have the opportunity, with this toolset, to look at the invisible world, that he could only get hints of. And it shows that there's vast continuity from the simplest life forms to the more complex. He, of course, emphasised diversity, because that's what he saw, the whole organism, but you're finding the incredible similarity that there is between creatures. Even bacteria. To me, it's not a theory any more. I've looked at the genetic code of this wide diversity of species, and it's a continuum. Yes. Well, evolution is a fact. That's right. I mean, there's no question about that, and I'm always being asked, "Well, produce the evidence!" And, really, you're producing the best evidence of any. I mean, fossils are nice, but if we haven't got a single fossil anywhere... The genetic code on its own is enough. the evidence from this lab alone would be... Not just enough but overwhelmingly, staggeringly enough. Darwin anticipated problems with his theory. Modern science has answered them. Evolution by natural selection has been triumphantly vindicated as fact. Case closed, surely. But can I convince those school children? What's so beautiful about DNA is that it's turned biology into a kind of branch of computer science, that every animal and plant is carrying around, inside every one of its cells, an instruction book for making that animal and making its children. You've got billions of letters and you can actually line them up and you can take the rat DNA and the mouse DNA and you line them up and you say, "Same, same, same... Ah! A difference there. "..same, same, same, same... A difference there." And that means that when you say that two animals like rats and mice have a common ancestor, you can be totally confident that that's right because the sheer number of similarities is so gigantic, far, far more than Darwin could ever have dreamed of, and Darwin would just have loved to know about DNA. It's such a shame that he didn't live long enough to learn about DNA. I already believed in evolution, but this has just helped me to understand a bit more about it. We have talked about it in class more, but I still do believe in God. But I'm starting to think whether evolution is true or false. I do believe in evolution but I don't think it's ever going to be 100% accepted because there are many religious people out there. I thought about it more but I still believe in what the Bible tells me. When Richard came to our school today, I started learning about evolution and I'd really love to learn more about it but I don't want to, like, leave my religion and go down that path. I think evolution is the main part of how the Earth developed, but I'll still say my prayers and just keep life going. I only had a few hours with these children, but I hope it'll help them begin to open their eyes to the wonderful reality of life and, at the very least, ask questions about what they've been brought up to believe. Darwin used to do a lot of his thinking on solitary walks along this path around his home, Down House. At the end of Origin Of Species, he contemplated how an entangled bank along a lane like this, with its teeming life of plants, birds, worms and insects, had been formed by the unseen laws acting around us. "There is grandeur in this view of life. "Whilst this planet has gone cycling on "according to the fixed law of gravity, "from so simple a beginning "endless forms most beautiful "and most wonderful "have been, and are being, evolved." Thanks to Darwin, we, alone of all species, know that each and every one of us is a thread in the evolved fabric of life. Darwin showed us that the world is beautiful and inspiring without a god. He revealed to us the glory of life and opened our eyes to who we really are and where we've come from. In the next programme, Darwinism applied to mankind and our society, its terrible misuse in attempts to justify cut-throat competition, even genocide. In the world of the selfish gene, what hope for the human species? Before we start going off into things outside of our solar system I wanna take a few steps back because I found this neat picture of the sun over here, and the reason why at least in my mind it's kinda mindblowing it's because at this scale the sun is obviously still a huge object at this scale, the Earth would be roughly, and this is an approximation, roughly that big, so for me at least, this is mindblowing because this idea that our whole planet, everything we could fit into one of these kind of plasma flares coming off of the sun, and you can only imagine, we can't realistically be there but if you were in some type of protective capsule what it would be like to be in this type of an enviroment so I just thought this was kind of a fascinating concept, but anyway, with that out of the way, let's just think about what it means to be at the boundary of the Solar System, in the last video we explored the Oort Belt which was about, it started a little under 1 light year away from the Sun but depending on what you view as a boundary it could be something way further in or as far out as something like the Oort Cloud So if the Sun, well we see this things being ejected, but even in unseen ways unseen particles, super high energy electrons and protons are also being ejected from the Sun at super high velocities, 400 km/s, let me write that down 400 km/s and on Earth we're protected from this highly energetic particles because of Earth's magnetic field, but if you're on the surface of the Moon when the Sun is on top of the Moon, and you're in the dark side of the Moon you'll have direct contact with this, and you can imagine, not the best thing to hang around in too long, but the whole reason why I'm talking about this, this charged particles that are coming out at huge velocities from the surface of the Sun, these are considered the Solar Wind these are the Solar Wind, and I'll put the "Wind" in quotes 'cause it's really very different that out tradicional asociation of a nice breeze these are just charged particles that are going out at super high velocities from the Sun and I'm even going into the idea of the Solar Wind because to some degree they can help us with one definition of maybe the limits of the Solar System and that's the limits of how far the Solar Wind is getting before it kinda comes in confrontation with the interstellar medium and this right here shows a depiction of that, so the Oort Cloud is way at least the edges of the dense part is way outside of this, as we saw this is just where Voyager I and Voyager Il, if we wanted the orbit of Sedna, it would be something like, the close part would be something over here and then it would go out but the Oort Cloud is much much further out, so if you look at this kind of view of the Solar System as the extent of the Solar Wind it's much smaller than the Oort Cloud but it's still farely large, so this is right here this heliopause right here, and I got this from Wikipedia, this is essentially where the velocity and the forces of the Solar Wind are counteracted, the preassure is so diluted at this point that it's counteracted by mainly the hydrogen and the helium that's in the interstellar kind of 'medium', that's just kind of out there, after this point it's not being ejected out anymore it's just kind of, there's this kind of 'pause' there, I guess you could say and Voyager I and Voyager II have essentially gotten pretty close to people believe, that 'pause' over there, and that's one view of the edges of the Solar System there's never going to be any hard edge to it, another view would be something like the Oort Cloud, you know, the area where you have the still objects out there and this is all, actually we haven't directly observed objects in the Oort Cloud, we think they're out there, and then maybe the most abstract definition would be the significant influence from the Sun's gravitational pull, so all of those ways are to imagine the extent of the Solar System, but they all kinda leave a gray area for what is and what is not in the Solar System, but my whole point here, what I wanna do is start explaining a little bit outside of the Solar System and just give you a sense of the scale as we just go to the closest start so if we go right over here, this shows our local neighbourhood from a stellar point of view, and even though this stars look pretty big, if you actually were to draw, this is our Solar System right here, but clearly, oh and you might be saying 'oh that's the Sun', no, the Sun if you were to draw it here, it wouldn't even make up one pixel, in fact the entire orbit of Pluto, everything inside it still wouldn't make up one pixel on the screen right here, what we see right here, which is a radius it's roughly a radius of about, give or take, a light year, this is roughly maybe the radius of the Oort Cloud, and we saw in the last video how huge that was especially relative to the radius of, say, Pluto's orbit, which is roughly like that, and that itself it's a huge, huge diameter, a huge distance away from the Sun and that wouldn't even make a pixel on this diagram right over here. But just to give you an idea of how far we are, we're a speck of a speck of a speck inside here, a pixel of a pixel in the center here, to make it from our Solar System, or in particular from Earth maybe to the nearest star, or maybe the nearest cluster of stars, the Alpha Centauri they're the nearest cluster of stars, there's 3 stars, Alpha Centauri A, which is the largest, Alpha Centauri B, and then there's one that you can't observe with the naked eye, Alpha Proximus, or I think Proximus Centauri I think it's called, not Alpha Proximus, Proximus Centauri, so that's a much smaller star, but that's the closest star, and this whole cluster of stars, and they're the closest, is about 4.2 lightyears away, or another way to think about it, if someone were to shine a light on one of these planets and assuming that light could get to us it would take 4.2 years to get to us, or if this guys were to dissapear or blew up we wouldn't know it for 4.2 years and you might say 'hey, that's not too bad, we should take a trip over there and check them out and see if there are any other people there that we can meet, and exchange technologies with or whatnot', but this is a huge distance, just this 4.2 lightyears is an unbelievably ridiculous distance, and just to give you a sense, the Voyager I and Il, we talked about them in the last video and we an even see how far they've gotten, they've gotten pretty much to the heliopause, this guys are traveling at 60,000km/h which is the same thing as 17km/s, if we were able to get up to those type of velocities, and this guys got up to this type of velocities by leveraging the gravitational pull of some of the larger planets to keep accelerating, so this is a pretty hard velocity to actually reach, but if you were able to reach that velocity and go straight to the direction of the Alpha Centauri system, the closest starts to Earth, it would take you 80,000 years travelling at the same velocity as Voyager I, which is the fastest of the Voyagers, so it's a ridiculously long time, so we're gonna have to figure out some better way to do that. So let's go over the answer to this or 1 possible answer together. We're trying to write a program to interpret if-then-else statements, and the big concept here about control flow is that we don't want to execute both the then branch and also the else branch. Instead, we'll have to pick one. So the first think I'm going to do is evaluate the conditional expression in the same environment in the same set of evaluations to variables that we currently have. If it comes out true, I'll want to execute the then statements. If it comes out false, I'll want to execute the else statements, and if you like, this if statement is the same as one where I checked to see if the result of evaluating the expression is equal to true, but if you have a little experience with propositional logic, that's actually the same as just checking the value of this variable directly. So if the conditional expression evaluates to true, I will evaluate all of the statements in the then branch. In our running example, that was A and B. In our current environment there haven't been any intervening assignment statements so the value of the variables hasn't changed. Otherwise, if the value of the conditional expression wasn't true, presumably it was false, we'll go over here to the else branch, evaluate the else statements in the same environment, and note that no matter what happens, we're either evaluating the then statements or the else statements, but not both, and that decision is made based on the value of the conditional expression, and that's it. These 4 lines suffice to evaluate an if-then-else statement in java script. ♪ Open these doors ♪ Show the world ♪ What You have done in us ♪ We won't hide this love ♪ We will shine for you ♪ In all that we do ♪ We desire to see Your kingdom come ♪ Lord, have Your way here ♪ Have Your way ♪ Have Your way here ♪ Have Your way Jesus, Jesus! Nick: Welcome to church online at The Father's House! You know, it is often that the beginning of the year draws in new resolutions and new things that we want to inspire ourselves with so that our year can be different, so that God can impact our lives in different ways, so that God can speak to us and encourage our hearts in a new way, in a fresh way, that will bring joy to our lives. So this year during the 504 Journey we're trusting God for amazing things. Not only here within our church family, but also within your home, within your relationships, within your family, and even within you personally. And we're trusting God that during this series of 504 that He is going to speak something significant to your heart. We're trusting that He's going to speak life to you, that He is going to give you just aspirations that are new while you're on your journey finding out who Christ is in you. So during this journey I want to encourage you during this time of worship, prayer and fasting, that God encourages your heart as much as we are praying for Him to do in your life. So thank you so much for joining at tfhny.tv and we will see you soon! Becca: Are you thankful for His love this morning? Come on, are you thankful for the blood of Jesus?! Today we have the incredible privilege of having Andres and Kelly Spyker, pastors from Mexico, with us today. Andres will be speaking to us later. But we would love to welcome to the stage his beautiful wife, Kelly! Come on, can you invite her to the stage with us today?! We're just going to continue in a time of worship. Kelly: Thank you. It's such a beautiful thing to worship God together. The word says where He is there is freedom, there is love, there is healing. And the Lord is here this morning! How many can feel His presence. He is so beautiful! I just invite you, oh, let's worship Him! ♪ My hope is built on nothing less ♪ Than Jesus' blood and righteousness ♪ I dare not trust the sweetest frame ♪ But wholly trust in Jesus' name ♪ My hope is built on nothing less ♪ Than Jesus' blood and righteousness ♪ I dare not trust the sweetest frame ♪ But wholly trust in Jesus' name ♪ Christ alone cornerstone ♪ Weak made strong in the Savior's love ♪ Through the storm ♪ He is Lord, Lord of all ♪ When darkness seems to hide his face Come on, sing it with faith! ♪ I rest on His unchanging grace ♪ In every high and stormy gale ♪ My anchor holds within the veil ♪ My anchor holds within the veil ♪ Christ alone cornerstone ♪ Weak made strong in the Savior's love ♪ Through the storm He is Lord ♪ Lord of all ♪ Christ alone cornerstone ♪ Weak made strong in the Savior's love ♪ Through the storm He is Lord ♪ Lord of all Oh He is Lord, and there is no other! (Same lyrics, now in Spanish) Come on, if you would like to raise your hands to the Lord and just worship Him! Oh, He is in this place. To Him be the glory and to Him be the praise! In the church forevermore, from now and forever more, to Him be glory and praise. Oh, sing it out! ♪ Christ alone cornerstone ♪ Weak made strong in the Savior's love ♪ Through the storm He is Lord ♪ Lord of all ♪ Christ alone cornerstone ♪ Weak made strong in the Savior's love ♪ Through the storm He is Lord ♪ Lord of all Let's sing it one last time, Christ alone ♪ Christ alone cornerstone ♪ Weak made strong in the Savior's love ♪ Through the storm He is Lord ♪ Lord of all We praise You, God! Oh, we praise You, God! Hallelujah! Thank You, Lord! Pierre: It is my absolute privilege this morning to introduce to you Andres Spyker. He has been a friend of Marlize and I, he and his beautiful wife, and their lovely family, for the last, I think, four years. And it is wonderful when you meet people and when you meet them it feels like you've known each all your lives. You know, it's like you've been separated at birth. Then you come together and you go like, we know each other! I know we do! And I've had the privilege to be at his church twice and it is just the most incredible experience. I am so thankful every time we get together with them. The residue and the investment of what comes and flows out of their life is so rich. It always leaves us transformed and changed. So I am so excited to call Andres to come and deliver God's word. Would you put your hands together as we welcome Pastor Andres! (applause) Andres: Thank you! How you doin'? Man, this is a good day,no?! I don't like the cold but God bless you guys as you endure with it a few more months. We're just real happy, my wife, Kelly, and myself, to be here! We live in Mexico! Morelia, Michoacán, México. Buenos tacos! (laughter) Beunas enchilldas! Tortillas! You know those words?! And we have the privilege of pastoring a church. Many of you were familiar with the name, Vida Abundante, abundant life. Now we've changed the name a little bit, Mas Vida, more life. You know there are so many abundant life's in Mexcio, we didn't want to ruin their reputation with our weirdness or something like that! So we are opening other churches. And please receive greetings from the church and also from my family. I want to show you a little picture of my beautiful family. Kelly and I have been married for about, almost 14 years. And those are our three kids. Jared is 11 years old. And that guy, that guy is awesome. That guy is like a theologian. That guy just loves the word and reads it all the time and asks crazy, hard questions. And he is a drummer and just an amazing, amazing guy. And then Lucas, that guy, you know we started fasting a few weeks ago and Jared is like, I'm gonna fast PlayStation. And I'm gonna fast candy. And I'm gonna fast this and that. And Lucas looks at me and he's like, I don't wanna fast! You know, that guy just doesn't. But you know he loves Jesus. He had an encounter with Jesus in December so beautiful and powerful. Jared got baptized. Lucas really had a really, just giving his life over to Jesus in December. The most beautiful thing that can happen in your family is not the kind of education or house you give them, but the kind of spiritual life that you give them in Jesus. And when they become followers of God. And Sophia, Sophia Kelly. She just turned 1 year old in December. She's just an amazing little girl. She is the life of our party. And she is bright and beautiful. We're so blessed to have three amazing, beautiful children. I'd like you to receive just a greeting from them all. I want to ask you to help me thank God for such a wonderful family He's given me. It's a real privilege to be here. I want to thank your pastors, Pierre and Marlize. They are our friends. There are really few people that we can just open up with and be ourselves with and count as friends in the kingdom of God. Pierre and Marlize and their family are just amazing examples to us and amazing friends to us. You guys have awesome pastors! (applause) You guys have awesome pastors, you really do! You guys are part of something amazing. You know, what is happening here at The Father's House is an absolute miracle in upstate, cold, freezing, Rochester, New York! Oh my goodness! And this is happening here, you know? And sometimes you're part of it every week and every month and you just loose the awe of what God is doing. And I'm telling you, ever be thankful and amazed and just honor God for the amazing miracle of The Father's House and Pierre and Marlize all the way from South Africa. God brought them just to bless your life and change this region! Just be thankful for the Lord to it and amazed at the miracle of God that He is doing in this place! Could I hear a louder applause for the Lord, and just a big thank you for God?! (applause) Come on, that's just awesome! Can you continue playing while I read the verses and then you can stop? Doesn't he play awesome? (applause) I'm like, in offering time the jazz is going on and I'm like, yeah! I don't have to preach, I just want to listen to this the rest of half hour. So we're going to read in Exodus 3:10. A few weeks ago Pastor Pierre talked to you about how Moses was attracted to the burning bush. And he took time. He paused in his life and went to look at what was happening there. And God spoke to him and encountered him there. You know, this is part of that encounter, Exodus 3:10. It says come. The Lord is talking to Moses. I will send you. Why don't you touch the shoulder of three people and tell them, I will send you. God will send you. Tell them, God will send you! God will send you! It says God will send you to Pharaoh that you may bring my people, the children of Israel, out of Egypt. But Moses said to God, who am I that I should go to Pharaoh and bring the children of Israel out of Egypt? He said, but I will be with you. And this shall be the sign for you that I have sent you. When you have brought the people out of Egypt you shall serve God on this mountain. Then Moses said to God, if I come to the people of Israel and say to them, the God of your fathers has sent me to you, and they ask me, what is His name? What shall I say to them? God said to Moses, I am who I am. And He said, say to those people of Israel, I am has sent me to you. God also said to Moses, say this to the people of Israel, the Lord, the God of your fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Issac, the God of Jacob, the God of Andres, the God of Pierre, the God of _(insert your name here), has sent me to you. And this is My name forever. And thus, I am to be remembered throughout all generations. Let's jump to Exodus 4:1. Then Moses answered, but behold they will not believe me or listen to my voice. For they will say, the Lord did not appear to you. And the Lord said to him, what is that in your hand? He said, a staff. He said, throw it on the ground. So he threw it on the ground and it became a snake, a serpent. And Moses ran from it. I would've run too! But the Lord said to Moses, put out your hand and catch it by the tail. So he put out his hand and caught it, and it became a staff in his hand. That they may believe that the Lord, the God of their fathers, the God of Abraham, the God of Issac, and the God of Jacob, and the God of Andres, and the God of Pierre, and the God of (insert your name here) has appeared to you. But Moses said to the Lord, O my Lord, I am not eloquent, either in the past or since you have spoken to your servant. But I am slow of speech and of tongue. And I stutter. And I'm like that guy on the cartoons that says, tha, tha, tha, that's is all folks! Then the Lord said to him, who has made man's mouth? Who makes them mute or deaf or seeing or blind? Is it not I, the Lord? Now therefore, go. And I will be with you and teach you what you shall speak. Jesus, we thank You so much for Your cross, Your blood, Your resurrection. Faith in You reconciles us to God the father. And we thank You for that life and reconciliation and blessing and abundant life You've given us. And I also thank You for this morning. I thank You for this beautiful church. Thank You for the privilege of sharing Your word. I pray for a fresh anointing on my life, anointing upon my lips, anointing for the people who are hearing us in this place and online and in other cities and in Africa, Lord. I pray for anointing on the ears. I pray that Your word would cause the purposes for which You have sent it. In Jesus' name. And we all said, Amen! So here's Moses. Thank you, thank you very much. Denis is awesome! (applause) So here's Moses. He grew up, you know he was born in an Israeli-Jewish home in Egypt. And Pharaoh wanted to kill Israeli boys. So when he was born his mom hide him in basket, put him in a river, and you know the story. He gets adopted by Pharaoh's daughter, grows up in the castle. And then one day when he is about 40 years old he wants to make a difference. How many of you this morning want to make a difference? How many of you want to make a difference in your family? You want to make a difference in your work place. And make a difference in your college. And make a difference in your high school. And make a difference in your neighborhood. Moses wanted to make a difference. And so he stood up one day, and he saw somebody being abused by one of the Egyptians and he tried to stand in the way and make a difference. And he stood in the way and he ended up killing that Egyptian guy, and ended up being a criminal and running from Pharaoh. And he tried to make the difference. He tried to make God's mission, he tried to do God's will in his own power, and failed completely. How many of you have experienced that? You know, you try to fix your marriage and it just gets worse! You know? You try to fix your kids and they just get worse. Man. You know, you try to fix things at work. We cannot do the work of God in our strength. You know we cannot do God's mission on man's power. It just cannot happen. So Moses tries to change things in his power and fails miserably and ends up running from justice. And he is now in a desert and he is now working for his father-in-law. How many of you say that's an awesome blessing, working for your father-in-law? And he's attending to sheep. If you work for your father-in-law, I bless you. I was just joking. You know, don't feel rejected or upset by that. And he was pastoring this flock. And you know, an Egyptian, the lowest job in Egypt was to work with sheep or cattle. That was the lowest job in Egypt. And so this guy has the lowest job in society. He is working for his father-in-law in a desert, shut out from society. Just failed miserably at being the difference. And there he is. He just didn't want to do anything else with his life, just walking around and figuring out what to do that day. He didn't have any more ambitions of doing any great things with his life. And you know, God shows up to him one day. And He says, I have a mission for you. I want to send you to go rescue people, rescue My people from slavery in Egypt. And I want to tell you something today. God not only sent Jesus to forgive your sins. God not only sent Jesus to reconcile you to the Father. God not only sent Jesus to give you eternal life and abundant life. God sent Jesus to give you an eternal mission! Got has sent you on a mission. And you know, the thing is, we cut the gospel short. Jesus loves you. Jesus forgives you. Jesus restores you. Jesus has a ticket for you to heaven. And we stop right there. But when Jesus ended his commandments to His disciples before he ascended, He said, go and make disciples into all nations. And make disciples in Rochester. And go and make disciples in New York. And make disciples in Africa. And make disciples everywhere. And the problem is, since we cut the gospel short, we only experience part of the gospel, when we are to experience the full gospel! We need to understand there is a mission for our lives. And the mission for your life is to make disciples. I didn't hear anybody say Amen right there! You don't know, brother. God has called me to just be a mom. God has called me to be a business man. God has called me to be a college student. God has called me just to be a soccer player. No, God has called me just to sing in the choir. God has called me to open the door at your church. No, that is your place of service. That is your place of vocation. But your mission is to make disciples in that place. You are to make disciples of your children, that your children would become disciples of Jesus Christ. Maybe you're a young guy and you're the only Christian in your home. And you're like, well my parents should make disciples of me. No, no. You can make disciples of your parents of Jesus Christ! I didn't hear too many young people convinced of that. You know, young people can love and obey and honor their parents in such a way that would shake their parents up to want to follow Jesus. If God can make my kid into an obedient, faithful, loving, honoring kid, sixteen years old. Doesn't argue with me, doesn't overspend my credit card, works to clean my car every week, honors me all the time, obeys. Jesus has to be doing something in that kid's life! So a kid can actually make a disciple of his dad and make a disciple of his mom to follow Jesus Christ. Is somebody here today?! And so the mission for your life is not what you do at work or what you do at home or what you do at church. That's your place of service. Your mission is to make disciples in every place that you live and work and play and study and do life. So your mission is to make disciples of your neighborhood, not just live there. Your mission is to make disciples in your work place, not just work there. Your mission is to make disciples of people in your home, not just to live there and eat there and use a toilet there. Your mission is to make disciples in your school. It is not just to study there. Is there somebody following this or not? So Moses is just going about, around his life. And he's like, everything is fine. And I can do life without God. And the problem is, in America we can do life without God. You know, you can have a good job and work and do life and pay for your kid's education, and just do normal. Everybody can do life without God. But you cannot serve God without God! You cannot accomplish God's mission without God. So when God tells Moses, Moses, I don't just want you to do life, I want you to rescue people. Then Moses says, oh man, who am I to do that? You know my past. You know where I came from and what happened to me and how people tried to kill me. And them I'm adopted. And then this. And then I tried. And then I killed someone. Now I'm running. You know who I am! Who am I? And I love the answer of the Lord, because God does not psychoanalyze Moses. He doesn't say, well, let's take you back to your past. Remember the time you were in that basket. Is your inner child crying? You know? He doesn't psychoanalyze him. He says Moses, I know who you are. But if you read it, it says but I will be with you! It is irrelevant where you've been or what you've done or how you've done it. I want to use all that as part of my plan, but that is no problem for Me. I am with you! So as we're talking about the deposit today, I'm telling you the first thing you need to make disciples in your home and your work and the place where you study and you play and you live, the first thing you need is a deposit of God's presence in your life! It is irrelevant if you've messed up or failed or if you're a great or a bad businessman, or a great or a bad mom. All that stuff has already passed. It won't help you to make disciples of your children or of your friends or co-workers. What you need is a deposit of the presence of God in your life! You need to know that He is dwelling within you. Is somebody here today?! That's why Jesus told His disciples, you will receive power when you receive the Holy Spirit. And you will be feeling butterflies on Sunday morning. You will feel nice and warm and fuzzy when you put worship music on. That's not what, God will make you feel like that, your body has reactions to supernatural power. When you touch a plug in the wall, you're gonna get reactions! So of course you're going to have reactions to supernatural power. But the main point is not for you to have a reaction to a supernatural power. The point is that the supernatural power will help you accomplish a supernatural mission! And until you understand that you are put on this earth to make disciples, you won't have any need for a strong deposit of the presence of God. But the moment you understand, man, I just can't live in my home. I just can't feed my kids and take them to school. God has called me to make them disciples of Jesus. God, I need You! I don't know where to start. I need You! Who am I? You know my past and my broken life and my dysfunctional family. Who am I to make disciples of my kids. God says, don't worry about it. I will be with you! My presence will be with you! And the deposit of God's presence will help you accomplish that which He has called you to do. Is somebody here this morning?! So Moses says, who am I? And God says, irrelevant! I will give you My presence. The deposit of presence. Somebody say it with me, the deposit of presence. And then Moses says, okay, well, who are You then? Who do I tell them sent me? You are with me, but I don't know You. They don't know You. Who are You? Because Moses understood he didn't only need a deposit of God's presence, he needed a deposit of the knowledge of God. He needed a deposit of that covenant with God. And listen to what I am going to say. I am amazed at the answer of God when Moses asked Him, what is Your name. God tells Moses, I am who I am. And that doesn't help anybody. Okay, You are. I get it. You're too big for a name. You just are. But who are You? He says, I am the God of Abraham, of Issac, of Jacob. The eternal, uncreated, all-powerful God linked His name to broken people. He says I am the God of Abraham. Have you ever read the story of Abraham? That guy, that guy was a fearful, little man. They would come to a kingdom, and he's like, you're not my wife, you're my sister. You're not my wife, you're my sister, okay? You too beautiful. They will kill me if they think you're my wife. You're my sister, okay? Okay. But Abraham had a covenant with God. Abraham was fearful. He had all kinds of problems with his life. He was walking and living the life God had for him. He wasn't living his own life. That is why in Corinthians, Paul says in II Corinthians 5, he says, in the life we live we live now for Him. He says we don't live for us. We live for Him who died for us and was raised. Many of us just want God to fix the lives we live for ourselves. But we gotta live for God. And that's why Abraham is linked to God's name. The God of Abraham. Because Abraham stopped living for himself and started living for God. You know, having a covenant with Jesus is not just believing that He died on a cross for you. That's why when Peter preached to the people who were listening to him in Acts 2, he didn't say, O repent, and He will forgive you. He said, repent and be baptized. Repent and follow Jesus. Because a covenant requires the blood of Jesus and requires your full and total commitment to Jesus Christ. You know, you can be a broken person but you can be following Jesus, you know? God somehow has to not just be the God of Abraham and the God of Pierre and the God of those people who God uses. God has to be YOUR God, the God you depend on, your personal covenantal God. I remember when we were going to start ministry and my grandparents. You know, my grandmother came to the mission field back in 1948. And my grandma and grandpa, they started orphanages and churches. And they saw massive miracles. Many times they wouldn't have food to feed the kids except for a few beans and a few tortillas. And my grandma tells me, you know, I saw how God multiplied the food right before my eyes. And we fed dozens of kids everyday. Miracles! And I saw miracles happen for my dad. We were a 250 member church. And God told my dad, buy that piece of land on the outskirts of town. It was worth like the value of 32 midsized homes. I mean, impossible. 250 people for millions. We were like, how are we going to do that? That is crazy! But God came through. You know? Kids sold toys and people sold their bikes and their cars and their houses. It was just amazing. So all of the sudden, now Kelly and I are going to become pastors. And I'm like, O Lord, You were with my grandparents. You were with my parents and Kelly's parents. But I need You to be my God now. Because now I've got a mission. When you realize that you in school are just there to be a nice Christian and see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil, protect yourself. The kingdom is not a protected kingdom. It is an offensive kingdom. That's why the gates of hell will not prevail! Gates aren't an attack. Gates are defense. The devil is defending. You are attacking. So you're not at school defending yourself. You are at school taking over that school for Jesus! You're taking that workplace for Jesus. You're at home taking that home. And so that requires, when you say my goodness, I have a mission to change my world, then you're like, God, I need You! I need to know You! I need the deposit of Your presence. I need a deposit of the knowledge of who You are. You need to be my God. I want to live for You! I want to see the miracles in my life also! Does this make sense or no? So Moses gets the deposit of the presence of God, the deposit of the knowledge of God throughout his life. You see later on, if you read Moses' story, God says, Moses is My friend. He knows Me. You know? I speak to him face to face. He is the meekest man on earth. And Moses figures out his identity, not because he's psychoanalyzed himself, but because he met God. Moses figured out his identity because he accomplished God's mission and got a deposit of God. So somebody say with me, a deposit of the presence of God. A deposit of the knowledge of God. God has to be my God. Why don't you tap three people on the shoulders and say, God has to be your God. God has to be your personal covenantal God if you're going to change your world. I just want to hear again, is there somebody in the room who wants to change their world around them? Does somebody here want to change their world in their family and in their workplace and in the place where they study? So then Moses asked another question. He says, how will they believe me, that You sent me? Okay, you know? You're with me. I'm gonna be knowing You. I know You. I'm gonna live for You. I'm gonna leave my family behind. I'm gonna know You. But how will they believe me, that You sent me? And God says, well, what is in your hand? He says, a staff. So he threw it to the floor and it became a snake. Put your hand in your cloak. He took it out and he had leprosy. His fingers were falling off and stuff. Put it back in and it was healed. And if that doesn't work, He says, I'll give you other signs like water turning into blood and other stuff like that. And so how many guys here would think it would be cool at their workplace to call your friends into the office. Or maybe you do construction and call them onto the site, the construction site, and grab a 2 x 4 and say, guys, I want to talk to you about Jesus, guys. See this stick? Bam! A big cobra. Or maybe 2 out of the 10, whoa!! I believe, I believe. You pick it up again. You guys didn't believe? Okay, now your hand is all full of leprosy. How many of you think that would be at least cool? Right. That would be pretty cool. So Jesus comes along and He doesn't give us sticks to turn into snakes or water to turn into blood or hands to be full of leprosy. He says, heal the sick, deliver the oppressed. He says, but above all, let me give you a sign, he says. And it's right here in John 34. It says, Jesus says a new commandment I give to you, that you love one another just as I have loved you. How much more do you and I have to learn to love if we are supposed to love people the way Jesus loves us? He says, you are to love one another. By this, verse 35, by this all people will know that you are My disciples. If you have love for one another. The main sign that Jesus has given us to show people that He is real is when we love one another. A healthy, loving marriage is a sign more powerful than cancer being healed. I've had people be healed of cancer and they fall away from the Lord. Because a healing will impress you for awhile, but love will change you forever. A loving, faithful marriage is a sign. A loving family is a sign. A son who honors his dad. A dad who honors his son. A mom who loves her kids. And kids who love mom. A guy who rejects criticism and slander and talking bad about people at work that loves and embraces people. A loving church as you are in. Not a perfect. Because love cannot be proved if there is not hurt. So we hurt each other and there is junk that goes on and stuff. But love forgives all things. Love heals all things. Love expects the best out of us, even when we have done our worst in the past. And a loving church and a loving family and a loving college student and a loving kid and a loving mom, that is the sign that Jesus is real! No?! My dad grew up in a missionary pastor's home, a very dysfunctional home. My grandfather left his family when my dad was 13 years old. And he left and hung out with, I don't know, 5, 8, 10 more ladies. I don't know. And broke my dad's heart. My dad was so angry he wanted to kill my grandfather. That was his life's mission at 13 years old. This 13-year old kid is living to kill. And at 16 the Holy Spirit visits my dad, baptizes him with love. My dad says, I felt the love of God running through my body, literally, he says. At that moment I was healed. I forgave my dad. Now my dad, from being a hateful, 13-year old kid, is a loving man. My mom has suffered from mental illness, depression, bipolar and other stuff that I don't wish on my worst enemy. And for those who live close to a person like that, it is a challenge. And my dad has stood by my mom like a rock. He has loved her more than loving ministry. He has loved her and stood by her. Now in my grandfather's later years of life, he's dying. Nobody wants to care for him because he was such a mean guy. Now my dad cares for him. My dad has brought him back to the Lord and has cared for him for the last few years, and takes him to the doctor, and pays his bills and makes sure he is getting watched over. And I'm telling you something. If someone can help me on the piano. I could argue with my dad about God. I used to argue about his mistakes and his flaws when I was running from the Lord. But I could never argue with the love of God in his life. I could never argue with the faithfulness he showed to my mom and the love he showed to us and to other people. Because you might not have a powerful gifting, but you have a powerful God that lives within you. And the deposit of God and the deposit of the knowledge of God, and the deposit of the love of God will help you change your world. When your kids see the way you love, when your parents see the way you love, when your co-workers see the way you love, you will start making a difference. Tell the three people next to you, the deposit of the love of God. Come on, tell somebody. We need the deposit of the love of God. You know, I just want to briefly mention the last question Moses asked. Moses said, how will I speak. Say it with me. How will I speak? You know, we sometimes think that talking about Jesus or evangelism is just learning how to say, Jesus loves you. Or it is learning the Roman's Road. Or learning how to lead somebody step by step into receiving Christ. But really, evangelism has more to do with what we say in our everyday lives. Because we've adopted the language of hate and the language of criticism and the language of negativity and the language of disbelief and the language of suspicion. But when you and I study the word of God, and this is the deposit of the word of God. God tells Moses, I know that you are slow to speak. You are not the best to talk. But let me tell you something, I will be with your mouth. And I will teach you what to say. One of the biggest and greatest deposits of God in someone's life is the way that they submit their voice and their words to Jesus. When somebody talks like Jesus, you know they've got a deposit of Jesus in their life. You know Jesus wasn't always talking about him being the savior. He was talking about different things about life. But his language was a language of faith, a language of love, a language of truth, a language of righteousness, a language of hope, a language of positive faith in God. And His language impacted people. People said, this guy doesn't talk like the scribes and the pharisees who just talk religion. This guy has authority when He talks about stuff! When He talks about marriage, He has authority. When he talks about kids, He has authority. When he talks about government, He has authority. His language is different. His words are different. And that's why it is not just about 21 days and fasting and coming to chapel, which is so awesome. But that is just the doorway into a greater deposit of God all this year, every day, every week, every year. It is just a doorway, you know? I don't know how many of you are married here today. Do you remember when you carried your wife to the entrance of that honeymoon room? That was a little delayed. I'll give you another opportunity, guys. How many of you remember carrying your bride to that honeymoon room?! Whatever. You know, you didn't just go like, Bam! Throw her in there and ooh, this is a nice door. I'll wait here at the door. What a beautiful room. This door is nice. No, you had to get in through that door and have fun. You know, the stuff that we experience at church is not the fullness of Jesus. It is an invitation to Jesus. The word on Sunday is an invitation to study the word. That is why we take notes and that is why we try to dig in deeper. Because it is only the door. I think it's a good starting point where we're getting warmed up for sorting lists. It's called "Insertion Sort". I'm gonna give a graphical description of the algorithm for insertion sort. And just you know what, algorithm sounds like a very fancy word. But an algorithm is really just a way of sorting it, or a process for doing it, or a method for doing it. A program is a specific implementation of an algorithm, or can be a specific implementation of an algorithm. Once I have a general algorithm, I can implement it in Python, I can implement it in C, I can implement it in Java. Those are all specific programs, but they'd all be implementing the same way of doing the sort. And that's what I'm just describing— the Insertion Sort Algorithm. So let's just start with a simple example: Let's say that I have a list— Let's say I have a Python list, 'cause we're going to be working in Python for this, and that list is— let's say it is [7,3,1,2,4,6]. So the way that we do Insertion Sort is you go element by element, and then you compare it to the elements before it, and then you look for the 1st element before it that it is actually less than, and then you just stick it right over there. So let me show you what I'm talking about: So, you could start with the 7, the 0th element over here, but when you look at— when you start with the 0th element, you'll like "Hey wait, there is nothing before to compare it to," so it really doesn't make sense to start with 0th element. So, really, if you were to implement this algorithm, you'd start with the [1st] element— Oh, sorry! You start with— If this is the 0th element, you start with the 1st element right over here. This is 0th, this is 1st, I know this, you'll confusing when you referred this is the 1st element but this one is the 0th. So you start with this 3 here and you start comparing it to all of the elements before it and as soon as you find an element that 3 is less than you stick it in that part of the list. So what you do is you say: 'OK, is 3 less than 7?' 'Well, yeah, it is less than 7.' So what you wanna do is you wanna shift— you wanna shift 7 where the 3 is. So let me put it out here— so we're using— we're trying to compare 3 to everything before it, right now. we're trying to compare 3 to everything before it. So you say, 'OK, is 3 less than 7?' 'Yeah, it is less than 7.' So let's put the 7 where the 3 is, and let's put the 3 where the 7 is. Especially because there's nothing left to compare the 3 to, there's nothing lower— there's no elements before the 0th element, so let's just stick the 3 right over there. And so our list now looks like this our list now looks like: [3,7,1,2,4,6] And one thing you'll find interests— there're something to pay attention to— as we build this list, so we— the 0th element is now defintely less than the 1st element and everything up to and including the 1st element is now sorted. everything up to and including the 1st element is now sorted. And that will be true as we keep going through this— as we keep going through higher and higher indices, up to including that index after we've done that pass will be sorted. And I'll try to point it out as we go along. So, we did the first index, now we can move on to the 2nd element, which is this 1 over here. And so you take that 1— I'll put it on the side right over here— you take that 1 and you compare it... ...to each of the elements before it: 'OK, is 1 less than 7?' 'Sure, 1 IS less than 7' so let's stick the 7 where the 1 was. And then you could either just keep comparing, or you could just stick the 1 where the 7 is. And then you say: 'OK, is 1 less than 3?' 'Well, yeah, sure, it's less than 3.' So let's stick the 3 where the 1 is, and let's put the 1 where the 3 is. So what is our list now? Our list now is going to look like— our list now is going to be [1,3,7,2,4,6] So notice, after we've gotten to the nth index— so in this case this is the index 2 where that 1 was right over there— everything up to and including that index is sorted. This part right here is sorted. It's going to be— other things are going to be thrown in here probably as we go on, but so far this part is sorted. So you can see, by the time we get to the end of this list, everything is going to be sorted. So let's now go to the next index, or the next item in the list, and that is this 2 over here. That is the 2 over here. And so, we compare the 2 to the 7 2 is definitely less than the 7, so let's put the 7 where the 2 is, and let's put the 2 where the 7 is. Now you compare the 2 to the 3. 2 is less than 3, so let's put the 3 where the 2 is, and let's put the 2 where the 3 is. Then compare 2 to 1. 'Is 2 less than 1?' 'No, it is not less than 1.' So, we don't have to do anything else. We don't have to keep [looking]—going to the left. And so now after this pass— in this pass we're comparing this 2 item to everything before that— So after this pass, our list looks like this: our list looks like: [1,2,3,7,4,6]. I notice, everything up to and including the 3rd item— the 0th, 1, 2, 3rd item— is now sorted. And now we are ready to look at this— the next element in the list. And one thing I want to make clear: when you actually implement it, there's a couple of ways to do it. You don't always have to— so in this example, we said: 'Hey, 2 is less than 7?' The 7 replaces where the 2 is which you should do. And then we had the 2 replaced where the 7 is. But the reality is, you can keep going down until you find a good place to fit the 2, and shifting everything to the right as you do it, and then put the 2 in. Although this way is a little bit easier to keep track of. And wow, maybe we'll explore different ways to do it when we actually implement the algorithm. Anyway, let's look at this 4. Same exact idea: 4 is less than 7, so let's put the 7 where the 4 is and put the 4 where the 7 is. 'Is 4 less than 3?' 'No, it's not less than 3.' So we'll stop, we're done. Now, everything up to and including the 4th item in this list—01234— is now sorted. And now our list looks like— let me scroll down a little bit— Now, our list looks like this— You write it down— It is [1,2,3,4,7,6]. And now we can go to this last element in the list— This is the 6 we're now comparing— And it's the last time we'll did this where was 4 that we were care about. But now we're care about 6. 'Is 6 less than 7?' 'Sure, it is.' So let's put the 7 where the 6 is, and let's put the 6 where the 7 is 'Is 6 less than 4?' 'No, it's not' And so we stop. Because we know that this is going to be sorted. If we went any further, we're just gonna get elements that are less than or equal to 4. So we are done, we have sorted this list. The sorted list is now: [1,2,3,4,6,7] In the next video, I'm actually going to try to implement this algorithm that I just described. And I'm gonna implement it in a simple Python function. [Music] I haven't slept at all in days It's been so long since we've talked And I have been here many times I just don't know what I'm doing wrong What can I do to make you love me What can I do to make you care What can I say to make you feel this What can I do to get you there [Guitar] There's only so much I can take And I just got to let it go, yeah And who knows I might feel better, yeah, yeah If I don't try and I don't hope What can I do to make you love me What can I do to make you care What can I say to make you feel this Eh, yeah, yeah What can I do to get you there No more waiting No more aching No more No more fighting No more trying Maybe there's nothing more to say And in a funny way I'm calm Because the power is not mine I'm just gonna let it fly What can I do to make you love me What can I do to make you care What can I say to make you feel this Eh, yeah, yeah What can I do to get you there Just tell me what to do What can I do to make you love me What can I do to make you care What will I change to make you feel this What can I do to get you there And love, love me Love me Love me Love me Love me, yeah Love me Love me Love me Love me Here's to the crazy ones. The misfits. The rebels. The troublemakers. The round pegs in the square holes. The ones who see things differently. They're not fond of rules, and they have no respect for the status quo. You can quote them, disagree with them, glorify or vilify them. About the only thing you can't do is ignore them. Because they change things. They push the human race forward. And while some may see them as the crazy ones, we see genius. Because the people who are crazy enough to think they can change the world, are the ones who do. Hi! I'm working from home now because it was so hot upstairs after school. CK is aware, by the way--I asked him if I could come home to work. I'm sitting in my armchair. Yes, I'm wearing a t-shirt. I'm not wearing the clothes I wore all day in the hot upstairs. I'm having some chips. I wonder what you are doing? Are you cooling off after a hot afternoon in the South Wing of the HS? Are you wearing different clothes, too? Are you having a snack? Maybe you are wondering, "Why isn't KT signing at all in this video?" And I'm thinking, "Are you noticing any present continuous verbs?" Here's your assignment: Review the video, and write down for class tomorrow (from the video): 1. One sentence that uses a present continuous verb. 2. One sentence that uses a negative with a present continuous verb. 3. One question that uses a present continuous verb. 4. One question that uses a negative with a present continuous verb. 5. One sentence that uses a verb tense that is NOT present continuous. Bring your answers to class tomorrow. Have a good night! Hello! Hi! Welcome back to the Eurogamer developer sessions. A little bit of housekepping: Dean doesn't mind if you film, or take pictures. It's all great. It's also beeing streamed on Youtube - so if you do wanna catch up with it afterwards: It's all being saved on eurogamer. But without further ado: Dean Hall, the creator of DayZ. (giggles) (Applause) I think last time I spoke, I started with saying that i don't have any beans. This time I do actually have a lot of beans, because people have been giving us a lot of cans of beans - kind of wherever I go. I probably will be ambushed and all the beans will be taken at the end. So, as the introduction said: I'm Dean Hall, otherwise known as "Rocket" and the presentations today is gonna be a similiar format of what we did at ???(didnt get that one) So, I'll try and cover of the stuff, that I think people want to know about. An then we'll do a Q&A. So if you think of some burning questions during the presentation that you want to ask: Feel free to ask them when the Q&A comes up. So introduction: For those who don't know - obviously this will be covered pretty quickly: DayZ is a Open-World, Horror/Survival Mod, for Arma Il. Since April 2012 we have logged 1.3 million unique players. Really that represents a really awesome achievement for the team, that kind of made DayZ even possible. So I work on the mod really hard by my self, obviously. But to achieve that number theres guys like: Ander, Viper, Matt Lightfoot (hope i got those right), all the forumods and all the serverproviders and -hosters. Hello everyone. My name is Tasha and welcome to Heart of Tarts. Today I am here to continue our Halloween series with Vampire teeth. Like fangs. Long fangs, and big teeth, and red luscious lips. I was really inspired by the Broadway musical Dracula. I don't know how well Dracula did but the song, Before the Summer Ends, really touches my heart. I'll sing you a bit."She made me give my promise. A terrifying promise. Not the type of promise you make everyday. To desecrate the temple. I really can not sing so I am going to stop torturing you. But I love this song and I am going to make the tart right now." Preheat your oven to 350 degrees Fahrenheit and we are going to make our crust. To the food processor you want to add in 1/2 cup of old fashion oats along with four pitted dates. Process them until they form a fine fine crumb. Next you want to add in 1/4 teaspoon salt, 1/4 teaspoon cinnamon, 2 tablespoons coconut oil, (I usually use three, but I am going to experiment with using a little less fat. I love my fats as much as the next southern girl, but I try to love them from a distance. They don't deserve you. They don't deserve your full attention.) and 1/4 cup almond milk. Pulse that together until it is just combined, then add your crust mixture to a nine inch tart pan. Press it around with your hands and fingers and bake it for 15 minutes. . . . . before the summer ends. To burn the castle down. Before the princess is awake. While that is cooling we are going to create our luscious brown filling. I wanted to black out the background of the lips, but the closest I could get to it was this dark brown. Now that I think about it, those luscious red lips against that dark dark background. I wonder how I was inspired to make it that way. To a food processor, add in the meat of one avocado, one banana, 1/4 cup almond milk, 1 tablespoon vanilla extract, and 3 tablespoons unsweetened natural cocoa powder. Blend that all together until it is very very smooth and there you have it. This luscious brown cocoa-y filling. (bad singing) Spread it over your tart crust and we can prepare to top this baby. Here I have two bright red honeycrisp apples and they are so lovely. My favorite apple in the world is a honeycrisp apple. I fell in love with the honeycrisp apple in the fall of 2010 and I never looked back. Core your apple by cutting off the sides and you should just be left with the stem in the middle. And you can place that to the side, because we won't be using that. If you just, you can save it for the juicer. With the skin of the apple on, place the brightest red side you have onto the tart to form the lips. I started with my top lips and I used the rounded part of the apple to create the luscious luscious humps of the lips. Then I used the other parts to create the bottom lips, and there you have it. Next you are going to peel the skin off of some of the apples to create the teeth. I gave my word to here. My heart would break. I started with my larger teeth. Then I went to my smaller teeth next to them. I tried to create a little bit of a platform for my fangs so they could kind of stand up and stick out. So everyone knows that these are Vampire fanged teeth. I made a couple of mistakes here, but just like in life if you fall into the poo, just pick yourself up and keep going. Once you have your teeth in place, you can decide if you want to make a bottom row of teeth (I didn't) but I did put a few extra teeth along the sides to really fill out the mouth and make it look like they had a full set of teeth. The apple and the chocolate taste so good together. It made me reminisce about last fall when I made these chocolate dipped candy apples that were so good. So good. I really liked this tart. Hopefully you will too. If you like the video, give it a thumbs up. If you love me and want to see me make tarts all the time, subscribe to my channel. If you really care, share it with your friends. Bye. I gave my word to heeeer. INTRO MUSlC In Biosciences generally, we have Zoology, and quite a few of the students here are zoologists. We also do Biological Studies, or Sciences, and some of our students do that as well. Conservation Biology, and Biomedical Sciences as well. This practical that we're doing today is fish dissection and the idea is that students get familiar with the insides of a fish! It's a second-year course that they're part of and the idea is that they get to understand the internal anatomy of a fish. It makes learning about the lecture a lot more real - if they can look at them themselves and find out things themselves and also contrast between different species of fish. NEW SPEAKER: I looked at each course, and of the universities I was interested in, Roehampton stood out the most. It's got a very good reputation for all the research here a and all the lecturers are very well-known in their fields and I did a lot of research into each individual lecturer who I'd be studying with. Each of them are brilliant in their individual fields. >> The Joint Congressional Committee on Deficit Reduction has just three days to reach a deal eliminating at least $1.2 trillion from the nation's debt using some combination of cutting spending and raising taxes. The person at the heart of those negotiations, and some would say the person responsible for the deadlock, is neither a member of Congress nor the holder of any public office. He's a lobbyist and a conservative activist named Grover Norquist, who over the years has gotten virtually every Republican Congressman and Senator to sign an oath called "The Pledge." It's a promise that they will never, under any circumstances, vote to raise taxes on anyone, and so far Grover Norquist has held them to it, controlling 279 votes including the Speaker of the House, the Senate Minority Leader and all six Republican members of the Joint Committee on Deficit Reduction. [ Stopwatch ticking ] >> The story will continue in a moment. >> A lot of people think you're the most powerful man in Washington. >> The tax issue is the most powerful issue in American politics going back to the Tea Party. People say, "Oh, Grover Norquist has power." No. Grover Norquist and Americans for Tax Reform focus on the tax issue; the tax issue is a powerful issue. >> Grover Norquist is trying to be modest. Since creating Americans for Tax Reform at Ronald Reagan's behest back in 1985, Norquist has been responsible more than anyone else for rewriting the dogma of the Republican party. >> The Republicans won't raise your taxes. We haven't had a Republican vote for a income tax increase since 1990. >> And this was your doing? >> I helped, yeah. >> It began with the simple idea of getting Republicans all over the country to sign an oath called "The Taxpayer Protection Pledge," promising their constituents that they would never, ever vote for anything that would make their taxes go up. >> That's Speaker Gingrich's tax pledge back in 1998 -- . >> And once they sign the Pledge, Grover Norquist never forgets. The more signatures he's collected, the more his influence has grown. >> I think to win a Republican primary, it is difficult to imagine somebody winning a primary without taking the Pledge. >> The signatories not only include more than 270 members of Congress, but all of the Republican presidential candidates with the lone exception of Jon Huntsman. >> Okay, folks, we want to get going. >> All that leverage has made Norquist's Wednesday breakfast meetings a must attend event for Republican operatives fortunate enough to get an invitation. David Keene, the president of the National Rifle Association, was there the day we attended, along with conservative columnist John Fund. >> This is the Grand Central Station of the conservative movement. >> We were told it was the first time cameras have ever been allowed into the weekly off-the-record strategy session. >> Our approach is going to be to just simply drill away every day. >> It's people from Capitol Hill, House and Senate, think tanks, Tea Party groups, business groups; everybody who wants the government to be smaller and everybody who wants the government to leave them alone. I intend to win. I intend to be part of the whole effort to crush the other team. >> Grover Norquist has been called both the dark wizard of the Right's anti-tax cult, and the single most effective conservative activist in the country. He is a libertarian ideologue who believes that Washington is controlling our lives through the taxes it raises to fund big government. And he's said that he wants to shrink it to the size where it could be drowned in a bathtub. You want to drown it in the bathtub? >> No. We want it down to the size to where it would fit in the bathtub, and then it could worry about what we were up to. >> And you did say that your ultimate ambition was to chop it in half and then shrink it again to where we were at the turn of the century. You're talking about 1900, not 2000. >> Well, I think -- >> Eight percent of GDP. >> Yeah. We functioned in this country with government at eight percent of GDP for a long time and quite well. >> That was before Social Security, that was before Medicare, it was before welfare assistance, unemployment assistance. Is that the federal government you envision? >> Each of these government programs was set up supposedly, in name, to solve a problem. Okay. Do they solve the problem? Could the problem be better solved through individual initiative? I mean, I think we found under welfare that we're doing more harm than good. >> Do you feel the government has any obligation to the poor or the elderly or the unemployed? >> Yeah. It should stop stepping on them, kicking them, and making their lives more difficult. >> Norquist claims he got the idea to brand the Republican party as the party that would never raise your taxes when he was just 12 years old and volunteering for the Nixon campaign. He says it came to him one day while he was riding home on the school bus. >> If the parties would brand themselves the way Coke and Pepsi and other products do so that you knew what you were buying had quality control -- if I vote for the Republican, he or she will not raise my taxes. I'll buy one. I'll take that one home. >> So this is about marketing? >> Yes, it's a part of that. Very much so. >> But Norquist says the success of any product requires relentless monitoring and diligent quality control to protect the brand, whether it's Coca-Cola or the Republican party. >> Let's say you take that Coke bottle home and you get home and you're two-thirds of the way through the Coke bottle and you look down at what's left in your Coke bottle, there's a rat head there. You wonder whether you'd buy Coke ever again. You go on TV and you show them the rat head in the Coke bottle; you call your friends and tell them about it, and Coke's in trouble. Republicans who vote for a tax increase are rat heads in a Coke bottle. They damage the brand for everyone else. There's nothing in the -- >> Grover Norquist is not interested in compromise. He likes things ugly and takes no prisoners. Those who refuse to sign the Pledge or backslide are subjected to primary fights against well-funded opponents backed by Norquist. >> These are people in North Carolina who voted for a tax increase when they said they wouldn't, and down here in blue is which ones were defeated in the next election. >> Is there any set of circumstances in which you would condone a tax increase or release people from the Pledge? >> The Pledge is not to me. It's to the voters. So an elected official who says, "I think I want to break my pledge," he doesn't look at me and say that; he looks at his voters and say that. That's why some of them look at their voters, don't want to say that, and they go, "How about you? Could you release me from my pledge?" No. No, I can't help you. You didn't promise me anything. >> But you're the keeper of the Pledge. >> We remind your voters that you took the Pledge. >> You are the ones that are going to retaliate if they break the Pledge. >> Oh, no, no. The voters will retaliate. We may inform the voters, but let's say the voters -- >> Inform the voters with hundreds of thousands of dollars in campaign or educational expenditures to point out the fact that they broke the Pledge. >> If necessary. >> I mean, you make it pretty clear: If someone breaks the Pledge, you're going to do everything you can to get rid of them. >> To educate the voters that they raised taxes. And again, we educate people -- >> To get rid of them. >> -- to encourage them to go into another line of work, um, like shoplifting or bank robbing, where they have to do their own...stealing. >> You've got them by the short hairs. >> The voters do, yeah. >> And they have to march in lockstep with Grover Norquist. >> With the taxpayers of their state. I applaud from the sidelines. I go, "Very good." "Yes, yes.." >> If nothing else, it is a brilliant, bare-knuckled political strategy with some of the characteristics of a protection racket. Many Republican Congressmen fear retaliation from Norquist if they even suggest that a tax increase for the wealthiest of Americans should be up for discussion in the current deficit negotiations. And Democrats like Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid have been demonizing Norquist on a daily basis. >> They're giving speeches that we should compromise on our deficit, but never do they compromise on Grover Norquist. He is their leader. >> But he also has some critics among elder statesmen of the Republican party; the most vocal being Senator Alan Simpson. What do you think of Grover Norquist? >>[laughs] >>Simpson gleefully accepts that he is one of Norquist's Republican rat heads in the Coke bottle. He got there by serving as co-chairman of the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility which recommended that some tax increases would be necessary to solve the nation's debt problem. Simpson has no use for Norquist. >> He may well be the most powerful man in America today, so if that's what he wants, he's got it. You know, he...megalomaniac, egomaniac, whatever you want to call him, if that's his goal, he's damned near there, and he ought to run for President because that would be his platform: No taxes under any situation even if your country goes to hell. >> Simpson also wants to know where Norquist and Americans for Tax Reform, with its multimillion dollar budget, gets its money. >> When you get this powerful, and he is, then it's, where do you get your scratch, Grover? Is it two people? Is it ten million people? The American people demand to know where you get your money, Grover babe. >> But under federal law, Grover babe, as Simpson calls him, and Americans for Tax Reform, a nonprofit organization, aren't required to disclose the identity of its contributors. So the finances of a group that demands transparency in government are opaque. Norquist says the money comes from direct mail and other grassroot fundraising efforts. But a significant portion appears to come from wealthy individuals, foundations, and corporate interests. In the interest of transparency, would you disclose your major donors? >> I would not -- I don't know. Hadn't thought of it. It doesn't really matter because what we do is what we do. I guess I would argue -- thinking back on it -- we've had times when people who are contributors to us were literally threatened by Senators and Congressmen. >> So you're protecting the corporate interests from harassment and threats? >> No, I'm protecting me and anyone who wants to participate in American politics. You don't want people threatened because they want to fight against higher taxes. >> Over the years, some of his group's lobbying activities have stretched into areas that are not generally associated with preventing tax hikes. He's lobbied the State Department on behalf of the controversial Keystone Pipeline, and has dipped into areas like communications law, raising suspicions that the Leave Us Alone Coalition includes a lot of wealthy and powerful interests. His reputation also took a hit a few years ago because of his close association with disgraced lobbyist Jack Abramoff. But none of the insinuations of impropriety have ever stuck. >> It didn't work because at the end of the day there wasn't a there-there. >> He's a Houdini. You can throw him in the bottom of the East River in chains and he'd come out of there. >> But Alan Simpson predicts that Norquist could soon become irrelevant. He thinks the country's financial situation is so dire that tax increases will become inevitable, and a lot of Republicans who have signed the no-tax-increase pledge are already experiencing buyer's remorse. You think there are Republicans who have signed it who regret it? >> I do. I know damn well they have. I've talked to them. They come up to us and say, "Save us from ourselves." They got trapped by this guy. >> In fact, there are a few signs it's already beginning to happen, albeit on a small scale. Thirty-seven Republican Pledge signers have urged the Select Committee to consider all options in solving the debt crisis. And six Republican Congressmen, including Steve Latourette of Ohio, have rescinded their pledges altogether. Latourette, who signed his back in 1994, says his driver's license expires, the milk in his refrigerator expires, the only thing that never expires is the Grover Norquist Pledge. >> My word has been good on this tax pledge for 18 years. To be bound by something based upon circumstances that existed 18 years ago when the circumstances are different, I think that's a little naive. >> Grover Norquist says he's not losing any sleep over the defections. He's convinced that the Republicans have no intention of raising taxes, and he still has signed markers from 279 members of Congress promising that they will never let it happen. >> Most of the Republicans I know are very pleased that we make it easy for them to credibly make that commitment. They're smiling when they get their picture taken with me and the Pledge. Not grumpy. Smiling. >> Do you believe that everybody who smiles at a press conference is actually happy? [ Laughter ] >> No, but most. Many. There may be one or two that are grumpy, and if they wish to provide their names, we'll focus on their states in upcoming elections. >> So I mean, you've got them coming and you've got them going, if they're a Republican. If they sign the Pledge and break it, they're toast; and if they don't sign the Pledge, they're probably toast. >> But if they sign it and keep it, they win the primary, they win the general, they get to govern, and I've helped make all this possible. [ Stopwatch ticking ] Our trip started on the Southern Motorway on the 1st of January 2011. We picked up our motorhome the day before at the United Campervans depot in Mangere, near the Auckland Airport. Molly introduced us to our new home, a Mercedes Benz Sprinter. Molly's originally from Peru and she said she's been in New Zealand for 18 years. She gave us a tour of the vehicle, explained how to use everything and told us there was an 0800 number we could call if we had any problems. And with us over the phone we can tell you what to do, OK, and instead of just going on like that throughout your holiday. So just give us a call, we're here to help you. United Campervans is a New Zealand company that was started 20 years ago. We talked to the managing director and she told us it was a family business. My husband's retired now, but my two children are both involved. My daughter is on maternity leave at the moment, but she is the fellow director, the person who works in the office here at United with me. And my son runs the manufacturing part of the business. Kay said they hire people with language skills because most of the customers are from non-English-speaking countries. It is important that they have the comfort of being able to speak in their own language at pick up, drop off, or if they have an accident or something like that. Our first mission on day 1 was to climb a mountain to see the first sunrise of the new year. This is Remuwera, or Mt Hobson. After conquering one mountain, we decided to drive up Mt Eden for another look at the city. On the way, we found a shop open so we decided to stop and buy some strawberries for breakfast. Maungawhau is the highest mountain in Auckland. Before leaving Tamaki Makaurau we stopped by grandmother's place to say happy new year and show off our fancy motorhome. Then we finally left the city and headed north. I hadn't been north of Auckland for more than ten years and I was surprised to find that you have to pay to drive on a part of the road. A bill for four dollars twenty arrived in the post a few days after we got back. We travelled with this personal tour guide called Tourism Radio. We met the managing director of Tourism Radio in Auckland and he explained how it works. There's a GPS built into it and an mp3 player and there's also an FM transmitter so that's all combined to basically fit onto your windscreen like a sat nav or GPS device and then transmits from the unit, through your car into your FM radio. So, it plays through your radio like a crystal-clear quality FM radio station, tunes into an open FM frequency, and then as you're driving along it just talks to you as you're moving along. Thanks for choosing to use Tourism Radio as your tour guide as you travel safely around New Zealand. We left the main highway for a bit to check out a place called Waipu. They had an event on and the town was packed. We stopped in Whangarei for lunch. Whangarei's the northernmost city of New Zealand. We checked out the information centre first and then headed into town to see what was open on New Year's Day. We decided that sushi would be a nice way to celebrate the first day of the new year and the first day of our trip. Hello. Hi. Hello. Squawk! Squawk. Squawk! North of Whangarei we visited Carmen and Adrian who run Native Parks which is an introduction system for people travelling in New Zealand by motorhome. You pay a membership fee and get a guide book and then you can stay at host properties for free. Adrian said they got the idea from their own travel experience. We found it was a great way to meet local people. When we were travelling overseas, we used a similar program in France. And then for the rest of our travels, ah, we, we missed it. And came back to New Zealand and saw there was a lot of people travelling in motorhomes. And also a lot of people doing really interesting things on properties throughout New Zealand. So, it was just a gelling of those ideas. We stopped in a town called Kawakawa to check out some famous public toilets. You are now approaching the Hundertwasser famed toilets. These aren't just any old toilets, they were built by a man Friedensreich Hundertwasser, who always meditated on the loo. These certainly are the most impressive public toilets in the world. Hundertwasser decorated his toilets with different coloured tiles, bottles and intricate pillars. There are even paintings on the shower room floor. The famed bathrooms have attracted television documentary crews from numerous foreign countries. Thousands of people visit these toilets every year to take pictures and experience the building's original artwork first hand. Across the road we saw something called Amaze Space. I thought it was very cool and well worth the $2 entry fee. We got chatting with the artist ... turned out he'd been to Japan to do karate training. We asked him to tell us about his work. It's a project I've had in mind for a while. It's based upon conceptual art environments that lead one into the other and take you through experiences, allowing the individual to lose themselves for a moment. And it does need a little bit of tidying up right now because I'm in the middle of a project that's going to last for years. It goes up the hill. You get the perfect view of the Hundertwasser toilet when we get that in. And possibly over a kilometer of walkway. I bought a postcard next door and then we headed to our final destination for the day: Paihia. In Paihia, I bought a stamp and posted the postcard. We had a kebab for dinner and went to the information centre to ask where we could stay. They said most of the camping grounds were booked out, but there was still space in an orchard up the road. (Applause) (Music) (Music Ends) (Applause) What is the purpose of music when it's not meant to be danced? -- asked a student his teacher. What is the purpose of sound if not for entertaining the ears of a king? What is the purpose of sound? What is that behind this thing we call being at the forefront or tradition? Chamame, or tango, or jazz, or rock. New or old style. What holds absolutely all these forms? What glues all of this together? What is the purpose of sound? (Music) (Music Ends) (Applause) Yupanqui said, "The light that shines on the heart of the artist is like the torch that was used by the nations to see beauty in their way." Perhaps beauty is not the music, or that mystery we call music. Perhaps music is a place that goes beyond "entertainment, or escape." Perhaps music is a place to ponder, think, meet, legitimize, integrate, build. And, above all, to feel a little safe, every now and then. (Music) (Music Ends) (Applause) Beethoven said that music is a higher revolution than philosophy or science. Quite possibly, Beethoven's music is. Perhaps, the rest can have that desire at heart even if they are less complex, or perhaps simple, but I think that the most important thing is to think that music, and instrumental music above all; sometimes we're not well used to believe that things are only said through conceptual language, that of words, for example. And behind the music, that has no words, there is a narrative, a construction, something that is being conveyed. And it is important to pay attention to decode and enjoy that which is being expressed. I think that many times in our country ignorance has created the deeper ignorance and the big unawareness of our musics has created a huge fragmenting. And when you start to pay attention, to know other things, you realize that everything is part of a world of sounds. And this world of sounds is very complex. Extremely complex, as the universe. And Rumi used to say, what surrounds you is so old and so young your understanding, that you better listen, listen, be quiet and leave. So, I believe that you have to savor music. There is an ear, which is not the physical ear, that is not the eardrum. There is an internal ear, that is almost like savoring food... Well, sound can also be tasted from that same place. And when you taste it, you begin to perceive a lot of things that are very hard to translate into conceptual language. And, of course, it is much better to play than to speak. So this is why I came, and I want to thank you for inviting me here to think, to ponder, to build, and to feel safe for a while. (Applause) (Music) (Music Ends) (Applause) Thank you very much. Dear Santa I'm writing you a letter I'm sure you've got it all figured out Things haven't been easy between me and you I guess that there are things that you can't undo Maybe I was naughty once but now I'm nice Boy you made the list You know I checked it twice Well guess what You're still on it! Hahaha! And I feel it in my bones And I feel it in my bones (Ho ho ho...) Nights have been restless, pillows and sheets Bet you got it all figured out I sweat like a snowman out in the sun Dreaming that there ain't nowhere to run to, baby Nowhere to hide Hey, Kringle! You mean to say when you were young, you never got wild? Kid, don't you get it? I'm gonna make an example out of you for every mother's child And I feel it in my bones (I'm coming for you) And I feel it in my bones Silver bells and reigns Tinsel, holly What happened to the rose red cheeks Chimney, big bag presents and all Fat and jolly Tinsel holly And I feel it in my bones And I feel it in my bones And I feel it in my bones And I feel it in my bones I don't know how it started, this endless story with you about how you became my woman, the love of my life... When it comes to you, I need passion and a pinch of madness! It takes some thought, so I use my fantasy... Remember the time I sang to you? It gave you shivers immediately! I'll tell you something, in case you don't know: For me, the feeling's still the same... When it comes to you, I need passion It should never be missing! It takes some skill because I put my heart into it, you know! Singing about love is never enough I'd need something more than that to tell you once more, to tell you that... there's nothing more beautiful... nothing more beautiful than you! Unique as you are, you make it so deeply wonderful... Thank you for existing! How is it that over the years the eternal desire for you doesn't fade? What is that mystery that you are to this day that I still carry within me? It must be those moments I have, those moments that you give me These might be just words, but I... I put my whole voice into it, you know! Singing about love is never enough I'd need something more than that to tell you once more, to tell you that... there's nothing more beautiful... nothing more beautiful than you! Unique as you are, you make it so deeply wonderful... Thank you for existing! There's nothing more beautiful... Nothing more beautiful than you! Unique as you are you make it so deeply wonderful... Thank you for existing! Thank you for existing! There's nothing more beautiful... than you Thank you for existing! Remember those walls I built Well, baby they're tumbling down And they didn't even put up a fight They didn't even make up a sound I found a way to let you in But I never really had a doubt Standing in the light of your halo I got my angel now It's like I've been awakened Every rule I had you breakin' It's the risk that I'm takin' I ain't never gonna shut you out Everywhere I'm looking now I'm surrounded by your embrace Baby I can see your halo You know you're my saving grace You're everything I need and more It's written all over your face Baby I can feel your halo Pray it won't fade away I can feel your halo halo halo I can see your halo halo halo I can feel your halo halo halo I can feel your halo halo halo Hit me like a ray of sun Burning through my darkest night You're the only one that I want Think I'm addicted to your light I swore I'd never fall again But this don't even feel like falling Gravity can't forget To pull me back to the ground again Feels like I've been awakened Every rule I had you breakin' The risk that I'm takin' I'm never gonna shut you out Everywhere I'm looking now I'm surrounded by your embrace Baby I can see your halo You know you're my saving grace I can feel your halo halo halo I can feel your halo halo halo I can feel your halo halo halo I can feel your halo halo halo I can feel your halo halo halo I can feel your halo halo halo I can feel your halo halo halo I can feel your halo halo halo Halo, halo Everywhere I'm looking now I'm surrounded by your embrace Baby I can see your halo You know you're my saving grace I can feel your halo halo halo I can feel your halo halo halo I can feel your halo halo halo I can feel your halo halo halo Halo, halo Halo, halo What a jackass I hate it that you two aren't getting along. I'd get you together to talk it out, but you are so stubborn I'd never be able to do it on my own. Well, there's one way JD, I don't want to hear about floating head doctor Elliot, save it. He's gone Fine, I'll apologize to Elliot. I just don't know how you are going to get her to talk to me. Don't you worry about that Body, gather Hey! Put me down! I'm talking to a patient here! What are you doing?! Oh! You know, she is dead Stupid body Oh, you want some of this? Too slow! Aw, a little late! Oh, nice try. JD, don't worry about it. I'll handle it Head fight body again? Those two just can't get along. I don't get it Turk, what are you doing? You can't ride the bike Why not? Because it puts too much pressure on my cervix. Baby, I don't have a damn cervix. And how else am I supposed to exercise? You can do everything that I do You can have yoga, you can listen to classical music, you can gently rub my belly@... You know what. That's it What do you think you are doing? You better not open that. You better not op Okay, but you better not drink it Okay, but you better not enjoy it Did you just bitchslap my beer Are you calling me a bitch Yes!. Yes I am You know, I've been thinking about it. Only you could go through all that stuff you did. And come out ##other side the same, mean-spirited jerk. \ Barbie, please, they are about to show Lindsay's breakfast nook. In fact, in the five years that I've been here. You are the only person who hasn't changed one bit that's not entirely true. Since the arrival of my son, I'd like to think I've become more patient plus, and I can't believe these words are coming out of my mouth. I've learnt that not all of newbie's ideas are completely ridicious Do you love it as much as I do? Well, with me###, you have never been anything but an unsupported bastard and you know it You have it on your chart that he called me a bitch because he wanted more alcohol, right? I don't really have a section for that. Well, put it on the family history. It's part of ours now. Look, all you have is a little round ligament pain. It's very common. I'll meet you outside. Baby, I'm sorry You know what? This was actually kinda nice How was this nice? it just feels like ever since I got pregnant everything's changing for me, but nothing is changing for you. So, yes, you can drink And sometimes when I'm reading my pregnancy book, maybe you can ask me about it? And occasionally, on a Friday night, when I'm too tired to go out, maybe you can stay in and get fat with me. I can get fat? The bigger you get, the tinier I'll look Come on, please How's Mrs. Goldstein doing? Fine Okay, look at, how about we act like adults here and lay our card on the table## You know that you are not exactly my favorite person in this dump and I say that knowing full well that you feel the same about me I started I hate Cox chatroom. Hasn't@ really worked out the way I'd planned, it's me, two interns, 14000 lesbians How about we just agree that we're never going to be that close? @ We could. Except for one thing. I know that we have our issues, but I've always respected you you haven't given me more than an ounce of that since I started here. I didn't go in that bathroom to take a leak I went in there because I was petrified that I was gonna make the wrong decision about Mrs. Goldstein I didn't want anybody* to know because it's just over important to me that people see me the way it used to Bulletproof. And hopefully, admitting this to you will make you feel respected. It does. Thanks You're welcome. It's understandable why I have been feeling so much déjà vu. After five years at this place, it's hard not to feel like you are repeating the same moments week after week Hey, I gotta run. They are doing a breast reduction on three, and I want to stop it. You know what I'm talking about. Son, Do you not realize that you are nothing but a large pair of scrubs to me I guess all you can do is try to notice the subtle differences within those moments Whether it's Turk responce to the baby stuff Carla makes him do Friday we have to meet with the baby-proofer at the apartment. Can't wait or not bothering Elliot as much when Dr. Cox gives her a hard time. Barbie, why did you order this test? For the love of God, are you a real doctor or a doctor like Julius Erving is a doctor? Of course, sometimes things are gonna repeat themselves in the exact same way What the hell It's a riddle. Two guys destroyed your bike with a softball bat and a crowbar. One of them wasn't me. That's what happened to my old bike Good day fellas. See you tomorrow. Troy! This one is over Test line. It is okay, don't you worry. I wonder if this will work like I hope. And here is a super long sentence just to see how it handles long sentences. Good afternoon, Theo. We are in Moscow in User Experience conference, and could you tell us the key principles of the new web design rules which you developed. Well, the interesting thing is that the web design rules are not new, they are design rules that have been around for a very long time that still apply, very importantly, to the web. There are many, many rules. They have been written about for the last 40 years. In my book, when I talk about them, there are three major groups: There's number 1, which is putting the user in control. Number 2 is making the user not have to think and not to rely on their memory. And, number 3 is being consistent in the design. Those are the major groupings and there are a number of rules under each one. So there are many, many rules that can be followed. Could you provide some insights into these basic categories. Well, the first major category is placing the user in control. Basically, that's understanding what the user wants to do, how they want to do it, where they want to go, where they want to end up. And then, designing navigation and workflow that lets them be in control and lets them get to where they want to go to. The second major category is reducing the user's memory load. With my background in cognitive psychology - is understanding people - we don't have a very good memory. People should not have to remember things from one page to another and they shouldn't have to retype things. And also, just helping them go through the workflow and not to have to work hard. There's a famous book that is written by someone in our field, called Steve Krug. It's called "Don't Make Me Think." So, the user should not have to work hard to use the software or the web. And, the final group is called making things consistent. And, there are a number of techniques for making websites consistent in the look and feel, the way it works - things look like they work and work like they look. So, links should be links and should take you somewhere and buttons should be actions and they should do something. And, be consistent in how you do things like that. There's a chart I saw recently that I can't get out of my head. A Harvard business professor and economist asked more than 5,000 Americans how they thought wealth was distributed in the United States. This is what they said they thought it was. Dividing the country into five rough groups of the top, bottom and middle three 20% groups, they asked people how they thought the wealth in this country was divided. Then he asked them what they thought was the ideal distribution. And 92%, that's at least 9 out of 10 of them, said it should be more like this. In other words, more equitable than they think it is. Now that fact is telling, admittedly, the notion that most Americans know that the system is already skewed unfairly. But, what's most interesting to me, is the reality compared to our perception. The ideal is as far removed from our perception of reality as the actual distribution is from what we think exists in this country. So, ignore the ideal for a moment. Here's what we think it is again, and here is the actual distribution, shockingly skewed. Not only do the bottom 20% and the next 20%, the bottom 40% of Americans barely have any of the wealth. I mean, it's hard to even see them on the chart, but the top 1% has more of the country's wealth than 9 out of 10 Americans believe the entire top 20% should have. Mind-blowing. But, let's look at it another way, because I find this chart kind of difficult to wrap my head around. Instead, let's reduce the 311,000,000 Americans to just a representative 100 people. Make it simple. Here they are. Teachers, coaches, firefighters, construction workers, engineers, doctors, lawyers, some investment bankers, a CEO, maybe a celebrity or two. Now let's line them up according to their wealth. Poorest people on the left, wealthiest on the right. Just a steady row of folks based on their net worth. We'll color-code them, like we did before, based on which 20% quintile they fall into. Now, let's reduce the total wealth of the United States, which was roughly $54 trillion in 2009, to this symbolic pile of cash, and let's distribute it among our 100 Americans. Well, here's socialism, all the wealth of the country distributed equally. We all know that won't work. We need to encourage people to work, and work hard, to achieve that good old American dream and keep our country moving forward. So, here's that ideal we asked everyone about. Something like this curve. This isn't too bad. We've got some incentive as the wealthiest folks are now about 10 to 20 times better off than the poorest Americans. But, hey, even the poor folks aren't actually poor, since the poverty line has stayed almost entirely off the chart. We have a super healthy middle class, with a smooth transition into wealth. And, yes, Republicans and Democrats alike, chose this curve. 9 out of 10 people, 92 %, said this was a nice, ideal distribution of America's wealth. But let's move on. This is what people think America's wealth distribution actually looks like. Not as equitable, clearly, but for me, even this still looks pretty great. Yes, the poorest 20 to 30% are starting to suffer quite a lot compared to the ideal, and the middle class is certainly struggling more than they were, while the rich and wealthy are making roughly 100 times that of the poorest Americans, and about 10 times that of the still healthy middle class. Sadly, this isn't even close to the reality. Here is the actual distribution of wealth in America. The poorest Americans don't even register, they're down to pocket change. And the middle class is barely distinguishable from the poor. In fact, even the rich between the top 10 and 20 percentile, are worse off. Only the top 10% are better off, and how much better off? So much better off that the top 2 to 5% are actually off the chart at this scale. And the top 1%? This guy? Well his stack of money stretches ten times higher than we can show. Here's his stack of cash, re-stacked, all by itself. This is the top 1% we've been hearing so much about. So much green in his pockets, that I have to give him a whole new column of his own, because he won't fit on my chart. 1% of America has 40% of all the nation's wealth. The bottom 80%? 8 out of every 10 people, or 80 out these 100, only has 7% between them. And this has only gotten worse in the last 20 to 30 years. While the richest 1% take home almost a quarter of the national income today, in 1976, they took home only 9%, meaning their share of income has nearly tripled in the last 30 years. The top 1% own half the country's stocks, bonds and mutual funds. The bottom 50% of Americans own only half a percent of these investments. Which means, they aren't investing. They're just scraping by. I'm sure many of these wealthy people have worked very hard for their money, but do you really believe that the CEO is working 380 times harder than his average employee? Not his lowest paid employee, not the janitor, but the average earner in his company. The average worker needs to work more than a month to earn what the CEO makes in one hour. We certainly don't have to go all the way to socialism to find something that is fair for hardworking Americans. We don't even have to achieve what most of us consider might be ideal. All we need to do is wake up and realize that the reality in this country, is not at all what we think it is. For this final week, we want to look at: Our first focus will be here on confessional Lutherans as ecumenical bridge builders. I hope by now you've figured out that Lutherans aren't protestants. We weren't radical enough nor are we obviously Catholics. But, what are we Lutherans? That was really the first question which the first Lutherans were answering. The whole Augsburg confession was written so that we could answer, "what does it mean to be gospel people, evangelicals?" In many ways, I hope that you've discovered that Lutherans are really kind of in between protestants and Catholics. Those reformers who didn't go as I said, far enough, or the Roman Catholics who Luther said had distorted that word. As a result, Lutherans are really in an enviable position to be ecumenical bridge builders. Kind of between both sides. And how we do that, and I hope you've again picked that up in these last weeks, is our biblical approach. We have a scriptural approach which seeks to discover God's word, in its truth and purity. It's really God's word that serves as that bridge that builds. It's not philosophy or sociology. It's not tradition or even legislation that can bring about a true unity in Christianity. Rather it's that age old reformation emphasis upon the three solas: grace alone, faith alone, scripture alone. Unfortunately, some Lutherans have taken the stand that they can be abridged by becoming an umbrella denomination, covering a multitude of positions, but an umbrella doesn't serve the same function or purpose as a bridge. An umbrella which is frail or full of holes, doesn't even serve its essential purpose. Conservative or confessional Lutheran denominations who are committed to the Lutheran confessions, are really the only way we can truly serve Christ's church. We can connect to all denominations and drive them and help them to see, again, that biblical revelation, that emphasis on Jesus Christ whom that revelation discloses. It's that person, Jesus Christ that is the bridge, and the bible conveys that and so as Lutheran Christians, as bible confessional believing Christians, we have probably the best bridge for the ecumenical movement. Hello Westboro Baptist Church Allow us to introduce ourselves We are Anyonamous. As you may not have acknowledged our existence, we, on the other hand, have recognized yours. We have seen your depraved methods of disseminating your message of hate throughout the United States of America. We have witnessed you defaming the memories of those who sacrificed themselves for the security of our nation, disrupting the peace of the educational environment within high schools and universities, breeding hatred within the fragile minds of your own next of kin, desecrating the name of God by protesting in the proximity of churches and synagogues, and mangling the biblical text to conform in accordance with your malevolent cause. Your pseudo-faith is abhorrent, and your leaders repugnant. Your impact and cause is hazardous to the lives of millions and you fail to see the wrong in promoting the deaths of innocent people. You are self-appointed servants of God who rewrite the words of his sacred scripture to adhere to your prejudice. Your hatred supersedes your faith, and you use faith to promote your hatred. Since your one dimensional thought protocol will conform not to any modern logic, we will not debate, argue, or attempt to reason with you. Instead, we have unanimously deemed your organization to be harmful to the population of the United Sates of America And have therefore decided to execute an agenda of action which will progressively dismantle your institution of deceitful pretext and extreme bias, and cease when your zealotry runs dry. We recognize you as serious opponents and do not expect our campaign to terminate in a short period of time. is our weapon, and we will waste no time, money, effort, and enjoyment in tearing your resolve into pieces. As with exposing the incongruity of your distorted faith, Anonymous possesses a plethora of information within our network about the many divisions of Christianity and numerous other religious doctorines. Many of us are versed in the biblical text, and we can identify each and every of your violations of scripture. You abuse the holy bible which you do not fully comprehend and know not of the thousands of authors to impose upon other people when you can simply coalesce with your loved ones and live in the matter you deem plausible. You engage in reciprocal fornication with another man and preach adultery as a sin. You, Shirley Lynn Phelps-Roper violated Deuteronomy 5:18. As a result, your son Joshua is the living, breathing proof of your act of simple loneliness. Simply put, it takes not a genius to realize an arrogant woman's loose moral string, and its predilection to progressively wither and fray. From the time you have received this message, our attack protocol has past been executed and your downfall is underway. Do not attempt to delude yourselves into thinking you can escape our reach, for we are everywhere, and all-seeing, in the same sense as God. We are a body of individuals who fight for a purpose higher than self, and seek to bring the malevolent intent of the malefactors to light. We will not allow you to corrupt the minds of America with your seeds of hatred. We will not allow you to inspire aggression to the social factions which you deem inferior. We will render you obsolete. We will destroy you. We are coming. Everyone is equal. We are Anonymous. We are Legion. We do not Forgive. We do not Forget. Expect us. (man singing) (two Indian ladies performing a Rajasthani dance-a cultural dance from Rajasthan India) (music and dance steps originated from Rajasthan-the largest state of the Republic of India) (music continue playing) She has this chair. He loves that chair. Oh she loves that chair It's a Stickley It was my dad's It was her mom's And um, he wanted a matching piece One piece? I said So we go to the showroom She went nuts He went crazy With all the different styles So I pointed out And I pointed out Great value, how affordable So anyway, we ended up with More than one piece Like I said But does he, she listen? I thought it was your mom's chair You know it was my dad's chair Given all the data that we've explored in the last video and that we have over here, the very high debt to GDP burden that Greece has and the very weak economy, it's already in a deep recession. It's especially apparent when you look at its unemployment rate. This is the period October 2010 to March 2012, unemployment rate was already high in 2010 and it's just been going through the roof, it's already in the low 20% which is a huge number and even that is understating how bad things are on the ground in Greece because the unemployment is disproportionately affecting the young so if you looked at the unemployment rate for people in their 20's it would be much much much higher than even this already unbelievably high unemployment rate. And we've already explored that the bond markets are expressing that, by asing for higher and higher interest rates from Greece - these are the long term interest rates in Greece. And so the possible outcomes that we're talking about here -- So this is Greece - --the possible outcomes for Greece-- The only way that they are able to stay in the Eurozone is if someone essentially writes them a huge check, that takes care of a good bit of their debt. So one option is that they get bailed out. They get bailed out by the rest of Europe. And Germany is a major actor here, because they are the largest economy of Europe. But with the bailout, people are saying: "Hey, look, if we are going to write you a big check, you've got to cut some of your excesses, you've got to cut some of your mismanagement." So the bailout packages are all tied to some form of austerity. Now, we've already talked about why austerity is definitely not politically popular in Greece but why it's also - it might just be a scary thing to do. Because you already have an ultra weak economy, you already have the unemployment rate going through the roof, what happens if you get even more austere from where you are now, if you do a drastic cut to government spending from where you are now, this could go to who knows where, to a large degree this rise of unemployment is due to the last few rounds of bailouts and austerity and so that's why the Greek people are getting very suspect of this austerity. But if that doesn't happen, and we've talked about this in the last video, if that doesn't happen, the only viable option for Greece is to go off the Euro. So, leave the Eurozone. The Eurozone is the subset of European union countries that use the Euro as their currency. And we've already talked about this, it would not be a painless process. They would leave the Eurozone, the new currency would be the new Greek drachma and with this it would be probably hugely devalued relative to the Euro so you would have savings wiped out, maybe not fully wiped out, but savings devalued for Greek savers, and they know that already, that's why, because this outcome is looking more and more likely, there is essentially a run on banks in Greece right now. People are going, withdrawing their Euros, so they can stuff them in their mattresses, so they won't be converted in devalued drachmas. But this is having the effect of really weak [..?..] potentially breaking down the banking system. So you could have bank failures. And the whole strategy of leaving the Eurozone, leaving the Euro and going to the drachma, would be to inflate away your liabilities, would be literally to inflate away your debt obligations and your entitlement obligations, but that inflation, and this has definitively happened in the past with countries in this situation, could very easily turn to hyper inflation. And so whether you look at austerity in this reality, where you get bailed out, or you look at this reality over here, in either situation, in the medium term, the economy can really fall apart, it's really not clear how, outside of maybe extra generous bailout, how that can be avoided. And so in that situation, the economy falls apart. And when economy falls apart, in a big way, and you have major unemployment, it is a scary thing, it can lead to social unrest. And I'm not talking about 8%, 9% or 10% of uneployment rate like we have in US, we are talking about 20%, 30%, 40% unemployment rate, even higher in the folks that are likely to be unrestful socially, which is the young people, so this could lead to social unrest, and even radicalization, when people start worrying about whether they get food on the table and they don't have a job, they might start supporting people who have more radical views. So just that by itself, is very, very scary proposition. The history of Europe tells us that even if relatively small countries in Europe fall apart in this way, it could have repercussions in the rest of Europe. This is how the World War I and World War II got started. Just that reason alone is reason enough for people to think very seriously about bailing Greece out. And it doesn't come without moral consequences, the counter-argument is - if we bailed them out doesn't this reward mismanagement and overspending? And even a little bit of shady accounting on their national economic statistics. So, there's a very good reason, if you are a German tax payer, then you are very suspicious of these bailouts. Why we are keep running the cheques to the Greeks if they are not willing to take some pain? Now the Greek side of it, they say "Look, we've already taken amount of pain, we are already kind of on the brink, possibly across the brink, if you force even more pain on us, then we are going to be in really, our society is at the risk of falling apart. So, we are in a desperate situation. This is not a time to kind of force a moral point on us." So that by itself is a reason why people are worried but then there is even a bigger reason that Greece might not be the only, it's only the first, maybe the worst, of the situations but if Greece falls apart, and especially if the Eurozone - or, I should say, the European Union or Europe - is not able to bail out Greece that's an implicit signal to the rest of world that Europe is not able to essentially bail out its countries. So, you see on this chart right over here, Greece is not alone, it is definitely the worst, but right behind it, you have Portugal. And its debt, you have long-term debt with interest rates looks like around the 12 or 13% range. Portugal has a 93% debt to GDP ratio and already has very high unemployment rate. If Greece is allowed to leave Eurozone and does not get bailed out, investors are going to start wondering "Well, hey, maybe Portugal is not going to get bailed out". This going to make people expect more interest from Portugal in order to lend them money, and they need money in order to continue operating in the way they are operating, but every increase in a percentage point, right over here, is going to really eat into Portuguese GDP and kind of force them down its debt spiral. Their debt as percentage of their GDP is almost 100% if they have to pay an extra one percent on that, that 1% is going to eat into their GDP and it is going to force Portugal, the economy to slow down even more and make it even more and more onerous and they would just kind of go in the same direction as Greece. And once again, Portugal is not alone, Italy has a very high debt to GDP, Ireland - very high debt to GDP ratio, Spain has a very high unemployment rate. So, the fear here - and I guess there are two major fears - one is that Greece by itself can become a point of instability in Europe, but the second fear, if this thing isn't solved, that this could cause a kind of contagion or a chain reaction through Europe, that people start getting freaked out, they start wanting to not lend to these countries, that becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy, they might also have to leave the Eurozone. At the top of your screen you're going to see access to a navigation panel. This is right next to the logout button. The navigation panel shows me how many new notifications are in courses. Click the arrow to open it. The user menu on the right contains links to quickly get to any of my courses, as well as a home and help menu at the bottom. The settings link allows me to change things like text size and personal information. The My Blackboard menu on the left shows me updates and new communications that have been posted. Let's take a look at the posts icon. The post icon displays to me the latest posts in all my courses of discussion boards, wikis, blogs, and journals. I can reply directly to a post by simply clicking the reply link. The updates icon lists all notifications for every course you are enrolled in. They can viewed all at once or by course. The my grades icon which is visible only to students shows the status of gradable items from all courses in one location. The most recently graded item is on top, but can be sorted by date or by course. Find the least common multiple of 15x, 20, and x squared plus 5x. So when you're trying to find the least common multiple of a bunch of numbers you wanna break them down into their smallest constiguent parts. And if you're dealing with regular numbers, those smallest constiguent parts are the prime factorization numbers. And if you're dealing with things that have variable expressions you just wanna factor them into their simplest possible components. You can't really call those prime factorizations. So let's try to do it. And once you do that, the least common multiple just needs to be the smallest number that can be factored into those constiguents and those constiguents in them. So let's factor each of them. So if I factor 15x, this is the same things as 15 times x and 15 is three times five. Both three and five are prime. So we can factor this as 3 times 5 times x. That's the, well, for the coefficient we've done the prime factorization. And then x, that's as much as we can factor we don't know if x is prime or not. It's a variable. Let's do the same thing for 20. So 20 here can be factored into 2 and 10. And 10 can be factored into 2 and 5. So 20 is equal to 2 times 2 times 5. And that's just a straight factorisation Now let's do x square plus 5x x squared plus 5x, we can factor out and x, both of these terms are divisible by x so this is equal to x times x plus 5 Right, if you divide... if you factor out an x here you just get an x, if you factor out a x out of 5x, you just get a 5. And so the least common multiple, so let me write it down, the least common multiple has to have the smallest number that has all of these components at least, so it has all of these factors in it. So let's just start with the smallest numbers and then we'll get to the variables. So it has to have at least to 2s, because we have two 2s here, we don't have any of them here, we have to have at least two 2s. So we have two, let me do one of those pink 2s, so it has to have at least two 2s, two times two, two times two. If it's going to be divisible by 20, it's also gonna need a 5, but we'll get to that in a second. So we have to have at least two 2s, and then it needs to have at least one three, it needs at least one three, if it has any chance of being divisible by 15x. So it has to have at least one 3, none of these guys, so at least one 3, and then 5 if it has any chance of being divisible by 15x, it has to have at least one 5, if it has any chance of being divisible by 20, it has to have at least one 5, so it has to have at least one 5. This one 5 right over here, will help make it sure that it is divisible both by 15x and 20, although we haven't put all of the factors there. Although this is already divisible by 20, because we have the 2 times 2 times 5 here This isn't quite divisible by 15x yet, because we don't have an x here. It is divisible already by 15, because we already have the 3 times 5. And then you get to the x. This right over here has one x value, so in order to be divisible by 15x, it has to have at least one x here And so this is already divisible by 15x, you have 15x right over here 3 times 5 times x It's already divisible by 20 you have 2 times 2 times 5, that is 20. Is it divisible by x square + 5x? Well it does have this x here, but it still doesn't have an x plus 5 in it. It still doesn't have and x plus 5, so let me do that in orange. So this, the least common multiple also needs, an x plus 5 over here. And so this is the least common multiple. If you wanna multiply it out, to may be simplify it a little bit, 2 times 2 is 4, 4 times 3 is 12, 12 times 5 is 60, 60 times x is 60x, so this is 60x 60x times x plus 5. And if we want we can multiply it out. 60x times x plus 5 is 60x squared plus, 60 times 5 is 300, 300x And there you go, the least common multiple. Nothing, no matter how I look at it. There's plenty of numbers, sure. But 8-5, 10-5... I have no clue what they mean. You consulted with specialists? Same answer. Too little to go on. I'll never get anywhere like this. What if the answer isn't here? The men are assembled. What are you orders? Do we attack more nobles tomorrow? We are mobilizing the entire capital police force against the guild. Understood? Sir! Move out! Lady Bong, Your Grace. What is it? Conductor Hwang from the Office of Royal Musicians. Shall I tell him to come back? No, send him in. Your Grace. Hello. This..? Sulhi asked that I deliver this to you. She thought you might find it amusing. Your Grace, is something wrong? Yungdal said you haven't been yourself lately. Your Grace, what is it? Is there anything I can do to help? Father, Dongju... what should I do? I'm losing confidence. I'm not sure I'll ever find the secret of these gestures. Or your murderers. Notes... notes... 8-5, 10-5... Is that--? - Your Grace. - Your Grace. I've got it. It's notes. The 12-note musical scale. What do you mean? This. The Southerners hold The Six Classics sacred. Particularly the Book of Music. They take music very seriously. You think the secret lies in the 12-note musical scale? Exactly. The 8th note is written as... 'Oak.' The 5th... 'Purity.' The 10th... 'South.' And the 5th, 'Purity' again. Separately, they're gibberish. But rearrange the 8th and the 10th, break 'Purity' into 'Pure' and 'Tea'... 'Oak-Tea-South-Pure.' Oak Tea South Pure? 'Pure' is a euphemism for an official. 'South-pure' means a Southerner. - And 'Oak Tea'-- - Right. You said a Southerner may have been killing his own. 'Oak'... Oh... 'Oak Tea' is a pseudonym for Oh Taesuk. That's what Jang Ikhun was trying to tell me. He may have been naming Oh Taesuk. Oh Taesuk [TV playing in background] [toilet flushing in background] [child whining] Man: Who's ugly? [coughing] [speaking unintelligibly] [coughing and speaking unintelligibly] Boy: (cough) No. No Daddy. Boy: (crying) NO! NO! No, no no! (whimpering) (coughing) (crying) Done! Done! Done! Done! All across the immense reaches of time and space, energy is being exchanged, transferred, released, in a great cosmic pinball game we call our universe. How does energy stitch the cosmos together, and how do we fit within it? We now climb the power scales of the universe, from atoms, nearly frozen to stillness, to Earth's largest explosions. From stars, colliding, exploding, to distant realms so strange and violent they challenge our imaginations. Where will we find the most powerful objects in the universe? Today, energy is very much on our minds as we search for ways to power our civilization and serve the needs of our citizens. But what is energy? Where does it come from? And where do we stand within the great power streams that shape time and space? Energy comes from a Greek word for activity or working. In physics, it's simply the property or the state of anything in our universe that allows it to do work. Whether it's thermal, kinetic, electro-magnetic, chemical, or gravitational. The 19th century German scientist Hermann von Helmholtz found that all forms of energy are equivalent, that one form can be transformed into any other. The laws of physics say that in a closed system - such as our universe - energy is conserved. It may be converted, concentrated, or dissipated, but it's never lost. James Prescott Joule built an apparatus that demonstrated this principle. It had a weight that descended into water and caused a paddle to rotate. He showed that the gravitational energy lost by the weight is equivalent to heat gained by the water from friction with the paddle. That led to one of several basic energy yardsticks, called a joule. It's the amount needed to lift an apple weighing 100 grams one meter against the pull of Earth's gravity. In case you were wondering, it takes about one hundred joules to send a tweet, so tweeted a tech from Twitter. The metabolism of an average sized person, going about their day, generates about 100 joules a second, or 100 watts, the equivalent of a 100-watt light bulb. In vigorous exercise, the power output of the body goes up by a factor of ten, one order of magnitude, to around a thousand joules per second, or a thousand watts. In a series of leaps, by additional factors of ten, we can explore the full energy spectrum of the universe. So far, the coldest place observed in nature is the Boomerang Nebula. Here, a dying star ejected its outer layers into space at 600,000 kilometers per hour. As the expanding clouds of gas became more diffuse, they cooled so dramatically that their molecules fell to just one degree above Absolute Zero, one degree above the total absence of heat. That's around a billion trillionths of a joule, give or take. That makes the signal sent by the Galileo spacecraft, as it flew around Jupiter, seem positively hot. By the time it reached Earth, its radio signal was down to 10 billion billionths of a watt. Now jump all the way to 150 billionths of a watt. That's the amount of power entering the human eye from a pair of 50-watt car headlamps a kilometer away. Moving up a full seven powers of ten, moonlight striking a human face adds up to three hundred thousandths of a watt. That's roughly equivalent to a cricket's chirp. From there, it's a mere five powers of ten to the low wattage world of everyday human technologies. Put ten 100-watt bulbs together. At 1000 joules per second, 1000 watts, that roughly equals the energy of sunlight striking a square meter of Earth's surface at noon on a clear day. Gather 200 bulbs, 20,000 watts is the energy output of an automobile. A diesel locomotive: 5 million watts. An advanced jet fighter: 75 million watts. An aircraft carrier, almost two hundred million watts. The most powerful human technologies today function in the range of a billion to 10 billion watts, including large hydro-electric or nuclear power plants. At the upper end of human technologies, was the awesome first stage of a Saturn V rocket. In five separate engines, it consumed 15 tons of fuel per second to generate 190 billion watts of power. How much power can humanity marshal? And how much do we need? Long before the launch of the space age, visionaries began to imagine what it would take to advance into the community of galactic civilizations. In the 1960s, the Soviet scientist, Nicolai Kardashev, speculated that a Level 1 civilization would acquire the technology needed to harness all the power available on a planet like Earth. According to one calculation, we are .16% of the way there. This is based on British Petroleum's estimate of total world oil consumption, some 11 billion tons in 2007. Humans today generate about two and a half trillion watts of electrical power. How does that stack up to the power generated by planet Earth? Deep inside our planet, the radioactive decay of elements such as uranium and thorium generates 44 trillion watts of power. As this heat rises to the surface, it drives the movement of Earth's crustal plates and powers volcanoes. Remarkably, that's just a fraction of the energy released by a large hurricane in the form of rain. At the storm's peak, it can rise to 600 trillion watts. A hurricane draws upon solar heat collected in tropical oceans in the summer. You have to jump another power of ten to reach the estimated total heat flowing through Earth's atmosphere and oceans from the equator to the poles... And another two to get the power received by the Earth from the sun at 174 quadrillion watts. Believe it or not, there's one human technology that has exceeded this level. The AN602 hydrogen bomb was detonated by the Soviet Union on October 30, 1961. It unleashed some 1400 times the combined power of the Nagasaki and Hiroshima bombs. With a blast yield of up to 57,000,000 tons of TNT, it generated 5.3 trillion trillion watts, if only for a tiny fraction of a second. That's 5.3 Yotta-watts, a term that will come in handy as we now begin to ascend the power scales of the universe. To Nikolai Kardashev, a Level 2 civilization would achieve a constant energy output 80 times higher than the Russian superbomb. That's equivalent to the total luminosity of our sun, a medium-sized star that emits 375 yotta-watts. However, in the grand scheme of things, our sun is but a cold spark in a hot universe. Look up into Southern skies and you'll see the Large Magellanic Cloud, a satellite galaxy of our Milky Way. Deep within is the brightest star yet discovered. R136a1 is 10 million times brighter than the sun. Now if that star happened to go supernova, at its peak, it would blast out photons with a luminosity of around 500 billion yottawatts. To advance to a level three civilization, you have to marshal the power of an entire galaxy. The Milky Way, with about two hundred billion stars, has an estimated total luminosity of 3 trillion yotta-watts, a three followed by 36 zeros. The author Isaac Asimov imagined a galaxy-scale civilization in his Foundation series. Galaxia, he called it, is a super-organism that surpasses time and space to draw upon all the matter and energy in a galaxy. But who's to say that's the upper limit for civilizations? To boldly go beyond Level 3, a civilization would need to marshal the power of a quasar. A quasar is about a thousand times brighter than our galaxy. Here is where cosmic power production enters a whole new realm, based on the physics of extreme gravity. It was Isaac Newton who first defined gravity, as the force that pulls the apple down and holds the earth in orbit around the sun. Albert Einstein re-defined it in his famous General Theory of Relativity. Gravity isn't simply the attraction of objects like stars and planets, he said, but a distortion of space and time, what he called space-time. If space-time is like a fabric, he said, gravity is the warping of this fabric by a massive object like a star. A planet orbits a star when it's caught in this warped space like a ball spinning around a roulette wheel. Some scientists began to wonder: if matter became dense enough, could it warp space to such an extreme that nothing could escape its gravity, not even light? With so much power being emitted from such a small area, scientists suspected that quasars were actually being powered by black holes. How a totally dark object can do this has been narrowed by decades of observations and theory. If a black hole spins, it can turn into a violent, cosmic tornado. Gas and stars begin to flow in along a rapidly rotating disk. The spinning motion of this so-called "accretion disk" generates magnetic fields that twist up and around. These fields can channel some of the inflowing matter out into a pair of high-energy beams, or jets. Gas and dust nearby catch the brunt of this energy, growing hot and bright enough to be seen billions of light years away. Amazingly, the power of a black hole can rise to even greater extremes at the moment of its birth. As a giant star ages, heavy elements like iron gradually build up in its core. As its gravity grows more intense, the star begins to shrink, until it reaches a critical threshold. Its core literally collapses in on itself. That causes the star to explode in a supernova. And now, in death, the star can unleash gravity's true fury. In the violence of the star's death, gravity can cause its massive core to collapse to a point, forming a black hole. In some rare cases, the new-born monster powers a jet that accelerates to within a tiny fraction of the speed of light. For a few minutes, these so-called "gamma ray bursts" are known to be the brightest events since the big bang... Three orders of magnitude above a quasar, at a billion billion yotta-watts, a ten with 42 zeros. Remarkably, they are still not the most powerful events known. Albert Einstein's equations contained an astonishing prediction: that when massive bodies accelerate or whip around each other, they can stir up the normally smooth fabric of space-time. They produce a series of waves that move outward like ripples on a pond. Scientists are now hoping to detect these gravitational waves, and verify Einstein's prediction... using precision lasers and some of the most perfect large-scale vacuums ever created. At the Laser Interferometry Gravitational Wave Observatory, known as LlGO, they are hoping to record... The collision of ultra-dense remnants of dead stars known as neutron stars and of black holes. According to computer simulations, as two black holes spiral into a fateful embrace, the energy carried by each gravity wave rises five orders of magnitude above a gamma ray burst, to a hundred billion trillion times the power of our sun. Does the collision of black holes define the known power limits of our universe? Perhaps not. As turbulent as the environment of a black hole might be, its true power may well lie deep in its core. A black hole's mass is enshrouded within a dark sphere called the event horizon. Since the 1920s, scientists have described the mathematics of the event horizon as the equivalent of a waterfall. It's the point of no return, beyond which water falls freely into the gorge. At the event horizon of a black hole, space itself falls freely in at the speed of light. If the black hole is spinning, then the flow spirals down and around an inner horizon that envelops the singularity. That's the central region where space-time becomes infinitely warped. Any matter that rides this river of space whips around the inner horizon so fast that centrifugal force tends to fling it back out. As that happens, it collides with matter that's streaming in, whipping up a ferocious cosmic storm. The energy of the colliding streams feeds upon itself, rising to what may well be a limit imposed by nature. It dissipates only as it falls into the singularity and disappears. Fortunately, for us, gravity walls off such energy extremes behind the event horizon, where they cannot affect the rest of the universe. And so here we sit. Our world is nestled within a vast stream of cosmic energy, somewhere between the spin of an electron and the maelstrom of a black hole. There's no telling whether a future Earth civilization will be able harness enough energy to advance into the cosmos. For now, as we tap into the tiny morsels of power at our disposal, we venture a closer look at a universe blazing with activity. We are its product and its star struck admirer. 1 I think the not-for-profit sector is changing really quickly. And I think it's important to understand what's worked in the past and you need to understand that in order to move forward. So I would suggest not doing things the same way they've always been done. I think there's a bit of an old guard in the not-for-profit sector and I would challenge them and start doing things in a new way. Digital media is a fantastic example of how that can happen, but the world is changing really quickly around us and corporations used to be the enemy of non-profits and now they're the partner. So as the landscape shifts, figure out new ways to do things and be bold enough to try them. There's a real aversion to risk in the space and the people who take the risks are the ones that are going to have the big success. Babies cry a lot. They cry for lots of reasons, like when they're hungry, when they're too hot or too cold, when they're in pain, and when they need a diaper change. All that crying can be hard on your sleep-deprived nerves. So, knowing how to comfort your crying baby can help. If your baby isn't hungry and doesn't need a diaper change, try the "5 Ss" ... Swaddling, Swinging, Side or Stomach position, Shushing, and Sucking. Swaddle or wrap your baby in a blanket. Swing your baby gently in your arms while holding him or her in the side or stomach position. Use the shushing sound. And give the baby something to suck. If the 5 Ss don't work, put your baby in the crib for about 5 minutes while you stay close by. Then try them again. Caring for a baby can be trying at times, especially when your baby is crying. If you're feeling overwhelmed, be sure to ask your doctor for help. Netanyahu: Turn off the camera so that we can elaborate on this. Narrator: A few minutes later... the camera is turned on again and Netanyahu begins to speak without quotation marks and without masks Netanyahu: Now we're beginning to understand the meaning of the slogan 'Yesha Zeikan Judea, Samaria, and Azza are here' Netanyahu: Yesha is everywhere, what is the difference. Netanyahu: What does Arafat want? He wants one big settlement [implies Palestinians see all of Israel as a settlement]. Woman: Yes that's what my daughter in law who came from England says [i.e. they, Palestinians, see Tel Aviv as a settlement also]. Netanyahu: Tel Aviv is also a settlement. From their point of view [Palestinians], our territorial waters are also theirs. Netanyahu: The fact is that they want us in the sea. Over there... [gestures] in the distant water. Netanyahu: The Arabs now are preparing for a campaign [or war] of terror, and they think that this will break us. Netanyahu: The main thing is, first and foremost, to hit them hard. Netanyahu: Not just one hit... but many painful, so that the price will be unbearable. Netanyahu: The price is not unbearable, now. Netanyahu: A total assault on the Palestinian Authority. Netanyahu: To bring them to a state of panic that everything is collapsing. Netanyahu: ...fear that everything will collapse... this is what we'll bring them to... Woman interrupts: But wait a minute, at that point the whole world will say 'What are you occupiers?' Netanyahu: The world will say nothing. The world will say that we are defending ourselves. Woman: Aren't you afraid of the world Bibi? Netanyahu: No Netanyahu: Especially now, with America, I know what America is. Netanyahu: America is a thing that can be easily moved. ...moved in the right direction. Netanyahu: They [Americans] will not bother us. Netanyahu: Let's suppose that they [Americans] will say something [to us - Israelis]... so they say it... [so what?] Netanyahu: 80% of the Americans support us. It's absurd! We have such [great] support there! And we say... what shall we do with this [support]? Look, the other administration (that of Clinton) was pro-Palestinian in an extreme way. I was not afraid to manuever there. I did not fear confrontation with Clinton. I was not afraid to clash with the U.N. Netanyahu: As it is, I am paying the price in the international arena... So I might as well receive something of equal value in exchange. Child: But never mind that. We gave them things, and we can't take them back. Because they won't give them back to us. Netanyahu: [Gestures for child to let him speak] First of all, Oslo is a system [or package of things]. You're right, a) I do not know what can and cannot be taken back [from Palestinians] Woman: He has political opinions, believe me. Netanyahu: He's right. Woman: He said such things to Arik Sharon that I told him: that's not - that's not a child's opinion. The Oslo Accords are a disaster. Netanyahu: Yes, I know that and you know that... but the people need to know Woman: Right. But I thought that the prime minister did know, and that he'd do everything so that, somehow, not to do critical things, like handing over Hebron, that... Netanyahu: What were the Oslo Accords? The Oslo Accords, which the Knesset signed, I was asked, before the elections: "Will you act according to them?" and I answered: "Yes, subject to reciprocity and limiting the withdrawals. Netanyahu: But how do you limit the withdrawals? I interpret the accords in such a way that will enable me to stop this rush toward '67 borders [returning to armistice line]. [So...] how do we do it? Narrator: The Oslo Accords stated at the time that Israel would gradually hand over territories to the Palestinians in three different stages, unless the territories in question had settlements or military sites. This is where Netanyahu found a loophole. Netanyahu: No one said what defined military sites. Defined military sites, I said, were security zones. As far as I'm concerned, the Jordan Valley is a defined military site. Woman: Right [laughs]. The Beit She'an settlements. The Beit She'an Valley. Netanyahu: How can you tell. How can you tell? But then the question came up of just who would define what Defined Military Sites were. I received a letter - to me and to Arafat, at the same time... which said that Israel, and only Israel, would be the one to define what those are, the location of those military sites and their size. Now, they did not want to give me that letter, so I did not give the Hebron Agreement. I stopped the government meeting, I said: "I'm not signing." Only when the letter came, in the course of the meeting, to me and to Arafat, only then did I sign the Hebron Agreement. Or rather, ratify it, it had already been signed. Why does this matter? Because at that moment I actually stopped the Oslo Accord. Woman interrupts: And despite that, one of our own people, excuse me, who knew it was a swindle, and that we were going to commit suicide with the Oslo Accord, gives them - for example - Hebron. I never understood that. Netanyahu: Indeed, Hebron hurts. It hurts. It's the thing that hurts. One of the famous rabbis, whom I very much respect, a rabbi of Eretz Yisrael, he said to me: "What would your father say?" I went to my father. Do you know a little about my father's position? Woman: Yes Child: No [laughs] Woman: He'll read in a little while. Netanyahu: He's not exactly a lily-white dove, as they say. So my father heard the question and said: 'Tell the rabbi that your grandfather, Rabbi Natan Milikowski, was a smart Jew.' 'Tell him it would be better to give two percent than to give a hundred percent. And that's the choice here. You gave two percent and in that way you stopped the withdrawal. Instead of a hundred percent.' Netanyahu: The trick is not to be there and break down. The trick is to be there and pay a minimal price. Woman: May you say that as prime minister. Netanyahu: In my estimation that will happen. Hi. I'm here today with Dee, who you know very well as your instructor But we're going to be talking with you today, Dee, in a different role, in your professional role. You work in the Milwaukee area? I do. I work for a large insurance company in downtown Milwaukee. I'm in the Information Technology department and I manage a team of technology people as well as project managers. Ok. So then, you're involved in a professional basis also with project managers. I am. And I have been for the last 23 years. I spent most of my career at IBM, with IBM global services whose business it was to manage extremely large projects across the country as well as cross continent. So I have many years of project management experience, both small, medium, and large. Okay. So we'll be sharing here then from some of your experience which will be very practical. The first thing that we're wanting to look at Well, in this recording, we're going to be talking about budgeting. Money is always a good topic. When we talk about budgeting, are we talking about money budgeting? Yes we are. There are actually two types of costs that any project manages: tangible, which is usually money, and then intangible, which is more like hours or lost opportunity but primarily when we talk budget, for all practical purposes, companies want you to manage the budget which is the dollars that they're giving you, and that they're expecting you to spend or not spend, and give back Ok. Budget often gets overlooked. Is there a reason for that? Yes it is, and I'll tell you why. Within the context of project management, many project managers come from more of a technical background so they know technology. Even if they're not technology people, they know their line of business, they know their operations, they're very good at the line of work that they do. They have typically not been exposed to financial matters as they have come up through their careers. Certainly at home, they know how to manage a checkbook, or write checks, or whatever But they don't really always understand accounts, general leger, profit, those kinds of terms and so, because of that, they either overlook it altogether, which gets them in a lot of trouble at the end or they don't really know how to manage it carefully enough to make sure that at the end of the day, the project is profitable. So that's the root cause of why we see many people who are up and coming and actually very good project managers, never have had that background or training in the budgeting aspect of it. I'm assuming that it's important that the estimates be accurate You probably don't want them either way over estimate, way over, or way under Are there ways that they can ensure that those estimates are going to be on target? Absolutely. Very good question. In the other units in this class, as well as in your book, and the other videos that I've done, I talk an awful lot about how to get good estimates. And one of the critical success factors about how to get good estimates is to actually go and work with the people and ask the people who are going to be doing the work Say, "How long is this going to take you? Do you need a buffer? What is your best case?" "What is your worst case? What is your average?" So, the best way to get estimates, which then in turn drive the cost, is to ask the people who are going to be doing the work. Because, number one, they're the subject matter experts, who know their stuff, and can really give you an accurate estimate. And equally important, number two: they know that they're going to be tapped to do the work So, it's going to be in their best interest to give you a very accurate answer, because at the end of the day, they're going to be asked to now come and do that work, and meet that budget, and meet that estimate. So that is a critical way that you can make sure that you get good estimates, which therefore will give you very good budget numbers. In the absence, though, of being able to ask the actual people who are doing the work, and we oftentimes found that, especially when we were working with large projects and we hadn't staffed it already So we didn't know who was going to be doing the work, necessarily, the actual person, So what we would then do is go back to a previous project that was very similar. To previous tasks that were very similar. Not just one, not just two, but at least three, if we could Similar previously done projects, and try to do an apples to apples comparison between this task that I'm trying to estimate and budget out, versus what was done in the past, and give ourselves a comfort level, as to what were the ranges of estimates. So, in the absence of actually having the person that's going to be doing it, who's the expert, go back to previously done work that's similar and then take a look at their estimates. And by the way, look and see: were their estimates accurate? Don't just take what they wrote, but go back and see: was that estimate correct? Oh, nope. Was it off by 50%? Then adjust it accordingly. Ok? History is usually the best predictor of future performance. That's a good way to get accuracy. So that way you can kind of tell, if this person is giving you this estimate, last time they were over budget by, X percent, and probably going to be the same thing again? Exactly. Or, the more experience you get as a project manager, then you begin to use your own intuition. When you're a beginning project manager, you really have to go with the data points, the empirical evidence, because you don't have enough experience to make your own judgement call. That's when it's especially important to either go talk to the people, to get your budget, to get your estimates, or to go back to hard and fast examples. But as you get to be a more experienced project manager, you then bring in your judgement and kind of make an instinctual call that says, "Okay, I've been around the block a few times, and I remember a project like this." "And I think I'm going to add a little bit of buffer to this budget." But in the very beginning, in order to be accurate with your budget, you've got to go and look at specific examples. One of my former roles was in the computer support area here at Concordia University. A periodic project that would come up would be computer replacements. Let's suppose that we were looking at a project of doing a laptop replacement for faculty members. Okay. Where would you start with a project like that? Oh, that's a great example. Well, in answering your question, I'm also reminding my students who are watching this video how we go about doing this. First and foremost, you really need to understand the scope of the project. For example, is it completely replacing, you know, every nut and bolt, is it completely replacing the equipment, or is it replacing components of the equipment? What does the definition really mean? That's very important. So let's say for example, yup, Professor Pizak, or Consultant Pizak, or Project Manager Pizak, The project scope is to completely replace, one for one, all the laptops at Concordia University. Okay, great, I have my scope. Then, the next question I need to ask is, Is this a project that you are asking me to come up with a budget for? And we call that bottom-up, or zero-based budgeting. Meaning, you don't have a dollar in mind. You're starting at zero, and you're asking me to build it bottom-up, and then you want that number. Is that the case? Or do you have a budget amount that you need me to work within the confines of, or the constructs of? And so I need to be cognisant of that. And you might, or anyone listening to this video might say, "Well wait a second, how fair is that? You already have a dollar budget in mind, and now you're asking this person to kind of shoehorn the project in to a specific budget?" That's the reality of how budgeting is done in any organization. So it may sound like it's not fair, but it's actually really workable. It's actually workable. So, let's talk about the bottom-up approach. Okay? So, if I start with zero, and I have a bottom-up approach, then what I need to do is understand, what are going to be all the cost components of this project? There's going to be the hardware components of it, meaning, getting new laptops. What about the people components? How many people will I need? What will their salaries be? How many hours will they need to spend doing this work? And you have to be extremely thorough in really quantifying their hours. I mean, is this project entailing them literally unplugging the old computers, bringing in the new one, and installing it, and leaving it completely ready to go? That's one scenario. And that's a certain number of hours and that's a certain budget. Or is the project just them unplugging the old laptop and just giving the new laptop to the end user and saying, "Okay, now you're on your own"? Or is the project not even the unplugging? Is the project, you unplug it, I'm going to come with a new one and take away the old one? So the scope and what you're asking the people to do directly derives what the budget is going to be. So that's the people aspect of it, the human. So the hardware aspect of it, the human labor aspect of it, the hours aspect of it, And then the third thing that I would add, is: what about outside resources? Are you going to need vendors? Are you going to need consultants? Are you going to need anybody that's outside the four walls of your organization that you also have to pay? So hardware, I would say any kind of software, your internal people, and your external consultants or vendors. So you need to know all those components, what they cost, and again if you're doing a bottom-up, it then becomes basic math. Take all the components, your individual estimates, and then you add them up. And you give a total of what the budget will be to whoever's asking you for that. If it's top-down, Mark, what you would do then, is you would say, "Okay, what dollar amount do I have to work with?" and "What percent of this project is going to involve hardware?" "What percent of this project is going to involve the people internal?" "What percent...?" And you kindof start that way And then you begin to figure out a way to appropriately allocate this fixed budget dollar amount in the right proportion to every task to get the job done. And later on in another video, we'll talk about change management and what that is That's when you start to invoke scope management and change management Because if you find that the top-down dollar budget amount they gave you is not going to be sufficient, what do you do? You're going to have to go back and you're going to have to say, okay, the dollar amount is not going to completely cover everything. What can we take out and maybe do later? In either case... So then you're controlling the scope at that point, of saying, "This portion will be in phase two." Exactly. So it's equally effective to budgeting bottom-up as well as top-down, but there's no getting around the fact that you have to know what all the cost components are and properly quantify them, and then add them up. About how long does it take to put together a budget like this? To figure out the different components? Well, I couldn't tell you in specific days or weeks, but I will tell you what determines the amount of time. Okay? What determines the amount of time is, for example, Do you have a similar project or an identical project that has been done before? If you do, my goodness, you can go take a look at that documentation, or that budget, and very quickly customize it, or customize yours to it and that would make it a very short period of time. Do you have knowledgeable people? Do you yourself have experience in this particular area, to where you can come up with, are you yourself, in a way, a subject matter expert, and you know, can you do it in a shortened period of time? The other extreme then is you know nothing, or very little, which then, the time it's gonna take is you need to learn your stuff, you need to do the research and find out what those cost components are, and then you need to seek either people out or empirical evidence or examples, and then you've kind of got to do it by hand, right? And I want to point out that there's nothing wrong with you having to go through that process and taking a little bit more time. Many project managers, many projects have never been done before, and you've got to start from scratch. But, just know that if you don't have examples, background, historical evidence, people ready to help you with it, it's going to take a little bit longer. I would say in the example of Concordia University, where we have a finite campus, where we have a few hundred faculty and staff, If, in fact, I knew that it was going to be a matter of unplugging, if the scope were unplugging the existing equipment, and then bringing the new equipment, and also configuring it, installing it, testing it, and making sure the user is happy, and then doing that math, I believe that that estimate could be done, verified, and agreed upon within 30 days for that scope of project. Now that's what I know about Concordia. That's what I know about the number of people that we have. That's what I know because I have done this kind of work before. That's me, an experienced project manager speaking. I've heard the term, "earned value." Can you kind of explain what we're talking about when we talk about "earned value"? Sure. And I'm glad I have an opportunity to answer that and to give an explanation, Mark, because it's one of the topics in project management that's very critical. That books give a very academic explanation, and half the time when they're done with that explanation, many times, students are like, "Huh?" you know, "What did that mean?" So I'm glad that you've given me an opportunity to explain it to students a bit. And it may be more of a simple industry example. So, before we had the concept of earned value, many people thought that you don't really get any value from a project until the project is done. It's almost like if you're cooking a meal, there's no value to that meal unless it's done and it's on your plate and it's ready to eat. Right? However, that's not exactly the case because while you're implementing the project and getting things done, you're incrementally croaching and sort of walking your way towards the end deliverable. So you're incrementally getting stuff done, and you're incrementally delivering value to the organization. So it's not a zero, it's not a nothing to all proposition. It's an incremental proposition. Let me give you a manufacturing example. If you are in the auto industry, and you are building cars, well certainly when the assembly line for building a car first starts, all you have is, and I hope I'm using the right words here, and the right analogies because I'm not an automobile person, all you have is the frame. So, the frame: what is the value to the company of just a frame? Nothing. But then as the car moves through the assembly line, right? The axles, the wheels get put on. Now more componentry has been put on the shell of that car. That car is not completely done, but it's worth a little bit more to the company. Then what happens? Then we put the interiors in. Now, the car's not completely done, but it's now getting added to and added to and it's worth more to the organization. Then the exterior of the car gets put in, or put on again, the car's not completely done, but that car as it's moving down the assembly line, as a work in process is getting more and more and more added to it to the point where ultimately when it's done it becomes the finished product for Ford, Chrysler, GM, and they can sell it. Now, manufacturing companies and operations companies have for a long long time used the concept of earned value, and here's why: because, what if the company shuts down? What if the assembly line shuts down? What if the workers go on strike? What if the company goes bankrupt? Okay? Well somebody who is coming in to perhaps buy the company, rescue the company, or take an assessment of where things stand, They need to know what stage of completion these cars are in, because a car that has everything done except the paint job has more value to Ford (let's just use Ford as an example) than a car that just has the frame and the wheels. Right? Are you with me? So at any given point in time in the assembly line, these cars have a different value to them and they are valued accordingly. At the same point, or along the same lines, is any given point of time in a project, the degree of completion that's done of the project determines the value that that project has given to the organization. And so, we are now using the same value calculations that manufacturing industries have done for a long, long time, to incrementally report back to the managers and the stakeholders, what percent of value and completion we're delivering along the way. So that would be true even in the case of something where it's not a tangible asset, like a car, but some other type of work? Right. Because let's say you have a project and here is where it started and here is where it ended and something happens, you have to stop or you have to regroup in the middle of it. Well, you weren't doing nothing, (I'm sorry to use double negatives) but you weren't doing nothing, your team wasn't doing nothing, There is a value, and a dollar amount associated with what you created from here to here. Yes, you have the rest of it to do yet, but let's get credit for what's been delivered so far. Thinking about controlling the budget side of things, about the budget part, What are some tools that a project manager can use for that? Well, if you're just using rudimentary project management tools anyway, Like excel, or some other sort of spreadsheet or easy calculation tool, you can keep the budget, because budget is numbers after all. You can keep the budget in an excel spreadsheet, you can keep the budget in any kind of general leger accounting package that your organization has, you can keep the budget in any other kind of financial system. That's certainly a way to do it that's outside the project. And it's very effective and it's perfectly fine. However, what most project managers like to do, because what they want to see is a single view, they don't want to have one tool that they use to manage the people and the tasks, and then have to go over to another tool to manage the numbers. What they like to do is they like to have everything together So you can actually, as an option, manage the costs and the budget of your project right within the project management tool, such as Project 2007 which we learned here in class. So, yes, it's a little bit more sophisticated, there's another learning curve with it, the project manager has then has to know how to input the costs and the budget into the project management tool, but it's a way to have it all in one place. So, it really depends on, do you have a project management tool that supports the budget within it? You have to ask yourself that to answer that question. You have to say, "Do I know how to do it? "Or am I willing to learn how to invest in it?" Or, "Would my financial people - because they don't use project management software - "would they really prefer that I use the financial software instead?" So it becomes, what is the organization's preference? What might be the easiest thing to do? And what your level of knowledge and what your tool availability is. There's a wide variety of options. In this class, and in what we teach to students, we learn how to carry the budget, the cost information, all within the tool. Because that's what we want to do, is teach the students an integrated view In this project? Yes, exactly. So then, I assume that that probably, then as the project progresses, you can also see the correlation with the project part. You bet. And in all the reports that you generate for Microsoft Project, you can generate the budget. So you can see everything: What task am I working on? Who's working on it? What's the percent completion? What's the schedule? And then, right on the end of that, how's my budget? Is it looking hot, or is it looking cold? Right? And that's another term that I should probably bring up. We use the term in the industry, how's my budget? Am I running "hot"? Am I running "cold"? "Hot" means, you are running over budget. And you're over-spending. "Cold" means you're under-spending. And let me talk a little bit about that because, hot, obviously over-spending budget is not good. It's not catastrophic, but when you use a tool like Project, that sort of aligns and shows you the whole picture, you can actually, (I'm just pretending here, here's my budget and I'm working back on my report) you can actually see what is the root cause, and what is causing the budget to become hot, and go over, and then you can, you know, you can fix that. That's an advantage of keeping the budget dollars in the same tool as everything else. Whereas if you had it in an excel spreadsheet or financial system, then you'd have to manually combine those together. So running hot is over budget - not good - but then at least you need to see if you can repair that situation. Running cold is also not a good idea. Many new project managers or many students or many newer people in this business think, "Oh! Going under budget? Great! People are going to pat me on the back, and give me a round of applause, and think that that's just great." The answer actually, is "No." And the reason why is because, when you go for a project budget, and somebody writes you a check, They're giving money to you that they're not giving to somebody else. And so if you are underspending and underspending and underspending, you just took away opportunity from somebody that got their project or got part of their budget denied. So, being able to see everything altogether, either you're running hot on your budget or you're running cold on your budget, gives you an opportunity to have the right communication back to the stakeholders and to the project leaders and the sponsors and make the right decisions. Now one thing that, as you're talking about running hot and running cold, I'm thinking, a lot of projects are probably not linear, in how the money goes out. Good question. There's probably some where there's like, huge initial costs, and then it kinda trickles off at the end, or vice versa. Yes. Let me speak to that. One of the advantages, then, of putting your budget right in the same tool as your project, is it will correlate for you, you know, the amount of money that you should be spending, given the amount of work. Right? So exactly to your point. Some projects are very front end loaded, meaning a lot of the time, and the activities, and then, therefore, the budget and the dollars are spent up front. And so, if you have it all together, the budget will reflect that. Some projects are more like bell curve, where there's a little bit in the beginning, the bulk of it in the beginning, and then a very little bit in the back. Right? And then the third type of project is back end loaded where you kind of are ramping up, ramping up, ramping up, but the bulk of your money is spent on the back. Right? So, to your point, we have all these different types of budget allocations, or whatever, and if it's all in the same software, it's very easy to correlate, you know, where am I? Am I in a very high intense budget portion of the project? Or am I kind of in a low intense budget portion? And it's important to know. It's important to know that not all tasks and not all budget items are equal. Some of them are very high; some of them are very low. So, to kind of summarize here, I'm thinking of the planning. You know? When we're talking about budgeting, we're actually looking at planning through the eyes of the dollars. Right? Exactly. Would that be a fair...? Extremely well said. Exactly. Part of planning, a very integral part of planning, is to come up with that budget as well. Looking at it through the dollar's lens. Exactly. Yeah. Well thank you very much. You're very welcome. Thank you. Carnival! A party!... A party! A party... Carnival! The Director said to remember to take your medicine. Thank you. Wait a minute! What a nice piece. Where did you learn it? Prior study. Before the other possibility. What do you mean? For days and centuries, unfinished similarities. I don't understand what you're saying. I'm quite lost. Continued returns of perspectives. The return of Euclid's parallelism. I'd really love to know what you're talking about, but I'm not clever enough. Are you telling me your secret? Your life story, right? If someone helps me, then maybe we can rewrite everything. I'll help you, but how? - Let's go to the party. - No. - Please? - No. In a room at the asylum I study the men and I love them. Here, I wait; glory is dead. - Mario Tobino Down The Ancient Stairs They're cooked with bay leaves and juniper. Thank you Tonio, I'm sure they're delicious but I don't want any. Our Tonio isn't just a connoisseur of food, but also an expert in politics. So what can you tell us about the current situation? It's dramatic. That's what I told the King when I spoke to him. We can't have a war here, your Majesty. based on the novel by Mario Tobino - Nice, isn't it? - Yes, yes. - You'll see. - Good, good. I'm going to get ready. May I have this dance? I'd love to, but I have to go now. Why don't you ask one of the pretty ladies over there? I was used to something far different. No one's to blame here. It was fate. An accident. We are all in the Lord's hands. Tell him enough is enough. - Excuse me. - Oh, sorry! Make way, make way. Careful. Coming through. Here we are! - Oh, how marvellous! - Dinner is served. - You kept us waiting. - The house speciality: Roast gamebirds, grandmother's style. See how exquisite it looks. Try it and see. We have boneless beccafico... vegetable-stuffed lark... or peacock thrush... fattened quails. A nice plover, or a teal. My dear Director, what would you like? How about a nicely browned red partridge thigh? - Partridge, of course. - Bravo! A wise choice. The partridge is the queen of wild birds. Or would you like a nice piece of turkey with juniper? Come on, quickly, quickly. Look, how wonderful, the fork goes straight in. The skin is cooked just right, it cuts without a knife. For our Director's Signora. Is that all right Signora Francesca? Yes, perfect. Thank you. And what can I serve you, Signora Carla? Me? I'll just have a teal. Signora Carla, my cuisine is very healthy. Try the chicken en croute as well. Please. - No, it's impossible. - It's the truth! - Is it true they brought a Federale? Ah yes. A Federale, flesh and blood. - Oh, what province is he from? - Far, far away, thankfully. He denies it furiously, he maintains that il Duce doesn't exist. He couldn't imagine anything worse. Shall we dance, signor Federale? What are we waiting for? Why not just tell the truth? The world doesn't exist. It never has existed. How can il Duce be real? Are you really sure? Well then not even I am here. How can I put this? It's all meaningless. - There's nothing. - This is all nonsense. - You've lived your lives together... - It's like it happened to me. Like what happened? The show's starting. Ladies and gentlemen, now there will be a show. A show which will serve to pay for our medicine, and now, Bianca and Mario will perform for us. - The act he did before he came here. - Oh, really? You've thought of everything, Bonaccorsi. But... it's there... Outside, do they even know that poets exist? Ki-kiri-ki! Didn't they sing well? Wake up, get on your feet. Biagioni! Yes, you, signora. Wake up, dummies! (she sings a nursery rhyme in dialect) Hello, how are you doing? They told me that you were in a good moment. Yes, yes, I feel a lot better. I've started writing again. I wrote all day yesterday and this morning. - Poetry? - No, unfortunately not. I don't write poetry any more. Those days are gone. Now, I've started writing a historical romance. The story of the battle of Waterloo. And how is it coming along? Very well. Very well. But I wanted the ending to be different. I wanted Napoleon to win. - It seems more interesting that way. - True. And I wanted to ask you something. - Don't you also write poetry? - Not any more. I used to... But now my poet's words... have flown off with the birds. You see, I've seen and studied a lot of sick people, but I still know very little about you. In a way, I'm more fortunate than you. Yes, you know a lot more than me. Oh, yes. For example, what is madness to you? What do you think? Madness... I don't know... The worst part... is the waiting. And we can't do a thing. We must stay calm and wait. Like stones. You've never mentioned that hallucination. I don't mention it today because I'm fine. Tomorrow I'll be unwell again. Especially if it's windy. And tomorrow it will be. And I won't remember a single thing. You might remember what I've told you. I'll remember it. - Are you happy with what I told you? - Yes. - Was it what you wanted to know? - No. That won't help. Ok. Enough... stop it! Breakfast! Out! Out! Out! Listen whore, I want to eat! Whore! Calm down or we'll tie you up. - Good morning. - Good morning. It looks like you haven't slept much. True, but I'm not at confession. Shall we go? Here she is... do you want to see her? She's calm at the moment. No. Separate them. Prepare the papers, we have to transfer them. Director's orders. - Why? - He says it's not right. - Who's to say if it's right or not? - I don't know, do you? This outfit isn't ready yet? How come? Carnival's over. It's taking forever. It's not easy. What matters is that it turns out well. - I'm Doctor Bersano. - Welcome. They told us you'd get here tomorrow. Isn't Professor Bonaccorsi here? Franco, tell the professor that Doctor Bersano has arrived. I'll show you where you're staying. - Come here! - No, let me go... No... cowards! Curse those cowards! Stop, what are you doing? - Come down... listen to me. - No, leave me alone... I want love... I want love! Take her away. At 5pm every evening you must eat and then go straight to bed! We can't even go to the toilet? Want to sleep here? Here it is. The professor will be right with you. Are you the new doctor who's come to study here? - Yes. - I'm Gianna. My pleasure. You've done a fine job. Thank you. Are you staying here permanently? Just for a few months. Don't you have a husband? No, are you married? Oh God... me, married? At my age? I'm sorry. I wasn't thinking. Welcome, Doctor. I'm Bonaccorsi. A pleasure to meet you. - You're not how I pictured you. - I feel like I've known you for ages. We've been writing for over a year. Gianna, have you shown the doctor the house? Have you asked her if there's anything she needs? - She's good but a bit flighty. - Thank you, Professor, for allowing me to practice with you for this time. - Let me do that. - Please, allow me. I gave instructions for everything to be in order when you arrived... - Right! Is that ok? - Yes. Of course you can change whatever you want. I read your thesis. Interesting... "Insanity is the only illness which we punish by segregation." Don't you think you're showing our poor doctors in a bad light, by talking of reality instead of theory. Anyhow, we'll discuss it another time. You'll see, I'll change your mind before you go back to the university. No, I don't think I can go back on those years of study. Avant-garde literature. Strange... for a beautiful young woman like you. Well, when you think about it maybe it's not that strange. It's just that life here... in here... is something else. I'd like to ask a question. Do you like Freud? Yes, but I don't use his theories. Unfortunately almost all our patients are incurable. Here they're not just neurotic, they're completely insane. All the more reason to try and help. All right, we'll talk about that too. That's all I ask. Could I meet some of your colleagues? Certainly, just come to the laboratory. Don't expect too much, we're just small town doctors. But I'm sure our research will interest you. Meanwhile, start to acclimatise, meet some of our patients. Of course! Please don't think me too forward. 'Til tonight. I'll see you at the Director's dinner. I need to go to the Sanremo hotel. I'm supposed to be cured, please don't touch me, I speak with the madonna twice a day, I descend from the heavens twice a day, twice a day... I'm a sorceress, a fortune teller, a palm reader. No, no. I'll strike you down. Take me to Sanremo or I'll descend from above, I'll come down from the heavens, I'll come down from the heavens, I'll strike you down. No, no! I'll strike you down! My dear, you are perfectly right. I'll take care of it. Come with me, please. - Did you have a nice trip? - Fine, thank you. Is this Sanremo? May I? Please come in. You must think me rude. I come waltzing in as if we were old friends. - Bianca. - Pleased to meet you. I'm Professor Bonaccorsi's assistant. Do you like it here? Yes, very much. I thought I would have to unpack, but I bet it was you who did. No. It was the professor. He's something else. He's the driving force behind everything. Here everyone adores him and does whatever he wants starting with the Director. He makes all the decisions, and takes care of everything. Look at the furniture for example. I bet you would have preferred to arrange it yourself. - Am I right? - You're very kind. You should know I'm not that educated, but the professor trusted me even though I don't have diplomas. I don't think pieces of paper matter here. I don't know but I hope so, because my optimism is incurable. How lucky you are. Sister Teresa is waiting for me. Can I leave you for a while? Yes, of course. Poor Gianna. She's the maid in this house. Previously we had Elisa. A real lady. She seemed cured, but then she had another episode. Locked up again? She's dead. I often see her ghost at night, silent just like she was. Maybe tonight too... And you never leave? The odd trip into town, but 8 kilometres is a long way for me. and my husband, as Director, is always very busy. So, I pass the time with my books and my records. Maybe it's a reaction to the screams which come from the ward. Doctor... Carla... - Well then... - Thank you. - Thanks. - Please. How is our new doctor settling in? Fine, thank you. - And the girl we've assigned her. Is she a smart one? - One of the best. She's clever, an elemental cunning, almost animal I'd say. - She's very single-minded. Almost... - Carla, please. Why? Everyone knows. Yes, she's free. She's a completely physical person. Her stimuli are purely physical. She has an unbounded love for everything and everyone. And with no men around, she could fall in love with you. Be very careful. Madness is a mysterious thing. The most mysterious of all. But, the staff, I mean the servants, are they all sick? Yes, almost all. Sick, in a purely clinical sense. As you can see, they seem like perfectly normal people. They are all in a period of calm, if you like. Then they have a turn... But any sane person would be happy to live here. - But the nurses... - They leave the fields to work in a mental asylum. Do they seem sane to you? We are the only normal ones. It's a strange life. At first you feel like a recluse. A bit like being away from the world. My wife is right. It's like living outside of reality. I got used to it straight away. Do you know how long it's been since I set foot outside? Eight years. I don't even feel the need to. This is a closed world of which we are responsible. Outside here anything could happen and we wouldn't notice. Doesn't it lead to a complete indifference towards society and the outside world? How to put it... But what we're interested in is right here. At least as far as I'm concerned. The world is constantly evolving and even Italy has changed and there are constraints to adjust to. Unfortunately. You're talking about fascism. What do you want? A hospital is an administration like any other. And nobody cares about a mental asylum. Mussolini seems to want to change a lot of things. Outside of here. But I like to visit the city. I'm not a hermit, and I'm not even a doctor. Thankfully. You'll get used to it. - Are you going to the opera later? - Yes. You're here. Do you have any idea how scared I was? I can stay a little while. My husband is sleeping in the study tonight. After all these years I still have the same dreams every night. Laughing faces, and women crying. Crying for help. I really fear that we'll never find a way to comfort them, or help them. You want too much. You want too much from yourself and from others. Nobody has ever found the answers you're searching for. Still, they come here looking for answers from professor Bonaccorsi. If you become famous they'll offer you a professorship. And you'll go away with them. I'm already a little famous, no? But the only professorship I want is here in my own region, near you. With you. How do you like the new doctor? Remember your childhood crushes? You got a dry throat whevener you met your professor's wife. I'm fine now. I feel calm. To the city. Go, please go. Thief! Thief! They were barely newborns. You're a thief. You stole all three from me! You took all 3 of them away! One white and two red. They would have blossomed yesterday, but flowers sleep at night! You stole them as soon as you saw them. This morning. - Who took them? - Sister Vincenza, it's always her! As soon as she sees one open, she takes it. That whore! Gianna. Come now Gianna, don't despair. I'll tell you what. The next time I'm in town I'll buy you a nice rose bush. Are you happy? Margherita? Margherita? That's Elena, calling Baccilli. She's been doing it since this morning. She's calling Baccilli, her girlfriend. They've sent her away. It was Scalfi, that whore, who had her transferred. You'll see how pretty Baccilli is, she's 17 years old. They were always together, her and Elena, all day long. They spent all day kissing. Tonight I'll allow you to sleep here, but... don't do it again. It's forbidden, you know. Don't forget! For roses you need a special type of soil. You need to ask Tonio. You'll like Tonio. He's really nice. He loves only flowers. Pass me those slides please. Thanks. You're really good, you know? Really. You're a great assistant. Yes, I'm great. I'm also a doctor. - And very rich. - I know you're rich. Is this building yours too? No, not really, my castle is far away. and I've got hundreds of farms, but being rich no longer interests me. I just want to work, that's all. That's good. Listen, do me a favor, pass me that dark bottle over there. Thanks. I like working in here. We're all sick, you know. Do you want a cigarette? I'll keep this to remind me of you. I can't help but wish you well. Why do you do it? Because I get bored. How is she? Bad, unfortunately. The trouble is, she refuses to eat. Laura... Laura. Look, I've come to visit you. Aren't you glad? I know you can hear me, I'm sure of it. So you'd better listen. You need to eat, don't be like this. That's it Laura, be good and relax. Softly, softly. That's it. Softly. And now open your fists please. Do it for me, please? Open your hand. Doesn't that hurt? Open. Let's rub some oil on to prevent sores. Being mad... why is one mad? A sickness which we don't know the origins of, nor the mechanisms. What causes it, and what cures it. We don't even know if it is a sickness. And we are haughty enough to call it lunacy. Why are men of genius plunged so unexpectedly into the darkest madness? Well, most of them did have syphilis. That's exactly the point. But for those without syphilis, for those without apparent defects, what is the seed? Because madness must have a seed, a common origin. So in your opinion there's a microbe for schizophrenia? Whether it's a microbe, I don't yet know. There must be a sign, a witch's mark. The sign of madness. Madness has a sign, undetectable madness right from infancy. And it's exactly this sign that we have to discover. To fight it with every method and defeat it. - Is Professor Bonaccorsi here? - Yes. In the disturbed ward. Let her go! Let her go! I said let her go. Whore! Doctor, I know this one. She'll scratch your eyes out. Away, away... get away! Why did you come here alone? It's dangerous, they don't know you yet. I can't believe the nurse let you through. See you soon. I wanted to speak to you. If you like, you can come on a tour of the departments. Then we'll go in the garden and talk about whatever you like. See her? Sister Francesca. Mystical delusions, she thinks she's God on Earth. I know, I've seen how corruption really starts, it's the children. It's them who corrupted Jesus. In the convent they believed she was a saint. Jesus was up there on the cross, and the children lifted the cloth from his side and started touching him. The mentally ill are unable to consciously perform any sins. Open. They have feelings. And their feelings are very intense. Try spending one night on these wards, you'll see! They'll call you, they'll attack you without restraint. They're erotically charged to the point where they'll attack you. But you've already worked that out. How are you, Gemma? You see? The same desires you see in the eyes of that girl, you can find in the nurses', only they can hide it, because they're sane. But madness nullifies all hypocrisy. Animal instincts, just animal instincts. - I said go away, do you understand? - You! You! - Yes, you! - No, I'm not going. This is my seat. And the animals are mine. Understand? Ugly pig. - No, the animals are mine and Mother's. - They don't even have a mother. And if I want I'll come over there and take them. Oh, go lay an egg! No, I'll take them. You can't eat chicks. The world doesn't exist, and neither does the hospital. There's nothing. Can you imagine? That's really very funny! Pretty ladies are always forgiven. Come on, let's go, or we'll miss the first act. That could be for the best. Who's going to be there tonight? But after the theatre we'll go and have some fun, ok? Of course, you come with me now. Laura. How are you? Soon all the flowers will be out and I'll take you to see them. Does this hurt? Everyone loves you, we wish you well. Do you know what I was thinking? One of these days I'll find her better. Enough, let me go. I'm tired, I need to sleep. No, you're staying here. What if we never make love again? You're pushing me away. Did you know that sometimes, I think about leaving here forever? But, I'm scared that outside, I wouldn't know how to live, knowing all there is inside here. Only here can one understand how much suffering is possible. No, you could never leave. You're the only one who's immune to the sickness. I knew it the first time I saw you. You remember? I was dancing and it seemed like you wanted to kill me by the way you were looking at me. And then you said, come by tomorrow. Who knows how many others you asked. But the next day I was already on the ward. Why do we lose ourselves in our delusions at night? Almost always at night. Maybe because at night we're free from the forces of evil. There's a point in life when, by someone else's fault, something happens inside of us. We don't know it, we don't realise, but from that moment we start to go insane. - Here are the flowers. - Thank you. - They're pretty. - Yes. I grew them. Who are they for? These white ones are for Sister Elisa's grave. She died young. Tonio, come here. Try this coat on. Let's see if it suits you. - There. Let's go. - Wonderful. Really nice. Here! - Shall I go? - Yes of course. Come on, Tonio. - I'm going now, Professor? - Go, go. Enjoy yourself. - Come on. - Go on, go. Don't forget, it's been over a year since he's been out. Relax. - The flowers. - Oh, you've got them? - We're off to the cemetery now. - Sister Elisa's? Yes. And afterwards we'll get an ice cream. Carla? That's it, you're good. - A little dessert? - No, thank you. As I was saying, it's a big responsibility. Try the dessert, I made it myself. Later, thank you. - Good evening. - Good evening. - Good evening. - Excuse me Francesca, I'm late. - Are there any canapés left? - Yes. Good evening. Good evening, Mother. - Good evening, Director. - Good evening, Signora Francesca. Good evening. I'm sorry, I always forget keep an eye on the clock. What a fascinating man, don't you think? I saw you just now, while you were snooping around, and I liked it. Carla, how is that possible? Why not? No, I haven't forgotten about it. Tomorrow for certain. You're only passing through. I've lived here for five years, with him, Francesca and Bianca. And we share him without any jealousy. - Bianca? - Yes, of course. Bianca. We're his, all three of us. You look at me as if I'm crazy. Maybe I am. We're all a little crazy here. - If you stay a few years, who knows. - Not me, I'm just here to study. I don't have any time for romantic happenings. Are you in love with him? How did it happen... how can you... so calmly... with your husband here? Does it shock you? Do you want to know how it started? I don't remember. Oh yes, he lent me some books I think. Some books on perversion. A famous German scientist. There were some very strange examples. But I'm not exactly a normal girl. And just like that we clicked. That's all. You really look divine, my dear. Pink suits you so well. - Is Tonio back? - No, not yet Professor. - It'll be getting dark... - Whatever, it'll be ok. - And he's with the sisters. - Yes, Bianca's there too. But he should have come back by this time. - The bill. - Right away. Come on, Tonio. Let's go, it's late. The professor is waiting for us. We don't want him to worry now, do we? If they'd only pay me... if only... but nothing! The Prefect, the Bishop... Tonio, we must go now. Come home, they're waiting for us. - We should phone ahead. - Wait. Listen, Tonio, I need your help. Do you understand? Sister Teresa is tired and needs to rest. - We need to get her back. - Someone's already recognised me. They know I'm rich and maybe they think I carry all my money with me. Look, they're spying on me. They've spread the word. - Who have they told? - Them, them. - I'm going to telephone. Tonio, listen to me! - Stop looking at me! - What's your problem? Please, stop it! - Take him to the asylum. - He's a nutcase! Don't mind us, it's nothing. Someone call public security. - Get lost! - He must be drunk. Please leave him in peace. - We've got to do something. - Go away! - Tonio. - Professor, what have I done? Why am I in here with the crackpots? Get me out of here. There, there, calm down now. I'm here. - What did you give him? - Nothing, he won't take it. Tonio, you must calm down. I have good news for you. You trust your professor, don't you? I'll have you cured in no time. I'll give you a medicine which will make you as well as ever. I'll find the way to cure you. I'm studying day and night. I'm positive I'll succeed. You'll see. We'll go back together and work. In a few days we'll start new research. I'll find that medicine. Professor, don't make me go out again. - Please. - Good day, Professor. - Good day. - Good day. What are they doing here? Look at them, suspicious, scared, strangers. If it were up to me I'd abolish visiting days. They are pointless, and harmful. But imagine having a husband or a son locked up here, such pain and anguish... They're strangers, who come here for 10-15 minutes of contact with dreams. Delusions they don't understand. Now, I'd like to show you some interesting cases. This is Cora, for example. You know her, correct? I do. She's been in here 10 years, poor thing. She's a Mistress, as we say. - What does that mean? - A leader. All the young girls are at her feet, slaves to her desires. I thought as much. But I've also done research into her family background. Did you know that Cora comes from a family of delinquents? People who take pride in belonging to the underworld; kidnappers, thieves. A violent world from which she feels estranged. - Because deep down, she's a shy one. - Yes, I know. So? So she took refuge in madness like a womb that protects her. In the asylum it's impossible to become a delinquent. Here she's allowed to feel irresponsible. and she feels at ease, even affectionate. What are you trying to prove? That Cora's madness comes from her family background? I'm not trying to prove anything, I'm hypothesising, and that's all. This is Rita. Hello, Rita. Her husband used to wake her every night. He forced her to get up, and go to the kitchen. He made her get down on her knees and then beat her he beat her for hours, on her back, her shoulders, her head. Sometimes she fainted. Yes, I know the story. And you believe she already had the seed of schizophrenia inside her? You deny her madness could stem from the blows she took all those nights? Anna, let me repeat what I've told you. Some patients arrive beaten and mad, others arrive beaten but not mad. Why? Maybe it depends on the fragility of our minds. You're naive, full of new theories, but also sweet, like a child. The world doesn't exist, nor il Duce, so where do we go when we die? I thought a grave in the garden next to that of the Federale. Sleep! Even this hospital doesn't exist! The nurses don't exist. Where the fuck will I go when I die?! You poor dreamer, how are you going to die if you don't exist? But the Federale and I are condemned to see the world's end. and I wanted to find a place with a good view of everything. The Federale says it will last a century or two, but what am I going to do in the meantime? - Good evening, Professor. - Good evening. Am I disturbing you? - Not at all. Is something wrong? - No, no, everything's fine. - Coffee? - Thanks. Gina, a coffee for the professor, please. What are you doing here? I was feeling lonely. I needed you. Careful, watch out. Lift her slowly. Slowly, slowly. Twenty centimetres in and she's still alive. She's a strong one. There'll be an investigation, we should call the police. - Why, do you think... - There are enemies all around us. Tonight I'm dining with the Prefect. I'll tell him. Look here. Not a drop. - I refilled it this morning. - But you see it's no longer there? How many times must I say that alcohol must always be kept filled. Without order, we can't have cleanliness. Health... what is health? It's order and cleanliness. A mental asylum is a hospital just like any other. Mental hygiene is synonymous with physical hygiene. And without physical hygiene there's no mental hygiene. Understand? I understand, Professor. Calm down. The operation went well. You'll soon be better. It's been so... so long... it's been hurting here, not here. Here. Ever since my mother hit me over the head. But if there's nobody here, who will help me? There it is. Hundreds of slides, of comparisons. Do you know what it would mean to be sure of it? To discover the biological agent which causes madness would also mean the drug which can fight it. Here, you have a look. There's no doubt about it. In every patient's blood sample, there's a black spot with red tendrils. Yes, he's right, a black spot. These are hypotheses. Hunches rather than objective data. - We need to prepare more slides. - Tonio, fetch the green bottle. In years of study and research, nobody has ever found such a result. I need to send a message to Zurich. - This is huge. Absolutely huge. - But let's not get ahead of ourselves. Yes, we musn't get our hopes up but these slides are proof, real, concrete data. This black spot could be the madness microbe. You wouldn't understand, Tonio. This could be the day our hospital takes its place in medical history. I promised you. Here, you drink too. Can I tell the Signora. Whenever I pass her on the drive, we exchange a look. Poor Tonio, maybe you'll be well again. A few injections, and your treasures, your castles and your roses will disappear. - Anna! - Yes? - It's me, Bonaccorsi. - Come in. Anna, I couldn't wait. I came straight to you. I had to tell you straight away. Maybe we're there... maybe I was right, and not you! - Why? - Yes, I think we've reached the end of years of study and research. Nothing is certain, you know as well as I do... but I really do think so. This must be it, it can't not be it! Listen to me. Today on four slides, I saw a mark in the blood. A spot with tendrils. I've never heard of a spot like that in any other pathogenic organism. - Are you sure? - Of course I'm sure. And soon I'll convince you too. Have you been drinking? A little, yes... But nowadays I always have a little. Madness is a virus, Anna. Nothing more. So goodbye mysteries, goodbye analysis, goodbye theories - your theories. Soon, thanks to my discovery, the mystery will be revealed. Medical fact, from which we can easily develop a vaccine to defeat it. - I'm very happy for you. - Thank you. But why are you always so serious? I've never seen you happy. - Have a drink. - No, thank you. - You don't even make love? - No. - Why not? - Because I'm not free like you are. Me? Yes... Signora Francesca, her friend Carla... Bianca... who knows how many others. - Maybe even the patients. - And what if making love with them isn't just pleasure, but... research? Continual research. Does that shock you? Not at all. But I told you, I'm not free. You aren't free or you don't want to be free? Why don't you satisfy your repressed urges? Why not give in to your weakness? I must admit, that's just the problem I have. If you like we can talk about it as friends. Or as colleagues. But not man to woman. That will never be possible. You'd better go now, it's late. I've been in the lab all day. You must be exhausted. I'm very pleased you came to see me. - Everything's quiet? - Yes, calm enough. I don't like the night shift much. In this kind of buzzing beehive. Even if deep down, these voices give me some company. You could have come to the lab for a chat. You're right, I was thinking of that. But I thought you seemed reticent. The mysterious impossibility of... the things you didn't say but which you promised to say. This could be the right moment. Why don't you tell me what's worrying you? Your inability to... what I'm not certain of... but which I suspect. Anna, you need to live, to let yourself go. - I shouldn't have said anything. - But yes! When I was writing to you, I always imagined you with green eyes. No. I'll love you like you've never been loved. You don't understand a thing, you're blind like all men. - Anna. - Here, right here? Where the patients have been lying, tied down, and vomiting. - Anna! - No! Let me go! Anna! Anna, listen to me. Wait! That's quite enough! Leave me in peace. I'm leaving tomorrow. - But why? - I don't want to see you again. - Your presence is contagious. - Anna, I said it for your own good. You're sick, don't you realise? You're incurable. Don't try to hurt me. You're just angry. I'm not sick, and you know it perfectly well. I've been observing you. Ever since I arrived here. You're sick. There's no difference between you and them. What cheek. You're just a low-level university assistant who... You have all the symptoms of schizophrenia. Your jaw trembles, your eyes are dilated, and your behavior is manic. Your vanity and sexual exhibitionism disgust me! Just listen. To cure mental patients you have to be a little like them. You need to love them and accept the contagion. That's how they cure leprosy. You need to embrace the madness, and not refuse it! I don't want to love madness, I just want to cure it. You don't. You're using it. You're crazy. No, that's not true, and science will prove me right. So you want proof at any cost. Scientific data to confirm that there's a difference between you and the mad. There is no difference. Oh yes there is. I'm not crazy. You want people to think you're helping others, but really you're obsessed with curing yourself. Because you're scared to death. And that's madness. When you read my lab report, you'll change your tune. - You won't be writing a report. - Why not? I decided to check the slides. There's no microbe, nothing. And the black spot with the red halo? It doesn't exist, it never did. - An impurity in the solvent. - You're lying. It's impossible. I want to check again. Check everything. I've already checked. Trust me. It's not true. It's not possible. It's not possible. Take me to see my sister. Right away. We grew up together and we're so alike. I came to say goodbye. We may not see each other again. Goodbye, my sister, and forgive me. I wish you well. But I'm afraid of you. I'm too afraid. Is it true that you want to leave? Yes, I've decided to get out. I can't be here with them any longer. Listen... I'm sorry, it was your favorite... Forget about that. I'm sorry. Are you annoyed that Anna's leaving? No, she means nothing to me. How can I make you believe me? I'm not lying, my love. I'm scared. You're the only one I care about. How can I explain? We've all a little madness inside, but ours is different. It's not like their mental illness. Don't go. I have to. I want to be alone. I want to start over from zero. Don't go yet, wait a little longer. Today I'm tired. I don't feel well. Poor Gianna, we've had to put her in isolation again. It's tough for everyone, but she's become a danger. What has she done? Yesterday, she had a violent fit. Not only that... she filled a cupboard with bundles of firewood. And she was hiding. We found her wrapped in sheets, under the bed. She wanted to burn everything. It's me, don't you recognise me? I've come to say goodbye. I've decided to leave, but I'll be back to see you. Later. Soon you'll be back at work. I'm sure of it. And when I come back, I'll always keep you with me. Are you glad? Yes. I know, it's all my fault, I was too aggressive and superficial. It's over now. I'm leaving. But... all your ideas... all our hopes? Giving the patients back their dignity? For the mad there is no hope. They're outcasts and always will be. But you need to keep on fighting, so they can be better fed, better clothed, so that people remember they have a spiritual life. It's too late, I don't want to go mad, too! - Aren't we all a little? - But I'm scared. Understand? Scared. The law of the asylum is unbending. Every doctor who lives inside grows a stage madder each year. And I've been here too long now. My father committed suicide. My sister is insane here in this asylum. She's deranged, incurable madness. Now, do you understand why I'm afraid, and I need to leave? Do you understand my desperate quest to find proof? A trace in the blood that would allow me to say "Not I. Not I." You always said madness was a mystery, like life. Yes, but now I know that this mystery horrifies me. So, you were never here out of dedication, or love, you were just afraid. You never loved us. Not Carla, not Francesca, not me. You were just making love. Oh my God! Francesca... she's jumped out of the window. Francesca has killed herself. It's your fault she did it. An intelligent woman like her, couldn't understand that there's no man worth killing herself for. At least that could have stopped her, living in this madhouse. Love and passion are everywhere in every being, in every sex. I realised that, and she didn't. The professor has left. And you're leaving, too. I'll give you a plant. I've just planted some shoots. And I put them in the greenhouse. I'd like to give you one before you go. No, you keep it for me, Tonio. I'm not leaving any more. You and the professor are trying to explain a lot of things. But I only understand flowers. I'll give you a plant. Especially if you're staying. You're happy, right, Tonio? And you don't even know it. You're happy because you don't know it. Bianca, Bianca, come and see. I knew it. Halt! The Roman legions will defeat their enemies in no time. Rome's destiny is in our hands. The world belongs to the strong. And for the strong man, it's crucial to have hatred, revenge, and hunger for power. We refuse to have conscience. We refuse to have thoughts. We deny that thoughts exist. Only one has thoughts. Only he is of virtue. Only he possesses complete dominance over himself. Only he is God! First of all, we must eliminate all imperfect men. The whores and the artists. Real and true proof of force. Without doubt the Germans do not underestimate the benefits to be gained from this selection. With the Germans, this experiment should be... extraordinary. Otherwise, it's war. War. -As-salamu alaykum. My name is Sanel Mehmedovic. I'll be the guest on The Deen Show telling you about my life and don't go anywhere. We'll be right back. -Bismillah, alhamdulillah, as-salamu alaykum, peace be with you. I'm Eddie, your host of The Deen Show, and this week, oh, man, you are gonna be amazed. This is an incredible human being that you're gonna meet. An amazing person, Sanel. Got a chance to spend a little bit of time with him. We got his interview and this will help all of us who complain, we just complain in day and night. When you look at this brother's situation and how buoyant and happy he is, how he's passing his test and he doesn't have many of the things that we have, and you're gonna get to see that firsthand when we come back here on The Deen Show. Now, just before we cut out and go to this week's show, just a friendly reminder from myself, first and foremost, and for all the millions of viewers that are out there, it's Ramadan. We need to get the most out of it. Alhamdulillah, all praises to the Creator of the Heavens and the Earth that's giving us life that we can experience another Ramadan. So, this is training ground. We want to develop ourselves, that's right, to be the best human beings that we can be, so we gotta watch out for all the evil things that will not be conducive to the development of our spiritual side, our takwa, our God-consciousness, developing ourselves so we can get and have a closer relationship with our Creator. This is what the plan is. This is what we need to be doing. So then, we'll have a boost, we'll get pumped up, and we'll be ready for the rest of the year, and if Allah gives us life, we'll be back at it again, because the Iman goes up and down and this is the time, through all the extra acts of worship, to really refrain from every evil vice that's out there. It's tough, it's not easy, but you know what? As you go higher up-- you want to get that PhD, you want to get that doctorate-- there's less people in class, isn't there? So, the higher you are in developing yourself, you know what? It's gonna take a lot more patience. It's gonna take a little more commitment, but Allah knows you can do it. So, He wants to bring out the best in you so you can have the higher levels agenda. That's right, we want to get to paradise. This life is short; it's gonna end at anytime. So, the reminder is, especially during this month, we have to be cautious about all the bad things that are out there. And, you know what? Some of those things, now, are the gossiping, the backbiting, getting in other people's business, saying things about people. As the prophet, peace be upon him, said, "To say something that your brother wouldn't like when he's not in front of you." When his presence is not there, that's backbiting. But then, to say something about her or him that's not true, that's slander. So, we have to be careful. Have our tongue moist, moist with the remembrance of Allah, the Creator, not with things that are of no benefit that the angel on the right, he's not writing down the good. He's writing down the bad. And another thing we have to be aware of-- so, if we train ourselves now, it's gonna be easier for the rest of the year when we get out of Ramadan. This is the training ground. You know it; I'm just reminding you, and myself. And, another thing: we have to stay away from-- there's a lot of good that can be accomplished with a lot of social media tools that are out there. So, I don't want to just speak generally. I want to give you something tangible to work on. You know, we get taken away with a lot of the technological advances, and Facebook is one of them. Millions of people got it and we're on there chatting away. We're chatting away, but a lot of times, we're chatting away with useless chit-chatter, jibber-jatter. And, you know what? Is the angel on the right, is he writing the good deeds? What are we doing? Are we refraining from things that we should be refraining from? Are we getting into-- you know it-- it starts off with the innocent "Hello. How are you?" You expose yourself, and now what happens? Now you end up talking to the opposite gender without your parents' permission, the women especially. Strike a pose, and now everybody's like, "Hey, you're looking so fine there, honey," and what happens? Now your head gets a little big. And now, what happens? You're full of yourself. And what happens? Now it's harder to dis-attach from this. You're liking the attention, but is this pleasing to Allah? Is the attention of all the boys out there more pleasing than the attention of Allah? Same thing for the young men out there. You're posting all the pictures, maybe of women that shouldn't be on your page. You're exposing yourself and your body, or you're exposing your body and you're putting things out there that, wow, we can't believe, as Muslims, that these things are up on your accounts, man. You need to chill, especially during this month. We need to refrain. We are Muslims. Sisters, brothers, please, now is the time. Get away from the useless jibber-jatter chit-chatter. Don't expose yourselves out there. The wolves are on the hunt and they're looking to get those good sisters. They're out there. And same thing for the brothers. Don't get caught off-guard. You see something, it's like an arrow through the heart, and now your Iman-- what? Does it increase?-- No, it decreases, and you're looking at things you shouldn't be looking at. You should be lowering the gaze. You should be staying away from these things. But, you know what? We get tricked, we get trapped, because Shaitan's the pimp. He's the biggest pimp, and he's looking to pimp us. So, please, now is the time to refrain from all the evil things. Sisters of this month, you got a chance to observe the hijab. Don't take it off at the end of Ramadan. Don't turn the corner and put the tight jeans on when nobody's looking. Don't do that. These are tangible things. These are real things in the real world that we're facing, the issues. Brother, you're in the masjid, you ain't swearing or cursing, but you turned a corner and you speak in French. And I'm not talking French fries or French food. I'm talking about the foul language that's coming out of your mouth. So, these are just the few things that we need to be aware of. We're Muslims. We're ones who have consciously submitted to who? To a man? To a monkey? No. We've submitted to the One Who's created this whole universe and everything in it, and He's got a great reward for us. He's got a great prize, the ultimate prize of Jannah. Get your eyes hypnotized to that prize. Stay away from many of the R-rated movies. And it's Ramadan, you're refraining from what? From food and drink. But now, you're watching the big screen. You're flickering through the channels and promiscuity and women naked and men naked and they kiss and American Idol... and, again, you're losing your fast. You don't even know it, you're starving yourself, but, you know what? It's all going out the window, because, again, we're not watching what we should not be watching. And that's the reminder that I want to remind myself and my brothers and sisters out of the love that we love you here at The Deen Show. So, please, these are some practical things that are going on. So, if you find yourself, your Iman is going down, check yourself. You got some CD or some music in the car, bobbing yourself to 50 Cents or Lady Gagagoogoo and all that other nonsense? These are... these are the things that do not help us or bring us closer to the Creator of the Heavens and the Earth. They don't remind us about paradise, the day of judgement, the hereafter, doing good. They take us away from doing good, and we end up falling into trickery. We end up falling into things that decrease our Iman. So, please, this is the advice that I give you, especially during this month, that we strengthen ourselves, we walk straight, and we're proud to be Muslims, ones, again, who have submitted to the will of the one God, acquiring peace by doing all the good things that He's told us to do, the same way Jesus, Moses all the righteous predecessors, all of them did this, and the last and final messenger sent to mankind. His sunnah is the way that we need to follow, and we need to, this month, really get to know it. Tune in to The Deen Show. Tune in to Peace TV. There's so many outlets. Stay away from the things that will only hinder you from growing in the Deen, from growing in your relationship with the One Who created you, but will only decrease you. And-- you know what-- death hits you and you die in a bad state, and as Allah says, the Creator says, "Do not die, except in a state of full submission." So, when you're chit-chatting away and you're looking at something that you're not supposed to be looking at-- you're doing some things you're not supposed to be doing-- you know what they are. Ask yourself, "Is Allah pleased with me at this moment? Am I earning His pleasure? Or, you know what, I'm getting closer to the fire." Oh, Allah, please protect us from this. Please protect us from this and grant us Your Jannah. Grant us Your Jannah. Let's be more in a constant state of self-development, according to how the Creator, Allah, the Almighty, has told us to be. That's worshiping Him alone. Following the Sunnah of the last and final messenger sent to mankind, the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, the same way you would've been following Jesus, Moses, and all the messengers if you were living during their time. And this was the reminder to myself, first and foremost, and to all my brothers and sisters of humanity, and my brothers and sisters in faith. I love you for the sake of Allah. Keep me and all of us at The Deen Show in your duas. Let's go on to meet Brother Sanel, Sanel, an amazing, an amazing individual. You'll see in a moment when we come back. Peace, as-salamu alaykum. -Deen Allah, there's only one God And Muhammad is His messenger Allah, la ilaha illa Allah Allah, there's only one God And Jesus was His messenger Allah, la ilaha illa Allah -I don't know why I did that. Maybe it's just to break the ice. -The Deen Show This is The Deen Show This is The Deen, this is The Deen Show This is The Deen Show, this is The Deen Show This is The Deen, this is The Deen Show This is The Deen Show, this is The Deen Show This is The Deen, this is The Deen Show This is The Deen Show, this is The Deen Show This is The Deen Show -Welcome to The Deen Show. This is your host today, a new face. This is Dr. Mamdouh Mohamed, welcoming you to a wonderful, unique program today. Today, I am interviewing a new person whom you will love whenever you see on this screen and you will be proud of. A person that I felt so proud of meeting him today. I came to Chicago today and I was lucky that Brother Eddie, the host of this program, the original host of this program, asked me to interview this brother. I've been here in Chicago only for a few hours and I was lucky to have this opportunity to meet this brother called Sanel. Let him introduce himself to you and let's hear from how he wants to introduce himself. As-salamu alaykum, my name is Sanel Mehmedovic. I'm 13 years old. I'm from Bosnia [inaudible] and I live in Chicago, illinois and that's basically my information. -Okay, and you love to live in Chicago. -Yes. -I think everybody who lives in Chicago loves Chicago very much. Why do you think that Chicago is better than other places? -Because it's more diverse and there's a lot of Muslims. -Do you like diversity? -Yes. -And there's a lot of Muslims here? -Yes. -Do you interact with them, the Muslims here? -Yes, my friends are Muslim and, for example, like my friends that come from different countries too are Muslim. -Oh, you have friends from different countries? -That are Muslim too, so... -That are Muslims, too. -Yep. -Okay, good, that's good, I'm glad to hear that. Tell me. I see that you speak English and do you speak other languages? -I speak sign language. -You speak sign language. -English, Bosnian, a little bit of Spanish. -A little bit of Spanish? -Yes. -Wow, so, four languages. -Yep. -You are much better than my case. I know only two languages and a half, alhamdulillah. Do you thank God for that? -Yes. -So, now you know a few languages. You know sign language. How did you learn the sign language? -From my parents, 'cause they're both deaf and I picked up words and letters as I grew older. -Your two parents are deaf? -Yes. -They don't listen. -Yeah. -And you learned from them sign language. -Yes. -And now you are using this language to communicate with them? -Yes. -And you're making life much easier for them by communication? -Yes. -In fact, it was very difficult for me and for Brother Eddie to communicate with your father until you came and we found that you are helping us a lot. Do you thank Allah for this or do you thank your parents for this? -I think both of them, because Allah gave me the chance of learning, something that other people wouldn't have. -Yeah. I don't have it myself. I don't have it. I have a handicapped child and I could not learn sign language. I could not communicate with him. So, I think you are blessed, alhamdulillah. Allah glorified you and blessed you with this ability to help your two parents. You are doing a wonderful job. Though you are young, you are handicapped, but you are doing a wonderful job that I'm sure that Allah is so pleased with you, right. Are you pleased with Allah? -Yes. -Okay, why are you pleased with Him? -Because He made my life easier and more, like, exciting and more, like, educational. -More educational, so you can learn, alhamdulillah. And though you are handicapped, you still have some blessings and bounties from Almighty Allah that you can learn and you can communicate in, not only one language, you're talking about four languages. -Yes. -Wonderful. Your English is amazing. Perhaps it's better than my English. Yes, and I'm really proud of you. Now, let me ask you, I've seen some tournament of these wonderful things that... tell me about that. -Well, these are the trophies. I've won them on the tournaments that I've played with buddy baseball, which is... -You play this sport? -Yes, buddy baseball is which, like, baseball for kids who are handicapped. -Okay. -And so I won this. -You won this. -With my school. -With your school, so it's a teamwork. -Yes. -Okay. And tell me about your role in the team. Were you leading the team or were you just a member or a player? -I was probably both, 'cause everybody was a leader where they played. Like, I was usually the pitcher or the hitter, and so everybody had different parts and roles and tried their best to lead. -And you're proud of yourself that you did that, and your parents are proud of you. -Yes. -And I'm proud of you, as well. I'm quite sure that Allah loves to see you achieving these things, because Allah says that "I have perhaps taken some of the bounties and the blessings that I have given to others to test them," and alhamdulillah, it's quite obvious that you are in the process of passing the test. We ask Allah to give you support to continue passing the test and achieve more. Okay, now I'd like to ask you-- Tell me about your-- I've seen other things, also. You've achieved other things. Would you like to tell me about this thing also, as well? This is the same? -This is the same one, but a little older than the other one I just showed you. -Okay. -It was my first year, this one, of buddy baseball, so... -How long have you been practicing baseball? -I would say about four years. -Four years? -Yes. -Oh, so you've been practicing baseball since you were nine years, or eight years? -Yes. -Oh, amazing, amazing. So, although you are handicapped, but this does not prevent you from enjoying your life. Tell me, how do you spend most of your time? -Well, I read books. -You read different types of books or specific types of books? -Just anything that-- -Anything that you want. Okay. -And the Internet... -Oh, you have access to the Internet at home? -Yes. -And you use the Internet? -Yes. -And you use your left hand. -Yes. -And you're comfortable with that? -Mm-hmm. -And tell me, what do you like on the Internet? -Well, like anybody, I go... I do the games or watch videos. -Good. -My email. -Your email, you correspond with other people by email. -Yes. -Okay, this is a wonderful opportunity here. -Let's take a break and come back. -One God, worship Him alone. Do what He wants you to do. Put your desires, this thing inside you that just wants this and wants that, and you just can't get enough. You know what? You'll never get enough until the dirt's in your mouth. Don't let it come to that. Be sincere and honest. Ask the One Who created you to guide you, it's the first step. Put off chasing all the women and the good times and the parties and this and that. -There's no one worthy of worship except Allah. Don't wait. You'll never know if death will come today for you or not. -I am not afraid to stand alone I am not afraid to stand alone If Allah is by my side I am not afraid to stand alone I am not afraid to stand alone If Allah is by my side I am not afraid to stand alone I am not afraid to stand alone If Allah is by my side I am not afraid to stand alone -This is your host again. I'm Mamdouh Mohamed. Welcome to The Deen Show. Welcome to this unique episode that's so unique in our life, in my life because I have a handicapped child and in the life of every Muslim. Let's hear from him now. We've heard from him that he is enjoying his life. He has a lot of readings, he has a lot of hobbies, and he got some trophies because of his, alhamdulillah, practicing sports with other people. So, although he's disabled, this did not prevent him from practicing a normal life, almost close to normal. But, tell me about your relationship with Allah, with God. You are in a situation not like any regular or any normal human being. You are handicapped. Tell me about your experience. Does this affect your relationship with God? Do you thank Him? Do you still thank Him? Do you feel that something-- How can you describe your relationship with God? -Well, I thank Allah for giving me everything and even, like, for me being disabled is not really, like, something that I hate, because I get to learn things about being disabled and I still have a great relationship. -So, you're still love Him? -Yes. -Okay, and do you pray a daily prayer? -Yeah, I try as hard as I can. -Masha'Allah. Masha'Allah. I want every viewer to learn from this. He's disabled, as you see, he still prays. How about those people who are blessed with their full bodies-- I want them to listen. -Oh God, forgive me when I whine I have two legs, the world is mine -I'm sorry for that. Perhaps you have seen that I am so touched by the words that come from his heart and for him of doing this, I ask Allah to give him support. We see in the world, millions of people, if not billions of people, who enjoy their full body. However, they're still not thankful to their Creator. They are not thankful to the God Who created them with full and strong bodies. Let's enjoy talking to this wonderful brother. Now, you have some few minutes now to talk to the whole world. What would you like? What is the message that you think? Because you have a unique experience and you say that you enjoy your life even if you are disabled. What is the message that you want to give to the viewers. There are millions of people who are watching you now, so what would you like to tell them? -I would like to tell them to enjoy their life, be thankful to Allah for whatever you have. -Be thankful of Allah of whatever you have. -And whatever you don't, 'cause-- -Even whatever you don't. Why is that? -'Cause, like, maybe He doesn't give you bad things, so be thankful He doesn't. -Yeah. So, Allah does not give you any bad things? -Yeah. -Yes, but He be testing you, so this is part of the test that you are... Every human being is going through a test, but the test is different. One of them may be handicapped. The other one may be sick. The other one may be deprived of children. The other one would be, his intellect would be less than the intellect of others, he's not smart as you. You are smarter than many people that I've interviewed in my lifetime, so Allah is testing everybody with a different test. And now, what a Muslim should do when he or she is confronting a test. Should we accept the test or should we reject and become ungrateful to Almighty Allah? -We should accept it and be thankful to Allah for testing us and try your hardest to do, like, whatever you can to be thankful and happy and try to pass the test. -Masha'Allah. Masha'Allah. And now, we are talking about tests and passing the tests. Do you believe that if you pass the tests successfully in this life, there is another later life? Do you believe in that? -Yes. -And do you believe that in that life, that you will be given all the powers that any other human being will have? -Yes. -And you are hoping for that? -Yes. -You see, and is this a beauty of this religion that you feel hopeful? -Yeah, 'cause you know that you may have a hard life now, but Masha'Allah, it would be better, you know, later, the afterlife. If you go to paradise. -Okay. Now, I am your interviewer. I'm older than you, perhaps, three or four times. If you want to give me an advice for me, what would you tell me? -To never, like, give up and always be happy. -Never give up? -Yeah. -And always be happy. -Yes. -Thank you for this advice and we'll try to wrap up very quickly and we'll take a break and then we'll come back after taking this break. -No problem. You can take my daughter to dinner. You and my daughter and me. Let me tell you something. It's natural. Just the idea, Allah created it, and He created us to have a good time. We should have a good time, only with our wives, though. -Islam is the fastest-growing religion in the world and most of the converts are women, not men. They see that the rules of Islam, instead of constraining them, the rules set them free. -He is the One Who protects us from hunger -Welcome back to The Deen Show. This is your host, Dr. Mamdouh Mohamed, interviewing... -Sanel Mehmedovic. -Sanel, yes. Again, I think that you need to remember Sanel all the time, because he's an example, a wonderful example that we rarely see such an example in our life nowadays, particularly for those who are disabled. And I mentioned in the beginning that I have one son who's disabled and I wish that he would see what's going on although he cannot communicate, but I'm quite sure that he would benefit from this. All the disabled people would see how cheerful he is and how hopeful he is, and he still has some plans for the future, and I wish everybody would learn from him. Not only the disabled, but the abled one, and I'm going to come back to that, but let me ask him first, tell me about your future, your dreams. What do you want to achieve? What do you want to happen? What if you ask God now? First, let's ask you. If you ask God now, what would you ask God to give you. Insha'Allah, like, better education, knowledge of Islam, and, Insha'Allah, I'd like to become-- anything in the medical field. -Go into the medical field, to give you support. This is not difficult for Allah. This is so easy for Allah. If Allah wills, He will give you health and He will give you your body back and we ask Allah to give you this, and I trust Allah, and perhaps you have heard the story of the prophet Job. He was so sick to the degree that his family members used to carry him. Yes, he could not move at all, to the degree that he lost his skin, and he was in a terrible situation. Then, after some time, when he passed the test, Allah gave him his body back and all his powers came back to him. So, it's not difficult. Just continue asking Almighty Allah that He will give you this Insha'Allah. But tell me about your future. What do you want to do after 20 years, after 10 years? What do you want to do? -Get, Insha'Allah, become something in the medical field. -The medical field. You want to work in the medical field. -And give information of Islam to people who would, you know, need to know. -And to work in the field of Dawa. -Yes. -To teach people about this religion. -Yes. -What is good about this religion? You're 13 years old. You're not adult yet. You are in the process of being an adult. Tell me, what attracts you to this religion? -That you know that there is an after life that would be greater than... -Yes, there is another life after death... -And the love of all the Muslim people and Allah. -You love Allah. Masha'Allah. And this is where you get the comfort to your heart. -Yes. -You feel comfortable by belonging to this religion? -Mm-hmm. -Right. Masha'Allah. I'm proud of you to hear that, and again and again. Tell me something that-- when you pray, how can you pray? -I sit in my chair. -Sit in your chair? -I enjoy it like any other-- -Okay, you put your hand on your chest as much as possible. -And when we bend over. -You bend over? -Yes. -So you do exactly the prayer as if we are traveling. -But in sitting position. -But in sitting, because when we are traveling, in an airplane, for example, we sit on chairs and we do exactly as you said. We put our hands like this and we start reciting, then we bow a little bit, then we bow more, and we finish it. -Yes. -Again and again and again, I remind everyone who is showing us, Muslims and non-Muslims, here is an example of a person who is disabled, even though he does not miss his prayer. He does the prayer as the Prophet Allah asked us to do. If you cannot do it while you are standing, you can do it while you are sitting. There is no excuse for the people not to do the prayer. I want everybody to learn from this experience and shame on us if we have all the organs in our bodies and all our limbs are in our bodies and we don't perform our prayers. You see, this is an example. The first time for me to meet him, and okay, now I'd like you to-- to hear from you a word for your parents. They are wonderful parents. Your father, who is sitting here, I'm so sorry because I cannot communicate with him. I don't know sign language. I wish I would have learned this. What would you like to tell your father? -That I love him and I'm thankful for him to you know help me and teach me everything that you need to know. -You love your father, you thank him for helping you and for teaching you. You're enjoying your life with him. -Yes. -You told me that you have some fun and some good times with your sisters. -Yes. -Do you have the same time with your father and mother? -Yes, we play around and laugh with each other. -Okay. And the school that you go and you spend-- How many times do you go to school? Do you go every day? -Yes, I go every day. -Tell me about it. Do you enjoy the environment there? -Yes, I enjoy it, 'cause everybody is from a different culture and you get to learn and the people are really nice there. -Wonderful. Did you have a chance to talk to some people about Islam in your presentations or your discussions at school? -Well, yeah, like, my aid who helps me. -Yes. -You know, he didn't know that. So I told him and he learned a little. -He learned a lot about Islam? -Yes. -Your aid, the one who gives you support. Yes, at school, you taught him about Islam? -Yes. -Yes, and he's happy about Islam? -Yeah. -And he believes that the media talks negatively about Islam. The media is not fair to Islam, and you're giving him a clear picture of Islam, which, the essence of it is peace. -Yes. -Which we hope that everybody would enjoy, peace in the whole world. -Yes. -That's wonderful thing. Okay now, you are on The Deen Show, and have you ever seen some programs on The Deen Show? -Yes, I've seen some with a little girl... -Yes. -And the rapper Loon, and you. -And have you seen me? -Yes. -Okay. Why do you watch The Deen Show? -'Cause it's nice to know that, like, there's other Muslims who show how they live. -Yes, and it gives the real message of Islam to people? -Yes. -To the Muslims and non-Muslims? -Yes. -And I think that it's a good way of saying that this is our Islam. This is the mainstream, and we're trying to present as much as possible the image of our beloved prophet. What's his name? -Muhammad. -Again, this is a great opportunity. I thank Allah for giving me this opportunity, but before I leave you, I wish-- I don't want to leave you. I want to stay with you longer time, but I ask Almighty Allah to give you quick recovery and to give you your health back, Insha'Allah, very soon, and would see you playing with us, will come and play with you, Insha'Allah, and if it doesn't happen, I hope it happens very soon. Insha'Allah, but I'm quite sure that Allah will give you a much better life in later life. You're sure of that? -Yes. -I'm glad to meet you and I'm gonna kiss your hand if you allow me. May Allah bless you and bless your family and I'm thankful to The Deen Show who gave me this opportunity to interview Sanel. Again, I want you to remember this wonderful name, and I hope I don't forget it. [inaudible] This is your host, Dr. Mamdouh Mohamed. -Obey your Lord, submit to Him Avoid the danger of the major sins Obey your Lord, repent to Him Avoid the danger of the major sins Obey your Lord, surrender to Him Avoid the danger of the major sins Obey your Lord, submit to Him Avoid the danger of the major sins Stay away, stay away from the major sins Ignore the whispers from the shaitans O Lord, have mercy on our souls Stay away, stay away from the major sins Ignore the whispers from the shaitans O Lord, O Lord, have mercy on our souls Avoid the footsteps of shaitan Who's plotting, scheming, 24/7 Trickery, deception, falsehood lies Anything to keep you in the fire inline He'll tell you anything that you want to hear You'll be a friend when no one else is there No matter what he says, he's a stone-cold liar He only wants to keep you in the fire inline Stay away, stay away from the major sins Ignore the whispers from the shaitans O Lord, have mercy on our souls Stay away, stay away from the major sins Ignore the whispers from the shaitans O Lord, O Lord, have mercy on our souls Paula Bernstein was adopted in 1968 So was Elyse Schein. Both grew up in New York are 39 years old and have worked as film critics yet the two never met which is odd considering they're twins "We are identical" Someone at the adoption agency had the crazy idea that twins would be better off if they were separated so we were separated in part to participate in a secret study on nature vs. nurture. The study was eventually derailed and neither of the girl's adopted parents ever knew they were a part of an identical twin set. It wasn't until four years ago while Elyse was living in Paris that she began searching for her birth mom and received a letter from the Louise-Wise adoption agency. I opened it up and it said you were born the younger of twin girls on October 9, 1968. Then the agency called Paula. I'd just break down in sobs at the idea. In some ways I felt like my whole life had been a lie. The sisters met face to face shortly after they got the news. So we didn't leap into each other's arms because on a biological level, we were twins but we weren't yet sisters. We really were strangers. It didn't take long for these strangers to see similarities in temperament, mannerisms, and taste. To the point when we first met, the first time we met, we were comparing favorite films At the same time we each said "Wings of desire" Which is a German film, it's not, you know, like Sleepless in Seattle. The sisters documented their experiences sort of in a dual journal Their new book Identical Strangers In it they not only talk about their own experiences but they do try to answer the big question Is it nature or nurture? I had always thought it was more nurture than nature and in meeting my identical twin and seeing all the similarities between us I think definitely each of them play a significant role no doubt but nature definitely trumps nurture. The twins, now both living in Brooklyn, say the book has helped them move past the anger of being split up as infants and toward a future as a family. There's no way to make up for the 35 years that we missed together but um, we have the rest of our lives to try. Assertions in the code are there to stay. We use them for catching errors, which we can also use during testing, but they also serve as documentation tool for programmers because they show what the assumptions of individual methods are and they show what the individual method is supposed to produce. Now let's apply assertions to another program, an old favorite of ours-- our buggy HTML stripper from the first unit. So here again we have the function to remove HTML markup, which we already know from the first unit. Here as well, a simple assertion would have sufficed to catch the error, mainly an assertion that checks for the non-existence of HTML tags in the output. Such an assertion could be something like this--we simply check whether there is any less than sign that is the beginning of an HTML tag in the output. We assume, there's none and if there would be one, then the assertion would immediately fail. So here comes the quiz. With this assertion, which input would cause the assertion to raise an exception-- is it foo in bold, is it foo in quotes and bold, is it foo in bold and quotes, or is it foo in bold and single quotes. Which of these causes the assertion to fail? Over to you. And the answer is this is Scale Invariance. Scale means how large the image is, relative to the camera. This is governed by the Perspective Projection Law that we discussed before. The further objects are away, the smaller they appear. We wish any classifier to be invariant to scale so it can recognize objects nearby or really far away. A long time ago, in a near movie theater... This is the moment of the world premiere of Star Wars: Episode I. Nerds everywhere gather in this historic day. Lucas waited for this moment for many years. But even with all the preparation, unfortunately it was not enough to predict a huge traffic jam. Now he races against the clock to get in time in the theater... a animation by MARCOS RAMONE produced by MARCOS RAMONE and SUZANI FlGUElRA PREMlERE IN DECEMBER, 2012 (before the worlds ending!) If you walk down the hill from the Child Development Department the CDC is at the bottom of the hill to the right In parking lot 1. Once you walk into the gate follow our walkway to the blue door. Next to the front door is a small table with a binder to sign up for your observation appointment you must come to the center prior to observing to make an appointment. When you come in for your observation appointment please sign in here and put a student observer name tag on. If you arrive early feel free to sit on a bench or chair in front of the center. Once it is time for your observation please check in with the front desk before proceeding to the classroom. The office staff will show you which classroom you will be in, where to sit, and the birthday list. In case you need to document the class schedule here is the plan of the day for the preschool classroom. Depending on where your observation begins the classroom you are observing may go outside. If that happens you may follow the class but be sure to stay with the same class you begin with. Because the noise level can become high in a preschool classroom we ask that you refrain from chatting with other students while observing. We do not allow cell phone use in the CDC nor do we allow food or drink. Please leave your cell phone in your car or backpack and refrain from eating while observing. Please bear in mind that the preschool teachers must be present for the children and families at all times. If you need to ask the child's name or age wait until the teacher is not engaged with the child or a parent. Please remember to keep your belongings on your person at all times. Young children are very curious and we would not want to tempt them with unattended belongings. Here is the site coordinator's email address. Because of the large number of observers in the CDC it is not feasible for her to return phone calls, however she can respond to emails. Please email her if you have questions. When you leave the center be sure to close the gate to the center grounds completely. Dare me to jump off of this Jersey bridge I bet you never had a Friday night like this Keep it up, keep it up, let's raise our hands I take a look up at the sky and I see red Red for the cancer, red for the wealthy Red for the drink that's mixed with suicide Everything red Please, won't you push me for the last time Let's scream until there's nothing left So sick of playing, I don't want this anymore The thought of you's no fucking fun You want a martyr, I'll be one Because enough's enough, we're done You told me think about it, well I did Now I don't wanna feel a thing anymore I'm tired of begging for the things that I want I'm over sleeping like a dog on the floor The thing I think I love Will surely bring me pain Intoxication, paranoia, and a lot of fame Three cheers for throwing up Pubescent drama queen You make me sick, I make it worse by drinking late Let's scream, there's nothing left So sick of playing, I don't want to anymore The thought of you's no fucking fun You want a martyr I'll be one Because enough's enough, we're done You told me think about it, well I did Now I don't wanna feel a thing anymore I'm tired of begging for the things that I want I'm over sleeping like a dog on the floor Imagine living like a king someday A single night without a ghost in the walls And if the bass shakes the earth underground We'll start a new revolution now (Now! Alright here we go) Hail Mary, forgive me Blood for blood, hearts beating Come at me, now this is war! Now terror begins inside a bloodless vein I was just a product of the street youth rage Born in this world without a voice or say Caught in the spokes of an abandoned brain I knew you well but this ain't a game Blow the smoke in diamond shape Dying is a gift so close your eyes and rest in peace You told me think about it, well I did Now I don't wanna feel a thing anymore I'm tired of begging for the things that I want I'm over sleeping like a dog on the floor Imagine living like a king someday A single night without a ghost in the walls We are the shadows screaming take us now We'd rather die than live to rust on the ground Shit Such sordid words have fallen into deaf ears. A mind ignored in swollen form and without fear. Today I show my face and whispers turn to screams, visions of what might have been and what will never be. Conforming to rejection, and its coexisting pain until abnormal is routine, and it's routine to tolerate. The scars are imbedded, lost in translation, spoken too softly, or maybe you didn't hear me. Carved in reflection, the beast in the beauty, loathing and glistening, or maybe you weren't listening. So where will you run when the sky starts falling? When your home is nowhere to be found? Will you remain unscarred beyond relentless crawling when your world comes tumbling down? Today I showed my face and whispers turned to screams, Visions of what might have been and what will never be. Today I showed my face and whispers turned to screams, Visions of what might have been and what will never be. Cause and effect, and ignorance is bliss. Words can be weapons if that is what you wish. Pause and reflect with the blade at your wrist. The silence is deafening and screams all of this. I'll start by bringing you up to speed with the progress so far over the last two and a half years that Positive Money has been established. When we first started talking about this idea that banks create money, this was one of the genuine responses I got at a talk, and this is quite common. "I don't believe you. I think you just made that up." For the first year or so, I spent the first half of every single talk trying to convince people that this is the way the system works. Banks can create money. 97% of all the money that exists is created by banks - and I was faced with disbelief and shock and all these reasons why this couldn't be the case. We realised there was a lack of information about how this system really works and we teamed up with the New Economics Foundation. My colleague Andrew Jackson and Josh Ryan-Collins from the New Economics Foundation wrote this amazing book 'Where Does Money Come From", which explains exactly how the monetary system works today. Since we've had this it's been so much easier to convince people that this is the way it works. In fact this book, a couple of days ago, was mentioned by the Financial Times under this amazing headline "Pre-school lessons for the bankers". [ laughter and applause from the audience] And there was a mention for the book there. So we've been working a lot on trying to get people to understand the monetary system and just to prove to people that this is the way it works. We've got past the point where we have to argue with people now. I gave a talk at the Welsh Assembly a couple of months ago and the people that I quoted at the beginning had these assembly members completely convinced within a minute. They had no doubt that this was the way the system works. I just want to show you some of the confirmations from people in high places. Mervyn King, the Governor of the Bank of England. "When banks extend loans to their customers, they create money by crediting their customers accounts." Now this was actually just a couple of months ago (23rd October 2012) and this is the most explicit explanation of how the system works that we've ever really seen. Martin Wolf. Most of you will be familiar with this. "The essence of the contemporary monetary system is the creation of money, out of nothing, by private banks" often foolish lending." Martin Wolf (Financial Times, 9th November 2010) And Bank of England papers as well are confirming that this is the way the system works. "By far the largest role in creating broad money is played by the banking sector... when banks make loans they create additional deposits for those that have borrowed the money." (Bank of England Quarterly bulletin 2007 Q3 P337) And now the Financial Times is starting to write about this more and more with the article from a few days ago and also this one from a couple of months ago. As much as they might like to think they are in charge, it's not the central bank in a country that creates the money - it is the commercial banks, so the High Street banks. Every time they expand their lending, they increase the supply of money in the economy. And every time they contract lending, they reduce the amount of money in the economy. But it's not all peaches and cream, there are still reasons for concern. One of them is that the Treasury doesn't seem to understand that banks create money. We got this letter from Mark Hoban when he was at the Treasury, one of the Treasury ministers, and in this you've got this: "Commercial banks are responsible for extending credit to individuals and businesses and have no authority to create or print money, digital or otherwise." Well, maybe they should speak to the Bank of England a little bit more. [ audience laughter ] He also said that the current system does not permit the uncontrolled expansion of the money supply. Well, this is a chart of the uncontrolled expansion of the money supply. [ audience laughter ] So there's still a lot of work to get these people to understand it, and one of the problems is that this is not really taught properly in universities and on economics courses. I had an email a couple of days ago from an A Level economics teacher and this is what he said: "I am a teacher of economics and finance with a BA in Economics and an MBA, and much of what was said in the documentary '97% owned' was new to me. I am forced to follow the normal course syilabus, but I would like to present the Positive Money perspective to my students because I think it is much more relevant to the realities of the world as it is now." So what they teach in economics in school and what they teach at University level is not how the system works. Then these people go on to get jobs in the Treasury and in banks and in economic analysis teams without understanding where money actually comes from. And this is a big part of the problem. You even get Nobel Prize-winning economists coming out with things like this. This is Paul Krugman, one of the most famous economists in the world arguing that it's not really important that banks create money and he actually said: "Now, I'm all for including the banking sector in stories where it's relevant; but why is it so crucial to a story about debt and leverage?" (Paul Krugman Nobel Prize Winner) [ audience laughter ] So why is a banking sector that creates money every time it makes a loan relevant to a story of financial crisis that was caused by too much debt and too much leverage? It's amazing. But, the tide is really starting to turn. We've really felt it over the last six months or so. We've started to see much more confirmation that people are starting to understand this perspective. We've been arguing for two and a half years that the financial crisis was caused by banks being able to create money. And we were a bit of a lone voice really before that time. And then just in November, Adair Turner, Chairman of the FSA came out and vindicated what we'd said. He didn't mention us by name unfortunately, but what he said was: "The financial crisis of 2007/08 occurred because we failed to constrain the private financial system's creation of private credit and money." (Lord (Adair) Turner, Chairman of the Financial Service Authority, 2nd November 2012) And Martin Wolf has become increasingly outspoken on this issue, saying recently that: "It is the normal monetary system, in which the "printing" of money is delegated to commercial banks, that needs defending. This delegates a core public function - the creation of money - to a private and often irresponsible commercial oligopoly." (Martin Wolf - Financial Times, 28th June 2012) I question the use of the word 'often' in that quote. And Jesse Norman, a Conservative MP who's on the Treasury Select Committee, one of the MPs responsible for scrutinising what the Treasury and the Bank of England actually do said: Commercial banks have an even greater power than that: they have the power to create credit - that is, money - by expanding their balance sheets. It is not widely understood how important this power is: of the money presently in circulation in the UK, three per cent takes the form of cash; 97 per cent is in credit and deposits. This financial alchemy is an extraordinary privilege, which we as citizens and taxpayers underwrite." (Jesse Norman, MP - 'The Case for Real Capitalism" - December 2011) So then we were surprised recently to find this proposal coming from what is commonly understood as a revolutionary and radical activist organisation... The International Monetary Fund came out with this proposal suggesting that we stop banks from creating money. That we remove this ability to create money. And actually, they base this proposal on some of the ideas from the 1930s that actually have inspired some of our own work and proposals as well. It's quite similar. Some technical differences, but it achieves the same aim. This was picked up by the Telegraph and we were really surprised by this. Andrews Evans-Pritchard is probably their main economics commentator and he actually mentioned Positive Money and the New Economics Foundation by name in this article. So, where are we now? We have 10,400 supporters on the mailing list. There's over 8,500 on Facebook. There's pushing 4,000 people on Twitter now. So this has grown. We've had 70 meet ups and events around the country, organised by some of the people in this room. These have been in 20 cities. We've also trained up 70 people to be able to go and give talks around the country as well. And again, some of the people in this room will have been through that training. I've spoken in Parliament since the last conference. I've spoken in the Welsh Assembly - this was just a couple of months ago. And in three weeks I'll be speaking in the Scottish Parliament to some of the MSPs up there. And we had a few meetings with some fairly senior politicians, who I'm not going to name but to be quite honest it was a complete waste of time. [ audience laughter ] It's a bit like talking to a brick wall. And it really made us realise that we need to take a step back and focus on getting the wider public and the academics and the journalists to understand this before we can really take it to the political sphere and actually push for change up there. And then we got a bit of press attention this year as well. We antagonised the Financial Times blog enough to write a critique of what we were doing. But, typically, in the manner of all good journalists, they didn't bother to read any of our materials or proposals before coming to a conclusion. And then we've also had positive press from The Independent and The Guardian, and that mention in the Telegraph with regards to the IMF article. And there's this little thing, which has taken up most of our waking hours for the last year. This is now spilling out internationally. There are things going on in America, I'm speaking to the Icelandic Parliament in March. There's a Sensible Money Group in Ireland, there are things kicking off in Spain, in France. We've got four members from the German Monetative Movement here today in the room. And in December I went out to Israel for a week to spend some time with a movement that's kicking off there. In the space of about four weeks they'd gone from the very first meeting that they had to holding a conference in Israel's most respected university with about 300 people there. So this is really starting to grow now. Positive Money New Zealand have been running about a year and a half now and something's also kicking off in Australia. So this is really starting to spread. The videos have been translated into at least 11 different languages. We have a team of translators around the world now who are all doing this as volunteers. So the big question is, how do we get to critical mass? That's going to be the focus of today. How do we take this out to a much bigger audience? This is a test this is a test Admittedly, that's a tough act to follow, so I'm going to begin with something very simple, something we all know: we are addicted to fossil fuels. Oil, coal and natural gas rule our lives. I challenge you to think of one thing you did today that didn't require a petroleum product. If you danced naked in the moonlight this morning, you got a point. Here is the interesting thing. We don't actually need it. We can exist solely on renewable sources of energy: sun, wind and waves. The organization I work for, the Community Environmental Council, spent two years working on what we call our blueprint for a new energy direction. We looked at countywide energy use, natural resources and economic impacts. And what we discovered is that we can be free from fossil fuels in one generation, save money and help stabilize the economy. We can take responsibility for energy use and show others what is possible. 40 years ago, Santa Barbara is the birthplace of the modern environmental movement, born out of a oil spill just off of our coast. Over the last four decades, we've continued to be a model community, pioneering recycling, watershed protection and habitat preservation. Today, it's time to make another such stand. Climate change and energy insecurity are much too big a problem to continue on our path of dirty, expensive fossil fuels. As a city and as a state, we depend almost entirely on others for our energy. This slide shows you that 75% of our electricity is generated in the state, but the fuels themselves often come from elsewhere. We only get 13% of our natural gas from California and while 40% of our petroleum comes from here, it often means drilling in sensitive habitats. Don't get me wrong, I actually like fossil fuels. Our modern transportation and communication systems would not be possible without them, but like the typewriter, it's technology of the past and it's time to evolve. Lucky for us, we have other options. I'm talking about clean, renewable sources of energy. Sun, wind and waves that are unlimited and don't pollute our air, our land or our water. The study I mentioned calculated that we need 2700 GWh renewable energy to account for our electricity needs alone. I'm going to touch on just a couple of projects in Santa Barbara County that are getting us started down that path. Last year, the Santa Barbara County board of supervisors approved the Lompoc Wind Energy Farm. Once completed, this project will account for 10% of our county's electricity needs. It also has some of the most stringent environmental safeguards in the industry. Recently, a solar farm was proposed in Santa Barbara's northeast county. At about 80 GWh, this will account for a little less than 5% of our electricity needs. It is also sited on existing agricultural land, near transmision lines, which helps minimize impacts on sensitive habitats. And believe it or not, wave energy is just around the corner. PG&E, our local utility, has a preliminary permit to study wave energy potential, biological resources and other factors off Vandenberg Air Force Base. This study will help them decide whether or not they want to move forward and which technology to use. Three projects, 25% of our electricity from local renewable sources. We need another 8 to 10 projects total to meet all of our electricity needs, but the good news is we have more resources than what we need. So, why stop there? By 2020, it's estimated we'll need 100 million gallons of petroleum to run our cars here in Santa Barbara. Alternatively, we can run our cars off electricity. We would need another 3700 GWh or 20 Lompoc Wind Energy projects. We could also look to our neighbors in Europe, take their lead and build one or two large off-shore windfarms outside the Channel Islands. There are possibilities. First step, though, we have to get rid of the internal combustion engine. Dirty, loud and inefficient. Conventional engines waste 75% of the energy we put into them. Imagine pouring out 3/4 of every beer that you drink. No, thanks. Instead, we want to see clean electric engines, even running off a dirty grid. They are less polluting and they cost less to operate. We want to see a clean electricity grid. Better yet? Solar and wind in every home. You could be driving on your own sunshine. Here is the best part, our plan saves us money. By 2020, countywide we could save 400 million dollars. 2030, 1.5 billion. 3000 dollars per year, per person, everyone in this room. A lot of those savings are attributed to energy efficiency, but renewable energy plays a huge role because once you've built a renewable energy facility, the fuels themselves are free. So, let's begin today. Changing lightbulbs is simply not enough. We have to change how we generate energy as a society. Put solar panels on your home, but support a wind energy farm in your backyard. I ask you today to imagine a different future. Our fossil-free plan is not only possible, it's practical. And it's based on the core value that a strong economy and a healthy environment are deeply intertwined. All it takes is a community, like ours. (Applause) Morgan and Claypool created a relatively unique product called "Synthesis Lectures". They have experts within various engineering and technology fields create concise books approxiamtely 50 to 150 pages, on current topics for research areas. These are an excellent starting place for anyone not familiar with the topic, or a great resource for those that are more experienced within a discipline to quickly review a topic they may not have seen in a while. Ohio University has access to a majority of the lectures. We will look at how to find the lectures via ALlCE, our online catalog, as well as from Morgan and Claypool's website, and how to know if we have access or not. One way we can access the "Synthesis Lectures" is by searching ALlCE, our online catalog. The catalog is available from ohio.edu/library I'm going to do a simple keyword search for "Lung Sounds" within the catalog. And the results that come back deal a lot with the medical profession, which makes sense, but here I have one that is an electronic resource and it has a subtitle of "An Advanced Signal Processing Perspective". And I just wanted to point out that this is coming from Morgan and Claypool, as the publisher. This one has caught my attention, because of it's engineering twist to it. So I clicked on the title and I'm provided with more information about this, including the fact that it is a synthesis lecture on biomedical engineering, and as well the table of contents. To actually access the full text of this, I'm going to click on connect to electronic resource. This takes us out to Morgan and Claypool's website, which now has an abstract for the lecture, as well as the PDF to it. When I search the catalog, I can also look for an author or a title if there's a particular lecture that I knew I wanted and I wanted to be able to access it The way I can get access to the lectures is by going directly to Morgan and Claypool's website. It's URL is www.morganclaypool.com There are several ways that I can access the lectures from their website. I can do a search, either a quick search or a simpler advanced underneath the search tab. I'm going to do a quick search for lung sounds within all series, and the title that we saw previously is included in this list, as well as several others. If you notice over here along the left, there is a little green check mark, and this is a great sign because it means we have full text access to this lecture. The other way I can access the lectures from Morgan and Claypool's website is by browsing. And I can do that by title or by series. Let's go ahead and look at by title. When I look at it by title I have the series that the titles come from and they are listed alphebetically on the page. If you notice in here, we are lacking the green check mark, so this is not as straightforward in determining whether we have access or not. When we look for the synthesis lectures by series, what we have are just the series titles and then from there we can get the titles. And this is a great way to look for the lectures because it starts with a broader topic and then lets you see what is available there. So if I was interested in Signal Processing, I can click on that series and then see all the titles that are available. And you notice here, we have our little green check marks back, indicating that we have access to it. And then we also have this area that says "lectures under development". This is future content from Morgan and Claypool. Of course we won't get this unless we pay for it, so we may or may not have access to this in the future. If you have any problems accessing the Morgan and Claypool Synthesis Lectures, please ask one of us. Click here on our Ask a Librarian tab, You can see all of the ways to get in touch with us. Feel free to use whatever you are comfortable with. In this video we'll just do a quick tour of the iBooks bookshelf. So to get to the bookshelf I just touch the "Books" icon, and there you can see my bookshelf. Now we're looking at all of the books that I've downloaded, including the proofs from my own projects. So just a few things about this, you have some choices here in how you want to view it. Right now we're looking at the thumbnails. You can touch here to view a list instead. Go back to the thumbnail view. Occasionally you'll see that you have a notification here where it says store, that means that one of my books has an update. That might mean that the author has added new content and at that point you can chose whether you'd like to update the book or not. So if I touch here where it says collections, I can see that I'm looking at all of my books. I can also switch to only the books that I've purchased, and I can see only those books. And I can also see all the pdfs that I've downloaded onto my ipad, and I find this to be a really great way to keep all my pdfs in one spot. What I can also do is add a new bookshelf, which is what I'll do now. To do that just touch "new". And I'll call this just "proofs". So If I go back to view all of my books, and I want to move all of my proofs to my new bookshelf. So I'll touch "edit", and I'll just select each proof that I'd like to move. So I have a choice here in the top left, I can either move or delete those, if you want to do a batch delete this is how you would do it. For now I just want to move them. I'll choose my proofs bookshelf. Ok, so now I have a place where I can view all of my proofs all in one bookshelf. So that's my brief tour of the iBooks bookshelf. Thanks for watching! Federal and international estimates are that the planetarian needs for energy will at least double between now and the end of the twenty-first century. We have an ever-growing need for energy around the globe. I think that the way we have generated energy in the last hundred years, from essentially a single point of fossil fuels, is not sustainable. Either by the end of this century, or clearly moving on, we need to have other strategies. I think that what we're doing in the Center is critical to this energy grand challenge that I talked about, because it's helping us diversify how we source energy for society. We're evaluating the potential for how one specific part of the biofuels area, cellulosic biofuels, can contribute to that energy equation that society will need to live on. b;ahshwqkw What kind of drama is Padam Padam? blahslawkwkwk This Brigham Young University-Idaho devotional address by Boyd Baggett, a member of the Religious Education faculty at BYU-Idaho, was given July 30, 2013. Beautiful music and the Spirit of the Holy Ghost here and the scriptures to learn from— it can't get any better than this, can it? Brothers and sisters, I love this campus and I love seeing you come in to look at the scriptures together. My attention was captured a while back by a t-shirt quote that said, "It's all about me. Deal with it." I've heard similar statements in all kinds of commercials, from day spas to credit cards, from country music to rap, the message is it's all about me. A few years ago my son Dallin and I were visiting about this dangerous attitude and he told me about the beginning of one of his high school classes. The teacher had asked the students to write one note in particular in their notebooks right at the beginning of the year, "The world's biggest lie: It's all about me!" I can remember being taught this lesson many times in my life. When I was in high school—it was one of these times. We lived on our family farm in Buhl, Idaho. It was a small farm: dairy, lots of row crops, some fruit trees, and three fish ponds. My dad loved the fish ponds. Regularly he would invite Cub Scout groups or youth groups to come fishing, but the ponds took a lot of work. Before we could have somebody come and fish we had to clean the area around the ponds. We had to trim the edges to make sure that it was clean and make sure the water was clear, that the muddy irrigation water had been diverted so that it was nice and clean and presentable for all of his fisherman friends. Anytime someone would come to fish the whole family would join dad and our guests and we would help them bait the hooks, teach them to use lures or counterfeit worms, how to hide the hooks, how to cast the fishing pole and remove the snags, how to remove the fish from the hook, and we would sit there and wait while the fish would bite. We would visit. It was on one such occasion when the Cub Scouts were there fishing and little boys and their parents all over the place and I was becoming a little bit impatient. My "It's all about me" attitude started to show in how I was treating others and I started to complain about all the work that this fishing event required. I turned to my dad and I said, "Dad, can I leave? I'm not getting anything out of this fishing experience." And he looked at me. Without even waiting a second or two to think he just said, "Boyd, maybe it's not about you." I'd never thought about that before. Satan had fed me a lie. He had baited his hook with a counterfeit hook with a truth and I had believed it. I believed it was all about me. But it's a lie. Ponder Satan's attitude that is described in Moses chapter 4 verse 1. (Moses 4:1) "And [Satan] came before me, saying— Behold, here am I, send me, I will be thy son, and I will redeem all mankind, that one soul shall not be lost, and surely I will do it; wherefore give me thine honor." In contrast, consider the next verse—the Savior's words. (Moses 4:2) "Father, thy will be done, and the glory be thine forever." You see, Jesus Christ already understood the truth that He would teach when He came to this mortal life. (Matthew 16:25) For whosoever will save his life shall lose it: and whosoever will lose his life for my sake shall find it." He understood He wouldn't be fulfilling this mission for His own glory. No, He would fill it for His Father. The Lord told us the day would come when our generation would start to believe the world's biggest lie. In Doctrine and Covenants section 1 verse 16 it says, (D & C 1:16) "They seek not the Lord to establish his righteousness, but every man walketh in his own way, and after the image of his own god, whose image is in the likeness of the world, and whose substance is that of an idol." We'll call that the idolatry of the individual. We are living in a day of the fulfillment of this verse. Think of the "It's all about me" attitudes and problems of today which show that we have cut ourselves off from the prophets and we walk in our own ways after the images of our own gods. Self-indulgence, pornography, immorality, abortion, lust, covetousness, self-gratification, road rage. In all of these can we see some of the "It's all about me" attitude showing through? And we definitely aren't the first group of people to have these problems or attitudes. As we study Mosiah chapter 11, I'm going to point to some of the words or phrases that show that King Noah had an "It's all about me" attitude. Just staring there in verse 1. (Mosiah 11:1) "He did not walk in the ways of his father." (Mosiah 11:2) "He did walk after the desires of his own heart... he had many wives and concubines. And he did cause his people to commit sin, and [he did] that which was abominable in the sight of the Lord. And they did commit whoredoms and all manner of wickedness." And then he raised taxes. That's got to be bad. Verse 4: (Mosiah 11:4-6) "All this did he take to support himself, and his wives and his concubines," and their bad habits, "and his priests, and their wives and their concubines; thus he had changed the affairs of the kingdom. For he put down all the priests that had been consecrated by his father, and consecrated new ones in their stead, such as were lifted up in the pride of their hearts, Yea, and thus they were supported in their laziness, and in their idolatry, and in their whoredoms." A little bit later it talks about that many elegant and spacious buildings that they built and a palace and a throne and all of the gold and the silver that he accumulated and in verse 14 it says, (Mosiah 11:14) "And he placed his heart upon his riches, and spent his time in riotous living," and so did, "his wives and his concubines; and...his priests and their harlots." This was an "It's all about me" time in The Book of Mormon, wasn't it? We can see from these verses that King Noah belived the great lie. It's all about me. His world revolved around himself and he successfully persuaded many to follow him in his self-centered, self-indulging "It's all about me" lifestyle. It's easy for any of us to get caught up in such a lifestyle where we think everyone and everything should be trying to meet our needs, our wants. Let's think back to the last time we were frustrated. Why were you frustrated? Did we have to cancel our plans because somebody else in the family or the apartment had a competing event? Did we have to adjust our thoughts or our feelings because somebody else had needs or wants that needed to be met? How willing are we to support our brother's event and miss our own? Or what about the last time we were told no on any subject—what was our response? Pouting? The silent treatment? A temper tantrum? Or maybe "You can't tell me no." Maybe we even pondered King Noah's example of "I'll just eliminate the source of the problem," like he did with Abinadi. Sometimes we read this story and we think King Noah was so wicked because he killed Abinadi; but his wickedness started much earlier. It started with an attitude of selfishness, an attitude of entitlement, a dangerous attitude. Consider how he got into that position. His father, Zeniff, had been overzealous to inherit the land. They had rejected the divinely inspired expodus from the land of Nephi and they had covenanted with the king of the Lamanites for the land of their fathers, not realizing that King Laman had entered into that covenant with the very purpose of bringing the people into bondage. Later, King Noah inherited this enslaved kingdom from his father. We have a perilous situation in the world today, don't we? We are so blessed with possessing and receiving the worldly stuff that we live in bondage, believing we actually own the things in this world. We begin to think this stuff is all ours. Satan tries to ensnare us by planting thoughts in our hearts and our minds that we're owed a certain lifestyle or certain indulgences. And sometimes we even reject the prophetic warnings to flee from the things of the world and the attitude of "It's all about me". Several years ago when I was a little bit younger, President Kimball, while speaking to the youth, said, "To do the special things given to this generation, you will need to guard against selfishness. One of the tendencies most individuals have which simply must be overcome is the tendency to be selfish. All that you can do now while you are young and are more pliant to become less selfish and more selfless will be an important and lasting contribution to the quality of your life in the years, indeed in the eternity, to come. You will be a much better wife or a much better husband, a better mother or a better father, if you can curb the tendency to be selfish." Elder Joe J. Christensen taught, "Children who always get what they want will want as long as they live. Somewhere along the line it is important for the character development of our children to learn that the earth still revolves around the sun and not around them." King Noah's selfishness blurred his vision of what the Lord could do with him. Can you imagine how that story might have been different had he, as a youth, learned some self-control, some self-restraint, or if, as a young man, he had learned to listen to the prophet's voice instead of advocating the idolatry of the individual? Elder Bruce C. Hafen taught about individualism and self-centeredness when he warned about some of the modern wolves attacking family and marriage today. He said, "Another attacking wolf is the excessive individualism that has spawned today's contractual attitudes. The adversary has long cultivated this overemphasis on personal autonomy and now he feverishly exploits it. Our deepest God-given instinct is to run to the arms of those who need us and sustain us, but Satan drives us away from each other today even in our families with wedges of distrust, suspicion. He exaggerates the need for having space and getting out and doing it my way and being left alone. Some people believe him and then they wonder why they feel so left alone." In another talk the same Elder Hafen taught, "Nobody really wants to be lonely, but the lifestyles associated with today's frenzied search for individual freedom often lead, unsurprisingly, to loneliness." Brothers and sisters, in the world today we are witnessing a downward spiral in the morals. As we watch a replay of King Noah's idolatrous story for the past forty years the laws in this country have been modified and torn apart in a search for individual identity, individual rights. Now, as never before, the rights of individuals seem to trump parenting rights and marriage rights, the rights of the unborn, rights of speech, and rights of worship. It is deteriorating our relationships in every aspect of our lives. Many of you born during the past forty years have been taught to believe the world's biggest lie, that it is all about me. Well, it's not. The world is wrong and Satan is intentionally misleading as many of us as he can. He is lonely, he is unhappy, and he is miserable. Because of Satan's selfishness from the beginning he fell from heaven, he became miserable, and now the scriptures tell us he seeks to make all of us miserable. As we allow Satan's taunting and tempting influence into our lives the relationships around us suffer. Many of the attitudes and behaviors that weaken relationships in family, business, and education can be summed up in one word: selfishness. President Hinckley warned, "I find selfishness to be the root cause of most broken homes." Selfishness is the antithesis of love, the cankering of the soul, the expression of greed. It destroys self-discipline and it obliterates loyalty. The Savior taught us how to overcome this dangerous relationship destroying attitude. In John chapter 10 verse 10 he said, (John 10:10) "I am come that they might have life, and that they might have it more abundantly." Jesus then explains how His plan works. To give us this more abundant life, he said, (John 10:11-13) "I am the good shepherd: the good shepherd giveth his life for the sheep. But he that is an hireling, and not the shepherd, whose own the sheep are not, seeth the wolf coming, and leaveth the sheep, and fleeth: and the wolf catcheth them, and scattereth the sheep. The hireling fleeth, because he is an hireling, and careth not for the sheep." He's there for the paycheck, isn't he? So, the question for us becomes this— In our relationships do I care for my friends and family and neighbor as a hireling or as a shepherd? Am I willing to give of myself or of my lifestyle for others? Or am I more worried about my own wants and my own desires than I am for theirs? Let's return just for a moment to the story of our selfish "It's all about me" King Noah. He was confronted by one sent from God to correct his ways. The Lord sent Abinadi to try to save this people from their idolatry of the individual so that they might have the life more abundantly. Instead, they as a people rejected the Lord's prophet and lived their idolatrous lives day by day into a literal slavery. Isn't it interesting that today we easily identify others who, like King Noah, are selfishly caught in the slavery of pornography, abortion, alternative sexual lifestyles, living beyond their means, etcetera? But let's look inside. Are we just as aware of how the same selfish "It's all about me" attitude also effects our relationships with parents and siblings, roommates, coworkers, employers, even fellow students and faculty? Do we sense how selfish contention forces the Spirit of the Holy Ghost to leave us? It effects all of our relationships with neighbors as charity is traded for criticism, as judging of others leads to jealousy. It effects our relationships with fellow students and coworkers as etiquette gives way to envy. Yes, selfishness brings us to rationalize our own selfish behavior while discounting and distrusting the efforts of others. Finally, the selfish "It's all about me" attitude destroys our relationship with the true and living God as our integrity fades to make way for instant gratification and we replace the God of our fathers with the gods of our own making. Unlike King Noah, Abinadi was selfless. He accepted the difficult mission call to preach repentence to the people and the people did not receive him well. I have to ask myself why would Abinadi even want that mission call? Maybe he didn't want it. He had many reasons to say no including "Been there, done that", right? He's already been to them and they've rejected him. And then later when King Noah gives him a chance to recall his prophetic words Abinadi turns it down. Why? Because Abinadi understood that this story was not about him. He understood instead that this story was really about the Savior's loving invitation to all of the Father's children. He understood that this story was a story about the one: the one who might listen, the one who might become converted. And there was one who did listen. Was Abinadi's mission worth the life it had cost? It was for Alma and it was for all those who followed Alma and it was for all of us in this room who have been converted by the teachings of Alma and led to know the Savior Jesus Christ. And it was worth it to Abinadi. I am so thankful that Abinadi was not worrying about his own individual rights and his individual freedom. Although Abinadi was willing to lay down his life for the Savior's message to go forward, most of us won't face such a hard trial. But, brothers and sisters, every single one of us has been asked to take the prerequisite course Discipleship 101. We are all asked to live as a Christian and die as a disciple, submitting our lives to our Heavenly Father. I was reminded of this lesson again a few years ago when Debbie and I were at the University of Utah Hospital. She had just embarked on the first of seven surgeries that we would face over the next fifteen months. I was in the waiting room pacing just like I was this morning before this talk. But I was questioning, "Why is this happening? Why me?" I should say, "Why us?" It wasn't me in the operating room; it was her. But I said, "Why is this happening to us?" As I stood there looking out over the windows, grazing across the parking lots at the Salt Lake City traffic and everybody hurrying their way someplace I thought, "Nobody even cares that we're here or that life for us is changing." I was scared. I was angry. Really, I was having my own little pity party. I was all alone and I had forgotten that this story was not all about us. I sat in an uncomfortable chair, alone, away from everybody else, silently praying and then writing some thoughts in my journal. But I felt so alone. I felt terrible as I pondered Debbie's pain and our frustration. This just didn't fit with our plans. After a long hour of self pity I walked again to the window, avoiding contact with anybody that might interrupt my self-centered thoughts, and I was just there for a couple of minutes when I noticed an ambulance started coming into the parking lot fast with lights and sirens going, cars following it in, and a helicopter landing on the helipad right close by. I could tell something big and traumatic had happened. In fact, over the loudspeakers I could hear doctors and nurses being called to the Emergency Area. Suddenly, as I watched these cars coming into the parking lot and people hurrying to get inside the hospital with their loved ones, my thoughts went heavenward. All of a sudden my mind was on, "Wow, I hope these people are okay." And I offered a silent prayer. Heavenly Father, bless them. I was worried about them for a minute. And as I did so my prayer continued and I thanked Heavenly Father for my family, for my temple marriage, for Debbie. As my mind shifted back to the waiting room where I was actually standing, I realized that there were lots of families already in that waiting room. I wasn't the only one there. And every one of them had looks of worry and fear on their minds. I watched them. Some of them were reading scriptures or reading novels, talking amongst each other and trying to reassure that in one way or another everything would be okay. And then it happened. I realized how self-absorbed I'd been. I remembered the truth. It's not all about me and the Spirit started talking to me. It was like this "A-ha!" moment and wow. I'd been so focused on my own feelings and my own worries and my own thoughts that I'd completely ignored or been unaware of all these other people who had needs. And I turned to the lady that was sitting closest to me and I asked, "Who are you here for? What are they in surgery for?" And for about 45 minutes she told me her story. That day, brothers and sisters, I had the opportunity to share my testimony of families and priesthood power and our Savior's Atonement with so many people. It turned out to be a wonderful day getting to know all but one group there in the waiting room. I learned that day that we all have the opportunity to struggle and the more we learn about other people's lives, the more we appreciate our own personal trials that we have to face. That day I realized how much the Lord loves all of His children and I even had the privilege of using the priesthood for blessing one of the men in the waiting room. It turned out to be a choice experience to feel our Heavenly Father's love as testimonies were shared and love was expressed. It was the beginning of many trips to the hospital where I loved meeting people and sharing my love for my Heavenly Father. I had learned there in the waiting room for sure we can find many people who need a lift. They're all there worried about their families and their friends. But if we can remember that truly the story isn't about us, but about how we lift others the whole world opens up for us just like it did that day for me. And we don't have to go to the waiting rooms to find them. We can find them in our apartments. We can find them in our wards and in our neighborhoods. Any place we go we can find somebody that needs a lift. Consider the many scriptural examples of those who understood it wasn't about them, even in their time of extremity. Sarah gave her handmaid to Abraham. She understood it wasn't all about her. Jonathan supported David in taking over his own father's throne. Joseph of Egypt accepted the Lord's will in his life. Even though his family had sold him into slavery he became their savior, provided food for them. Joseph and Emma accepted their divine roles in the restoration of the gospel even though it required of them seemingly endless persecution and, ultimately, Joseph's life. Can you imagine how life would have been different if any one of them had listened to Satan's lie and believed "It's all about me"? I've had enough of this eternal stuff. This isn't fair. I'm going to do something for me now. What a blessing that they understood the story was not about them. They hearkened to the voice and the will of the Lord. Finally, let's look at the story of the Savior. Facing the extreme pain and difficulty of Gethsemane He prayed, (Matthew 26:39) "O my Father, if it be possible, let this cup pass from me: nevertheless not as I will, but as thou wilt." He didn't want this mission. He didn't look forward to what He was facing, but He loved the Father and He loved us and He knew the story was not about Him. Ponder the statements that He made while He was on the cross. (Luke 23:34) "Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do." (John 19:26) "Woman, behold thy son!" And to John, (John 19:27) "Behold thy mother!" (Luke 23:43) "To day shalt thou be with me in paradise." Jesus wasn't concerned about Himself in this hour of horror. No, He was showing His concern for His executioners, His disciples, His mother. He did not fall for Satan's lure that "It's all about me". He knew instead it was all about His Father, His Father's children. He understood, brothers and sisters, it was about me and you. He understood it was about giving His life for us. By so doing He gives all of us the opportunity to experience ultimate freedom and taste of a more abundant life, eternal life, the greatest of all the gifts of God. Isn't that ironic? Satan's lie is actually a truth misapplied. It's a counterfeit, a lure. In reality it is all about us. That's why Jesus did what He did. He did it for me and you and every other person who will accept Him as their personal Savior. But we can't have what He offers if we act as though the world revolves around us. No, we've got to become like He is and lose our life in order to find it. I pray we will not bite at Satan's counterfeit lure of "It's all about me". Instead, I pray we will express our deepest gratitude to Heavenly Father for the marvelous blessings we enjoy. Look to lift and love those around us, serve others with Christ-like love, and bring them to the Savior as He brings us, each one of us, home to a Heavenly Father to dwell with Him and with our loved ones eternally. I testify that Jesus Christ lived for that very purpose in the name of Jesus Christ, amen. For more information about this program please visit the BYU-Idaho website at www.byui.edu/devotionalsandspeeches Where Gio (my wife)? There! There! Am I focusing? The aquatic park there. Oh yes! Right on the river meander, cool. That's beautiful right? So, in summary, we talked about the maximum likelihood estimator, and we even derived it mathematically for those of you who had the patience to stay on. It's a really simple formula. It's what's called the empirical count. We talked about the Laplace estimator, which added k fake data points, 1 for each possible outcome, and that resulted in the slightly more complex out, as shown in this formula over here. and we identified cases where the Laplace estimator is much better than the maximum likelihood estimator, specifically when there isn't much data. When there isn't much data, fake it by adding more data. I'll see you in class in the next unit. beautiful girls all over the world i could be chasin but my time would be wasted but they got nothing on you baby coz they got nothing on you baby, nothin on you baby yea n.n.n. nothin on you i know you feel where i'm coming from regardless of the things in my past that i've done most of it really was for the hell of the fun on the carousel so around i spun with no directions just tryna get some tryna chase skirts, living in the summer sun this is how i lost more and they'll might say hey but you shouldnt worry about what they saying than i had ever won and honestly i ended up with none there's no much nonsense it's on my conscience i'm thinking baby i should get it out and i don't wanna sound redundant but i was wondering if there was something that you wanna know but never mind that we should let it go cause we don't wanna be a t.v episode t.v episode and all the bad thoughts just let them go go, go, go, go beautiful girls all over the world i could be chasing but my time would be wasted they got nothin' on you baby nothing on you baby they might say hi and i might say hey but you shouldn't worry about what they say cause they got nothin' on you baby nothin' on you baby not not not nothin' on you babe not not nothin' on you hands down there will never be another one i been around and i never seen another one look at your style I ain't really got nothin' on and you wild when you ain't got nothing on baby you the whole package plus you pay your taxes and you keep it real while them other stay plastic you're my wonder women call me mr. fantastic stop.. now think about it i've been to london, i've been to paris even way out there in tokyo back home down in georgia to new orleans but you always steal the show (steal the show) and just like that girl you got me froze (got me froze) like a nintendo 64 (64) if you never knew well now you know (know, know, know, know) beautiful girls all over the world i could be chasing but my time would be wasted they got nothin' on you baby nothin' on you baby they might say hi and i might say hey but you shouldn't worry about what they say cause they got nothin' on you baby nothin' on you baby not not not nothin' on you babe not not nothin' on you everywhere i go i'm always hearing your name (name, name) and no matter where i'm at girl you make me wanna sang (sang,sang) whether a bus or a plane or a car or a train no other girls on my brain and you the one to blame beautiful girls all over the world i could be chasing but my time would be wasted they got nothin' on you baby nothin' on you baby they might say hi and i might say hey but you shouldn't worry about what they say cause they got nothin' on you baby nothin' on you baby not not not nothin' on you babe not not nothin' on you yeah and that's just how we do it and i'ma let this ride B O B and bruno mars!! They say French is the language of love, but for some, the language of love can be physics. The upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in liquids and gases, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces, and acts vertically upward through the center of gravity of the immersed body. That's Archimedes' principle, which I was unaware of until recently. It was about a year ago, when I was talking with my friend, and I said that things were easy when everything was on the surface. He replied by saying, "Increase the force F of gravity so that it exceeds the force F of buoyancy, and the body will start to submerge and sink." To tell the truth, I wasn't good at physics. It was one subject I didn't understand at all, so I pretended I knew what he was talking about, and the next day, I went to the library, got the books and started to read up on Archimedes' principle. When I first started to learn, it was as if I were on a planet where everything was strange and unusual. I didn't understand anything. But when I made some progress, I started to solve some problems with great enthusiasm, only to get discouraged when I would open the book and discover that I had gotten the answers wrong. When I got discouraged, I decided to discourage the discouragement itself, and I did that. I kept reading and finally there came a day, when I was competing with him in the same room at the physics olympiad. That's when I understood something really important - there is no "I don't understand", there is only "I don't want to". This helped me to change my entire life, to understand that nothing is impossible. I took heart to the words of Bonaparte: "Impossible is a word to be found only in the dictionary of fools". And please don't let failures discourage you, they are inevitable. With enough persistence, they eventually lead to success. And finally, rest assured that if your wish is big enough, the force of gravity affecting it will surely be bigger than the force of buoyancy. Thank you. Oooook Oh! You've nailed it Action! Oh f*ck! (distant voice) I've broken my arm I'll do it again Ok, just wait:) The Elbow Move! Take two! Action! Ooook..... I was so high! I wanna see it:) One, two, three This is it What a f*cking awsome flight:) Bystander A: This person's got pretty bad techniques Bystander B: Oh no... B: Still going in??? B: This is getting good! A: %$*&@$ B: He can't get out, hahaha A: But she can't get out either! A: This is funny... A: She still can't get out A: Can she climb out? B: WTF. Really??!! A: This chick is the bomb! why did the chicken cross the road to get the newspaper of course did you get you no of course you didnt the chicken did One of the things that has changed dramatically over the last 230 years has been the succession line to the president. If you look at Article II section 1 of the Constitution you do see what the Founding Fathers had envisioned if the president died. They say that in case of the removal of the president from office or of his death, resignation or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President. . . . such officers shall act accordingly until the disability be removed or a president shall be elected. When we look at those words, it's fairly well agreed upon that the FOunding Fathers wanted the vice president to stay vice president First off, when the Founding Fathers wrote the same shall devolve on the vice president they were referring the part of the sentence of "the powers and duties of said office" so they are saying that the powers and duties shall devolve on the vice president. They are not saying he shall become president it specifically says that he stays the same. second, they talk about that someone shall carry out those duties until a president is elected, meaning that the person isn't president. Someone still has to be elected. So, if the Founding Fathers intended a VP to stay Vp, then what happened? What happened when presidents died? Well, the first time a president died in office goes back to "Tippacanoe and Tyler, too." Tippacanoe was President Harrison, the first one, died one month into his presidency. He was sick, he decided to give an inaugural speech in a cold, wet, March. And ended up getting more ill and died. His vice president, Tyler, decided that he didn't want to just be vice president. Some say it was hubris, others say it was common sense. Do you really want someone to just be acting president? For four years? That doesn't exactly have a ring of power it placed the US diplomatically and militarily at a disadvantage with no president in charge. So Tyler looks at the situation and takes power. He becomes the president. He refers to himself as president. He took over the Cabinet meetings. He walked in, called the Cabinet and said we're meeting. when the Cabinet tried to talk about what Harrison would have done he said no, this is my Cabinet, if you don't like it, resign. He set up all correspondence with people signing as President Tyler. her refused to acknowledge anyone or anything that was directed to Vice President If you wrote him a letter, he returned it and said I'm the president. Address me as such. He made his own inaugural speech. He did everything you would do if you were president Congress looked at the situation and the House and Senate passed a resolution to recognize him as president. They are allowed to do it. But Tyler pushed them along that road and made it happen. What's interesting is that because of the Tyler precedence, other politics involving this, you don't see a Constitution correction until the 25th amendment is passed in 1967. So it's over a hundred years later and several presidential deaths before we decide to fix the wording so that it is more explicit. The 25ht amendment now says, in case of the removal of a president... or on his death or resignation, the vice president shall become president. So it isn't until later that we make that very clear. Now in addition to the 25th amendment, we also decide to fill the office of the vice presidency when Tyler became president, there was no vice president under him. But there were little things here and there that the Founding Fathers had not considered. THe big thing is that we see a more clear succession line. at least, in the Constitution, but 1967. Now there were some Congressional acts that talked about what would happen if the President died. You do have the Presidential Succession Acts which we talk about later, and those were in place during Washington's time. But those were acts of Congress. One argument for leaving it as an act is that you can change it readily if you want. and quickly, so for example, when Washington was president, the succession line was president, vp, president pro tempore of the Senate and then Speaker of the House of Reps. But by 1947 we change that. It now goes President, VP, Speaker of the House and then President Pro Tempore. By 1947 the Speaker of the House was more pwoerful than the Senate leader, so they switched those two by leaving the Presidential Succession Act as an act it does make it easier for Congress to make a change if need be. That being said, some would argue that if you have someone ascend to the presidency, we'd like to see if in the Constitution. That's the proper place for something like that Then you don't have any questions. And the answer is 1. To see this, we know that the probability of tails is 0. All the probability goes to heads. 1 * 1 = 1 1 * 0 = 0 0 * 1 = 0 And 0 * 0 = 0. And it's easy to verify that all these things add up to 1. Our (H,H) is just 1. I'm Graham Spanier, President of Penn State. As one University, geographically dispersed across the commonwealth of Pennsylvania. We rely on our Faculty and Staff to further Penn State's mission of educational excellence. We have become the most comprehensive, student-centered university in the nation. Largely as a result of people like you. I have to say that I really stand behind this University in being a quality place to work. You get a chance to be involved in something that's known worldwide. It's an enthusiasm. It's a passion. The best benefit of work here, I think, are the intangibles. You're going to be met and treated with respect. Your ideas will be listened to. They have great benefits. You'll retire with a great pension. And felt you contributed to a great institution. It gave me a chance to get the career I wanted. It also helped me put my two boys through college at a discount. Just doesn't get any better. We have a lot of opportunities for professional development. Whether they're sessions that are offered through University Park, or our own professional staff, and sessions that help you grow and develop in your position. This is a family place. It's a safe place to raise your children. You feel comfortable with them running in and out the door. Living in State College is fantastic. Not only do you have the culture that the University brings to campus, but within ten minutes you can be kayaking on the lake. There are so many neat things to do in Centre County. You can't underestimate the impact you have on a student's life, and it's very important you approach it that way, from a Faculty perspective or a Staff perspective. This institution takes care of its employees. We are admired at Penn State for our caring attitude towards our employees. We are hear as a teaching institution to educate the people who will make the country work. That's been the mission from day one at Penn State. We're a land-grant institution. We're part of the Big Ten. I think all of those things help to make Penn State a very vibrant place to work, a very exciting place. A place where there are lots of opportunities to grow and learn. This is a great institution to start your career, to deveop your career, and to end your career. You're part of a big family. You're part of a family that's doing good things. Hey guys. My name is Tim Schmoyer and its Wednesday, time for our weekly Video Creators YouTube tip and today we're going to talk about a couple different ways that you guys can build subscribers for your channel. Number one, I see a lot of YouTubers making this mistake and that is they talk like they are assuming everyone has seen their videos before, but you have to keep in mind that every single video you do that it is potentially someone's very first time to watch one of your videos. So when you talk about your content or your channel, remember that someone might be watching who really has no idea about who you are or what you do or anything. So make sure you kind of keep those new, first time viewers in your mind as you're trying to present your content. But number two, the best place to do that is at the very beginning because, at least give them the benefit of the doubt that they're going to watch maybe at least the first 10, 15 seconds of your video. So if you can summarize accurately what your content is about in that very first little bit, that'll hook people and help them watch your content on much longer than they would if they, like, start watching, 30 seconds in and they still don't really know what it's about, they just kinda click away. I know a lot of content really isn't conducive for that, but people like Philip DeFranco, you know, he does it every single show. I do it over at Real SEO's channel. I kick off every single video saying, "Welcome! This is what we're about," and I get on in the content. My branded intro here at Video Creators does that a little bit, although I'm going to tweak it and edit it sometime soon to kind of make it better at doing that. But what did I even do on this video? I told you who I am, I addressed the target audience which is video creators and I said we do weekly YouTube tips and if you found this video through search, you probably found it because you were looking for YouTube tips for building subscribers, which is kind of the title of this video, and then we enforced that you are in the right place and you are interested in this content and probably other content that I'm doing in the future, all within about five to eight seconds. But if you're doing content where you really just can't launch into that at the very beginning like I do? Well, number three is do it at the end of your video. Anyone and everyone can encourage their target audience to subscribe at the end of their video. But here's the key. Don't just say, "Hey guys subscribe for more videos." I mean that's not really helpful; there are plenty of videos on YouTube. The question that everyone is asking is, "Why should I subscribe to your content?" So get inside the mind of your target audience, who is the viewer that you are trying to reach and hit - who is the viewer that will most likely engage with your content and the stuff that you are doing on a regular basis - and answer that why question for them. It doesn't have to be long or drawn out, just in a quick little sentence or two, explain what value you are going to bring to them if they subscribe. And the end of your video is probably the best time to do this because if they're still watching by that point, then they've already expressed some kind of invested interest into the content that you're making. So just answer that why question for them and just kind of push them over the hump. But there will still probably be people who are like, "I like your content and I like what you're doing but I'm not sure if I really want to subscribe to this or not." And that's number four, when it's important to plug your other content and point them to other videos that you've done, but don't just pick any old video that happens to be your favorite. Pick the video that has already proven to perform the best in converting non-subscribed viewers to subscribers. And you can easily look that up in the analytics of your YouTube channel. Select the video that you want to look into and then in the left sidebar, click on Traffic Sources and then you'll see a list of how many people watch this through their subscriptions and you'll see a bunch of other sources, which presumably are people who are not yet subscribed to your content. So tally up an estimated non-subscriber views that you think you got for that video and then in your left sidebar, click on Subscribers and you'll see how many subscribers that video picked up. Look through a bunch of your top performing videos and then select the one that does the best job at converting non-subscriber views into subscribers, and then at the end of your video start highlighting and featuring that video until it kind of becomes a little bit too repetitive or you have another video that starts performing better. Another thing that you can do instead of just sending someone to another video is send them to a playlist of videos that you think are probably the most valuable videos you've made for your target audience. Use an annotation to send them to that playlist and then let them pick which video that they think is probably the most interesting to them. There's a number of different ways you can do this. I'll put a couple links in the description below this video that you can go check out that has some examples of how different people are using their outro slates at the end of their videos to drive views and traffic to other videos and other playlists and subscriptions, and all that kind of stuff. And ultimately because we know that how your video contributes to a viewer's overall viewing session on YouTube affects how it ranks in search, it's in your best interest to do this anyway because if you can show YouTube that your video sends traffic and views to other videos and they don't just abandon YouTube after watching your video, they will put your video a little higher in search than someone else's who lets people just abandon YouTube after watching it. And number 5, a good idea is to tease your upcoming content at the end of your video, as well. Talk about what's coming up. If you have something, like, really cool that you're working on, if you can give a little plug and someone who's not subscribed says, "Oh that sounds cool. I would love to see that video when it comes out." Then they will hit subscribe and they will get it. So do that to create some anticipation, both for non-subscribers and for subscribers and what's coming next. Keep them coming back and looking forward to the next video that you're producing. I'd love to hear from you guys in the comments below this video. What tips and ideas and advice do you have for building subscribers to your content? How do you convert those non-subscriber views into new subscribers? And the rest of you guys, make sure you go read the comments that are down there because there are a lot of really smart people who watch Video Creators and they leave some really good advice. So go read what they're writing down there. And if this is your first time hanging out with us, we'd love to have you subscribe. Why? Because we are doing our best to help you guys who are video creators really master this platform of YouTube. We're trying to teach you how to build your audience and, most importantly, we know that each of you guys has a message that you are trying to communicate and we want to help you learn how to communicate it effectively so that it gets to the people who really need to hear your message. To help you do that, on Tuesdays we take a look at the news and online video industry and talk about what implications it has for us and how we craft our content. On Wednesdays we do YouTube tips and advice like this. On Thursdays we do Q&A for you guys. That's coming up tomorrow. We're going to talk about different monetization strategies for your content. And every month we do live Google Plus hangouts On Air right here where we do a lot of Q&A, channel reviews, training, interaction. It's just really fun. It's really awesome. So subscribe and I will see you guys tomorrow for our Q&A video. See you then. Bye. A long time ago, in a galaxy far, far away... CELLO WARS THE PHANTOM CELLlST TO BE CONTlNUED... SUBSCRlBE You will like this video. You will not dislike this video. You will share this video. You will annoy your friends with the constant posting of this video on Facebook. You will subscribe to ThePianoGuys. You will not leave a lame comment about Chuck Norris in the comments. ThePianoGuys now control your life. You will start cello lessons... now. Of course, we'll do a little quiz to have you figure that out. What I would like you think about is the following: I'm going to give you 3 graphs, and I'm going to ask you for which of these graphs is shortest toward the hardest and the easiest to solve. So here you have 3 graphs, and each of these graphs has the same number of vertices in case you're wondering, or at least I hope it does, I counted twice, but you never know. And what I want I would like you to tell me now is for which of these graphs you think shortest tour is the hardest to solve and for which of these graphs you think is the easiest to solve and I've not written any distances on the edges, but you can basically assume that I would be able to write any distances that I want on these edges. It's more of a question about the structure of these graphs, and for the one that you think is hardest, I want you to enter the number 3 in one of these boxes, and for the one that you think is easiest, I want you to enter the number 1, and guess what number I want you to enter for the one that is in between. So please, go ahead. Magnets can be created by running currents through wires, finding a suitable material that naturally has all the magnetic fields of its atoms aligned, or forcing the magnetic fields of atoms to align. But there's one more kind of magnetism that all materials exhibit, even those whose constituent atoms aren't magnetic - though it's so weak that the other kinds of magnetism often overwhelm it. Basically, an external magnetic field causes the electrons around atoms in a material to change course, and their new motion generates an opposing magnetic field. This field is pretty weak, but it does cause the material to be repulsed from the magnet a little bit - for example, if you hang a wooden toothpick in a magnetic field, the ends will repel the field and it will end up aligning across the magnetic field. This is a convenient way to remember the name of this kind of magnetism - diamagnetism - since "dia" means across, like the "diameter" measured across a circle. Diamagnetic materials will repel a magnet, and a diamagnetic "compass" will point across the magnetic field - that is, it will orient east/west. As weak as it is, diamagnetism is pretty darn awesome because it's a repulsive effect: any diamagnetic material will levitate in a strong enough magnetic field! Like this chunk of graphene, or, since water is diamagnetic, this frog. In principle, humans could also be levitated this way, though the magnetic fields required would be enormous. There are also a lot of subtleties we've skated over, like the fact that nitrogen is diamagnetic even though as an atom it has unpaired electrons - one might think that it *should* be at the very least paramagnetic. But nitrogen atoms bond to form N2 molecules which have full outer electron shells and are thus only diamagnetic. On the other hand, molecular O2, as we've seen, still has unpaired electrons, and it's paramagnetic. You've probably also seen how superconductors can levitate in a magnetic field, which is a kind of perfect diamagnetism - not only do the currents in a superconductor create opposing magnetic fields, they expel magnetic fields from the material entirely. But the root cause is very very different, and that's a journey for another day. Prof: Last time I talked about the Letter to the Hebrews and I used it mainly as an example of early Christian interpretation of scripture. If you recall I was talking about Hebrews 7 where there's the story, the interpretation of the Melchizedek story from Genesis. To review briefly, Abraham comes back from a raid, he has a lot of booty, he has his relatives from defeating some kings, he comes to Melchizedek who's not of course a descendant of Abraham, therefore he's not a Jew, he's not part of the people of Israel but he is a priest, a high priest of Yahweh, according to the text. Melchizedek gives him a tenth of the spoils and then this writer interprets that as being that since Levi, the head of the progenitor of the priestly tribe among the Jews, is within the body of Abraham. That means that Levi himself is giving tithes to Melchizedek. The entire priesthood of Israel, of the Jews, recognizes the superiority, according to this interpretation, of the priesthood of Melchizedek. And then the writer takes Melchizedek to be a type, a sign of Jesus and his priesthood. This makes perfect sense of course because, as the text says, Melchizedek had no father or mother, or it doesn't give a father or mother, and no genealogy, no lineage, came out of nowhere so the same way happens with Christ as the priesthood. Jesus of course was not of the tribe of Levi according--Jesus couldn't be a priest in the normal sense of the Jewish priesthood. The writer takes Jesus to be a priest not of the line of Levi or Aaron, but of the line of Melchizedek. Now this obviously is not the way any of us in the modern world would read Genesis, in its historical setting. That's precisely the other way this reader does it, and it's all part of a synkrisis, a comparison of the leitourgia, the liturgy of Christ with the inferior leitourgia or liturgy of the Jews. It's done sort of to convince this congregation that you don't need to go back to that, you've got something superior. Hebrews ends with this kind of admonition in 13:8, "Jesus Christ is the same yesterday, and today, and forever." Now remember, this writer believes that Jesus Christ has existed all the way back, so that's why he can read the Psalms, which a historian would read as addressed to a Davidic King, as being addressed actually to Jesus. So Jesus Christ is back in history too." Do not be carried away by all kinds of strange teachings, for it is well for the heart to be strengthened by grace, not by regulations about food [You don't need to keep kosher], which have not benefitted those who observe them. We have an altar from which those who officiate in the tent [that's referring to that tabernacle, the tent of the tabernacle in Exodus, which he's been comparing all the way through] We have an altar from which those who officiate in the tent [that is the Levites] have no right to eat. For the bodies of those animals whose blood is brought into the sanctuary by the high priest as a sacrifice for sin are burned outside the camp. When you sacrifice an animal, according to the Exodus' instructions, you don't burn the materials of the sacrifice inside the camp. You do it outside the camp. So he's going to do something like that too. "Therefore, Jesus also suffered," where? Outside the gates of Jerusalem. So now Jerusalem has become like the Israelite camp talked about in Exodus, and Jesus is the sacrifice who was sacrificed on the cross outside the walls of Jerusalem. "Jesus suffered outside the city gate in order to sanctify the people by his own blood. Let us then..." now this is a really big period on this whole speech. "Let us then go to him outside the camp." Basically he's symbolically saying, let us follow Jesus out of Jerusalem, out of the camp of the Israelites. Now this is much more radically supercessionist then we've seen in Paul. I've taught that Paul never saw himself as a Christian; he never saw himself as starting something new. In fact, he saw himself as bringing the Gentiles into Israel. And so he never--although they didn't have to keep the law, they didn't have to keep Torah, they didn't have to be circumcised, in fact they weren't supposed to at all be circumcised, Paul never thought--he never talks in this way about the supercession of a new kind of liturgy from an old kind of liturgy. When you talk about Christian supercessionist kind of language-- and the term just means the traditional Christian teachings which you've seen throughout two thousand years of Christianity, that Christianity is superior to Judaism-- when you see that kind of supercessionist kind of language in the New Testament, it's not in Paul so much. It is here in Hebrews because that's the way it works. What's interesting from our point of view is that he actually uses Jewish scripture to teach this. Now in order to use Jewish scripture to teach the supercession of Judaism by Christianity you know that he's going to have interpreted it in what we would consider very creative ways. We can use that to contrast the way I've been teaching you to interpret these texts in this course, which is through historical critical exegesis, from the way that Christians have interpreted this text for all the way through history. This is not just Christians. Jewish interpretation of scripture is just as creative as Christian interpretation of scripture before the modern period. What, then, is historical criticism? And I'm going to review some things that you've been learning all the way through the semester, but I'm going to line up some things so they get them really clear in your mind. What is it you've been learning in this class, the method you've been learning, and then we're going to go back to the pre-modern stuff today and look at the examples that you read about and the reading from The Pedagogy of the Bible. The meaning of a text, according to historical criticism, is what the ancient human author intended it to mean. For example, in Jeremiah 3:6 it says, "The Lord said to me in the days of King Josiah." Now, if I wanted to be creative in my interpretation I might say that the Lord said to me, Dale Basil Martin, in the days of King Josiah, but that would of course not be a historical critical interpretation. It has to be "me" meaning Jeremiah, so the Lord says to Jeremiah. That's who the author clearly must be referring to, and we have to take "the King Josiah" to be the king who actually sat on the throne of David in Jerusalem, the ancient King Josiah, not Josiah Bumbershoot, who happens to own a liquor store down the street from me. The text is not referring to that Josiah; he's referring to the ancient Josiah; that's the basis of historical criticism. The expansion of this, that it's the author's intention, comes to be in a lot of studies even within historical criticism that another way to think about the meaning of the text is that the meaning of the text is what the original readers probably would have thought it meant. Because of course we can't get to the intentions of the author; that's lost to us completely. We have no idea what's going on inside the minds of these ancient authors. But by practicing historiographical research we can guess at what probably an ancient reader would have taken the text to mean, and so that's been added on as another meaning that historical criticism looks for. The third point about historical criticism I want to make here is that it assumes a sort of modern historical consciousness. By this we mean modern people just have the notion that really pre-modern people didn't so much, that the world was radically different in the ancient world. The ancient world is just not like our world. They thought about the world as being in levels like stories. Well, we think about the cosmos as being a bunch of different spheres in an infinite space. We read ancient texts and we see not only were they different kinds of people-- they had different ethics--but their whole cosmos, their whole universe that they inhabited was different for them. What that means with historical criticism in the twentieth century: you have theological students being taught a little bit about ancient near-eastern society and culture. In fact, you have entire departments of ancient near-eastern studies arise in modern universities, and they don't arise just because people are automatically interested in near-eastern cultures. They arise as a support for biblical studies. That's where they come from. The idea that if you want to read the Old Testament or the Hebrew Bible responsibly in the modern world you must know something about ancient Assyria and ancient Egypt because that's where it came from. Also, then you learn something about the Greek world, why I gave an entire lecture at the beginning of the semester on the Greek world and the Roman world, and second temple Judaism. We have the idea that Judaism before the rabbis, which is the time of Judaism we're talking about, was a different kind of Judaism than Rabbinic Judaism that you might see now in the modern world or in the Middle Ages. This reflects the idea that if you want to get back into these texts in their ancient period you have to develop knowledge of that period. Why? Because we've developed a historical consciousness. We see ourselves in a place, in a timeline of history, and the history is different in those different times. This also means that we teach people: you need to read these texts if possible in the original languages. How many times in this class have I told you what the original Greek word of some particular word the English translation was? This is not a Greek class, most of you haven't studied Greek, but I'll often scribble on the board some Greek term. Why am I doing that? The text that Christians read all over the world today is not in Greek; it's in English. So why is it important for us? Why do you accept that it's important? Why does it seem natural to you that I write the Greek text up here and explain what its Greek meaning means in the ancient world? Because you have this historical consciousness too, you have the assumption that this ancient meaning of the original language is important for the interpretation of this text. Fourth, historical criticism teaches you we don't interpret the Bible canonically. That means a couple of different things. We don't take the whole Canon of the Bible and interpret it all by reference to other parts of the Canon. Remember, how many times have we said, well that thing you're talking about may be in the Gospel of John but it's not in the Gospel of Matthew, and right now we're talking about the Gospel of Matthew. You can't use the Gospel of John to interpret the Gospel of Matthew. Well, why not? Christians have been doing it for two thousand years. Historical criticism, though, takes the Canon apart and says each individual document must be studied in its own right and for its own content. So one thing that means is that we don't study the whole Bible as one book. We study the Bible as a series, as a library of books, each one individually studied. The other aspect of this is that we in the modern period don't limit ourselves to the study of the Canon. What did we talk about last week? The Acts of Paul and Thecla. That's not in the Bible. Why did I, as a crazy mixed up professor that I am, think that it was worthwhile for you to read a non-canonical second century document in a class called Introduction to New Testament History and Literature? I'll tell you why. I've been brainwashed by the modern historical critical method to believe that putting the Pastoral Epistles and those other canonical texts into a historical context that included non-canonical materials is a good way to teach you how to think about this New Testament thing. That's part of the historical critical method also. Fifth, in spite of the fact that we don't study the Bible canonically in modern historical criticism, we actually do look for source analysis. For example, we take the idea that these ancient authors actually did use sources. For example, we've taught you that Matthew and Luke probably used Mark as one of their sources. That's actually doing an intra-canonical comparison; we compare the shape of this parable in Mark to the shape of the same parable in Matthew and Luke. Isn't that kind of an intra-canonical comparison? Yes it is, but the reason we're doing it is we're trying to get behind the text of the Canon into the pre-history of the text. The form these texts assumed in a pre-canonical shape. Famously, historical criticism in the nineteenth century, when it was really invented, came up with the idea that the five books of Moses are not written by Moses, they're written by different people, and they were an edition of originally four separate strains of tradition and four separate documents. This was called the JEPD Theory. The J stands for Jahwist and it's those parts of the Hebrew Bible that use the name of God as Yahweh because this came from Germany, right, so they pronounce a J like "ya", so Jahwist. The Elohist is a strain that uses the term Elohim for God, so scholars said these are originally two different things. The P stands for the priestly documents written by some kind of priestly class, and the D stands for Deuteronomy, so Deuteronomy and some other things. The idea was the Deuteronomist was an editor who wrote some of this stuff and then edited the five books-- or at least a good bit of the Pentateuch-- so that it resembled a certain shape, so scholars called--they set out these four different traditions-- and if you took a course in Hebrew Bible, an introduction to Hebrew Bible, or even in a seminary introduction to Old Testament, you're going to get this theory crammed down your throat because this is one of the most dominant theories of modern historical criticism of the Hebrew Bible. It's source analysis, that's part of what we're doing. I taught also that 2 Peter, the letter 2 Peter, used Jude as one of his sources, again, that kind of source analysis is part of the method. The next one, I think I'm up to six, in spite of the fact of talking about authorship of all these documents, part of modern historical criticism questions the authenticity of authorship all the time. How many times in this course have I said, well the Gospels say they're written by Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, but we doubt they were. They're anonymous. So I've taught you what it means to call a document "anonymous": we don't know who the author is. I've taught you what it means to call a document a "pseudepigrapha" or "pseudonymous," which means it gives the false name of somebody for what it is. These are basic aspects of modern historical criticism. Now if you went to a very conservative seminary you might not get as much emphasis on this, but even there they'll probably tell you something like, well those liberals at Yale or Princeton Theological Seminary, they'll tell you that Paul didn't write I and II Timothy and Titus, but they're wrong and here's why they're wrong. You can tell you're in the modern period because they feel the need to explain the theory to you anyway. Even if they don't buy it, they'll teach it to you because it's part of this modern way of approaching the Bible. Next, the avoidance of anachronism. This is the big, bad thing in modern historical criticism. Don't be anachronistic; don't think back into the ancient text something that actually arose later. For example, most historical critics of the Bible would say, it's certainly wrong to read the doctrine of the Trinity into Genesis. Now you already read in the chapter I gave you that that's exactly what Augustine does, right? Augustine reads the first chapter of Genesis and when the text says, "In the beginning," he says that refers to Jesus, the Son, the wisdom through whom all things were made. The spirit that hovers over the chaos in Genesis 1, that refers to the Holy Spirit. So you've got the Trinity, the God, Father, Son and Holy Spirit right in Genesis. Modern historical criticism rejects that and says that's wildly anachronistic. The doctrine of the Trinity was only developed centuries after the writing of Genesis; you can't read it back in there, its anachronism. The last big, big boogey man of historical criticism is eisegesis. If you go to any kind of seminary, they'll warn you against eisegesis. Why? Because this is reading into the text something that's not in the text, and they're playing off the word, of course I've used this before, exegesis. Exegesis means simply, as you've already learned in this course, interpreting a text. Some people think it only refers to historical critical interpretation, and that's often what it's come to mean in schools, but originally it just means interpreting a text. Any kind of interpretation of a text is exegesis. It's come to mean historical critical interpretation of the text because this is what's really in the text. What is eisegesis is just some modern pious person picking up the Bible and seeing anything they want to see in it. It's "reading into" because this means "out of" and this Greek word means "into." So eisegesis, you're taught to avoid that. Then finally, one of the last major presuppositions that relates to the historical consciousness I talked about: the idea that there's a gap between the world of the Bible and our world. If you go into most churches in the United States-- there are very, very few that might do this-- but if you go into most churches--I don't care how liberal or how conservative they are, I don't care if they're a radical leftist or fundamentalists-- most of the women will not be wearing veils. If they're really conservative they might have a hat on, but not a full veil. We say, well, you want to be true to the Bible and right there in I Corinthians 11, you've read it, you know it's there, Paul's telling women, you have to wear veils in church when you pray and prophesy. Why aren't your women veiled? It doesn't matter whether these Christians are liberal or conservative, they'll have some way of saying something like, well that was their culture and it's not our culture. It was important in the ancient world for women to wear veils because it expressed humility; it expressed control. If they didn't wear veils they might be thought of as a loose woman. Well, veils don't mean that in our culture, so we don't have to obey that text like it's a rule. They will talk about--and they might not use the term "gap" but that's what I call it-- what they're doing is saying, there is a gap between their culture and their world and ours. That consciousness of that gap is a major aspect of modern historical criticism. So those are several principles, you're not going to probably find those listed in a textbook, Introduction to the Bible. I actually do list them in my Pedagogy of the Bible in the first chapter. But those are list of things that I just said these are basic principles of historical criticism that set it apart from the centuries of interpretation of the Bible that have existed beforehand. I'm going to stop for a minute and just say, is that clear, do you have any questions? This is all familiar to you because you've been practicing this now all year but it should have struck some of you, at least, a little odd in the beginning of why we were asking this text what we were doing, why we were pushing you to do the exegesis papers in a certain way we're doing, why is it wrong to read these texts and just write a sermon on them and turn it in as an exegesis paper? No, a sermon is different from an exegesis paper. We were teaching you this method with all these principles and presuppositions all semester long. Is there any question about that? Okay good. This historical criticism didn't just spring out of the Bible itself. Where did it come from? Why do we have it and where did it come from? Well, as you know, before the Reformation, basically the Bible--scripture was supposed to mean what the Catholic Church said it meant, what the Pope said it--what the bishop said it meant. The authority structure of the church was taken to be the way that you controlled wild interpretations. People in the ancient knew, you can interpret a text any way you want to. So what keeps heretics from interpreting this text in false ways? The institution of the church. So we'll see later Ignatius, when we're reading his letters, he says, you can't just interpret scripture any you want to; you must be in agreement with your bishop. The rule of the bishop and the rule of the church was the way to keep control over the interpretation of the text. Of course in the pre-Reformation time, you did have the rise of humanism and the Renaissance, which started questioning that a bit, and they started going back and looking at the original Hebrew, the original Greek, insisting that you should read these texts in their original languages and not just in Latin. That was before the Reformation. You already had this move toward history and reading the text in historical context in the humanist movement and the Renaissance. With the Reformation, though, of course you really get it in the sixteenth century with Martin Luther, John Calvin, Melanchthon, different writers saying, well, we're going to throw out this Catholic authority on the text. We're going to get back to the text itself. The only authority for the radical reformers was scripture. You know this as, sola scriptura, scripture only; scripture only will be the guide for authority for Protestants. Of course then they start realizing that different people can interpret scripture differently. They're very familiar with medieval Christian ways of interpreting scripture to have several different meanings and layers of meanings. And so they say, well the predominant guide of scripture isn't going to be just scripture; it's going to be one particular meaning of scripture. And that's sensus literalis. The literal sense of scripture is what will be now the guide for the Reformation, not the Pope, not the bishops. Even the bishop must submit to the literal sense of scripture. Now it's rather debatable what they meant by "the literal sense" because some of these reformers said that the literal sense of scripture could even be a prophetic sense, so they still said that the literal sense of scripture could be in a Psalm when the Psalm says, "The Lord said to my Lord, 'Sit at my right hand.'" Well they knew that the text if you're interested in an ancient text would be referring to the Davidic King, but they also said that Psalm also could refer to Jesus, even in its literal sense. The literal sense that they were talking about in the Reformation was not necessarily what we would call the historical critical sense. It was what they took it to be the most fundamental plain sense meaning of the text. So that was the literal sense. Then again they realized the more they did this that Protestant churches started splitting all over the place. Presbyterians and Calvinists split off from the Lutherans, the Anabaptists split off from the Reformation. And then you have a rise of so many Protestant movements that the idea that scripture alone could settle debates and give you a foundation started becoming questionable. In the nineteenth century, beginning somewhat in the eighteenth century but mainly in the nineteenth century, and mainly in Germany, German speaking lands, scholars started pushing the historical reading of the text. They said, we've got to get down to what the author meant. What did the historical Paul mean? How did we discover that? That's when you have the rise, in the nineteenth century, of the dominance of the historical critical method with all these presuppositions. It was elaborated and invented in the nineteenth century, and in some places it was precisely invented in order to try to make the text of the New Testament and the Bible a firm foundation for doctrine and ethics within Protestantism and within the wide of varieties of different kinds of Protestantism. Then the last part of this, and this is a big sweep of history I'm giving you in five seconds, what happens in the last part of the twentieth century, just in the last, say, thirty years, is that people like me come along and say, you know it hasn't worked. This attempt to use historical criticism, to settle disputes about the meaning of the text, doesn't work. Because even the historical critical method can render wildly varying interpretations of these texts. So you've got some people reading Romans 1 as a condemnation of modern homosexuality and thinking they're doing a good historical reading of this text. You've got other people who read the same text, using the same methods of historical criticism, and say, are you crazy? He's not talking about homosexuality, that's not his concern. It's talking about idolatry or something else. Even scholars using the same method of historical criticism, trained in the same schools, getting degrees from the same places, come up with different interpretations of these texts even using the historical critical method. And that's why you have right now a lot of questioning of this method as not supplying the firm foundations that Protestants originally thought it might. You have new methods now being brought back into seminary education, like feminist analysis, or literary criticism, or liberation theology, or African American approaches, or Latino approaches. Or queer readings, gay and lesbian readings and queer readings, you have all these different kinds of ways of approaching the text being brought back as ways to if not displace then at least to supplement historical criticism that was dominant for the twentieth century. Now the question is, why do all this stuff anyway? Why have I first been teaching you the historical critical method? Well I can answer that, it's because that's the dominant way that the Bible is taught in modern American universities. It's sort of like, how do you learn Shakespeare? How do you learn these kinds of things? There are methods, and it's not necessarily the historical method in English departments anymore, but there are different dominant methods that academics use to construct their disciplines. The main way still that biblical studies is constructed as an academic discipline, as opposed to a discipline of faith in a church, is through at least learning about the historical critical method. So I make that the basic part of this, when I'm introducing you to this discipline, because I'm not just introducing you to the text; I'm introducing you to a modern scholarly discipline, practices, and assumptions. But I also believe that we should study other ways of studying the Bible also, at least to be introduced to them. That's why later this week you're supposed to go to the Art Museum. None of us are art critics who work in this class. None of us are historians of art. I know nothing about art history. The teaching fellows know very little about art history also. Some of you in this class will be much better at going through the Yale Art Gallery and analyzing the artwork there because you will have taken art history classes like I never did. The purpose of this visit is not to do a typical art historical kind of move. It's so that you can contrast the stuff you've been learning in this course with especially early Christian and medieval representations of the Bible. Why did they portray in painting and in artwork these stories the way they portray it? What does it tell us about their mentality? What does it tell us about their world? To get you to see this is what interpretations of the Bible look like without historical criticism, before the dominance of historical criticism. It's to show you there are other quite legitimate ways to interpret this text. We could have done the sort of literary interpretation where we take these texts and we talk about things like character, development of plot. We could read the Gospel of Mark--a lot of people read the Gospel of Mark as almost like a modern short story. It's full of puzzles; it's full of ways that it leads the reader astray. Remember how the Gospel of Mark ends? You don't even see the resurrected Jesus. The women are told to go announce he's been raised to the disciples, and they don't even do it. They run off, and that's the end. That doesn't end like a normal ancient text would end, but it does end like kind of modernist sort of literature which poses many questions to the reader often as it does give answers. We could have read the Gospel of Mark like we would read a modern short story by Flannery O'Connor. You can do that and there's nothing wrong with that. Why is all that important? I think it's important to realize that because the vast majority of Christians throughout human history have not read the Bible the way you're learning to read it in this class. The vast majority of Christians, even now throughout the world, don't read the Bible as you're learning to read it in this class. In spite of the fact that I'm teaching you this method, I still want to drum it into your heads, at least this week, that this is just one way of doing it and you need to be aware of the other ways of doing it because in some ways they are culturally more important as far as the impact of the Bible on western civilization. What I'm saying is that historical criticism is important to learn because it's part of our environment too. But I would say that even as an important way to approach the Bible it's not a sufficient way to approach the Bible. It's certainly not sufficient when it comes to the importance of scripture in the Bible for western civilization and culture. It would be much better to keep in mind how Milton read the Bible for Paradise Lost. How Dante read the Bible, how Flannery O'Connor uses the Bible in our literature, and how artists use the Bible, that's also very important. It certainly, historical criticism, is not sufficient for the Christian theological reading of the Bible because the historical meaning of the text, I think, as people are beginning to realize in churches, cannot provide you with enough to use this text theologically and ethically. You've got to do something else with the text besides just history if you still want to use it as scripture. That's why today I'm mixing these things up and trying to get you to see things differently. Now let's look at what you were reading for today, the different medieval interpretations, ancient Christian and medieval interpretations of text. First you should know that before the modern period there were these different meanings of the text and in fact they would even talk about them as different levels. The two most important were the ones that I've already talked about basically as the literal sense and the other one is the allegorical sense. You've seen this sort of thing. Eventually textbooks would be written that say medieval interpretation of the Bible have four different levels of meaning. But the most important, throughout history, has been basically a two part division. This literal sense, which sometimes can be called the body sense, the bodily sense, or the physical sense, and then the spiritual sense or the allegorical sense, or the higher meaning, or the elevated meaning. Over and over again those two levels of interpretation will be stressed in pre-modern interpretations of the Bible. Then you will often see other names and other terms attached to other things. For example, sometimes you'll come across the term "anagogical sense" of the text, and anagogical is not exactly the literal but it's also not exactly the allegorical because the anagogic-- "anagogic" means "leading up" in Greek. The idea was that this is a reading of the text that will help you be a better Christian; it'll help you be a more ethical person. So an anagogical reading would lead you to something else and the varieties of different ways of reading the text. Medieval theologians will talk about this: they'll use the term literal, they'll use the term allegorical, they'll use the term anagogical, and they'll mean by that three different meanings. Notice they don't necessarily just mean these are three different ways to interpret the text, although that's the way I've been talking about them because that's the way I hear that. They actually believe that these are three different meanings that are in the text itself: the anagogical meaning, the allegorical meaning, the literal meaning. Sometimes you'll hear them talking about maybe the ethical meaning, which sometimes looks a lot like the anagogical meaning, and then sometimes you'll even hear them talk about the historical meaning. What's funny here is that when they use that word historia for the meaning of a text-- and they sometimes bring--it's a Greek word originally, but they'll bring it into Latin also-- don't get confused when you see that, especially if you're reading something on medieval interpretation of the Bible, because it doesn't mean the historical meaning of the text in our understanding. By historia in this sense, they usually mean the narrative reading: f you were to read this text as a story, regardless of whether it ever happened. So they don't mean historical in the sense of, this is what really happened. They mean the word historia--this is a narrative sort of shape, it's reading the text as if it's telling a story. Sometimes they'll call that the historical meaning of the text and add that onto some of these other ones. The medieval notion that there are four senses of the text, literal is always one, allegorical is always one, and what counts as the other two varies among different authors. That is definitely there in medieval theorizing about scriptural interpretation, but it shouldn't be exaggerated because you don't see it quite that rigidly as always four and the same four levels of meaning. But you will come across that if you do any literary study of the Bible in English literature and the European context and that sort of thing. The people I gave you to read illustrate these things. The first part about Origen, if you brought your readings turn to the part about Origin like around page 56. What Origen is doing is he's giving an example of what he takes to be the literal meaning of this text. The story is from I Samuel 28, and in case you don't remember the story, Saul, who is the king, is fighting a battle, and he wants to know whether he's going to win the battle the next day, whether he and Jonathan his son are going to win, or they'll lose. He goes and he finds a witch, and of course he's already outlawed all the witches in the country, so he's not supposed to find one at all. He goes and finds this woman, she's actually called a belly myther, a person who speaks fabulous stories from the belly because I guess they would kind of do it like this and it sounded like it was coming out of their gut. They would sort of sound like a ventriloquist or something, and they're speaking hidden messages. He goes and finds this woman. It's translated often in English as "the witch of Endor." That's the popular name for the story. And he says call up the spirit of Samuel the dead prophet, and he's going to ask the spirit--of course in-- in these kinds of cultures the idea is that dead people can see the future because they're dead, they live in the realm that they're not limited by our kinds of sight. The idea is that the woman is supposed to call up the dead Samuel, the spirit of Samuel, so he comes out of the ground-- like all the dead are under the ground in this kind of cosmology-- and he asks, are we going to win the battle? Samuel is all angry because he's being called up, and he curses Saul and all this kind stuff, so the story doesn't end too well for Saul. And sure enough the next day Saul and Jonathan die, they lose the battle. Origen has a problem because Christians all know that it's wrong to use witches, and here's the King Saul using a witch. And they also know, but wait a minute Samuel obeyed the woman, she calls him to come out of the ground and he obeyed her. Why would a great prophet obey a witch? Early Christians reading this text had a lot of problems, and so sometimes they would allegorize it, and they would say, well it doesn't mean that, it means this, and it doesn't say the woman actually saw Samuel, she thought she saw Samuel. Then other people would say, but a good prophet like Samuel couldn't have been in hell, how could he have been in hell? Great prophets can't be in hell. So they would say, oh it's just--it's an allegory. It doesn't really mean he was in hell; it meant he was in something else. Origen comes along and says, no you can't allegorize this text, and it means exactly what it says. So he says, you have to read it literally. He argues for a while. And this is very funny because Origen is famous throughout history for being a great allegorizing reader of scripture. In fact, a lot of historians don't like him because he tends to read scripture allegorically in different places. But in this case, Origin this great allegorizer ,is insisting on the literal reading. But now notice what he means by literal. First he says the woman really did see Samuel. Samuel really was in hell, and if you can't accept that it's your problem. Then he explains it, and he gives some answers for it. But then he says, the literal meaning of the text is not just the story. But this is what he says is the literal sense: it's on page 56 in the chapter I gave you. "Even the literal sense of the story is to teach that Christians will enjoy an afterlife existence." Now I ask you, is there anything about Christians in this story? No, we would not call that the literal historical sense of this story. It shows that Origen, when he uses this term literal meaning of this story, he's not still referring to what we call the historical critical meaning. For him, the literal meaning of the story is to teach Christians about their own after life existence. And then he has an elevated or higher sense of the story, which he takes to be that righteous Christians, unlike even righteous prophets before the coming of Jesus, won't have to spend any time in Hades or hell, or purgatory. If you're a good Christian when you die you'll go straight to heaven, and that's something that even the Old Testament prophets didn't do because they had to go hell first, according to Origen, to wait until Christ came, so Christ could open up paradise and heaven for everybody. Origen has an elevated spiritual meaning of this text, but it's not a particularly allegorical meaning, Ut's just that if you are a righteous Christian, the story teaches that you will get to go straight to heaven without passing through hell when you die. Notice how Origen is still playing with these notions of a literal reading and a higher elevated spiritual reading. The literal reading doesn't particularly look like what we would call the literal reading of the text, and the higher elevated spiritual reading doesn't look all that allegorical, it looks almost like a moral lesson to us. That's one example, though, about how Origen thinks it's perfectly fine to get at least two readings out of this same text. Then you move to Augustine, Now Augustine's a great example. He's an example I use because of a pre-modern practice of not just reading scripture for the answers that it gives you about ethics or doctrine. Remember that section in the readings where Augustine prays with scripture, he prays the Psalms so he says things like, Then I read, "Let your anger deter me from sin" [which is a quotation from Psalm 4:4]. How these words moved me, my God. I had already learned to feel for my past sins an anger with myself that would hold me back from sinning again. This is from Confessions 9.10 and it's on page 57 of my chapter. Notice what Augustine's doing: he feels like it's okay for him to get into the Psalm and put himself in the role of the speaker. What God is saying to the psalmist, Augustine says he was saying to me, personally, Augustine, and then Augustine answers back with the words of the Psalm. This is actually a reading of scripture that's becoming popular more in certain modern Christian contexts, especially monastic communities and churches. And it's called sometimes lectio divina. This just means divine reading in Latin. It refers to a practice that some modern Christians are trying to resurrect from a pre-modern Christian practices of praying reading scripture, memorizing scripture, and than using the words of scripture as your own prayer to God so that God talks to you and you talk to God. People are getting this stuff straight from pre-modern practices. Augustine is also a wonderful example of the multiplicity of meanings that are contained in the text all at the same time. For example, on page 58, this is where he sees the Trinity in Genesis 1, "In the beginning," because of John 1:3-10, you've read the Gospel of John the first part of John 1 cites this "in the beginning" but then goes on to say, "That God created everything through Jesus, the logos," so Augustine looks at that in the beginning and says, oh that's a reference to John, the Gospel of John, which means that he's talking about Jesus here as also being there. Then the spirit that moves over the waters is the Holy Spirit. Then one of the most fascinating things is the way he reads the six days of creation in Genesis allegorically. On page 59 and around there, he says on the first day, the vault--God created the heavens and the earth, right? The word heaven there translated doesn't mean what we think as space in the sky. It referred to an actual firm kind of vault, like a dome, a ceiling, and that's why in older translations it's called the firmament, because it is firm. It's not air; it's firm. Augustine says, the sky, when you look up at the sky you see that blue thing, that big blue dome that's above you. We think of that as seeing space, but ancient people didn't. They thought they were actually seeing like a big canvas spread over the sky. The reason it's blue is because water is behind it. It's holding back the water that's in the sky, and the word "heaven" refers to that thing. And so Augustine says, it's like vellum, it's like the skin, the leather that you make texts out of. And so he interprets allegorically to say scripture. The making of the firmament in Genesis refers to God's giving us scripture. And that's why angels--where do angels live? They live on the other side of scripture. Why? Because they don't have to see what's written because they know everything already. But we humans we live on this side of scripture, and we look up and we read the writings of God, and so we need scripture to read things. He goes through this elaborate allegorical reading. Day two, the waters that preside over the vault, they represent angelic peoples, he says the angels. On day three, the gathered-together sea-- this is when Genesis says, God separated the sea from the dry land and separated the water from the dry land, the water he called sea, the dry land he called earth. Augustine says, okay the sea represents the bitter part of humanity; the dry land represents those who thirst after righteousness and God. And so God separates out, on day three, good humanity from bad humanity, by Augustine's allegorical interpretation. All of these just are illustrations of how Augustine knew how to read this text literally, but he shows you how he also reads it allegorically. He thinks that the text is full of all these meanings, and it is perfectly legitimate to get all of these meanings of the text. Then one of the most fascinating is the one I gave you from Bernard of Clairvaux. This I think is so interesting because Bernard is preaching on the Song of Songs, that erotic part of the Hebrew Bible, which is actually--to us moderns it just looks like a love poem. But it was read allegorically throughout the church, and even Rabbinic Judaism read the Song of Songs as being about God and people Israel. The bridegroom is God; the bride is the people of Israel. Christian Fathers read that it be about Jesus and the church, so Bernard is doing that, but now notice this is a sermon being delivered to monks in a monastery. These are men--they're all men there--and if you realize that's the social setting of this text it makes it read very differently. Like this one big paragraph I quoted, and I quote it again now, this is the young woman in the Song of Songs speaking in his sermon. I cannot rest until he kisses me with the kiss of his mouth. I thank him for the kiss of the feet. I thank him, too, for the kiss of the hand, but if he has genuine regard for me, let him kiss me with the kiss of his mouth. There is no question of ingratitude on my part; it's simply that I am in love. It is desire that drives me on, not reason. Please do not accuse me of presumption if I yield to this impulse of love. My shame indeed rebukes me, but love is stronger than all. I ask, I crave, I implore, let him kiss me with the kiss of his mouth. Don't you see that by his grace I have been for many years now careful to lead a chaste and sober life? I concentrate on spiritual studies, resist vices, and pray often. I am watchful against temptations. I recount all my years in the bitterness of my soul. As far as I can judge I have lived among the brethren without quarrel. Lived among the brethren? Wait, who are we talking about now? Are we still talking about the young girl? "I have been submissive to authority, responding to the beck and call of my superior in the monastery." Is this the girl? "I do not covet goods not mine. Rather I put myself and my goods at the service of others. With sweat on my brow I ate my bread, yet in all these practices there is evidence only of my fidelity, nothing of enjoyment. I obey the commandments to the best of my ability I hope, but in doing so my soul thirsts like a parched land. If therefore he is to find my holocaust acceptable, let him kiss me I entreat with a kiss of his mouth." Halfway through this remarkable quotation the girl morphs into the monk. The last part is a monk talking, not a virgin girl. And yet this is a male monk yearning for this male figure, and he's doing this in a monastery. Isn't this kind of odd? He uses the eroticism of the Song of Songs, not to get rid of eroticism--I don't think he's telling the monk you're going to have sex with Jesus, but he certainly doesn't get rid of the erotic at all. He doesn't explain it away or try to get rid of it like Origen would have done previously, or some of the early Christian writers. In fact, he capitalizes on the erotic and even turns it into the homoerotic because he's asking the monk to identify with the body of the girl and to yearn for this male bridegroom. Bernard reads this text not only in an allegorical way so that the girl represents the monk in a monastery who's trying to do the office: he prays every night, he does all the right things, and he doesn't feel anything about it. He feels dry, and barren, and so Bernard's using the erotic of the Song of Songs to enliven the daily office of the monastery for the monks. Then this other quotation, this is where Bernard says, oh, everybody whose lived a monastic life knows that there's time when you go to the church and you pray in the altar and you don't feel anything, you just feel depressed, you feel alone. He says, Men with an urge to frequent prayer will have experience of what I say. Often enough when we approach the altar to pray [you might not initially feel all excited about it] our hearts are dry and lukewarm. But if we persevere there comes an unexpected infusion of grace, our breast expands [the breasts of the monks?], as it were, our interior is filled with an overflowing of love, and if somebody should press on them then this milk of sweet fecundity would gush forth in streaming richness. He's talking about orgasm, folks. He's describing orgasm, the orgasm of a woman, the breast filling up, swelling, and then experiencing this explosion. Bernard is using orgasmic language taken from the Song of Songs to talk to a bunch of monks in the middle of the night to get them to continue praying, and to get them more excited about giving themselves to Jesus, the bridegroom. This is part of the remarkable reading of the text of the Bible that you get in a pre-modern world where they seem to feel remarkably free to read these texts as containing a lot more meanings than a historian like me would see them containing. Now I could go on and talk about the Thomas Aquinas stuff, but it's just there as examples. Aquinas is a wonderful example of how he quotes one interpretation of John Chrysostom and then quotes another interpretation of Augustine, and he doesn't decide. He just says, okay they're both there, they're both valid. He doesn't have any desire to narrow down the meaning of the text to one meaning. I want you to think about this, also, these are legitimate ways to interpret this text, and at least they have been for much of the history of Christianity. The modern world tended to reject them, but if you look anywhere before the modern period, you'll find them all over the place. Experience some of this stuff too when you go then to the Yale Art Gallery later this week. Satsang with Mooji [music] Don't Try to Love Everybody Be Yourself [Mooji] You've got thinking eyes. [Questioner] I was thinking whether I should ask you something more. How do we get control of our feelings? How do I make myself love everybody? At the minute there are some people, there are some human beings whom I just can't stand. I don't know if it's the right word, but I just don't want to be like that. It's there in the mind, you know what mean? [M.] Yes. [Q.] I suppose it's control over the mind, which I don't have. [Mooji] Don't TRY to love everybody. Maybe you can at least try to be fair, but don't try to LOVE everyone. [Q.] Well, love in the sense...? [Mooji] No, I don't mean affectionately. But sometimes there will always be one or two. [laughter] [Q.] So it's perfectly normal then. [Mooji] Yes, of course it's very normal. [Q.] So I am normal. [giggles] [Mooji] Well, sometimes you have to... There's a love which is so all inclusive, and it is so free that they say Jesus loved everyone. But when he went to the temple and saw these people selling in there, in that moment, he was not on a love mission. [laughter] He was...aaaahhhhhh! You see. Be yourself, this is the way, and stay in this place that you've been shown, this effortlessness, and leave the rest. The rest will somehow align itself appropriately. Really what I am telling you, it's so unburdening. We're trying to cultivate good habits. Ramana Maharshi said something very beautiful. He says, 'All good habits manifest spontaneously in the delivered mind', meaning that when you see where you really are, automatically things come right. You don't have to 'TRY to be like this' or 'try to be like this'. Because I don't feel that if there's a 'you' loving everyone, I don't think you'll be successful. You'll do 99%, but your neighbor...grrrr! You want to...grrr! [laughter] You feel, 'No, I didn't do it. I fail.', and so on. So don't do it. Stay, [Q.] You're the first person to have said that. [Mooji] Yes, it's all right to not like some people. It's all right to feel; even the feeling of hatred can happen. It can happen, but you've not tied yourself to it. It's something that also arises. If you see really gross injustice or cruelty, how can you say, 'I love you?' How can you say that? You don't feel. You want to yourself give a good chop! Isn't it? [Q.] Absolutely. [M.] It's natural. So in the meantime, leave that alone. Stay as that which is aware. Just keep staying. Stay as Awareness always. Don't go to 'What should I do? What should I undo? Stay as the awareness and immediately in this space of just being awareness itself everything begins to slow down a bit and your perspective becomes more clear, your discernment is much more sharp and there's more space in you, more peace, you see more clearly, and spontaneously also. You're not in the space of making decisions, but more that you recognise...it's so! All the balance, everything, is already in you; the potential; if you don't go through the medium of the mind to try and work things. Stay only in this place of that neutrality in you. This is not 'being blank', because even if there's 'blank', there's the awareness of 'blank'. Stay as the Awareness itself. Everything is showing up in this space. And immediately you feel the expansiveness in you, and a decision that you would've made five minutes ago completely thins out, and now there's space. Five minutes ago you felt like, 'I can't spare even two minutes to look!' And now there's infinite expanse. This is how changeful the conditions of the environment, of the emotions and the mind can be. It turns on a penny; it's just like this. Well, I took you across my knee and started spankin' ya. That is, I didn't do it... I mean I did do it. See, I was your father then. I had you across my knee and I said: " Annie, I won't allow you to marry a man that's just rich or that has his secretary send you flowers. The man you marry has got to swim rivers for you, climb mountains for you, slay dragons for you. He's got to perform wonderful deeds for you! All the time, the guy up there with the book, me, stood there noddin' his head and he said: " Go to it, whack her for me. That's the way I feel too. " He says: " Come down and whack her yourself. " So I came down and whacked you a good one. See? He whacked and I whacked. We both started whacking you... If you're through whacking her, let's get going. Okay, right in here. You go out the side entrance. Autograph seekers out front. We'll be down with the bags in a minute. Come on, don't make a Government project out of this. Hi, Beany. -When's our plane take off? -Couple of minutes. How many people have we talked to already, outside the radio, I mean? I don't know. About 300,000. 300,000. What makes them do it, Ann? What makes them come and listen and get up John Doe Clubs? I've been trying to figure it out. Look, John... we're handing them platitudes they've heard a million times. Love thy neighbor, clouds have silver linings, -turn the other cheek. It's just... -I heard 'em a million times, but maybe they're like me, just beginning to get an idea what those things mean. I never really thought about the people before. They were just somebody to fill up the bleachers. Only time I worried about them was when they didn't see me pitch. You know, lately I've been watching them when I talk to them. I see something in their faces. I could feel that... they were hungry for something. You know what I mean? Maybe that's why they came. Maybe they're lonely and... wanted somebody to say hello to. I know how they feel. I've been lonely and hungry for something all my life. All aboard, folks. -We'll have the city behind us. -Yeah, that's true. -Somebody else sitting here? -No, that's your seat. And this is your coat. -Mine? -A little token of appreciation. It's beautiful, D.B. -I don't quite know what to say. -Say nothing, just sit down. Go ahead, open it. It's lovely. And a new contract goes with it. Well, spring it. Something's on your mind. Must be stupendous. That's what I like about her. Right to the point. Practical Annie, here it is. Tomorrow night, before a crowd of 1 5,000, and over a nationwide radio hook-up, John Doe will announce the formation of a third party. A third party? Yes, the John Doe Party, devoted entirely to the interests of John Does all over the country. Which practically means... 90o/o of the voters. He'll also announce this party's candidate for the presidency. A man who he personally recommends. A great humanitarian. The best friend the John Does have. Mr. D.B. Norton. Yes. Wow! The opening of the convention is only hours off. The delegates are pouring into the ball park with lunch baskets, banners and petitions asking John Doe not to jump off any roof. No matter how you look at it, it's still a phenomenal movement. These John Does or 'hoy polloi', as you've heard people call them, have been laughed at and ridiculed. But here they are gay and happy, having traveled 1 ,000s of miles, their expenses paid by their neighbors to come to pay homage to their hero. In these days of wars and bombings, it's a hopeful sign that a simple idea like this can sweep the country. An idea based on friendliness, on giving and not taking, on helping your neighbor and asking nothing in return. If this can happen, don't let your grumbling friends tell you that humanity is falling apart. This is John B. Hughes returning you to our main studio until 9 o'clock when the convention officially opens. John, come in. Say, I'm kind of... It's raining out a little. That's all right. Good to see you. Sit down. Thanks. It's for Ann. -How nice. Thank you very much. -Flowers. I'm terribly sorry she isn't here. She isn't? She just left. I'm surprised you didn't run into her. She went to Mr. Norton's house. Is it important? Yeah. Well, no. It'll wait. He's a nice man, isn't he? Mr. Norton, I mean. He's done a lot for the... Say, my coat's pretty wet. I might have wet the couch. I'll see her at the convention. Yes, I'll see she gets the flowers. Thanks. -Good night, Mrs. Mitchell. -Good night, John. Mrs. Mitchell... I'm kind of glad Ann isn't here. You see, I came here hoping to see her alone and kind of hoping I wouldn't. I wanted to talk to her. It can wait, I guess. -Good night. -Good night, John. Mrs. Mitchell, have you ever been married? Well, sure you have. That's pretty silly. Guess you think I'm batty. I guess I better be going. John... my husband said: " I love you. Will you marry me? " He did? -What happened? -I married him. Yeah, that's what I mean. It was easy as all that? Yeah, but look Mr. Mitchell... I love Ann, and it's gonna be hard for me to say it 'cause... she's so wonderful and the best I ever was was a bush league pitcher. And I think she's in love with another man, the one she made up. The real John Doe. That's pretty tough competition. I bet he'd know how to say it. But me, I get up to it and around and in back of it, but I never get right to it. You know what I mean? So the only chance I've got, well, if somebody could give her a warning. Prepare her for the shock? You'd like me to do it? Well, I was thinking, sort of break the ice. Of course I will, John. Thank you, Mrs. Mitchell. Hey, you're okay. The John Doe meeting will be one of the biggest things ever. They're coming from all over: trains, boxcars, wagons. Look out! -Hello, bodyguards. Had dinner? -Not yet. -That's all right. -No, go and have dinner. Wait a minute, John. -Hello, Mr. Connell. -How are you, John? I want to have a little talk with you. What's the matter? Are you falling? -Hey, Boss. -Oh, quiet, quiet. Did you read the speech you're going to make tonight? No, I never read the speeches before I make them. I get more of a kick out of it. Exactly what I thought. Beany, go to the office, tell Pop to give you the speech. Mr. Norton told me not to leave him, even for a minute. Go on, go on. We'll be at Jim's Bar, up the street. You're a nice guy, John. I like you. You're gentle. I always like gentle people. Me... I'm hard. Hard and tough. I've got no use for a hard person. Gotta be gentle to suit me. Like you for instance. Yep, I'm hard. But you want to know something? I've got a weakness. You'd never guess. Well, I have. Wanna know what it is? " The Star Spangled Banner. " Screwy, huh? Maybe it is. Play it and I'm a sucker for it. Always gets me right here. You know what I mean? Yeah, it gets me right back here. Back there, huh? Well, every man to his own taste. You weren't old enough for the world war. No, of course not. You must have been just a kid. I was. I was just ripe... and raring to go. Know what my old man did when I joined up? He joined up too. Got to be a sergeant. We were in the same outfit. Funny, huh? He was killed, John. I saw him get it. I was there and saw it with my own eyes. I came out without a scratch. That is, excepting my ulcers. I should be drinking milk. This stuff is poison. Hey, Jimmy! -Yes, Mr. Connell? -What do you say? All right. I'm a sucker for this country. For " The Star Spangled Banner " and this country. I like what we got here. I like it! A guy can say what he wants and do what he wants without getting a bayonet in his belly. And that's all right. -You betcha. -Yeah. And we don't anybody changing that, do we? -No, sir. -No, sir. When they do, I get mad, I get boiling mad. Right now, I'm sizzling. I get mad for a lot of other guys besides myself. I get mad for a guy named Washington. And a guy named Jefferson and Lincoln. Lighthouses, John. Lighthouses in a foggy world. You know what I mean? Yeah, you bet. Listen, pal. This fifth column stuff is pretty rotten, isn't it? Yeah, it certainly is. You'd feel like an awful sucker marching in the middle of it, wouldn't you? You! You wouldn't know because you're gentle. But that's what you're doing. You're mixed up with a skunk, my boy. A no-good, dangerous skunk. You're not talking about Norton? I'm not talking about his grandfather's pet poodle. You must be wrong, Mr. Connell. He's been marvelous about the John Doe Clubs. Yeah. You're sold on this John Doe idea? -Sure. -Yeah, I don't blame you. It's a beautiful miracle, a miracle that can only happen right here in the good old U.S.A, and I think it's terrific. What do you think of that? Me, hard-boiled Connell, and I think it's plenty terrific. Alright. Now suppose an unmentionable worm, who's initials are D.B., was trying to use that to shove his way into the White House. So he could put the screws on. So he could turn out the lights in the lighthouses. What would you say about that? Nobody's gonna do that. They can't use the John Doe Clubs for politics. -That's the main idea. -Is that so? Then what's a big political boss like Hammett doing in town? And a labor leader like Bennett. And lots of other big shots that are up at D.B.'s house right now. Wolves, John. Wolves. Waiting to cut up the John Does. Wait till you get a gander at your speech tonight. You're all wet. Miss Mitchell writes the speeches. Nobody can make her write that. They can't? Who writes 'em, my aunt Emma? I know she writes them and gets a big bonus for doing them, too. A mink coat and diamond bracelet. Don't write 'em? Why that gold-grabbing dame would double cross her own mother -for a handful of Chinese Yams. -Shut up! If you weren't drunk, I'd... Hey, Boss. Here's the speech, Boss. Read it, and then start sockin'. Wait, Mr. Doe. Jimmy. -Yes, sir. -Better bring me a glass of milk. I'm smoking too much. Yes, Charlie. Everything all set? Fine. John Doe been take care of? Good. How many people will be there? 1 5,000? Oh my, that's fine. Listen, Charlie. As soon as John Doe stops talking about me I want you to start that demonstration, a big one. Don't worry about that, D.B. My boys are there. They'll take care of it. Yes, I'll be there 1 5 minutes after I get your call. Why, Mr. Doe! -Where are they? -In the dining room, sir. Gentlemen, I think we're ready to throw that big bombshell. Yeah, it's about time. A conservative estimate shows we can count on between 1 0 and 20 million John Doe votes. Add that to the labor vote Mr. Bennett will throw in. And the votes controlled by Mr. Hammett and you gentlemen, and nothing can stop us. As I said, I'm with you, providing you can guarantee the John Doe vote. -Don't worry about that. -Count on me, on one condition. Little Bennett is taken care of. Everybody will be taken care of. My agreement with you stands. I'm with you, D.B., but I still think it's a daring thing we're attempting. Daring times, Mr. Barrington. We come to a new order of things. Too much talk in this country. Too many concessions made. What the American people need is an iron hand. You're right, that's true. You're right, D.B. Discipline! And now may I offer a toast to Miss Ann Mitchell, the brilliant and beautiful lady who's responsible for all this. Miss Mitchell. Mr. Norton, I'd like to talk to you alone for a minute. Miss Mitchell has something to say to us. That's fine. Speech! Hello. John, I'm glad to see you. I was terribly worried. Did you write this? Yes I did, John, but I had no idea what was going on. -You didn't? -No. Swell bracelet you're wearing. John, why aren't you at the convention? Is there anything wrong? No, nothing's wrong. Everything's fine. So there's going to be a new order of things, huh? Everybody's gonna cut himself a nice fat slice of the John Does? You forgot one detail, Mr. Big Shot. You forgot me, the prize stooge of the world. If you or anybody thinks he's gonna use the John Doe Clubs for his own rotten purpose, he'll do it over my dead body. Hold on a minute, young man. That's rather big talk. I started the John Doe Clubs with my money and I'll decide whether or not they're being properly used. No, you won't. You're through deciding anything. What's more, I'm going down to the convention and tell those people what you and your fine feathered friends are cooking up for them. I'm gonna say it in my own words this time. He'll ruin us, D.B. ! Wait a minute, fella. My uncle wants to talk to you. Listen to me, my son. Before you lose your head completely, may I remind you that I picked you up out of the gutter, and I can throw you right back there again. You've got a nerve accusing people of things. These men and I know what's best for the John Does of America regardless of what tramps like you think. Get off that righteous horse and come to your senses. You're the fake. We believe in what we're doing. You were paid your 30 pieces of silver. Have you forgotten that? Well, I haven't. You're a fake, John Doe, and I can prove it. You're the big hero that's meant to jump off tall buildings. Remember? What will your precious John Does say when they find out you never had any intention of doing it? That you were paid to say so? You'd be run out of the country. With the newspapers and radio stations these gentlemen control, we can kill the John Doe movement deader than a doornail. We'll do it the moment you step out of line. You want to go to the convention and shoot your trap off, go ahead and do it. You mean, you'd try to kill the John Doe movement if you can't use it? Bet your bottom dollar. That's certainly is a new low. Guess I've seen everything now. You sit with your big cigars and think of deliberately killing an idea that's made millions of people a bit happier. An idea that's brought thousands here from all over the country. By bus, train, jalopy and foot so they can pass on to each other a little of their experiences. I'm just a mug and I know it, but I'm beginning to understand a lot of things. Your types are as old as history. If you can't lay your dirty fingers on a decent idea, and squeeze it into your pocket, like dogs, if you can't eat it, you bury it. This is the one worthwhile thing that's come along. People finally find out the guy next door isn't a bad egg. That's simple, isn't it? Yet a thing like that has got a chance of spreading till it touches every human being in the world, and you talk about killing it. Well, when this fire dies down, what's going to be left? More misery, hunger and hate. And what's to prevent that from starting all over again? Nobody knows the answer to that and certainly not you, with those slimy, bollixed up theories you got. The John Doe idea may be the answer, the one thing capable of saving this world, and you sit on your fat hulks and tell me you'll kill it if you can't use it. Well, go ahead and try. You couldn't do it in a million years with all your radio stations and your power because it's bigger than whether I'm a fake or your ambition and bigger than all the bracelets and fur coats in the world! You bet it is, John. That's exactly what I'm going to tell those people. You ungrateful rat! My uncle's been too good to... He's getting away. John! Get me the Bulletin. John! I told you, D.B., you're playing with dynamite. Don't let that girl get away. Before he gets through tonight, he'll ruin us all. I'll stop him cold. I've been ready for this. John! John, please listen to me. I can explain. I didn't know what they were going to do. Let me go with you. John, please! Go ahead, driver. Ball park. Please let me go with you! Please, John. Please, John. Mr. Norton wants to see you. Listen to me, Mayor. I want them both arrested. Tell the police to pick up Connell. I've got the girl here. I don't care, charge them. Keep them in jail overnight. Hello, Bulletin? Put Buck Meyer on. Three cheers for John Doe. -Ladies and gentlemen. -One moment, John. We'll begin with a soft prayer. Quiet, please. Ladies and gentlemen, a moment of silent prayer for the John Does all over the world, many of whom are homeless and hungry. Rise, please. Everybody rise. Hundreds of news boys are swarming in like locusts. They're yelling " John Doe's a fake. " Federal investigation urged by Chamber of Commerce. -How could he be a fake? -Must be some kind of a gag. -A what? -A gag! Come on, step on it! Step on it! You all know you're places. Wait for the signal. -Will you autograph my balloon? -Sure. Ladies and gentlemen, this is what I came down here to tell you about. Please, if you all just be quiet for a few minutes, I can explain this whole thing. As you all know, this paper is published by a man by the name of D.B. Norton... Get back, you! Everybody, wait a minute. Ladies and gentlemen, My name is D.B.Norton. You all know me. I accuse this man of being a faker. We've been taken for suckers and I'm the biggest of the lot! I spent a fortune backing this man in what I believed was a sincere and worthy cause, as you all did. Now I find out it's nothing but a cheap racket, cooked up by him and two of my employees for the purpose of collecting dues from John Does all over the country. That's a lie! It's not a lie! Nickel and dimes to stuff in their pockets. You can read about it in the newspapers there. That's a lie! Don't believe... This man had no intention of jumping off a building. He was paid to say so. Do you deny that? -That's got nothing to do with it. -Were you paid or weren't you? Yes, I was paid, but... And the suicide note. You didn't write that either. -What difference does that make? -Did you write it? -No, I didn't. -You bet your life you didn't. Look in your papers and find Miss Mitchell's signed confession that she wrote it. I didn't write the letter... Now you see, he admits it. You're a fake, John Doe. For what you did to these people, they ought to run you out of the country. And I hope they do it. Speak up, John. We believe you. Please listen, folks. Now that he's through shooting off his face, I got some things to tell you. The rest of you get in and riot. Break this crowd up. I'm sorry folks, we can't hear him anymore. Something's up with the speakers. John Doe's a fake! Please. They can't hear me. This thing's not working. Ladies and gentlemen... This thing's bigger than whether I'm a fake. Bert, you believe me, don't ya? Sure. I believe you. Walking my legs off picking up 5,000 signatures for a phony. There you are, Mr. Doe. 5,000 names asking you not to jump off any roof. Makes no difference, Bert. The idea's still good. -We don't have to give it up. -Yeah, you can have it. They're starting to throw things. Somebody's going to get hurt. I'm afraid it will be John Doe. Listen to that mob. I've got to go to him. -Sorry, lady. I can't let you out. -Let me go! Please. They're crucifying him. I can help him! -We got orders to hold you. -From who? It's a frame-up! -Ann darling. -Mother, they won't let me go. They won't let me go. Listen, folks. You gotta listen to me! Back to the jungle, you hobo. Just another racket! Stick to your clubs. We've been fed baloney so long we're getting used to it. The idea is still good. Believe me, folks. John Does were the hope of the world. A friend got him out of the park. Be a miracle if he's not hurt. Ladies and gentlemen, looks like the end of the John Doe movement. Well, boys, chalk up another one to the Pontius Pilates. I should have been there. I could have helped him. He was so all alone. We ought to be ashamed of ourselves after tonight. We didn't give him a chance. More coffee, Long John? No thanks, Colonel. -Fake! -Racketeer! -Liar! -Cheat! -Impostor! -Why don't you jump? -Chritmas Eve at Midnight. Ha ha ha. Goodbye, Mr. Doe. You're a wonderful man. God bless you, my boy. Now get in there and pitch. You're a fake and I can prove it. You're the big hero that's meant to jump off tall buildings. Remember? What will your precious John Does say when they find out you had no intention of doing it? That you were paid to say so? Christmas Eve, at midnight. Ha ha ha. [Carolers Singing 'Silent Night'] Merry Christmas, sir. Oh! Merry Christmas. Who? John Doe? Is that screwball still around? That dame's been calling all day. Sure, sure, I know. At midnight, huh? Okay, lady. We'll have the place surrounded with nets. They're laughing at me. You're a sick girl, Ann. You better take it easy. Who are you calling now? You called that number, not ten minutes ago. Hello. Mr. Connell. Have you seen him yet? Listen, Ann. He can't get in without our seeing him. I'm watching the side door. Colonel's out front. Stop worrying. Thank you. -Why Ann! -Ann, don't be foolish. If this isn't the craziest, the battiest, the looniest wild goose chase I ever heard of. Shut up, Bert. Sourpuss is right. If he is, I'm a banana split. That man's gonna be on that roof. Don't ask me how I know. I know as well as you do. I'd like to believe in fairy tales, but a guy that's a fake won't jump off any roof. I don't think he was a fake. Not with that face. -What he stood for wasn't a fake. -Okay, honey. Okay. Elevators ain't runnin'. -Colonel. -You shouldn't be out of bed. -Has he been here? -No. -Have you seen him? -Haven't seen him for a week. -Where's Connell? -He's watching the other door. You're swell. No sense going up. I been here for hours. He ain't here. Let me go, will ya? That's crazy. It's 1 4 floors. It's as far as the elevator goes. We walk up to the tower. That tramp's probably full of Christmas cheer in a flophouse. I've got to decorate my tree. Well, I give up. I don't what gave us the idea he'd attempt anything like this. I guess you're right. I'm afraid the joke's on us. I hope nobody finds out we've been here. I wouldn't do that, John. It'll do you no good. The Mayor has police downstairs with instructions to remove all identification you may have on your person. You'll be buried in Potter's Field. You'll have accomplished nothing. I've already taken care of that. I mailed a copy of this letter to Mr. Connell. John, forget this foolishness. Stop there, Mr. Norton, if you don't want to go over too. I'm glad you gentlemen are here. You killed the John Doe movement all right, but you'll see it born again. Take a good look, Mr. Norton. John! John! John! Don't do it! I love you, darling. Please. Please don't give up. We'll start all over again. Just you and I. It isn't too late. The John Doe movement isn't dead yet. It isn't dead or they wouldn't be here. It's alive in them. They kept it alive by being afraid of it. That's why they came up here. Oh, darling! Sure it should have been killed. It was dishonest. But we can start clean now. Just you and I. It'll grow, John, because it'll be honest this time. John, if it's worth dying for, it's worth living for. Please, John! Please! Please God, help me! John! John, look at me! You want to be honest, don't you? You don't have to die to keep the John Doe idea alive. Someone already died for that once. The first John Doe. And he's kept that idea alive for nearly 2,000 years. It was he who kept it alive and he'll go on keeping it alive forever and always. For every John Doe movement they kill, another will be born. That's why those bells are ringing. They're calling to us. Not to give up, but keep on fighting, keep on pitching. Don't you see, darling? This is no time to give up. You and I John, we... No! No, John! If you die, I want to die, too. I love you! Mr. Doe, you don't have to... We're with you, Mr. Doe. We just lost our heads and acted like a mob. What Bert's trying to say is that we need you. A lot of us didn't believe what that man said. We were going to start up our Club again, with or without you. Weren't we, Bert? A lot of others will do the same. Mr. Sourpuss even got a letter from his cousin in Toledo... I got it right here, Mr. Doe. Only, it'd be a lot easier with you. Please... Please come with us, Mr. Doe. Long John! Mr. Doe! -We'll help. She'll be all right. -Take her down to the car. There you are, Norton. The people! Try and lick that! Μάλαμα Θεοδωράκη You were at my door, I heard you knocking but I didn't care at all. I have been in all night just staring at the wall. I didn't really want to see you anymore. Coming from the road, you took your coat off and you threw it on the floor. You said 'I can't believe you wanna hurt me so'. I said 'I'm not supposed to be like this, you know'. David Zanolla, Instructor Department of Communication: I'd like to teach a course that's just about this basically we spend a semester studying Disney World and Communication as a case study and they said is that what you like to do? And I said well I'd really love to take my students down there and actually show them after learning about it to immerse themselves in that experience and they said go with it. Text slide: In May 2011, WlU's Disney World Communication Culture course Text slide: was the subject of an episode of Text slide: "The Season Pass Podcast," Text slide: "the international authority on everything theme and amusement park related." Zanolla: What's very unique and what makes them very well respected at The Season Pass is first of all they look at all the different theme parks as well as one of the gentlemen Brent Young who is one of the co-host he actually owns a theme park design business. He actually does it himself and so he really adds an interesting perspective when their interview is being done because we are talking about something that he actually does. Announcer: How did you get the University involved with this? How did they give you the okay to say yes you can do a course on Walt Disney World? Zanolla: Well it's actually kind of a funny story. Our university is some what small at least compared to some of the bigger universities here in the midwest. We have about 12,500 students very nice small teacher to student ratios. The ratio from student to faculty is about 16 to 1. So, we really get to work closely with our students. And we have something on our campus called the Honors College. Which basically has academically the cream of the crop of the university taking classes through them. And every year since I began to teach we had always gotten the letter in the mail basically saying one of the things the Honors College would like to do is offer faculty the opportunity to teach their dream course. If you ever have an idea that you would like to do something like that please let us know. So, once I started I would say that I probably taught this special unit at the end of my class of a couple of lecture sessions then I started to refine it and tweak it more and kind of get feedback from my students was this interesting? Did this make sense? What could I do better with this? I would always ask them questions and once I thought I refined it well enough I actually had just thought about proposing the course as a one hour seminar that would basically just meet one hour a week for the 16 weeks of the semester were we would kind of talk about this stuff. And when I was in discussions with the Honors College who was extremely supportive. They said well is this really what you'd like the course to look like is this your dream course? And I said opening my mouth not knowing what would happen. Actually to tell you the truth if I really had what I'd wished for I would love to be able to teach them about this and then take them down to Orlando to show them everything because there's no better place to immerse yourself Announcer: Sign Me Up! Zanolla: In this environment were their manipulating communication were their using communication than Disney World. Announcer: Yeah that's all I'm saying is sign me up if that's the case sign me up! Going to Disney World for educational purpose. Announcer: Well I would love to understand a little bit more about the course maybe what we could have you take us through how that course is laid out over the..the semester? Or is it longer than that is it a is it more than a semester course? Zanolla: No, it's just a it's a 3 credit hour one semester course and basically how it's run now I've tweaked it a bit as I ran it the second time just entering this current semester. But, what I kind of did I had to pick my battles and so I had to decide there's a lot of things we could discuss so I had to make it clear in my proposal that I was not studying the Disney Company. I was studying the Walt Disney World Resort. Because obviously if you talk about the company your dealing with media issues and public relations and all that kind of stuff that we weren't going to deal with. So, the first time I ran the course I focused on 3 main areas that we study in the field of human communication. We studied non-verbal communication structure in the environment. How..how things are designed to help guide us as well as to help send the messages. And then we also looked at organizational culture so what can you tell or how does Disney World structure their organization to be able to do what they do. Announcer: Right! Zanolla: And then other thing we looked at was actually online fan communities and how fans of Walt Disney World on the internet communicated about their love for the park. So, what we did was we kind of took those 3 chunks and used those as the 3 units and got involved with some of the message boards online, read some books. The books used in the course were "Designing Disney" by John Hench and then we used Jeff Colburn book "The Wonderful World of Customer Service at Disney" as well. And so what we did really was just kind of I only had eight students the first time it was a nice small class to kind of run it the first time with. And we really just used it I used it more as a discussion format at least in the first couple of weeks cause I didn't know right off the bat what kind of experience these students had with the park. How often they had been there. I had one student who had never been there. And then one student who had been between Disney World and Disneyland 25 times as well as also been to Disneyland Paris. So, I was kind of dealing with a wide audience in terms of knowledge said about the parks and so we really just started off as more of a discussion first of all making sure we I laid the foundation from a communications stand point. What does it mean if your studying the organizational culture of a company. So you're looking at theme parks and the stories they tell the vocabulary they use their rights their rituals. How does all of that if you look at it from the outside tell you about what life is like within that organization. Basically what I approach to that is you all in my class are kind of entry level communication researchers. So, if this is how they say they do it when you go down there and you're looking is this actually how they do it? Do they really project a positive image and energy? Do they really go above and beyond? Do they really do all these things you hear them utilizing this nomenclature all these sorts of things. What about the stories you know do you hear any cast members tell you any stories about something? Do they make sure that they seek out contact with you? And so that was kind of what I said was let's see if they put their let's see if they put their actions where their words are and it turned out to be for that first class a really interesting experience. Ladies and gentlemen, there will be a special broadcast in a few moments. [music] Second version of Kwangmyonsong-3 satellite launch success The launch of the second version of Kwangmyongsong-3 satellite from Pyonganbukdo Julsangun Sohae Lunch site on December 12th was successful. The satellite has entered the projected orbit. I repeat. The launch of the second version of Kwangmyongsong-3 satellite from Pyonganbukdo Julsangun Sohae Lunch site on December 12th was successful. The satellite has entered the projected orbit. We're playing in the woods whilst the wolf isn't there. We're playing in the woods whilst the wolf isn't there. Wolf, are you there? 'I'm putting on my trousers.' We're playing in the woods whilst the wolf isn't there. We're playing in the woods whilst the wolf isn't there. Wolf, are you there? 'I'm putting on my waistcoat' We're playing in the woods whilst the wolf isn't there. We're playing in the woods whilst the wolf isn't there. Wolf, are you there? 'I'm putting on my jacket.' We're playing in the woods whilst the wolf isn't there. we're playing in the woods whilst the wolf isn't there. Wolf, are you there? "I'm putting on my hat.' We're playing in the woods whilst the wolf isn't there we're playing in the woods whilst the wolf isn't there. Wolf, are you there? 'I'm coming out to eat you all!' About a year and a half ago, Stephen Lawler, who also gave a talk here at TED in 2007 on Virtual Earth, brought me over to become the architect of Bing Maps, which is Microsoft's online-mapping effort. In the past two and a half, we've been very hard at work on redefining the way maps work online. And we really are seeing this in very different terms from the kind of mapping and direction site that one is used to. So, the first thing that you might notice about the mapping site is just the fluidity of the zooming and the panning, which, if you're familiar at all with Seadragon, that's where it comes from. Mapping is, of course, not just about cartography, it's also about imagery. So, as we zoom-in beyond a certain level this resolves into a kind of Sim City-like virtual view at 45 degrees. This can be viewed from any of the cardinal directions to show you the 3D structure of the city, all the facades. Now, we see this space, this three-dimensional environment, as being a canvas on which all sorts of applications can play out, and map's directions are really just one of them. If you click on this, you'll see some of the ones that we've put out, just in the past couple of months since we've launched. So, for example, a couple of days after the disaster in Haiti, we had an earthquake map that showed before and after pictures from the sky. This wonderful one which I don't have time to show you is taking hyper-local blogs in real time and mapping those stories, those entries to the places that are referred to on the blogs. It's wonderful. But I'm going to show you some more candy sort of stuff. So, we see the imagery, of course, not stopping at the sky. These little green bubbles represent photosynths that users have made. I'm not going to dive into them either, but photosynths are integrated into the map. Everything that's cased in blue is an area where we've taken imagery on the ground as well. And so, when you fly down -- (Applause) Thank you. When you fly down to the ground, and you see this kind of panoramic imagery, the first thing that you might notice is that it's not just a picture, there's just as much three-dimensional understanding of this environment as there is of the three-dimensional city from above, so if I click on something to get a closer view of it, then, the fact that that transition looks as it does, is a function of all of that geometry, all of that 3D understanding behind this model. Now, I'll show you a fun app that -- we've been working on a collaboration with our friends at Flickr. This takes Flickr, georegistered imagery and uses photosynth-like processes to connect that imagery to our imagery, so -- I'm not sure if that's the one I actually meant to pull up, but -- (Laughter) But notice -- this is, of course, a popular tourist site, and there are lots of photos around here, and these photos are all taken at different times. So this one was taken around five. So that's the Flickr photo, that's our imagery. So you really see how this kind of crowd-sourced imagery is integrating, in a very deep way, into the map itself. (Applause) Thank you. (Applause) There are several reasons why this is interesting and one of them, of course, is time travel. And I'm not going to show you some of the wonderful historic imagery in here, but there are some with horses and carriages and so on as well. But what's cool about this is that, not only is it augmenting this visual representation of the world with things that are coming in from users, but it also is the foundation for augmented reality, and that's something that I'll be showing you more of in just a moment. Now I just made a transition indoors. That's also interesting. OK, notice there's now a roof above us. We're inside the Pike Place Market. And this is something that we're able to do with a backpack camera, so, we're now not only imaging in the street with this camera on tops of cars, but we're also imaging inside. And from here, we're able to do the same sorts of registration, not only of still images, but also of video. So this is something that we're now going to try for the first time, live, and this is really, truly, very frightening. (Laughter) OK. (Ringing) All right, guys, are you there? (Noise) All right. I'm hitting it. I'm punching play. I'm live. All right. There we go. So, these are our friends in Pike Place Market, the lab. (Applause) So they're broadcasting this live. OK, George, can you pan back over to the corner market? Because I want to show points of interest. No, no. The other way. Yeah, yeah, back to the corner, back to the corner. I don't want to see you guys yet. OK, OK, back to the corner, back to the corner, back to the corner. OK, never mind. What I wanted to show you was these points of interest over here on top of the image because what that gives you a sense of is the way, if you're actually on the spot, you can think about this -- this is taking a step in addition to augmented reality. What the hell are you guys -- oh, sorry. (Laughter) We're doing two different -- OK, I'm hanging up now. We're doing two different things here. One of them is to take that real ... (Laughter) All right, let me just take a moment and thank the team. They've done a fantastic job of pulling this together. (Applause) I'm going to abandon them now and walk back outside. And while I walk outside, I'll just mention that here we're using this for telepresence, but you can equally well use this on the spot, for augmented reality. When you use it on the spot, it means that you're able to bring all of that metadata and information about the world to you. So here, we're taking the extra step of also broadcasting it. That was being broadcast, by the way, on a 4G network from the market. All right, and now there's one last TED talk that Microsoft has given in the past several years. And that's Curtis Wong, WorldWide Telescope. So, we're going to head over to the dumpsters, where it's traditional, after a long day at the market, to go out for a break, but also stare up at the sky. This is the integration of WorldWide Telescope into our maps. (Applause) This is the current -- thank you -- this is the current time. If we scrub the time, then we can see how the sky will look at different times, and we can get all of this very detailed information about different times, different dates: Let's move the moon a little higher in the sky, maybe change the date. I would like to kind of zoom in on the moon. So, this is an astronomically complete representation of the sky integrated right into the Earth. All right now, I've overrun my time, so I've got to stop. Thank you all very much. (Applause) >> In this module we're going to go through an example very quickly where we price a European put on a futures contract. Up until now we've seen how to price European and American options on the underlying security. Very often in fact though we want to price options on futures contracts, which are written on the underlying security. So in fact many of the most liquid options are options on futures contracts. They include for example the S & P 500 index in the US, the Eurostoxx 50 index in the Euro zone, the FTSE 100 from the UK and the Nikei 225 from Japan. In these cases, the underlying security is not actually traded, that is because if you wanted to actually trade the S & P 500 we would need to trade 500 different stocks. Now it would be very expensive and time consuming. So generally we don't trade these indices, we trade futures on these indices. So what we're going to do is we're going to price a European put on a futures contract. So consider the following parameters, we're going to assume the initial stock price or in this case the initial index price is 100. We'll assume n equals 10 periods. We will assume a risk free rate of 2%, a dividend yield of 1% and a sigma of 20%. We're going to assume that the futures expiration and the option expiration coincide and are equal to 0.5 years. In practice this is what typically happens. But of course, for more theory, we could if we like, still price options where the futures expiration was greater than the option expiration. We'll be able to obtain the futures price lattice on our spreadsheet, by using the fact that s n equals f n, and then using the fact for t less than n, f t is equal to the expected value of f t plus 1, using the risk mutual probabilities. When we do that, we'll see that we get a put option value of 5.21. So let's go to the spreadsheet and see what we get. So here are our initial parameters. We've an initial price of 100, t equals 0.5 years or 6 months. Sigma equals 20%. We're assuming 10 periods and or, we have our r and dividend yield as well. So u, d and q are calculated as we showed in an earlier module where we used the binomial model to approximate geometric boundary in motion and the Black Shoals Model. So our futures parameters, we're assuming an expiration of t equals 10. So 10 time periods corresponding with 6 months, or half a year. Over here we can choose what sort of option we want to price. 1 for a call, minus 1 for a put. We're assuming a strike of 100, and the expiration, again, is going to be 10 periods. So the option expiration coincides with the futures expiration. It's going to be a European option. So here we have our lattice, or stock-price lattice. In each time period, the stock price grows by a factor of u, or it falls by a factor of d. If we scroll down, we have the futures lattice. And in this case, we can see, well, by definition, f n equals s n at time n. So we see that the futures prices in here are time t equals 10, agree with the stock prices up here, at time t equals 10. We then work backwards in this lattice, calculating the futures prices using that formula we showed on this last slide. Okay. So now, we have our futures price lattice. We can now price our options, by simply calculating the payoff of the option at time t equals 10, the expiration. So in this case it's a put option with strike 100. So when the stock price is greater than 100, the payoff is 0. When it is less than 100, we get a payoff of 100 minus the stock price. So that gives us these values here, and then we can calculate the option by working backwards in the binomial lattice as we've seen before. In this case, we find the put option value is equal to $5.212. It's worth making a point about how these models are used in practice. In practice, we don't need a model to price liquid options. Market forces, i.e., supply and demand, actually determines the price of options. In this case, this amounts to determining , or the implied volatility. And that is because, if you recall, so the price of a call options c 0 is equal to the expected value at time 0, using our risk-neutral probabilities of e to the minus r t times s t minus k, the positive part, or if you like this is, equal to, the maximum, of s t minus k and 0. Where under the BlackScholes Model s t equals s 0 e to the r minus sigma squared over 2 times t. Plus sigma, w t. W t here is your standard Brownian motion. So w T is a random variable that's got a normal distribution between 0 and variance t. Anyway, given all of this we recognize that c 0 is equal to some function of the initial stock price, the risk free rate, the dividend yield, and I should have included the dividend yield up there. Sigma, the time to maturity, and k. And in fact we actually know all of these quantities. We can see them all in the market place. We know what s 0 is, we know what r is we know what the dividend yield is, we know what the maturity of the option is and we know what the strike of the option is. The only thing we don't know is sigma. However in the case of liquid options, we can actually observe c 0 the price of the option in the market place. As I said supply and demand is what really sets the price of the liquid options in the market place. So we can see c 0 and then we can use this equation to back out the one unknown, which is sigma. And then this is often called the implied volatility. And we'll be returning to this later in the course as well. So at this point you might ask if that's the case, if supply and demand sets the price of options, why do we need a model? Well we need models for two reasons. One is to help us price what are called exotic or more illiquid derivative securities whose prices are not available in the marketplace. We can also use models to hedge options. And I'll return to hedging later in the course as well. Hi, my name is Darla (?) and I'm a producer here at Pixar Animation Studios You know, Pixar is made of just crazy combination of people there's mad scientist and dancers and animators and all kinds of unique individuals most of those unique individuals weren't the most popular in high school and junior high they just weren't, it's just the way it works thanks godness we hung around and found each other and created this familiar tribe of people, that's created this unprecedented team that makes movie magic and so, because of that, because of where we all came from we want to share a message of hope with all of you I knew at a young age that I was very different I started out as a sort of a top boy and I liked to play with the boys and I liked to play with the boys things I walked wrong, I talked wrong, I wasn't interested in the right things, I loved show tunes I brought my sister's doll to show and tell I remember just... just feeling not sure how to do it I was able to kind of compartmentalize being gay I always felt like if I don't want this hard enough maybe it will go away it was sort of all I can do just keep it under wraps, keep it hidden one day I was at a dinner table and I was kind of just joking and I made like this gesture and my brother said dude that's really gay and [I was like] no it's not and then my parents were like yeah, it's kinda gay ! I really was faced with this idea that I was really getting me in trouble I felt like if I was a lesbian my father wouldn't love me anymore so I had a choice to make: would I be true to myself or would i live a life of lies I couldn't be myself and show... as much of myself as I could there's a sense of invisibility when you're gay because you don't wanna step out you don't wanna show too much, not everybody is [...] on Glee all my friends from my catholic elementary school got to go to an all girls catholic high school but my mother wouldn't let me go, she wanted me to go to a public school, so that I'd be around boys the name of the game was I guess to fit in when it got thought I put on a show every time I had to go on a field or on the cord I was felt ostracized from the rest of the team all of the people on the stand were like dike, lesbo and get off the field I got harassed verbally and phisically they called me faggot and pushed me around it escalated to be pretty violent, not only inside the campus of the school, but outside I was completely scared and confused I thought that being gay meant being alone and being isolated and constantly living in fear it got to the point where I was so scared of everything and of everyone that I wouldn't actually talk to anyone and that was very very terrifying and just really really sad, sad feeling. I didn't wanna be alone I didn't know what to do, I didn't know how to make sense out of the world I felt full of self hatred I started getting these thoughts that if I'm not around no one would really miss me no one would really care someone interrupted me from jumping off the roof of my dorm I am so grateful to that person today because things got so much better and I wouldn't have known if they hadn't stopped me I would have missed so much of my life I would have missed an entire future that was genuine I would have missed an authentic way of living making your own friends for the firts time making or discovering new music going to birthday parties with my daughter friends a dance group which was super cool I got to travel with them walking in to a gay bar and feeling like you really belonged I would have missed great friends, great relationships I'd lost amazing experiences that you can have with a friend I would have missed meeting Colin, my amazing cube mate I would have missed my nieces being born, who are the cutiest things ever finding my dream job, finding my dream city, finding my dream partner the first time I ever got to dance with my boyfriend in public meeting the love of my life meeting my wife getting to experience what that kind of relationship is like I don't think I'd be as close to my family now I wouldn't, you know, seen my mother come around when my mom and I talked about it I felt this huge sense of relief you feel it, you don't [...] stay inside your head you're actually feeling it right here that was just ... blew me away coming out was just like the beginning my life is the kind of life I didn't even know it was an option I finally started thinking about what being gay was gonna be for me I just started by realizing that I had to love myself first and it took a while, I think.. just [...] I found a new me and it was the right me, this time I sort of found that I wasn't alone and that my situation was not that different I started to meet people who gave me so much acceptance and love people that I wouldn't completely missed out on had it not been for the fact that I was gay I got to get married with the love of my life we just made six years last week and we have a cat and we have a lovely little one bedroom place that is ours and I get to walk up those nine steps, open the door, know that he's home and I get to kiss him and hug him when I walk in the door and that, that brings me so much joy it's been one of the biggest blessings of my life, I've met such wonderful people, it made me such a stronger person to be gay and there's nothing I would do nothing I would do to change that now don't let anyone tell you you're less than zero just because you're gay there are lots of people out there who care about you and want to see you live so please stay strong and stay in it, it gets better tell yourself over and over again that you're ok because you are and know that... that no matter how hard things can seem that you're connected to everybody else going through that same thing you will find your place and it will get better, I promise I can definitely tell you and I didn't believe it, I didn't think it would ever get better but it really really does get better focus on the future, don't focus on the problems that you're going through right now focus on the greatness of your life that is going to become find someone, anyone that you can confide in that you think will support you and help you and love you unconditionally and if that person is not helpful then drop them immediately and go to another person know that somewhere out there you can make a connection with someone else who feels just like you do similar to how you do and wants you around and wants to give you a big hug and tell you that everything is alright and that it does get better if I could just come through the screen right now and just give you a big hug and tell you it get better I would totally do that I promise you that it not only gets better but it's so... it's so much more than you could possibly imagine it's so beautiful, the things that life has waiting for you it will get better, it gets better it gets better it gets really better everything gets better it gets better, it gets great Good morning everyone, my name is Manu Anjanappa and I am an NUlT Consultant. I'm here today to help you set up your @northwestern email account on your iOS device. Let's get started. The first thing we want to do when setting up your Exchange account on your iOS device is go to Settings. Then, we're going to scroll down until we find Mail, Contacts and Calendars and click on that. Now you should see a list of all the accounts that are currently on your phone. But we do want to add a new account so we're going to go ahead and click on that. The new account is going to be an Exchange account, so you're going to want to click on Microsoft Exchange here. And so, here you'll see three different fields that it'll ask you for information for. The first is going to be your email address at Northwestern. So, for most of you that's going to be your first initial, hyphen, and your last name @northwestern.edu. Now that I've entered the email, the password you're going to use is going to be the NetlD password that would normally log in to your webmail service with. Now that we've entered in the NetlD password and the email address, you can also feel free to change the Description. This will just be what the email account is called in your Settings and your Mail app. We're going to go ahead and click Next once we've entered in all that information and the phone will then go ahead and verify that we have the correct credentials in order to continue. OK. Now it's going to prompt us for some new fields, mainly, Server and Username. So, the server we're going to enter in as mail.northwestern.edu and the Domain we're going to leave blank and the Username, we're going to enter in our NetlD and again we see that the Description field has pulled onto the next page as well. You should have already put as what you would like it to be, so go ahead and click on Next. And you can see that the iPhone will then verify that we have the correct login credentials and you'll get taken to a screen that will ask you which of these four things you want to sync to your phone. 0:02welcomed mass most of the old quick america short division<br/>0:07but short mission is a fantastic method noticing quick<br/>0:11way to do division<br/>0:13transfer some of his first it's important to nine hundred<br/>0:16and sixty-three we divide that by three<br/>0:20so notice how the laid out my workings<br/>0:23down here<br/>0:24that three<br/>0:26goes to the left if what we saw complex bus shelter<br/>0:30assigned<br/>0:30and then under that bus shut out of the nine hundred and sixty-three<br/>0:34as you can see this and nine hundred and sixty-three divided by three we lay out<br/>0:39like this<br/>0:40then<br/>0:41we start<br/>0:42but looking<br/>0:43at this nine and saying how many times two-story going into knowledge<br/>0:51three goes into nine three times does it three times three is nine<br/>0:56saliba three up here<br/>0:59bending over the next number across that's that's six when we ask ourselves<br/>1:03how many times<br/>1:04just three<br/>1:05going to six<br/>1:07but a cousin twice<br/>1:09two threes of six because in twice<br/>1:12and then finally<br/>1:14look at this summer and you know<br/>1:15the three me ask yourself how many times just three coming too<br/>1:19three<br/>1:20well just once<br/>1:24suite at the one up for that<br/>1:25and the onset or question is three hundred and twenty one<br/>1:33okefenokee another example now<br/>1:36i'm going to do eight hundred and forty-two<br/>1:38notified that went to<br/>1:40so again william so workings as you can see down here<br/>1:45with the too<br/>1:46to the left of the rush out and then the eight hundred and forty-two untundi as<br/>1:50you can see<br/>1:54next thing we do<br/>1:55we ask ourselves how many times does too<br/>1:58go into respect<br/>2:00with a cousin four times doesn't<br/>2:03forties are right<br/>2:06four times too is a so we put the four up there<br/>2:10how many times<br/>2:12tuesday too<br/>2:13coming to this fall<br/>2:14what goes in twice<br/>2:16two times to school<br/>2:19and then finish off we ask yourself<br/>2:22hard times just to<br/>2:23going to this too<br/>2:25it goes in<br/>2:27just once<br/>2:29so they asked to this one<br/>2:32is four hundred and twenty one<br/>2:39okay another example now<br/>2:43we're going to be a hundred and fifty five divided by five<br/>2:46so we now have to work he misses you can see conduct<br/>2:49just as we did before<br/>2:50and then he starts off on the left hand side is we did<br/>2:53meiosis have how many times does five<br/>2:56coming to this one<br/>2:59but it doesn't go into told if you think about it<br/>3:03one times five would be fine from where ask yourself<br/>3:06how many times does five career to bob<br/>3:08well because in zero times<br/>3:12sweep of the zero here<br/>3:14but there's not one remained one left them for<br/>3:18from the largest<br/>3:21question<br/>3:22sewn that one that's left over<br/>3:25we then put it<br/>3:27up here<br/>3:28to turned this number<br/>3:29into fifteen<br/>3:32okay<br/>3:33then we say to ourself how many times<br/>3:37does the five<br/>3:38coming to this fifteen<br/>3:42five casings fifteen three times we put a three up here<br/>3:47then we move along to the next about how many times does five going to this fine<br/>3:51will just wants<br/>3:54sweet pickle one up there<br/>3:56and he wants to a question is thirty one<br/>4:04okay let's have a look at uh... and others all now we need to do use these<br/>4:08tremendous that we had to last time<br/>4:11so you get a bit more familiarity with the aids we're going to do two hundred<br/>4:14and twenty four<br/>4:16divide that by seven<br/>4:20so we have selections as you can see<br/>4:23and say<br/>4:23how many times<br/>4:25to send going to tell you<br/>4:28well zero tolerance<br/>4:32ticket zero up here<br/>4:34and then this to remained at their star to leftover zero times<br/>4:38with the remainder of two<br/>4:41to that's left of we write up here to turn this number<br/>4:45into twenty two<br/>4:47and he said to myself how many times does that seven going to twenty-two<br/>4:54if you think about it<br/>4:56three sentences twenty-one<br/>4:58we wouldn't get four seven six aba twenty-eight so it goes in three times<br/>5:03to may twenty one<br/>5:04and this one remained<br/>5:09so we're getting three times as one remained is that one remainder<br/>5:13we're going to appear to tell this number into fourteen<br/>5:17then he said to myself how many times disassembled going to fourteen<br/>5:22well it goes in twice<br/>5:24to use and support t<br/>5:27alot<br/>5:28thirty-two<br/>5:29is there are answers to this question<br/>5:38ahead<br/>5:39we'll show you know<br/>5:40how you can you show proficient one you can make it to testimony restaurants<br/>5:46that served<br/>5:47five divided by four<br/>5:48you going to get act a small number<br/>5:51starts<br/>5:52and the first thing<br/>5:54you should always do<br/>5:55i advice<br/>5:58including the decimal point<br/>6:00and pat's zeros<br/>6:02to the right hand side of it<br/>6:04okay<br/>6:06there make sure that we have a decimal point<br/>6:09up here<br/>6:10enough outside ready fo for the decimal point reynolds<br/>6:15okay then we proceed exactly sweetie before<br/>6:19how many times to staff for<br/>6:23how many times does this fall<br/>6:25going to<br/>6:28that's fine<br/>6:31focusing too five<br/>6:32once<br/>6:34with one remained<br/>6:36so because he wants and there's one remained<br/>6:38to notice how about one remainder has come out here<br/>6:43is numbered tent<br/>6:46how many times just for all<br/>6:49going to ten<br/>6:50gazing twice<br/>6:52to make eight<br/>6:53with ten remainder<br/>6:55spec too<br/>6:57remain to get screwed up here<br/>6:59to turn this number<br/>7:02into twenty<br/>7:04okay<br/>7:05so let me ask us how many times<br/>7:07to staff for going to twenty<br/>7:09but getting five times<br/>7:13fired up that this new remained so that's our own salon<br/>7:16client<br/>7:17to five<br/>7:24okay we just finished with one final example<br/>7:28we'll show you how you can devise a castle number<br/>7:31but whole number<br/>7:32using short to the chin so we're going to do<br/>7:35point to five divide that by five<br/>7:39so as before make sure that we put up decimal point<br/>7:43ready<br/>7:44for in our hearts boxes you can see there<br/>7:48now proces we did before<br/>7:51how many times does that five<br/>7:53going to the six<br/>7:55when a cousin once<br/>7:56with one remained on<br/>7:58because he wants with one remain<br/>8:01how many times to start five go into<br/>8:05twelve<br/>8:05when it goes in twice<br/>8:07to make ten-week to reminder<br/>8:11closing twice with two remainder<br/>8:13and to finish off how many times does five going into twenty five<br/>8:19organising five times the senate<br/>8:21five times five is twenty five<br/>8:23so they'll stay this question<br/>8:25is one<br/>8:26point too far<br/>8:35i'm sure division<br/>8:36if you'd like to see some of her testing that's videos<br/>8:39please visit mass master<br/>8:41dot all -Wow, Deezy, you got a new computer? -Yeah, you know what they say. If you ain't got a Mac, you ain't a Mac daddy. -Who says that? -That dude at the Apple store that sold me this for 4,000 dollars. I know, he gave me a stupid high deal. He even threw in these magic outer space headphones for only $400. -That's definitely a stupid deal. -Yo, check out my ballin' new sound system. Yo, computer DJ! -[electronic voice]: Yo, Deezy. -Play 50 Cent. [In Da Club by 50 Cent playing] Ha, jealous, bitch? -Play Britney Spears. [Baby One More Time by Britney Spears playing] -Stop! Yo man, I don't know how that got in there, man. That's crazy. -Right. [cell phone rings] -Oh. It's my agent. Hello. -[raspy breath] Oh, Shane. How is my little rising star? -I'm doing good. What's crackin'? -Ha, what isn't crackin'? [neck cracks] So, how did the Tyler Perry movie audition go? -Uh, not too good considering they're looking for a morbidly obese black teenage girl. -Oh, you can pull it off. If Sarah Jessica Parker could play a woman, you can play a black girl. -Sarah Jessica Parker is a woman. -What? -So, why did you call me? -I have a surprise for you. -Last time you gave me a surprise, it was your two-legged cat who was dying of cancer. -[gasps] Fluffy! How is she? -She died of cancer. -Aww, poor pussy. -Just please tell me the surprise doesn't have anything to do with death. -[gasps] No. The surprise is you have a meeting with a TV network for your own show! -Are you serious? -As serious as I was when I told you not to use my toilet seats unless you want gonorrhea. -You never told me that. -I didn't? Damn, I gotta start writing myself little reminder notes. Your meeting's tomorrow, break a leg! [phone beeps] Okay, who wants to come in here and give Ruby a sponge bath? My belly fat's starting to turn black and my woman cave is spewing out gravy. Oh, my God. Someone get me a biscuit. -And that was a phone call that changed my life. I was so excited I was shaking, like Paris Hilton after a three-day bender in Mexico. I've been waiting for something like this to happen my entire life. I mean, just call me motherfucking Kelly Clarkson. Okay, 'cause this was my Moment like this Then I actually went to the meeting. Hi. Um, Shane Dawson here. Here for the TV show meeting. -Surprise! -Shanaynay? -That would be Mrs. Shanaynay. I'm wearing a tie. -What the hell are you doing here? -I work here now. Say hello to the brand-new president of the CW. -No, you're not. -Uh, yes I am. Okay, I have an office, I am sitting at my desk, I have an assistant. And I have a dildo sharpener on my desk. -That's a pencil sharpener. -You know what? That explains a lot. -Okay, what's going on here? Is this some kind of a joke, 'cause it's not funny. -Come on, Shane, if I was making a joke, you would be hearing a lot more racial slurs coming out of my mouth. -Then what is it? -Okay, long story short, I was fucking some old man in the strip club, accidentally killing him in the process, and then I started looking through his wallet you know, to find his ID, see who he was. Okay, I was looking for money. I ain't even gon' lie. But after I found the money, I also found his ID card for the presidency of the CW. And you know what? I took it as a sign from God, you know, like Shanaynay girl, this is your chance to make something of yourself. You should take over as president. And it was real easy, you know. All I had to do is get a suit, look real confident, steal his face so I could get through security, and now look at me. I'm wearing a tie. -You're going to jail. -Oh really? Well, I guess if I go to jail, you wouldn't be getting your own TV show now, will you? -What? -I have the power, Shane okay? I'm like a damn Power Ranger. But instead of fighting crime, I'm smoking weed and having sex with strange old men until they die. -You don't have power. -Oh really? Watch me. Hi, is this Tyra Banks? Hey girl. How you doing? Oh I'm good, you know, just chillin'. Ooh girl, really? Ooh that sounds like a triple-P situation, okay? Pink, pussy, and smells like puss. You gonna want to get that checked. Girl, tell me about it. I know, I've had like twelve of those. By the way, I just wanted to call and tell you that you're fired. [Tyra screams] Tell Ms. J I said hi. So Shane, what kind of show do you want? -Okay, I know what you're thinking. "Shane, run. Run like you're butt-naked covered in coke and you're being chased by the Lohans." And I know that's what I should do but, I mean, my own show? This is something I've wanted my entire life. [sighs] It's gonna be tough. -So what is it Shane? Do you want your own sitcom, your own reality show, a TV movie? [gasps] A dating show where you get to pick between 20 different women but then there's a big old twist and 10 turn out to be cross-dressing men, but let's be honest, considering you, that ain't much of a twist. -I can't do it. -I'm just trying to help you, Shane. I mean, don't you want your dreams to come true? I know I do, but I don't think Shaquille O'Neal's ever gonna break into my house and rape me with a basketball covered in bacon. Now Kobe, I mean, that's a possibility. -You know what? Keep your TV show. Okay, I'm gonna work hard and get it myself. -Wow, that is so stupid. Wait. If you change your mind, I'll still be here. -This is the police. We have the building surrounded. -No I won't. [glass shatters] -Put your hands up. [gun chambers clicking] -Okay, so obviously that story is not 100% true. Actually, it's not even 1% true. But I wanted to tell a story to get my point across. And my point is very simple and it's something I've talked about before but not to this level. No matter how old you are, there's a lot of temptation in life. Whether it's temptation to have sex, do drugs, do things for money. They're everywhere, they're all around us. But there's one temptation that people always seem to fall for. And that's the temptation to change yourself for other people's acceptance. And I know it's hard to turn down but just remember, if you want to be successful and you want to be happy with yourself, you gotta stay true to you. I mean, take me for example. I really want my own TV show and I'm working my ass off to get it, but I'm not gonna change who I am just to please other people. I mean, can you imagine me on the Disney Channel saying things like "Sweet niblits." And doing really shitty auto-tune pop songs. No. So here's my question of the day for you. What's one thing you like about yourself that people always get you to change? Is it your style, is it the way you talk, is it what you believe in? Leave it as a comment or a video response down in my crotch. I'm gonna randomly pick a few of you guys from the comments and send you a Shane Dawson shirt. And something I'm really excited about, which is a new Shane Dawson Hot Topic button that says, Haterz Gonna Hate. I feel like that button's pretty relevant to this video and to my life. Hey what's up you guys, this is really random, but I totally forgot to film myself saying goodbye to you. And it didn't want to just end the video on like a random note. And I couldn't refilm because I'm wearing lipstick and it would be weird. So for me on my shitty Macbook iSight to you, have a good week, I love you guys. Bye. Captioned by SpongeSebastian [Baby One More Time plays] -Stop! Yo man, I don't know how that got in there man, it's crazy. All infants come into this world ready to be loved and ready to learn. What is the key for acquiring language, particularly for a deaf or hard of hearing baby? As parents of a newborn, the love you share with your child is natural and instinctive. This is your bond. This bond inspires an innate desire for communication. Your baby will learn about the world through familiar smells, the sense of taste, the warm touch of your skin, and most of all, through the eyes. For your child, world experiences and language will come most naturally and easily through the eyes. The eyes are your child's single biggest strength. I just wanted to say that it's a journey as a parent. That you start off with the very simple... You know, you want to know the eat, drink, mama, dada, because those are the important things. And as your child grows, your signing kind of grows with them... kind of blossoms because you want to keep up with them. And so, my son, who is now in first grade... is becoming, now, a kind of teacher to us. It's a journey and it can be rough at times but when you communicate, it's just the most awesome feeling. Sign languages are complete and natural languages. Just like any language, American Sign Language is acquired through meaningful exposure and interaction. Today, ASL is the fourth most widely used language in the United States. It is taught in high schools and universities for credit. Babies acquire language along a developmental continuum. ASL builds on the earliest connections you have with your child, allowing your deaf or hard of hearing child the opportunity to process and understand the meaningful family interactions directed at him or her. Babies exposed to and interacting with American Sign Language will typically produce their first words around seven to eight months of age. American Sign Language has been a gift to me and a gift to the children that I work with. An amazing resource, an amazing key to open up their minds and their ideas. I've worked with high school students, all the way down to infants. Because it's so critical for children to have the relationship to their parents, to have the attachment to their parents... and to have the love and caring that their parents can give them, and communication is the key to that. So here is this beautiful gift for families to use. Really, my job is being a parent. And my priority is to communicate with my daughter. And I figured my job as a parent is to open doors, and ASL was a door that I opened. Along with speech therapy, and hearing aids, and everything else. And I have a daughter that can walk around through many different doors and feel very comfortable. It's been a blessing, and it's one of the best decisions I've ever made. Early acquisition of a language provides the foundation for cognitive growth, the thinking and learning skills that children need throughout their lives. Through cognition, children are able to engage in more complex actions and think more abstractly. Early language is a critical aspect of this process. Babies and toddlers will use ASL to communicate their needs and their wants, spontaneously, without effort. Age appropriate language and concept development leads to higher level thinking and abstract concepts. A baby's brain is a powerful organ. It's designed for learning language. For deaf babies, it's important that language is clear, accessible, transmitted in a positive setting, and interactive. Access to learning has to be visual, through American Sign Language. Children rely on their eyes and what they see in order to learn. The children who have full access are happy, ready to learn, motivated. They can express their thoughts and feelings. They feel safe. I teach toddlers and babies, and at such an early age they must feel safe in expressing what they want or need to their parents. When the parents can respond and explain the answer to them, they feel satisfied and safe. They know that for the rest of their life, they will be secure. Rich language, expansive and flexible communication empowers both parents and children. When language is shared and communication is easy, confusion and frustration can be minimized. Oh my goodness. The brain just opens up. The flexibility of the brain, the plasticity, the ability to acquire and use different resources of the brain. That's what those children have: they have a language resource, rich resources that they can use to move on to the other language. All children are capable of learning several languages. There is no need to limit them to just one. It's not harmful. The process is beneficial because it helps develop the building blocks of language. It allows the child to be flexible and interactive. [in Spanish] It's very important for me because I have to be able to talk to [my sons] man-to-man. You probably know families who use sign language with their very young hearing infants to communicate and foster spoken language development. Early sign language supports the development of critical linguistic foundations that are necessary for later complex thinking skills. Alex is now two, and he signs more and more everyday. And it's been wonderful to watch him grow and learn new signs. He... uh... I wish I would have started signing with him earlier. Hearing children do with their hands, well, children play with their hands and look at them. But the deaf baby... We've been looking at them and studying them. The movements are different. They're picking up the subtleties of language. They're trying to talk, they're trying to communicate with their beautiful, beautiful hands and they do. The shapes become more refined, and they turn and mold it into beautiful communication: words, ideas, and thoughts. That's what babies need. Families and their new baby can learn American Sign Language, now and together. Self-esteem and identity come from positive shared experiences within the family. As the family learns together, they can also meet other parents with deaf and hard of hearing children and discover the diverse people that make up the vibrant deaf community. I do... I remember when she was real young. We would go to deaf coffee night and come home. And I would watch her as a three-year old, sleeping, moving her fingers in her sleep. And it was just so beautiful. Now she's ten. We come, and the code switching is automatic. She can be with hearing kids and she'll use her voice. And she will be with the deaf community, and voice off... and be fluent in both. Research shows that the family is the single most important factor in a child's academic and social growth. The family plays a critical role in establishing foundations for learning. That means playing games, reading books daily, being involved with other families and pre-schoolers, knowing teachers, and helping with homework. Mealtime, for example, is an opportunity to discuss daily and current events. With ASL, you will be able to introduce new places, ideas, and vocabulary to your child. Growing up as a deaf person, I often felt my parents didn't know me. When my daughter was born, she was also deaf. I wanted to make sure we had a relationship: that I knew her, and that she knew me. I knew the key was language. The first language she learned was sign language. And through ASL, now I feel I know my daughter. I can't imagine what it would be like to live with someone and never speak the same language that they spoke. I saw her go into this huge world that I hadn't known and I saw her go comfortably. And welcomed well. And after that, each step she was ready to take, it was easier to let her go. Start today. Communicate with your child. Show the cup, say "cup", sign "cup". Point to things, then get a book and learn a few signs. Go to a class. She told me why she wanted to learn sign language. But my observation is that she loved me so much. She wanted to have a relationship with me, like any other parent wants a relationship with their child. My mother wanted the same thing. I believe it was love. You're right. The capacity for language is in all of us. It is an essential part of the human experience. Natural early language development through American Sign Language is the key to your child's future. You might not be ready, but your child is. Hi. my name is Anne Glass. I'm a reading and learning specialist at a private school in New York City and I work with Kindergarteners through 3rd graders on Reading, Word Study, and Writing Skills. In addition to be a reading specialist and learning specialist, I'm also a parent and today I'm going to talk to you about topics in reading. I'd be willing to bet that almost every single child in this country knows the alphabet song. Its fun, its catchy, and its a perfectly acceptable way to enter the world of literacy with your child. In fact, anyway you can get your child interested in learning letter names and other reading topics is just fine. Learning the ABCs can be supportive through melody, but its important to make sure that your child move away from singing the alphabet to actually saying it in a regular speaking as soon as possible. Now that doesn't mean that you could never go back to singing the alphabet song for fun, but it does mean that if your child can name his letters without relying on a melody, then you can be sure he really knows them. The one obviate I would offer when teaching the ABCs through an alphabet song like the traditional ABC song, is to make sure you articulate each of the letters as clearly as possible. I've seen so many little kids who think there is a giant letter called l-m-n-o, because they just start to slur together or co-articulate the letter names in the songs. So, I would even suggest taking some musical liberties when you get to the part of the song where you list l-m-n-o-p, to slow down and do those as clearly as possible. And the other thing you can do is to start reciting the alphabet out of order. The alphabet song is a great way to get all 26 letter names familiar and encoded into your child's memory but the real idea is to be able to recognize those letters and name them in isolation. So, do whatever you can to get your child interested. Sing every alphabet song you know. They're great also because they rhyme, but move away from alphabet songs quickly. You can always return to them just for fun, but make sure your child can say the alphabet without relying on a melody. 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Bevan: So why do you think your parents came to New Zealand? Lucy Chen: I think its because they want to have more children, as in China there is only one child and my dad was a cook in China, so he already had a job, he had to get a new job here, so I don't think it was to be in a new place or something like that. Bevan: So you have got how many brothers and sisters? Lucy Chen: Two little sisters, one of them is nearly 9 years old and one of them is just 2. Bevan: Being the oldest sister, do you have to help to look after them? Lucy Chen: Yeah often I have take my youngest sister to the toilet, and sometimes take my youngest sisters to change her nappy, my younger sisters that nearly nine, I have to help her with her homework and stuff like that. Bevan: So do you think there's any... does she come to school here? Do you look after her when she is here at school? Lucy Chen: Yes, if she has got problem, she always comes to find me. Bevan: Do you think there is a difference between school and home life? Lucy Chen: Yes. Home life is busy, because sometimes during the weekends or holidays, I have to make breakfast for my little sisters; school is just play and school work and learning and things. Bevan: So you talk about looking after your sister, do you look after other new Chinese students who come to school? Lucy Chen: Yes, I was sort of a translator last year for a year six Chinese student; he just came to our school last year, and helped translate English. Bevan: Do you think it is difficult? Lucy Chen: No, I think it's nice trying to help other people to learn a new language. Bevan: Do you help translate for your parents as well? Lucy Chen: Sometimes if they get English phone calls, and my dad asks me to help him spell and stuff like that. Bevan: Do you enjoy doing that? Lucy Chen: Sometimes I find it a bit annoying when my dad does it cos he's always shouting out and over asking us how to spell stuff. Bevan: Do you do most of the translation for the family, or...? Lucy Chen: Yes, sometimes if I'm not there, it's my little younger sister. Bevan: Do you think it is hard for your parents to adjust to New Zealand? Lucy Chen: Yes, because they don't really know much English, so they had to learn quite a lot when they got here and to get a new job and stuff, and take care of all three of us, cos my dad always at work and comes back late and leaves early in the morning so it's always my mum looking after us, all three of us all day. Bevan: Were there any funny things since you or your family came to New Zealand? Lucy Chen: Yes, with the my little baby sister, there is nothing that is really serious, she always takes things and does it the funny way, my mum call her the clown, when they are at home, and she does funny stuff. Bevan: Oh cool. The answer is 0, 0, 0, 1, 11, 25, 15, and then an infinite number of zeros that should follow. These are jellies, sea jellies - jellyfish. Of course, they're not fish at all because they have no backbones. They're invertebrates. They drift through the sea eating tiny little things; they're carnivores. You might think that an animal like this would be easy to catch and eat, but they're not because they've got tentacles with venom and stingers. So if you don't want to touch them, you probably don't want to eat them. Sea jellies live everywhere in the sea. For them, no backbone, no problem. Well look, of course the movie stunk. The director is a dung beetle! Just a second, I'm gonna lose this guy. Yeah, I gotta go, my tapeworm is here. Hey, T-worm Man, how ya doin? People, uh, find you disgusting. They say you live in their intestines, absorbing their food. But you know what I say? I say: Hey people, lose weight the easy way with the tapeworm diet! This is an octopus. She's an invertebrate. This is an octopus, what we call a cephalopod. It means "head-foot". Her head is where she has her eyes, and this big sac back here is where she has all her internal organs. Then she uses her brain to control all these arms, which go all over the place. Get a long balloon like this one, and fill it about halfway with water. Now tie a knot in it. See, a balloon is just like an ivertebrate: it doesn't have a backbone. So if I hold it like this, it folds in the middle. It loses its shape and can't support its own weight. But look, when you put it in water, it straightens out; the watter supports it. That's why the world's largest invertebrates like octopi and giant squid live in the sea, because the water supports them. But don't take my word for it - try it! So come on everybody, do the invertebrate! You're so beautiful, my sweet. So intelligent, so elegant. A spine would only get in the way! We know your day will come. The oceans will rise and cities will sink and then invertebrates like you will, dare I say, rule the world! This is a sea star. What's he saying? I think he's saying, "This is a sea star". We used to call them starfish, but they're not fish that live in the sea, so we call them "sea stars". They don't have a backbone! They're invertebrate! They have 5 limbs. If one of them breaks off, it can regenerate. Ha, ha, ha! I've seen the world, been to many places. Met lots of species some with colored faces. And you know they have got no spine! And you know they have got no spine! Didn't I tell ya: Invertebrates are everywhere! Well, that's our show. Thanks for watching. If you'll excuse me, I've got some exoskeleton compliance coefficients to calculate. See ya! This is a hermit crab. It lives on the sea floor, eating things - eating all kinds of stuff. Maybe not the same kind of stuff that you and I would eat, but it's down there, doing its job, eating away. It's an invertebrate. There're a lot of invertebrates that do this kind of job, OK? There are a lot of invertebrates, all over the world, eating dead stuff - stuff you and I don't eat. I'm talking about dead leaves, dead trees, dead animals - dead stuff! Without the invertebrates down there eating, you and I would be buried alive! We would disappear! There would be no more us! There would be no humans without invertebrates! But we've previously talked about the importance of allowing CPD representations that encode additional structure in the local dependency model of a variable on its parents. And we talked about the cases of tree CPDs. Which allow us to depend on different variables in different contexts. But none of that helps us deal with the situation that we used as a motivation for this. Which is where we have a variable such as, for example, cough. That depends on multiple different factors: pneumonia, flu, tuberculosis, bronchitis, and so on and so forth. This doesn't lend itself say, to a tree CPD. Because it's not the case that you depend on one only in certain contexts, and not and not in others. Really, you depend on all of them. And all of them sort of contribute something to the probability of exhibiting a cough. So one way for capturing that kind of interaction is a model called the noisy OR CPD. And the noisy OR can, is best understood by simply considering a slightly larger graphical model where we have, where we're trying, where we break down the dependencies of Y on its parents, X1 up to XK, by introducing a bunch of intervening variables. So let's imagine that this is, again, like cough variable. And this is different diseases for example. And what we're doing here is we're introducing a intermediate variable that's captures the event at this disease, X1 if present, causes, a cough, by itself, so this is X1 by itself causes a cough, or causes Y. You can think of it each of diseases is a noisy transmitter. If you have the disease, say if X one is true, then Z1 sort of says, fine X one succeeded in its intent to make it Y true. X2 has its own little filter called Z2 and Z2 makes that same decision relative to X2. So ultimately Y is true so Y is true. If, someone succeeded in making it true. Which means that Y is a deterministic or of its parents, Z1 up to ZK, Z0 to ZK. So now let's make this a little bit more precise, so the probability of ZI being true given Xl, there's two cases. If Xl0 equals zero well Xi isn' t even trying to make ZI true, so in this case the probably of Zl1 is zero, okay? If Xi is not true Zi doesn't get turned on ever. If Z, if Xi is true then there's some probability for Zi to get turned on. And that probability is something called Lambda i. And Lambda I is in the interval 01. And you can think of it as defining some kind of penetrance of, how good is Xi at turning Y on? So if we actually write this down as a probability, and we just consider the CPD of Y equals zero so Y doesn't get turned on given some set of cases X1 up to XK. So now we're asking what is the probability that all of these guys fail to turn on the variable Y? So what I forgot to say is that Z0 is what's called a leak probability and that's the probability that Y gets turned on just by itself. And that has, and that happens with probability lambda zero. So, when does y fail to get turned on? First of all, when it doesn't get turned on by the leak. So, that's one minus lambda zero, times the probability that none of the causes that are on. So, none, of, causes, that are on. Which are the x size that are equal to one turn y on. And so that's a product of one minus Lambda I for all of the Xl's that are on. No, that gives us the probabililty of Y equals zero, and obviously the probability of Y equals one is just the compliment of that, one minus. sorry this should be yeah, but os that's the noisy or CPD. And you can generalize this to a much broader notion of independence of causal influence. This is called independence of causal influence because it assumes that you have a bunch of causes for a variable and each of them acts independently to affect the truth of that variable. And so, there's no interactions between the different causes. They each have their own separate mechanism and ultimately it's all aggregated together in, in a single in a single variable, Z from which the truth of Y is then is then determined from this aggregate effect of all of the. All of the effects, Zl's of the different causes. So, one example of this is, we, we've already seen the noisy orbit. You can. Easily generalizes to a broad range of other cases. There's noisy ands where the aggregation function is an and. There's noisy maxes which apply in the nonbinary case when causes might not just be turned or off but rather they have different sort of extents of being turn on and then z is actually sort of the maximal extent of, of, of the, if, the independent effect of each cause, and so on. So there's a lot, a large range of different models all of which fit into this family, meesie order is probably the one that's most commonly used but the other ones have also been used, in other settings as well. One model that might not immediately be seen to fit into this framework but actually does, is a model that corresponds to the sigmoid CPD. So what's a sigmoid CPD? A sigmoid CPD says that each XI induces a continuous variable which represents Wl, Xl. So imagine if each XI is discrete, then ZI is just a continuous value, Wl, which parameterizes this edge, and it tells us, sort of, how much force, XI is going to exert on making Y true. So if WI is zero it tells us that XI exerts no influence whatsoever. If WI is positive, XI is going to make Y more likely to be true and if WI is negative it's going to make Y less likely to be true. All of these influences are aggregated together in this expression for the variables Z which effectively adds up all of these different influences plus an additional bias term. W0. And now we need to turn this ultimately into, the probability of the variable Y, which is the variable that we care about. And in order to do that, what we're going to do is we're going to pass this continuous quantity Z, which is a real number between negative infinity and infinity, through a Sigmoid Function. The Sigmoid Function is defined as follows, and it's a function that some of you have seen before in the context of machine learning, for example. So Sigmoid takes the value, the continuous value Z, exponentiates it, and then divides by one plus that exponent of Z. And. Since E of Z, since E to the power of Z is a positive number, this gives us a number that is always in the interval of 0,1. And if we look at what this function looks like. It looks like this. So, this is the sigmoid function. The X axis here is the value Z. And the Y axis is the sigmoid function. And you can see that as Z gets very negative, the probability goes to zero. As Z gets, close, very high, the probability gets close to one, and then there's this interval in the middle where intermediate values are taken. You can. So this is kind of like a squelching function that, that sort of squashes the function on both ends. Let's look at the behavior of the sigmoid CPD as a function of different parameters. So here is a case where all of the X Is have the same parameter W. And so what we see here is the value of this parameter W, and over here is the number of Xl's that are true. So let's look at, first this access over here, the more parents that are true, the more parents that are on, the higher. The probability of Y to be true, okay. And this, it holds for any value of W because these are all positive influences.'Kay. So the more parents are true, the more things are pushing Y to take the value true. This axis over here is the axis of the weight and we can see that for low weights, you need an awful lot of X's to get Y to be true but as W increases, Y becomes true with a lot of fewer positive influences. This graph on the right now. Is what we get when we basically just increase the amplitude of the whole system. We multiply both W and W0 by a factor of ten. And what happens is that, that means that the exponent gets pushed up to extreme values much quicker. Z gets dissect, effectively multiplied by a factor of ten. And that means that the transition becomes considerably sharper. That gives us a little bit of an intuition on how the sigmoid function and how the sigmoid cpd behaves. So what are some examples of this kind of a of an application of this. So I showed this network in an earlier part of this course it's the CBCS network and it's used for the it was developed for the here at Stanford Medical School for diagnosis of internal diseases. And so, up here we have things that represent predisposing factors. And there's actually a fairly eclectic range here. So for example one tree disposing factor is intimate contact with small rodents. Cuz that's the contributing factor for the antivirus. and so there's a whole range of predisposing factors. Down here in the middle we have diseases. An down at the bottom, we have symptoms and test results. Now as I previously mentioned there's approximately 500 variables in this network and they take on network about four values. So the total number of entries in a joint distribution over this space would be approximately four to the 500 different parameters, which is clearly an intractable number. If we were to take this network, and just, if you take this distribution represented with the network shown in this diagram we get considerable sparsificaton and the factorized form. As approximately 134 million parameters, which is still much too many that have a human estimate. By using as in this case, they use a noisy max CPD. They brought the number of parameters to about 8,000 total parameters for this network. Which is a much more attractable number to deal with. >>[narrator] Meet Terry Sweeney, a professional photographer. She was a firefighter until an injury damaged part of her social brain, the circuitry she uses to recognize faces. The disorder is called prosopagnosia. For example, the person Terry has been photographing here is her mother. Now, because of her injury, Terry can't recognize any face, not even her own mother's. In this test, Terry takes a polaroid picture of her mother. >>[Dr. Nancy Etcoff] Terry, you just took a picture of your mother. Now I want you to take a look at these and see if any of them are the picture you took or not. >>[narrator] Now, Massachusetts General Hospital researcher, Dr. Nancy Etcoff, shows Terry several polaroids with only faces showing and asks Terry to pick out her mother. >>[Dr. Etcoff] Okay, if you had to guess, which looks to you the most like your mother? Just looking now, you can't tell which one of these look like your mother to you? >>[Terry] No. >>[Dr. Etcoff] Okay. >>[Terry] If you just cut off the face and I just look at the clothes, I can tell you. >>[Dr. Etcoff] Okay, do you want me to uncover them? Okay. Why don't I do that? I'll uncover them so you can see what they're wearing and other parts of the picture. >>[Terry] See, that's her. The pink and purple shirt. >>[Dr. Etcoff] The shirt. You recognize the shirt. >>[Terry] It's hardest, I think, with my family, not to be able to personalize them with a face or a sense of timing. You know, it's kind of like I've lost everybody, like everyone's gone, and all that I'm really left with are... facts without faces. You know? >>[Dr. Etcoff] Uh, huh. >>[narrator] When Terry looks at these slides of famous faces, she can't recognize them. Although other cues, like hairstyle, prompt a guess. >>[Terry] Is that Madonna? 'Cause her hair. Look at her hair. >>[Dr. Etcoff] It's Marilyn Monroe. >>Terry] Oh. Really? I always feel like I'm struggling and always feel like I'm fumbling through myself to find a connection, to find a bridge that'll just pull everybody right back all of a sudden. >>[Dr. Etcoff] Can you tell who that is? >>[Terry] No. >>[Dr. Etcoff] Okay. If I say Bruce Springsteen.... >>[Terry] That's not Bruce Springsteen, is it? >>[Dr. Etcoff] Why do you say that? >>[Terry] This guy's ugly. [laughs] >>[Dr. Etcoff] Now, take a look at that woman right there. Does she look at all familiar to you? >>[Terry] No. >>[Dr. Etcoff] Not at all? What if I say that's you? >>[Terry] That better not be me. >>[Dr. Etcoff] It is. >>[Terry] Really? >>[Dr. Etcoff] Uh, uh. Resegmented market--well, you have a hypothesis about who the customers are-- that is you think you understand what your fit is, either in the low cost or there are specific in each needs and so you might have a better fit for them. And competitors, there's many if you're wrong but very few if you're right, and your risk is that you get the market and product redefinition just wrong. You didn't do enough customer discovery and you say-- "No, no, no. This is how we're going to enter this existing market. We're going to go after these set of usuals specifically," and oops, you are wrong. A great example of this is what Southwest did. Southwest took on the airline industry by bringing up the traditional hub-and-spoke model and providing just very limited services but for an extremely low price. (Book) The Great Book of Crabs For you! Wow! An HD recorder! That's not what I gave you. It must be the magic of Christmas. Magic! Oh, oh, oh, oh! Magic, magic! (Text) The power to spoil yourself during the holidays Magic, magic, magic. Oh? Merry Christmas Mr. Patrick! Oh look honey, it's our little neighbor Sylvain! Wow! An HD recorder! How convenient, eh? [laugh] Tell me you didn't do that. Magic, magic, magic. Magic. Thank you Sylvain. Merry Christmas. Wait a minute Mr. Patrick! My brother is also here! Magic, magic. Magic, magic, magic. Let's call it a draw. (Text) The power to experience the magic magic magic magic magic of Christmas Alright. In this segment, I wanna introduce the last major language construct we'll use just a little bit on homework one and that's options. And to motivate this I want to go back to this function we've seen before for computing the maximum of a list. So this old max function, old cuz we've seen it before, takes in an int list and returns an int. And, we like it in many ways, it's efficient in how it does it's recursion and everything, but I never liked how it treated the empty lists. there's no such thing as the maximum integer in an empty list and returning zero was always an awkward work around. Now you could try to return a really negative number or something but I'd prefer to say that you should not try to compute the max of an empty list. So what should we do? Well there's a few things we could try to do. We could say that's a runtime exception and, and we should raise an exception just like if you try to divide by zero or take the head of an empty list and we'll see exceptions at some point. But, at this in this segment, I wanna actually try to return something useful. So another thing we could do given the constructs we already have, is to change max so it doesn't return an int and returns an int list. And what we would do is if you pass it the empty list, we'll give back the empty list. And if we pass it the non-empty list, it would return a one-element list holding the maximum of all the numbers that were in the argument. And that would work, but it's poor style and the reason why it's poor style is this returning zero or one thing is common enough in programming, that ML has a different type and a different set of language constructs that's designed for this and it's better style to use it, so that users of your function understand that's how it works whereas a list can hold any number of elements. When you have the zero or one situation, you want to use an option instead. So, it's pretty easy to understand options and the way I like to explain them is by analogy with lists. So, we're gonna have a n ew kind of way to build a type the same way we could write t list for any type t. We can now write t option for any type t. And these are different types. Options are not lists, lists are not options. It's just an analogy to make it easy to teach. All right? So, just like with lists we had a way to, to build lists and ways to access the pieces. We have the same thing with options. There is two ways to build an option and you can write NONE, in all capital letters, and that builds an option that holds zero items, the same way [ ] builds an empty list or you can write SOME, in all capital letters, and then an expression. And the way that will evaluate is you'll evaluate the expression e to some value. And if that value has type t, you end up with a t option, much like creating a one-element list. So that's how you build it. When you have some of something, like some of three, that's an int option and you can't use it like an int, because it's not an int, it's something holding an int. So when you have an option, you have to access it using these last two built-in functions. They're really just library functions. The first one is called isSome and it takes an int option and returns true if it's a some and false if it's a none. So it's a lot like null for lists, except it's actually inverted. We return true for the non-empty case for the one element case. Then we have one more construct and that's valOf and that's the thing that takes an option and gets the thing out from underneath the some. Alright? So that will raise an exception if the argument to valOf is none. If the argument is some, you'll get the piece back. All right. That's all there is to options, so now let's use this to implement a better version of max. Now, I've actually already written it out this time. So, this is, I'm gonna show you two ways. So this is the first way, so I've called it max1. And this is now a function that's going to take in an int list and return an int option. Alright? So, if the argument xs is null, then what I want this functi on to do is evaluate to NONE. That's exactly what I have here. So, I'm always returning an option. In this case it's NONE. Else, how about I recursively figure out the max of the tail? And I'll store that in tail ints cuz we've learned our lesson there. Alright? Now, I need to remember that the value in tail ints is an int option, so the only way I can access it is with isSome and valOf. So what I could do is say, if it's a some and its value is greater than the head of the list, then, that's the maximum, return tail ints. Otherwise, either tail ints is none, cuz tail of xs was the empty list or the head of the list is bigger than the rest of the list. And in either case, what I wanna do is return this option. I wanna build an option out of head of xs and construct the option itself with SOME. By the way, this is the first time I've ever shown you andalso, this is really just something that takes two Booleans and computes their conjunction and I'll explain that in more detail in the next segment. I can't always get everthing in exactly the right order. Alright? So this max will works, it works great. How about we try to run it? You'll see that I've already got the second version implemented here as well. So what you see in this file are three functions. Old max, which takes an int list and returns an int, max1 and max2 with both, which both take an int list and return an int option. So, if I call max1, with say, the list [3, seven, 5], I get back SOME seven. What I cannot do is say, take that and try to add one to it. Right? That doesn't type check because what I got back was not an int. I got an int option. What I have to do instead is valof max1 [3, seven, 5] and, then I could add one to that and that would work fine. If I say max1 [ ], I get back NONE. And if I try to say valof of that, I get not a type error but actually a runtime exception just saying that uncaught exception option, just like if you tried to take head of the empty list, you get uncaught exception empty. Alright. So that was a good solution of max1, it works in a way that clients can understand. Let me show you a second version that's a little bit better in terms of implementation, but works exactly the same way for clients. What I don't love about max1, although, it's okay, there's nothing wrong with doing it this way, is every time I come back from the recursion, I'm checking whether it's a some or a none, and that none case was only for the empty list. So, at the very last recursive call, I return a none, then, one, for the one-element, I return a some, and then another some, and then another some, and I'm checking for none every time. Alright? So you can avoid that. So here is the second version of max2 that is arguably a little cleaner. And what it does is of course, if you pass at the empty list, would return NONE cuz that's the right thing to do. Otherwise, let's re, create a recursive helper function that will take care of computing the max of what we now know is a non-empty list. All right? So what this function does is take in a list that it assumes is not empty, and this function has type int list arrow int. And since xs is never empty, it can just do the natural thing and that natural thing is to just test, oh, if it's the one-element list, then return that one-element. Otherwise, recursively figure out the max of the tail and then compare it with the head and return the right thing. And since I only ever call max_nonempty with a non-empty list, either right here to start the recursion or recursively here, because in the case that I am almost empty, I do not recursively call it on the empty list, I just immediately return. This will never raise an exception. So when down here, I call max_nonempty on xs, I will get back an int which is the maximum element of the list, but then max2 can't just return that int, it has to return an int option. So it uses SOME to return the result. All right? And we can check that, that works as well so let's just try our max2 [3, seven, 5] in which we get seven. You see that there at the bottom. SOME of seven, excuse me, whereas m ax2 [ ] till, still returns NONE. All right? So either max1 or max2 work. I prefer max2 just a little bit but they're both fine style. And now we've seen how to use options and how they're a lot like lists except instead of having any number of elements, they just always have zero-elements or one-element. And that's options. You've updated and prepared your computer and system for testing, you've practiced and you're feeling prepared. You're almost ready to take the test . . . there's just a few more things you should know first. Let's start by logging in to the Blackboard course. Now go to the area of the course page where the test is located, usually the "Tests" or "Quizzes" page. If the Professor has provided a practice test, take it on the computer you plan to use for your test. Take the practice test early enough so that you have time to identify and resolve any problems or issues that you have. Navigate to the test page and open the test link. Now it's time to start the test, and there are a few things you should remember while taking it : Click the Begin button only once. Be patient. Clicking again could give you the message that you've already taken the test and will not be able to complete it. Don't use the browser back and forward navigation buttons! Depending on the test settings, you may not be able to complete the test if you navigate away from the test screen. If the test allows navigation between questions, Blackboard will provide you with separate navigation buttons that you can use. You can use the save button after answering questions to save frequently. Notice, there's a big difference between the "Save" and the "Save and Submit" buttons. Press the "Save and Submit" button only once when you are finished your last question, and you will be prompted to submit the test. Clicking OK will bring you to a confirmation screen showing that the test has been successfully submitted. You can click the OK button in the bottom right corner, and if the Professor has allowed it, you will be able to see the test and your results. Congratulations, you've finished your test! What you're looking at is a bit of paper with holes in it. How's that for a spectacular way to start a program? But this may be the most important bit of paper with holes in it, since the hole was invented. It's a punch card. And it stands for one of the most meaningfull inventions man has ever given himself: The computer. In most people's every day life, the computer isn't much more than a very fast adding machine. It tends to send you bills. But it is very much more than that. The modern world could not function without computers because... they operate everything from production lines to telephone exchanges to traffic systems to international finance. But the main reason why computers matter to you and me in our future is because they have perfect memories. They never forget anything they're told about you and me. The kind of data, say, you have to give to somebody if you want a bank account, or credit, or to be able to vote, or buy a house or if you've been accused of a crime. And that's why computers contain the future within them. If you tell a computer everything about a group of people it will juggle the mix and come up with the one factor that is most likely to affect the decision that group will make about something one way or the other. Knowing that is knowing the future, and that is power. But in who's hands? This computer has a particularly spectacular kind of memory of the past and knowledge of the future in it's data banks. Watch this: [♫ ♫ ...] [♫ ♫ ...] This computer runs a planetarium, and so it handles, as a matter of simple routine, the universe. As far forward in time as you like, or back. How would you like, the beginning of everything? Or, here's one full turn of the earth tomorrow in fifteen seconds. [♫ ♫ ...] Now, the reason I'm showing you all this fun and games is not because I'm some kind of astronomy freak. It's because the very first time mankind gained the power to see into the future like the computer can now that power was in the hands of the priest astronomers over 3000 years ago. And look what that led to... First, the moon. Roughly every 12 times you saw this happen, the waxing and waning of the moon. You were back where you started in terms of planting or harvesting or irrigation; once a year. So the priest astronomers were able to tell the farmers: plant now. Now, the more they looked up at the moon, the more they learned about the stars. And so, by the 5th century bc, they had identified and named most of the major constellations. Twelve of them, stretching accross the sky Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpio Sagittarius Capricorn Aquarius and Pisces So, they divided the sky into twelve sections. Six in one hemisphere Six in the other They called these sections "houses". And gave the houses power over life, health, money, love, and so on So, which "house" a constallation was in, affected life on earth, they said. Now, the more this astrology stuff became popular the more the astronomers "saw". They saw, for instance, that besides the sun and the moon, there were five other things in the sky that moved. Like this. So they called them "the wanderers", in Greek "planetas" (πλανήτης). Planets. So, by the 2nd century ad, this is the kind of stuff the astronomers were turning out. It's a copy of a bit of a astronomical best-seller by a fellow called "Claudius Ptolemy". It's a star table. There's the name of the star. Which constellation it's in. How many degrees up in the sky which hemisphere. How bright. And he did that for one thousand and twenty two stars. But it was still the old magic that got the crowds on their feet. Especially the magic of being able to predict something like this: So, by the middle ages, they thought they got a pretty clear idea of what kind of universe they'd got. I say "they". We didn't. Up here in cold windy Europe we were too busy just trying to get through the dark ages in one piece. But the Arabs did, and they'd learned it from the Persians, and the Indians. Take a look at this. This is a mechanical version of an Arabic universe "we" (Burke's crew) built so we could crank it around. First, for very obvious reasons, they thought the earth, here where I am now, was at the center of everything. All around it, out in space was a gigantic crystal sphere, carrying the constellations, and rotating... slowly. Inside that, were another seven crystal spheres also rotating. Each one carrying a different planet. Closest to the the earth, they thought, was the moon then Mercury then Venus then came the Sun and beyond that, Mars. and then Jupiter and finally, Saturn. If you were an Arab, all this was vital, because it told you in which direction Mecca, the holy city, lay. And it told you what time it was so that you could pray when you should. Because, they had this: a kind of heavenly computer called an "Astrolade" Each one of these little points represents a star. And you can move the whole lot so that you can reproduce what you see in the sky on a particular night. And when you've done that, the Astrolade will tell you what the date is. On the other side, there are these two little sights. You line the sights up on a star then you read the angle off there, and you look that angle up on your star tables and they tell you that the star would be at that angle at a certain time at night, accurate to within a minute. And of course if you know what direction the star is in, you can work out where Mecca is. So, the Arabs were able to say where everything in the sky would be throughout the year at any time day or night. I mean, take for example, "dawn" on September the 14th seven hundred and fourteen A.D. At that point Venus would have been up in the third house [get it up there...] Mercury would have been in the 2nd house, and everybody else would have been clustered in the 1st house together with the constellation "Virgo", except for Jupiter, which would have been down below the horizon in the 12th house. So, since this vast universe was so powerful, I mean some made plants grow and stars changed with the seasons, everybody reckoned that the sky ruled all life on earth. So, if you got sick say, a great deal hung on what was in the sky when you were born. That's why "dawn", on September the 14th, seven hundred and fourteen matters so much. It was the birthday of the Caliph Al-Mansur (ابو جعفر عبدالله ابن محمد المنصور) the founder of Baghdad. Who in seven sixty five, got as sick as a dog, and couldn't be cured. And what happened because of it that is one of the most extraordinary accidents in history! You see, up in the mountains a few hundred miles away is a place called Jundishapur (Persian: گندیشاپور). There was a monastery that had a medical school. And finally in desperation, the director of the medical school was invited down, and he promptly cured the Caliph! I've asked Doc Shearls and Isaac Wilder to come up and sit with Eben and continue the discussion. Eben Moglen. Thank You. Thank you. it's a pleasure to be here, and to see so many friends. I'm very grateful to David for the invitation, it's a privilege to be here. I'm going to talk of mostly about a subject almost as geeky as stuff we all talk about all the time,namely political economy. I'm going to try and make it less snooze-worthy than it sometimes seems to be, but you'll forgive me I'm sure for starting fairly far from OpenSSL, we'll get closer as time goes by. The developed economies around the world, all of them now, are beginning to experience a fundamentally similar and very depressing condition. They are required to impose austerity because levels of private debt have gummed up the works and the determination of the owners of capital to take vast risks with other peoples money have worked out extremely badly for the last half decade. And so austerity is the inevitable and politically damaging position for all the governments in the developed world, and some of those governments have begun to slip into a death spiral, in which the need to impose austerity and reduce public investment and welfare support for the young is harming economic growth, which prevents the austerity from having its desirable consequences. Instead of bad asset values being worked off and growth resuming, we are watching as the third largest economy in the world, the European Union, finds itself at the very verge of a currency collapse and a lost generation, which would have a profoundly depressing effects on the entire global economy. For the policy-makers --I recognize that few of them are here, they have of course, better things to do than to listen to us-- for the policy-makers in other words, an overwhelming problem is now at hand, how do we have innovation and economic growth under austerity? They do not know the answer to this question and it is becoming so urgent that it is beginning to deteriorate their political control. Marginal parties in several very highly developed and thoughtful societies are beginning to attract substantial numbers of votes, and threatening the very stability of the economic planners' capacity to solve, or to attempt to solve, the problem of innovation under austerity. This is not good news for anybody. This is not good for anybody. We have no opportunity to cheer for this outcome, which is largely the result of incompetence in those people who claim to be worth all that money because they're so smart, it is partly the result of the political cowardice that gave them too much room to swing their cats. It is not that we are glad to see this happen, but there is a silver lining to the cloud. There are very few people in the world who know how to have innovation under austerity. We are they. We have produced innovation under austerity for the last generation and not only did we produce pretty good innovation we've produced innovation that all the other smart rich people took most of the credit for. Most of the growth that occurred during this wild and wacky period in which they took other people's money and went to the racetrack with it, was with innovation we produced for them. So now, despite the really bad circumstances which we too can deplore, because the unemployment is my graduating law students, your children, and all those other young people whose lives are being harmed for good by current bad economic circumstances. The people beginning their careers now will suffer substantial wage losses throughout their lifetimes. Their children will get a less good start in life because of what is happening now, we cannot be pleased about this. But we have a very substantial political opportunity. Because we do have the answer to the most important question pushing all the policy-makers in the developed world right now. That means we have something very important to say and I came here this morning primarily to begin the discussion about precisely how we should say it. And I want to present a working first draft of our argument, I say "our" because I look around the room and I see it's us here this morning. Our argument, about what to do with the quandary the world is in. Innovation under austerity is not produced by collecting lots of money and paying it to innovation intermediaries. One of the most important aspects of 21st century political economy is that the process we call disintermediation, when we're begin jargony about it, is ruthless, consistent, and relentless. Television is melting. I don't need to tell you that, you know already. Nobody will ever try to create a commercial encyclopedia again. Amazon's lousy little I-will-let-you-read-some-books-unless-I-decide-to-take-them-back machine is transforming publishing by eliminating the selective power of the book publishers, much as Mr. Jobs almost destroyed the entire global music industry under the pretense of saving it. A task his ghost is already performing for the magazine publishers as you can see. Disintermediation, the movement of power out of the middle of the net, is a crucial fact about 21st century political economy. It proves itself all the time. Somebody's going to win a Nobel Prize in economics for describing in formal terms the nature of disintermediation. The intermediaries who did well during the past 10 years, are limited to two sets: health insurers in the United States owing to political pathology, and the financial industry. Health insurers in the United States may be able to capitalize on the continuing political pathology to remain failing and expensive intermediaries for a while longer. But the financial industry crapped in it's own nest and is shrinking now and will continue for some time to do so. The consequence of which is that throughout the economic system, as the policy-maker observes it, the reality that disintermediation happens and you can't stop it becomes a guiding light in the formation of national industrial policy. So we need to say it's true about innovation also. The greatest technological innovation of the late 20th century is the thing we now call the World Wide Web. An invention less than 8000 days old. That invention is already transforming human society more rapidly than anything since the adoption of writing. We will see more of it. The nature of that process, that innovation, both fuels disintermediation, by allowing all sorts of human contacts to occur without intermediaries, buyers, sellers, agents, and controllers. And poses a platform in which a war over the depth and power of social control goes on, a subject I'll come back to in a few minutes. For now what I want to call attention to is the crucial fact that the World Wide Web is itself a result of disintermediated innovation. What Tim first did at CERN was not the Web as we know it now, the Web as we know it now was made by the disintermediated innovation of an enormous number of individual people. I look back on what I wrote about the future of personal homepages in 1995, and I see pretty much what I thought then would happen happening, I said then those few personal homepages are grass seed and a prairie is going to grow, and so it did. Of course, like all other innovation there were unintended consequences. The browser made the Web very easy to read. Though we built Apache, though we built the browsers, though we built enormous numbers of things on top of Apache and the browsers, we did not make the Web easy to write. So a little thug in a hooded sweatshirt made the Web easy to write, and created a man in the middle attack on human civilization, [Little Laughs] which is unrolling now to an enormous music of social harm. But that's the intermediary innovation that we should be concerned about. We made everything possible including, regrettably, PHP, and then intermediaries for innovation turned it into the horror that is Facebook. This will not turn out, as we can already see from the stock market result, to be a particularly favourable form of social innovation. It's going to enrich a few people. The government of Abu Dhabi, a Russian thug with a billion dollars already, a guy who can't wait to change his citizenship so he doesn't have to pay taxes to support the public schools, and a few other relics of 20th century misbehavior. But the reality of the story underneath is, if we'd had a little bit more disintermediated innovation, if we had made running your own web-server very easy, if we had explained to people from the very beginning how important the logs are, and why you shouldn't let other people keep them for you, we would be in a rather different state right now. The next Facebook should never happen. It's intermediated innovation serving the needs of financiers, not serving the needs of people. Which is not say that social networking shouldn't happen, it shouldn't happen with a man in the middle attack built into it. Everybody in this room knows that, the question is how do we teach everybody else. But as important as I consider everybody else to be right now, I want to talk about the policy-makers: how do we explain to them? And here we begin to divide the conversation into two important parts. One, what do we know about how to achieve innovation under austerity? Two, what prevents governments from agreeing with us about that? So let me present first my first draft of the positive case for innovation under austerity, it's called "We Made The Cloud". Everybody understands this in this room too. The very point about what's happening to information technology in the world right now, has to do with scaling up our late 20th century work. We created the idea that we could share operating systems and all the rest of the commoditizable stack on top of them. We did this using the curiosity of young people. That was the fuel, not venture capital. We had been at it for 15 years, and our stuff was already running everywhere, before venture capital or even industrial capital raised by IT giants came towards us. It came towards us not because innovation needed to happen, but because innovation had already happened, and they needed to monetize it. That was an extremely positive outcome, I have nothing bad to say about that. But the nature of that outcome, indeed the history as we lived it and as other can now study it, will show how innovation under austerity occurred. It's all very well to say that it happened because we harnessed the curiosity of young people, that's historically correct. But there's more than that to say. What we need to say is that that curiosity of young people could be harnessed because all of the computing devices in ordinary day to day use were hackable. And so young people could actually hack on what everybody used. That made it possible for innovation to occur, where it can occur, without friction, which is at the bottom of the pyramid of capital. This is happening now elsewhere in the world as it happened in the United States in the 1980s. Hundreds of thousands of young people around the world hacking on laptops. Hacking on servers. Hacking on general purpose hardware available to allow them to scratch their individual itches, technical, social, career, and just plain ludic itches. "I wanna do this it would be neat." Which is the primary source of the innovation which drove all of the world's great economic expansion in the last 10 years.All of it. Trillions of dollars of electronic commerce. Those of you old enough to remember when fighting Public Key Encryption tooth and nail, was the United States government's policy will remember how hard they fought, to prohibit 3.8 trillion dollars worth of electronic commerce from coming into existence in the world. We were (supposedly) proponents of nuclear terrorism and pedophilia in the early 1990s, and all the money that they earned in campaign donations and private equity profits and all the rest of it, is owing to the globalization of commerce we made possible, with the technology they wanted to send our clients to jail for making. That demonstrates neatly I think, to the next generation of policy-makers how thoroughly their adherence to the received wisdom is likely to contribute to the death spiral they now fear they're going to get into. And it should embolden us to point out once again that the way innovation really happens is that you provide young people with opportunities to create on an infrastructure which allows them to hack the real world, and share the results. When Richard Stallman wrote the call at the university in Suffolk??? for the universal encyclopedia, when he and Jimmy Wales and I were all much younger than we are now, it was (considered) a frivolous idea. It has now transformed the life of every literate person in the world. And it will continue to do so. The nature of the innovation established by Creative Commons, by the Free Software Movement, by Free Culture, which is reflected in the Web in the Wikipedia, in all the Free Software operating systems now running everything, even the insides of all those locked-down vampiric Apple things I see around the room. All of that innovation comes from the simple process of letting the kids play and getting out of the way. Which, as you are aware, we are working as hard as we can to prevent now completely. Increasingly, all around the world the actual computing artifacts of daily life for human individual beings are being made so you can't hack them. The computer science laboratory in every twelve year old's pocket is being locked-down. When we went through the anti-lockdown phase of the GPL 3 negotiations in the middle of last decade, it was somehow believed that the primary purpose for which Mr. Stallman and I were engaged in pressing everybody against lock-down had something to do with bootlegging movies. And we kept saying, this is not the Free Movie Foundation. We don't care about that. We care about protecting people's right to hack what they own. And the reason we care about it is, that if you prevent people from hacking on what they own themselves, you will destroy the engine of innovation from which everybody is profiting. That's still true. And it is more important now precisely because very few people thought we were right then, and didn't exert themselves to support that point of view, and now you have Microsoft saying we won't allow third-party browsers on ARM-based Windows RT devices. And you have the ghost of Mr. Jobs trying to figure out how to prevent even a free tool chain from existing in relation to iOS, and you have a world in which increasingly the goal of the network operators is to attach every young human being to a proprietary network platform with closed terminal equipment that she can't learn from, can't study, can't understand, can't whet her teeth on, can't do anything with except send text messages that cost a million times more than they ought to. And most of the so-called innovation in the world, in our sector, now goes into creating IT for network operators that improves no technology for users. Telecomms innovation in the world has basically ceased. And it will not revive so long as it is impossible to harness the forms of innovation that really work under austerity. This has a second-order consequence of enormous importance. Innovation under austerity occurs in the first-order because the curiosity of young people is harnessed to the improvement of the actual circumstances of daily life. The second-order consequence is (that) populations becomes more educated. Disintermediation is beginning to come to higher education in the United States, which means it is beginning to come to higher education around the world. We currently have two models. Coursera, is essentially the googlization of higher education, spun-off from Stanford as a for-profit entity, using closed software and proprietary educational resources. MlTx, which has now edX through the formation of the coalition with Harvard University, is essentially the free world answer. Similar online scalable curriculum for higher education delivered over Free Software using free education resources. We have an enormous stake in the outcome of that competition. And it behooves all of us to put as much of our energy as we can behind the solutions which depend upon free courseware everybody can use, modify and redistribute, and educational materials based on the same political economy. Every society currently trying to reclaim innovation for the purpose of restarting economic growth under conditions of austerity needs more education, deliverable more widely at lower cost, which shapes young minds more effectively to create new value in their societies. This will not be accomplished without precisely the forms of social learning we pioneered. We said from the beginning that Free Software is the world's most advanced technical educational system. It allows anybody anywhere on earth, to get to the state of art in anything computers can be made to do, by reading what is fully available and by experimenting with it, and sharing the consequences freely. True computer science. Experimentation, hypothesis formation, more experimentation, more knowledge for the human race. We needed to expand that into other areas of culture, and great heroes like Jimmy Wales and Larry Lessig laid out infrastructure for that to occur, we now need to get governments to understand how to push it further. The Information Society Directorate of the European Commission issued a report 18 months ago, in which they said that they could scan 1/6th of all the books in European libraries for the cost of 100 km of roadway. That meant, and it is still true, that for the cost of 600 km of road, in an economy that builds thousands of kilometers of roadway every year, every book in all European libraries could be available to the entire human race, it should be done. [shout of "Copyright" from audience] Remember that most of those books are in the public domain, before you shout copyright at me. Remember that the bulk of what constitutes human learning was not made recently, before you shout the copyright at me. We should move to a world in which all knowledge previously available before this lifetime is universally available. If we don't, we will stunt the innovation which permits further growth. That's a social requirement. The copyright bargain is not immutable. It is merely convenient. We do not have to commit suicide culturally or intellectually in order to maintain a bargain which does not even relevantly apply to almost all of important human knowledge in most fields. Plato is not owned by anybody. So here we are, asking ourselves what the educational systems of the 21st century will be like, and how they will socially distribute knowledge across the human race. I have a question for you. How many of the Einsteins who ever lived were allowed to learn physics? A couple. How many of the Shakespeares who ever lived, lived and died without learning to read and write? Almost all of them. With 7 billion people in the world right now, 3 billion of them are children; how many Einsteins do you want to throw away today? The universalization of access to knowledge, is the single-most important force available for increasing innovation and human welfare on the planet. Nobody should be afraid to advocate for it because somebody might shout "copyright". So we are now looking at the second-order consequence of an understanding of how to conduct innovation under austerity. Expand access to the materials that create the ability to learn, adapt technology to permit the scientists below age 20 to conduct their experiments and share their results, permit the continuing growth of the information technology universe we created, by sharing, over the last quarter century, and we'd begin to experience something like the higher rates of innovation available, despite massive decreases in social investment occurring because of austerity. We also afford young people an opportunity to take their economic and professional destinies more into their own hands, an absolute requirement if we are to have social and political stability in the next generation. Nobody should be fooled about the prospects for social growth in societies where 50 percent of the people under 30 are unemployed. This is not going to be resolved by giving them assembly line car-building jobs. Everybody sees that. Governments are collectively throwing up their hands about what to do about the situation. Hence, the rapidity with which, in systems of proportional representation, young people are giving up on established political parties. When the Pirates can take 8.3% of the vote in Schleswig-Holstein, it is already clear that young people realize that established political policy-making is not going to be directed at their future economic welfare. And we need to listen, democratically, to the large number of young people around the world who insist that internet freedom and an end to snooping and control is necessary to their welfare and ability to create and live. Disintermediation means there will be more service providers throughout the economy with whom we are directly in touch. That means more jobs outside hierarchies and fewer jobs inside hierarchies. Young people around the world whether they are my law students about to get a law license, or computer engineers about to begin their practices, or artists, or musicians, or photographers, need more freedom in the net, and more tools with which to create innovative service delivery platforms for themselves. A challenge to which their elders would not have risen successfully in 1955, but we are new generation of human beings working under new circumstances, and those rules have changed. They know the rules have changed. The indignados in every square in Spain know the rules have changed. It's their governments that don't know. Which brings us I will admit to back to this question of anonymity, or rather, personal autonomy. One of the really problematic elements in teaching young people, at least the young people I teach, about privacy, is that we use the word privacy to mean several quite distinct things. Privacy means secrecy, sometimes. That is to say, the content of a message is obscured to all but it's maker and intended recipient. Privacy means anonymity, sometimes. That means messages are not obscured, but the points generating and receiving those messages are obscured. And there is a third aspect of privacy which in my classroom I call autonomy. It is the opportunity to live a life in which the decisions that you make are unaffected by others' access to secret or anonymous communications. There is a reason that cities have always been engines of economic growth. It isn't because bankers live there. Bankers live there because cities are engines of economic growth. The reason cities have been engines of economic growth since Sumer, is that young people move to them, to make new ways of being. Taking advantage of the fact that the city is where you escape the surveillance of the village, and the social control of the farm. "How you gonna keep them down on the farm after they've seen Paris?" was a fair question in 1919 and it had a lot do with the way the 20th century worked in the United States. The city is the historical system for the production of anonymity and the ability to experiment autonomously in ways of living. We are closing it. Some years ago, to wit, at the beginning of 1995 we were having a debate at the Harvard Law School about Public Key Encryption. Two on two. On one side Jamie Gorelick, then the Deputy Attorney General of the United States, and Stewart Baker, then as now at Steptoe & Johnson when he isn't in the United States government making horrendous social policy. On the other side, Danny Weitzner, now in the White House, and me. And we spent the afternoon talking back and forth about whether we should have to escrow our keys with the United States government, whether the clipper chip was going to work and many other very interesting subjects now as obsolete as Babylonia. And after it was all over, we walked across the Harvard campus for dinner at the Harvard Faculty Club and on the way across the campus Jamie Gorelick said to me: "Eben, on the basis of nothing more than your public statements this afternoon I have enough to order the interception of your telephone conversations." In 1995 that was a joke. It was a joke in bad taste when told to a citizen by an official of the United States Justice Department, but it was a joke, and we all laughed because everybody knew you couldn't do that. So we ate our dinner, and the table got cleared and all the plates went away, and the port and walnuts got scattered around, and Stewart Baker looked up and said "alright, we'll let our hair down", and he had none then and he has none now, but "we'll let our hair down" Stewart said, "we're not going to prosecute your client Mr Zimmerman. We've spent decades in a holding action against Public Key Encryption it's worked pretty well but it's almost over now, we're gonna let it happen." And then he looked around the table and he said, "but nobody here cares about anonymity do they?" And a cold chill went up my spine. And I thought, "OK, Stewart, I understand how it is. You're going to let there be Public Key Encryption because the bankers are going to need it. And you're going to spend the next 20 years trying to stop people from being anonymous ever again, and I'm going to spend those 20 years trying to stop you." So far I must say from my friend Mr. Baker has been doing better than I had hoped, and I have been doing even worse than I had feared. Partly because of the thug in a hoodie, and partly for other reasons. We are on the verge of the elimination of the human right to be alone. We are on the verge of the elimination of the human right to do your own thinking, in your own place, in your own way without anybody knowing. Somebody in this room just proved a couple of minutes ago that if he shops at a particular web-store using one browser, he gets a different price than on the other. Because one of the browsers is linked to his browsing history. Prices, offers, commodities, opportunities, are now being based upon the data mining of everything. A senior government official in this government said to me after the United States changed its rules about how long they keep information on everybody about whom nothing is suspected - you all do know about that right? Rainy Wednesday on the 21st of March, long after the close of business, Department of Justice and the DNl, that's the Director of National Intelligence, put out a joint press release announcing minor changes in the Ashcroft rules, including a minor change that says that all personally identifiable information in government databases at the National Center for Counter-Terrorism that are based around people of whom nothing is suspected, will no longer be retained as under the Ashcroft rules for a maximum of 180 days, the maximum has now been changed to 5 years, which is infinity. In fact I told my students in my classroom, the only reason they said 5 years was they couldn't get the sideways eight into the font [Laughs] for the press release,so they used an approximation. So I was talking to a senior official of this government about that outcome and he said well you know we've come to realize that we need a robust social graph of the United States. That's how we're going to connect new information to old information. I said let's just talk about the constitutional implications of this for a moment. You're talking about taking us from the society we have always known, which we quaintly refer to as a free society, to a society in which the United States government keeps a list of everybody every American knows. So if you're going to take us from what we used to call a free society to a society in which the US government keeps a list of everybody every American knows, what should be the constitutional procedure for doing this? Should we have, for example, a law? He just laughed. Because of course they didn't need a law. They did it with a press release on a rainy Wednesday night after everybody went home, and you live there now. Whether it is possible to have innovation under conditions of complete despotism is an interesting question. Right-wing Americans or maybe even center-right Americans, have long insisted that one of the problems with 20th century totalitarianism, from which they legitimately distinguish themselves, was that it eliminated the possibility of what they call free markets and innovation. We're about to test whether they were right. The network, as it stands now, is an extraordinary platform for enhanced social control. Very rapidly, and with no apparent remorse, the two largest governments on earth, that of the United States of America and the People's Republic of China have adopted essentially identical points of view. [Clapping] A robust social graph connecting government to everybody and the exhaustive data mining of society is both governments fundamental policy with respect to their different forms of what they both refer to, or think of, as stability maintenance. It is true of course that they have different theories of how to maintain stability for whom and why, but the technology of stability maintenance is becoming essentially identical. We need, we, who understand what is happening, need, to be very vocal about that. But it isn't just our civil liberties that are at stake, I shouldn't need to say that, that should be enough, but of course it isn't. We need to make clear that the other part of what that costs us is the very vitality and vibrancy of invention culture and discourse, that wide open robust and uninhibited public debate that the Supreme Court so loved in New York Times against Sullivan. And that freedom to tinker, to invent, to be different, to be non-conformist for which people have always moved to the cities that gave them anonymity, and a chance to experiment with who they are, and what they can do. This more than anything else, is what sustains social vitality and economic growth in the 21st century. Of course we need anonymity for other reasons. Of course we are persuing something that might be appropriately described as protection for the integrity of the human soul. But that's not government's concern. It is precisely the glory of the way we understand civil society that that is not government's concern. It is precisely our commitment to the idea of the individual's development at her own pace, and in her own way, that has been the centerpiece of what we understood to be our society's fundamental commitment that means that the protection for the integrity of the human soul is our business, not the government's business. But government must attend to the material welfare of its citizens and it must attend to the long run good of the society they manage. And we must be clear to government that there is no tension between the maintenance of civil liberty in the form of the right to be let alone, there is no distinction between the civil liberty policy of assuring the right to be let alone, and the economic policy of securing innovation under austerity. They require the same thing. We need Free Software, we need Free Hardware we can hack on, we need Free Spectrum we can use to communicate with one another,without let or hindrance. We need to be able to educate and provide access to educational material to everyone on earth without regard to the ability to pay. We need to provide a pathway to an independent economic and intellectual life, for every young person. The technology we need, we have. I have spent some time and many people in this room, including Isaac have spent more time now, trying to make use of cheap, power efficient compact server computers, the size of AC chargers for mobile phones, which with the right software we can use to populate the net with robots that respect privacy, instead of the robots that disrespect privacy which we now carry in almost every pocket. We need to retrofit the first law of robotics into this society within the next few minutes or we're cooked. We can do that. That's civil innovation. We can help to continue the long lifetime of general purpose computers everybody can hack on. By using them, by needing them, by spreading them around. We can use our own force as consumers and technologists to deprecate closed networks and locked-down objects, but without clear guidance in public policy we will remain a tiny minority, 8.3% let's say. Which will not be sufficient to lift us out of the slough into which the bankers have driven us. Innovation under austerity is our battle-cry. Not a battle-cry for the things we most care about, but the ones the other people most care about. Our entree to social policy for the next five years, and our last chance to do in government what we have not been able to do by attempting to preserve our mere liberties. Which have been shamefully abused by our friends in government as well as by our adversaries. We have been taken to the cleaners with respect to our rights, and we have been taken to the cleaners with respect to everybody's money. I wish that I could say that the easiest thing to do was going to be to get our freedoms back, it isn't. Nobody will run in the election this year on the basis of the restoration of our civil liberties. But they will all talk about austerity and growth. And we must bring our message where they are. That's my first draft. Inadequate in every way, but at least a place to start. And if we have no place to start, we will lose. And our loss will be long. And the night will be very dark. Thank you very much. [Aplause] Thank you that's very kind of you, now let's talk about it. [Lauging] [Oh, yeah I'll I,m sorry] [Some Murmuring] [Ok Thank you] Ahh we should begin, yeah. Not yet... Aha, that on. [Doc Shearls] I like to begin this because, I hope I'd speak for a lot of the people here. That was not just one of the best speeches that I have ever heard, it's one of the most important. And it wouldn't be unless we follow up on it, we act on it. I felt like... actually Elliot that sitted next to be to says he felt like this is an "I have a dream speech" and I think that's what it is. But I think Eben ended it with the nightmare. And if you weren't moved by the speech your frog is boiled. And I think our frogs have been boiling for a lot of time. I don't know if anybody else but ??? to prevailing conditions, whatever those happen to be. And they have gradually worsen over time, and in ways that we don't fully understand, and our lives are busy so we go about what we have to do. So, what I want to do is test this audience with participating with the "Free Everything Movement" that Eben has laid out for us, now. So, I wouldn't see that just as a Q&A session but as all of use freely contributing to the framework that Eben has laid out, and that we've been part of for a long time. I love the way he included us in this. This is ... There is natural selection here. This is a select group. David has done an amazing job of pulling in the right people together. The name of this event begins with Freedom, and I think that needs to be our end as well. So... and I have nothing to add to such a fabulous talk. [Isaac Wilder] Eben I would like to ask you a question. Is it tension between Freedom and Convinience? And I wonder how you see that tension playing out? I think you urged us to focus on innovation but I wonder if.... and I think that's compelling to this audience, perhaps the policy makers, but to the average user convenience is an issue. [Eben Moglen] Yeah it's true, which is not only the relation between technology and society, it's too about lots of other things as well. The constitutional theorist Bruce Ackerman wrote a lengthy multi-volume history of the Constitution in the US, on the basic premise that most of the time, most people don't want to engage in deep thinking about politics and society. It only happens very occasionally, and the Founders of the American Republic, Bruce said, tried in the Federalist structure to take advantage of those occasional moments, when people want to pay attention. But here again, and I focus on this because the demographics are so important. That sense, of convenience being more important than other values, moment by moment is more true of grown-ups than it is for children. I go all around the world, I talk to goverments about all sorts of things connected with technology of 21st century society, and I hear from people, from presidents to ministers, to local planning commitees, all sorts of stories about the terrible social problems (that) their cultures and communities face. And I find my self often saying "Yes, all right, this is a really really horrible problem. It's extraordinary difficult and it demands immense amounts of energy to deal with. You need the strongest social force possible to deal with this. And the strongest social force ever, available, anywhere is the curiocity of children. You need to harness it." We have actually both lessons. The thing you call tension, right? It's a tension indeed. Because it is true that grown ups in their busy lives find themselves willing to do anything that works, and if you hand them a box with an F-Button on it they'll push it, whether it costs them or not, or whether it connects them a great big man-in-the-middle-attack on their social lives or not, or whether their friends are riding them out of the weekends to their employers, they pay very little attention. It's now. But you give a thing to an 8-year-old and it's not like that anymore. He's got plenty of time. You give a 12-year-old a thing like that and she is ready to take it apart. She's not thinking about convenience, she's thinking about learning. She's doing science. She's playing around. And I have seen in more places of the world that I can think to name, that force of those children, fooling around with computers and doing amazing things. You'd see it everywhere you'd go. So I believe the tension is there. I believe usability is a crucial problem in building tools for privacy in Freedom. FreedomBox, the stack of software we need to make for all these little objects in the world, you know this even better than I do, it's partly about function, but it's mostly about integration and usability. We've done all the hard work. My laptop, your laptop we are pretty safe. The problem is how we make this work for real people with real, busy, daily lives. So the tension is there but the answer is there too. We need to empower children. And part of what is wrong with the technology is the extent to which they are becoming not inventors but consumers. If that process is completed, we really are sunk. [Doc Shearls] Let them go back and forth with both sides over here. (You) first. [Michael Nelson] Michael Nelson of Georgetown University. I have at least 15 different questions that I would like to ask you, starting with encryptions as I was [Eben Moglen] I remember... [Michael Nelson] Stuart Baker's best friend, from the White House. [Eben Moglen] Yeah Yeah It make things very hard for me, Mike, I'm really it's not true anymore. It's isn't true anymore, right? [Laughs] [Michael Nelson] I would like to urge you to run for Congress, preferably by moving to Palm Springs moving against Mary Bono Mack, [Laughs] [Eben Moglen] I don't think they would like me in Palm Springs May, But the thing I hope you'll do after that speech, which I agree it's like the "I have a dream" speech is to actually engage your critics. I mean the speech is great, and youtube video would be seen by thousands of people, mostly your friends and supporters. I think you need to engage your critics. I mean something like the federalists papers where we have the two big questions debated from both sides, and we get both parties... both viewpoints expressed. But I would like to ask one quick, very specific question. Because I think the first part of your speech about general purpose computing and user-centric computing is really where we have to start. And I would like to have your assessment , and anyone else's assessment, as to why Nicolas Negreponte in the One Laptop Per Child which was based on the same principles... empowering the children, building open-source, creating things from the ground-up, why that didn't happen? Even though tens of millions of dollars invested and lots of people bought it. What was that... what was missing there? And how we can not have the same problem this time around. Well Nick is by best friend too sometimes, which makes it a little hard to answer the question. Hardware is difficult, right? ,and software is easy. That's why the FreedomBox isn't a Box, it's just some software, because we can make it better, quicker, cheaper and we don't have to buy off all the problems. Two things happened as a consequence of One Laptop Per Child. The IT industry around the world realized that there was a thing that was better to make the laptops with a high profit margin and they started making them. So Nick in fact proved my point, in that side pretty well., no failure there. He conducted innovation with tiny amounts of money, which capitalism in it's biggest globalists ??? wasn't going to get to because it was too riskoverse??? to try. So in one sense it panned out, it's just that it panned out as more products for consumers. The second thing is that Nick tried to do something really really important with Mesh Networking, and it was as another friend of ours very close to the thing said: "It was a wonderful failed experiment.". It didn't work. It worked great in the lab but it didn't work real well in Montevideo and it worked even less well in Peru, and after a while everybody went back to: "Well, let's have a classroom server and use wifi". And this is the part of the thing that I was really trying to talk about in the big broad general way, right? We need Mesh. We need a way of doing communication which is not based around operation-centric architecture. Is the FCC going to do that for us? No. You want to engage my critics. They'd bought decades of it, right? So now we are in a situation in which if there is one man in this room doing ???Hendrix, there is one man in this room who might help us to figure out what we're gonna do about this. We must have Build-it-Yourself networking that really works. Nick was a vissionary and he tried. And if it had been ready then, we would be living in a different world now. But it wasn't. I think that technical failure of an honorable and important kind. I think he conducted a vast innovative experiment and succeeded beyond his wildest dreams, but the other guys run away with the profits as usual, and the one peace we really really needed which was communications technology that deprives the centralized network operator of power, we weren't ready for it. Now we have more closed network than open network, more people using propietary closed ver??? of forms somewhat like the Internet, than the Internet itself, and we've lost big in that process. Now it's a harder thing to deal with. I don't.... I have the felling as in some any other ways in life that I've been guided by my friend Lary Lessig running for Congress is what I'm not going to do. [Laughs] Do you have another suggestion of how to engage critics Mike? I'd love to take one. But that's not one that I wanna take. [Michael Nelson] But the Federalists papers was a serious one. [Eben Moglen] Allright. [Michael Nelson] It means something every week. With the critic point at your falacies and you could point out their falacies. Allright. Let's do it. Let's find the ones who want to engage. [Doc Shearls] We have 27 minutes left, so try to make it quick. It's not much time. [Kery Nelson] My question would be, what do you mean by this World Wall??? that could serve as a Server, and how close are we to the hardware and why do you want to have it. Let me ??? the question by saying that in order to do the Onion Router, you need to be able to have your own server. In order to do anonymization you need to have your own server ability, in order to build an network of our own within the network that is increasingly out of our control, we need to be able to upload and download from our own servers, I often wonder if the amount of energy being put into prevention of file sharing out of all proportion to the economic value of any copyright infridgement that's going on, is a sign that those in power understand that they must stop our ability to be our own nodes. This is that ... the answer??? lies with you, thank you. [Isaac Wilder] So, there are two things in play here. There is logical peer to peer, overlay networks, and there is what we call material peer to peer, physical material networks. And there is a complex interplay of those forces. So the FreedomBox tends to be a tool that participates in that logical network, no matter what its connection to the Internet is, and can serve as seed of a material, physical network. Now the question was, how close are we, (and) what needs to be done. As Eben said, the basic tools are there. We know how to build overlay networks. There's been incredible advances over the last decade in distributed computational systems. So that's there. It really at this point is a matter of integrating those tools in a way that makes them usable. And as developers, that's something, we are not always great at. But it's certainly tractable, and we are at the point where these pieces just need to fit together. The hardware is in production, and the software is in not quite alpha stage I guess you would say, but there are building blocks there. [Eben Moglen] The world is gonna fill up over there in the next 6 or 7 years with small, very inexpensive, very powerful servers, which are based around ARM chips and fit in a thing that fits in your hand, and uses small amounts of power that you could really run of a battery or array. The FreedomBox project, which we started talking about in early 2010 and got serious about in early 2011, is basically a pro-privacy router stack based on Debian that fits in servers like that. James Vizil??? of the Open Internet Tools Project, who used to work for me at Software Freedom Law Center has just left the room, has one with him this morning he told me. Isaac and hundreds of really good people around the world including Jacob Appelbaum of Tor are working on FreedomBox. The Tor project would be developing on FreedomBox stack in future. Our goal is to put a small cheap object that replaces your wireless router in as many places, homes, and businesses, and safe-deposit boxes in the world as we can get, running software which makes secure peer to peer connections between people whose identities have been assured in civil society in a web of trust like way, and which can provide a soft migration away from centralized social networking tools like Facebook and Flickr and so on, towards systems which actually share only with the people you really mean to share with, and which resist the effort of other people to see what's going on. Some of that work is work we all use all the time based around Tunneling VPNs,and other simple stuff, some of this is the Onion Router Infrastructure we are building, some of it is efforts to increase our meshablitity by spreading a lot of stuff, which is both base station and client around the world, some of it is efforts to take advantage of skunkworks projects now inside the large IT vendors, who also know that small ARM-based servers are gonna replace the heavy iron they've selling, but the real net of it, bottom seed of it is control your own server, keep your own logs, do it in a away that resists tampering from external parties who aren't working in your interest, create some robots who really do have the first law of robotics inside them, [Small Laugh] and put them at the portals between private networks and the open public net. If we do that, we begin as Isaac says to interleave the virtual peer to peerage of the net with some actual hundreds of thousands and then millions, then tens of millions, ultimately billions of peers that run in the interests of the people who own them. [David ??? Event Organizer] Isaac and [Kery Nelson] I would like to introduce my self. I'm Kery Nelson, ????? thank you. [David ??? Event Organizer] Guys, Isaac and Eben, do you know Tim Sheppard? [Isaac] We met last night. Ok, good. The reason that I put these kinds of things together is that people like you can meet people like Tim. Tim's MlT Phd thesis was on the practical, the applied mathematics and for that matter the physics of Mesh Networking and he is an early pioneer, this was 1991. [Tim Sheppard?] 1995 [???] 95 ok. With David Clark at MlT. You guys really ought to talk. [Eben] I still have location-based routing. I wish it could work. [Small Laugh] [Preston Ray] Hi Eben, my name is Preston Ray, I'm with the Open Technology Institute. You mentioned towards the interview speech, about how the community people in this room, and the people, the community we are part of, has the knowledge, understands the technology, grasps, appreciates and evangelizes the philosophy that you are talking about, to make free collaborative education to all, to solve our world's problems of economic stagnation, innovation stagnation, austerity. You know, we should recognize that we are also very much a community of privilege in many ways, not only of our grasp of knowledge, and not only of our grasp, you know, of the tools and everything that makes these things work, but the backgrounds we come from, we are able to afford this conference, and many other privileges that I won't go into. What do you feel our responsibility, a role is in, bringing about the world you are talking about, if we are indeed only 8,3% of the world we can't assume to represent the entire world, but what is our role in that entire ... [Eben Moglen] I doubt that we are 8.3% of the world. What supprises we are 8.3% of Schleswig-Holstein [Laughs]. But let me say a little bit about. I'm been engaged for several years now, with a community computing center located in a slum in Bangalore, the original center was located in a cluster of people who have been living in that spot, first as a untouchable people, now as merely poor people for very long time, -2200 people with only one toilet- Where some young communists working for the big IT firms in Bangalore, fished out computer out of the garbage, put free software open, and opened a computer center in that slum. And what came out was not so much people who wanted to learn how to use an office suite and get an office job. It turned out they were painters using the GlMP to paint the pictures one pixel at a time, and they were singers, and they were writers. They were people whose communities had never had so much as the possibility of dreaming of any of those things, but that didn't matter the kids, because they were kids. They just did whatever and it was it has changed many people's lives. My financial support for that activity has been rather minor, because they'd not take more money that they can use in order to avoid corruption. And my moral support has been, I'd say, grossly inadequate. But nonetheless, working together, we've achieved some quite interesting things which have changed dozens of lives and which have produced some teachers, so they can go out and change a bunch of lives more. I try to work really quite heavily in my classroom to remind American Law Students who are genuinely sagging at an ease a little bit with all their debt, to think of themselves as privileged in the way you say, and it's important to do. But even more important maybe that recognizing our difference from the other people in the world who have so much less is recognizing our similarity. When given the opportunity, those Ainsteins in the street are just like our Ainstens. There are better than us. Smarter, stronger, more capable of farthing??? out the mysteries of the universe. We really need to begin at the stage of life that we are pretty equal. That is when we are children. And we really need to make possible for those children to experiment and learn and grow, regardless of their state of economic deprivation. The beauty of the zero marginal cost revolution in human affairs, is we can put all knowledge, all culture, all music, all art, all everything that matters to the development of the human mind, everywhere, all the time. In the Sudharshan Layout in Bangalore, 2200 people, one toilet, 1700 children and 914 mobile phones. - Everyone of these mobile phone which is carried by the poorest of the poor in many societies, and which it would be carried by everybody in the human race by 2050 - Everyone of those devices can have every book, and every play, and every piece of music, every equation, every experiment on it. And every brain will grow. Try that and we can worry less about deprivation and more about progress. [Little Applause] [Isaac Wilder] The will of humanity towards total connectedness is at manifest at this point. And I said it before and I'd say it again, the fundamental dialectic of our struggle is this. Will we be enslaved by our technology, or liberated by it? As technologists, as those privileged enough to understand what exists now and what is coming, aren't it be our responsibility as to making it sure that is liberation technology instead of enslavement technology? And I think everyone in this room understands that but, the priviledge does come with responsibility. And it's to so sound that alarm. [Doc Shearls] Look it over here. [Nick Grossman] Hi, Nick Grossman from MlT Media Lab. At first, I thought your thoughts about why cities are innovative and why interesting thing happen, why people go there and how autonomy.... What autonomy is and why that matters. Very compelling, super-relevant Internet, and I think it's a metaphor that will make gain in momentum's. So, thank you for laying that out. And I also agree... So getting back to how we convince our governments to go in this general direction. I agree that innovation is a very powerful frame.My question is the... the line between full truly open innovation , you are talking about it, and sort of semi-open innovation as new-ons???. I think everyone in this room gets it. But it's easy to say: "Look at how many apps you can build on the facebook platform, or look at how many, you know, how many things on the iPhone platform, and that's innovation. And when you are talking to ... whoever, you know that ... there is a distinction there. And so, what do you see is the best way illustrate that and try and walk the line between ... you know ... fully open and kind of open and is that ... is possible to do that? [Eben Moglen] Well you know we went down this road before. Because as The Free Software Movement was gaining strength, Microsoft was creating that enormous ecosystem of Windows Developers, of which it was justly proud. They were justly proud because they gave them control of the APl, but the developers were justly proud of the software they wrote. They were only two things ... [Laugher] One was it was totally dependent on the Microsoft Ecosystem, which as ???Richard Claxer said was K-Mart software. And the other was that they were hampered by the fact that they have to invent everything themselves. In order to get in, you had to buy the SDK and then you were alone in your garage, trying to make something great. But the whole system have been biased in such a way that you couldn't share and you couldn't learn. And so it didn't turn out to be as good as the C shell, that created a generation of computer scientists. So they got us a bunch of Windows developers, they made a bunch of stuff and we went fine. And now the Microsoft is closing the code museum and freezing them out. That's the problem, isn't, it with proprietary innovation. It runs according to the strength of the business model and then it fails. The reason we beat Microsoft was (that) we were even less subject to evolutionary data, and they were and they knew it. That's what the strength was of the GPL, and I'm not so happy if ??? decides that it doesn't need to keep some copyleft stuff at the middle of it. Because it closes the end on innovation. The important thing about innovation, -and we say it when we are in places which I have the grandeur of MlT to say it in - is, "it's a long run business. Not a short run business. Proprietary software development whether for the Windows Ecosystem or the iOS Ecosystem is a game of base hits, not home runs. You can put a neat app on a thing and it's neat and we really love it, and why don't you share it with us so we can do better? Oh, the SDK terms this, and the App Store terms that and no sharing allowed because Steve Jobs slept here once, and nobody else can sleep in any bet he ever slept in, unless they have his permission and all that stuff. It's OK, it's B+ innovation, but we can do better. And the point of being at experts or inspirers of innovation is to help those bright young people to do stuff that lasts for the long term. And you can explain in that frame, why the political economy of closed end innovation isn't really where you want to put your good idea when you are 17. If Jimmy Wales have gone to work for Encyclopedia Brittanica or Compton, I'm sure they'd be paying him a decent salary , and that's become what innovation was supposed to be. It gets you a job. That's when we are really in trouble. Thomas Edison didn't want a job. [comment in backround] Fair Enough. I'm not going to speak in favor of mister Edison as an individual. I'm no in speak...[Laugh] I'm only going to speak in favor of the idea of innovation is for the long run, and that's what counts. And if you go to a guy who sells you your life back in return for your idea, that's not long run. [Doc Shearls] So we had 10 minutes here, and we've got I think five people left, so John quick. [John Platkin] I'll be quick as I see Chris Savage and Harold. I want to hear their questions as well. John Platcik from MlC???, once again, even great talk, always I enjoy it here when you talk. A couple unrelated points. One, when we talked about convenience vs control, you know, everybody is using the wireless microphone, they come out of that is spectrum, everyone should be aware of in this room at least. But more, I want to give you a chance to talk and end in more of an optimistic note. I see that the Maker Movement and all the hardware hacking that's going on, as tremendously optimistic for the future. I see... you are in a maker fair and you see kids, doing exactly what you described, playing around. How can we get your message sort of... you don't want to mess with that fooling around, but somehow direct it to understanding the larger ecosysstem that they eventually gonna live in, with those innovations. [Eben Moglen] I don't know. I'll learn from you. [Doc Shearls] Actually I would like to touch a??? point and a prior point. I was remembering, when Eben was talking about, kids. You know, what I did when I was a kid was I loved radio and I loved to ??? screwdrivers, and I was a Ham radio operator. You know, there was no computing in 1961 that a kid could do, but I hacked on radios. And I just wanna call Dwayne Hendrix to the mike for a second to talk about, what we were talking about at the Hall about opportunities with amateur radio that still exist. [Dwayne Hendrix] Thanks. Amateur radio has been around for about 100 years now. And by treaty, it's in most countries on the planet. I can take my amateur radio privileges from the US and go to all those countries, and operate just like I was here. Eben talked about (the) need to have free access to spectrum with no middle man, ok? The amateur radio service is just that, ok? There is no FCC in the middle. You can create wireless devices, you self certify them, ok? And as I said, you can take them to other places on the planet and operate them without asking anybody. In fact, with the licence class I have, I can put a communications platform in orbit without asking permission of the FCC. That is powerful. So there is a lot of misapprehensions and misunderstandings about what amateur radio is about, perpetrated by organizations like American Radio Relay League. It's all about innovation under your own control. Gives you complete access to spectrum, as long as you don't use it for commersial purposes. So let me just leave you with one thought. Ten years ago, I was working for a company called COM21 the founder of which was Paul Baran, who is sort of known as the Grand Father of the Internet, right? Paul basically said: "Look what I've learned is that I look at all these people around building proprietary radios, ok?, and they come and go. If you gonna create a business look at mass produced radios. And use those and more of them to your own needs. There is two mass produced radios today. WiFi and Cable modems. With a little construct called a transverter, -a transverter also known as a linear translator- you could take the inputs and outputs of a cable modem or any wifi device and put it anywhere in the radio spectrum. And couple that with an amateur radio licence and now you have cheap hardware that you can go anywhere and not ask permission of anybody, ok? So, look into this. I mean, Amateur radio, basically output devices that .... you don't have to have an amateur licence to use it. I mean, under my amateur radio authority I can have as many transmitters operating in the US territory without... and have people just like you use them, all I have to do is to be able to turn on and off the device,ok? When I was working at COM21 we littered the bay area with cable modems that have transverters and have a wireless Internet network, ok?, (and) that we had a lot of people use it, ok?, so we didn't get any money for it, we didn't charge anybody for Internet access, but we provided innovation of a different nature. That's it. [Doc Shearls] Also thanks, thanks Dwayne. [Applause] [Doc Shearls] Yeah. Go. [Harold Phelp] Harold Phelp ??? with public knowledge. First of all, I have to say that maybe I'm alone in this but I tend to think of this more as the ???? speech rather than the "I have a dream speech".[Laughs] And in those small part, because I'll notice who kicked butt on the field of Ozonecorp ???. But the one thing that I did want to raise and ask is if you have seen Corry Doctorow's recent pissed on the failure of geek politics. And this is a ... I'll confess to my own self interest as Washington Insider focused on the FCC, but I just wanna to stress and ask folks like you who are out there to encourage engagement in these processes, and especially when the temptation to despair about getting productive results is so high. But also point out the posiv aspect of this is ... -Dwayne actually focused this- there are actually a lot of opportunities that are here and around us, and I really think that there is a lot that could be done, as has been done now already with a number of folks who in trying to organize a more focused agenda, that would be a positive, legislative and regulatory agenda, rather than a defensive one. And I just wanna put that out there, as well as any interest in working with anybody who is interested in taking up arms here. Hi, ???? . Thanks for bringing up the Ham radio issue. That's really very very interesting field right now, especially since we got ten box STRs in the form of TVB-T receivers. Just take them out and reprogram them. It's very interesting. And one other thing for Eben ... when you were talking about OLPC, sort of I had a small dejavu. I was there at that time, when they were doing their mesh research, I was flying from Boston to Europe, and I was couple of time was telling them, we got these huge networks there we got it already done, and they were still working on the specific ???? implementation which just failed. So I would like to deposit the thought that we should cooperate more closely, because we have quite some experience, and it might save us 8 years of R&D. Thanks. [Doc Shearls] OK. We have 2 minutes and 33 seconds left and the musicians are here so here's Chris... [Chris Savage] Chris Savage, Random Medicine. I agree with Harold. This was not quite a "I have a Dream Speech" was more like "Saint Christmas Day" [Little Laugh] and I would like to ask you and the folks would ask themselves the following question. Assuming that you've laid down the battlelines correctly, what would Gandhi do? [Doc Shearls] Would Gandhi battle? [Backround speech] [Eben Moglen] Well, then I'm in total agree with you. I'm uncomfortable with all the comparisons. So let me put them aside and say that my part of this work ugly??? enough is just making lawyers. Right? [Laughs] That's what I actually do for a living. And before we all get grunt about it, what that really means is, teaching young people who have enormous opportunities to change society, that they shouldn't go and take jobs pushing corporate finance paper instead. I'm not actually trying in my earnest suggestions to the contrary of what I'm standing, I'm not trying to wield any power. I do want to talk to people, and I admit that bad happens when you talk to people in large groups for long periods of time, which is actually not terribly productive, but what I think we are trying to do, and here you question about Mahatma Gandhi seems relevant to me, I'm trying to make the people to believe that they are the solution to the problem. I'm trying to get people to believe that it's in their hands, not in hands of some mysterious power far away. We got to win this close up. You must have to AsianCorp motiv then that's the one to have. This is not going to be dealt with at a distance. This is actually done in those muddy slipping and falling places where all this goes on. If Harold thinks that we can do it at the FCC, that's great. I'm not sure that I believe him, but he can, if I can. What I'm really asking is for all of us to recognize, we are gonna have to talk to language of political economy and government policy for a while. We've talked the language of licencing and how to make Free Software, and that has run out. So now the time has come to talk about how we save societies itches,by scratching them with freedom. And if we can do that, then we'll win. Thanks everybody. [Applause] Let's add captions to a video. On the my video page click the preview image or the edit button. The video will open in a time line view. Press play to start loading the video. To add a caption click add a caption. Note that the start point will be set automatically to the current time When the caption should end click the set and point button, enter the caption text and click save caption. The new caption appears in the track area below. To edit a caption click it, make adjustments and click save. Here are other features in the time line view. You can zoom in or out of the time line and you can scroll it. You can also work with multiple caption tracks. Below the track names, click the pencil button to edit a track. Click the plus button to add a track. Select a track and click the minus button to delete it. Let me switch to a video that I have finished captioning to show you some additional features If you want a quick estimate of how fast our captions are click the words per minute button. It will analyse the words in duration for each caption and rate them. Lets look at the other views. The list view presents the captions shorted by start time, almost everything you can do in a timeline view you can also do in the list view. Click a caption row to edit one. Additonal controls are above the list. Such as switching between tracks, editing the track settings, adding or deleting tracks, looking at the words per minute and exporting. The preview mode is for previewing captions before you export them. You can also set the videos aspect ratio between 4 x 3 and 16 x 9, and you can also switch between multiple caption tracks if you have them available. In the next screen cast I'll show you how to export. JASON: Right now there are more people on Facebook than there were on the planet 200 years ago. Humanity's greatest desire is to belong and connect. And now we see each other. We hear each other. -WOMAN: Grandpa, I love you. -BOY: I love you. WOMAN: Why -- Why won't it take a picture? JASON: We share what we love, and it reminds us what we all have in common. WOMAN: Out alive and well after 7 1/2 days. BOY: If you believe in yourself, you will know how to ride a bike! Rock and roll! WOMAN: So, now, technically, your device is on. -WOMAN: #2: [ Laughs ] -WOMAN: Can you tell? Oh, that's exciting. JASON: And this connection is changing the way the world works. Governments are trying to keep up. [ Indistinct chanting ] And older generations are concerned. GlGOT: Many people are very concerned about tomorrow because they could get worse next year. JASON: The game has new rules. The next 27 minutes are an experiment. But in order for it to work, you have to pay attention. [ Monitor beeping ] NURSE: Oh, he's cute. He's really cute. Wow. DOCTOR: Congratulations. MOM: I can hear him. [ Baby crying ] JASON: Every single person in the world started this way. He didn't choose where or when he was born. But because he's here, he matters. Yeah. My name is Jason Russell, and this is my son, Gavin. [ Slides clicking ] He loves jumping on the trampoline, being a ninja, and dancing. What are you doing? GAVlN: Making a snow angel. -JASON: How do you do that? -GAVlN: You do this. ♪ Dee-dee-dee, dee-dee-dee, dee-dee-dee-dee-dee ♪ JASON: And just like his dad, he likes being in movies... Action. GAVlN: Look out! Look out, people! Run! It's a bomb! JASON: ...and making movies. GAVlN: Daddy, watch this. JASON: But he was born into a pretty complicated world. And as a dad, I want him to grow up in a better world than I did. And because of the course of events in my life, I see a way to get there. It has become my job. Who are you to end a war? I'm here to tell you who are you not to. Hey, Gavin. What's up? Years before Gavin was born, the course of my life was changed entirely by another boy. And who's this right here? GAVlN: Jacob. JASON: Who's Jacob? GAVlN: Jacob is our friend in Africa. JASON: It's been almost 10 years since Jacob and I became friends. [ Laughter ] It's okay. They're nice 'cause they're different than sharks. But when my friends and I first met him in Uganda in Central Africa, it was in very different circumstances. He was running for his life. -MAN: You go to school here? -JACOB: Yes. MAN: Yes. That's how you know English so well. -JACOB: I know. -MAN: Yeah. How many nights have you stayed here? JASON: The night I first met Jacob, he told me what he and other children in northern Uganda were living through. This is absurd. Hmm. After spending a few weeks with Jacob, he told me something I would never forget. He told me more about his brother and what he would say to him if he were still alive. -Hmm? -JACOB: [ Sobbing ] JASON: Everything in my heart told me to do something. And so I made him a promise. JACOB: Yes. JASON: Hmm? We're going to stop them. I made that promise to Jacob not knowing what it would mean. But now I do. Over the past nine years, I have fought to fulfill it, and the fight has led me here, to this movie you're watching, because that promise is not just about Jacob or me. It's also about you. And this year, 2012, is the year that we can finally fulfill it. And if we succeed, we change the course of human history. But time is running out. To level with you, this movie expires on December 31, 2012, and its only purpose is to stop the rebel group the LRA and their leader, Joseph Kony. And I'm about to tell you exactly how we're going to do it. [ Up-tempo music plays ] So, the thing is, my son, Gavin, has never -- I've never really explained to him what I do. He knows I work in Africa, but he doesn't know what the war is about or who Joseph Kony is, so I'm gonna explain it to him for the first time today. That's what we're doing. -So, Gav. -GAVlN: Yeah. -JASON: Are you ready? -GAVlN: Yeah. JASON: I'm gonna ask you some questions. And you can just look at me and answer the questions to me. GAVlN: I'm kind of nervous. JASON: What do I do for a job? GAVlN: You stop the bad guys from being mean. JASON: Who are the bad guys? GAVlN: Um... JASON: Do you know where they -- GAVlN: "Star Wars" people. -JASON: "Star Wars" people? -GAVlN: Yeah. -JASON: Those are the bad guys? -GAVlN: Yeah. JASON: Can I tell you the bad guy's name? GAVlN: Yeah. JASON: This is the -- This is the guy, Joseph Kony. GAVlN: He's the bad guy? JASON: Yeah. -Who's this? -GAVlN:Jacob. JASON: Joseph Kony -- He has an army, okay? And what he does is he takes children from their parents and he gives them a gun to shoot and he makes them shoot and kill other people. GAVlN: But they're not gonna do what he says because they're nice guys, right? JASON: Yeah, they don't want to do what he says, but he forces them to do bad things. What do you think about that? -GAVlN: It's sad. -JASON: Mm. I couldn't explain to Gavin the details of what Joseph Kony really does. Because the truth is, Kony abducts kids just like Gavin. For 26 years, Kony has been kidnapping children into his rebel group, the LRA... ...turning the girls into sex slaves... ...and the boys into child soldiers. He makes them mutilate people's faces. And he forces them to kill their own parents. And this is not just a few children. It's been over 30,000 of them. And Jacob was one of those children. As if Kony's crimes aren't bad enough, he is not fighting for any cause, but only to maintain his power. He is not supported by anyone, and he has repeatedly used peace talks to rearm and murder again and again. This is the head prosecutor for the International Criminal Court. In 2002, when the court was started, their job was to find and demand the arrest of the world's worst criminals. Although there are a lot of warlords, murderers, and dictators in the world, the perversity of Kony's crimes made him first on the court's list. What do you think we should do about him? GAVlN: We should stop him. JASON: We should stop who? GAVlN: Him. JASON: It's obvious that Kony should be stopped. The problem is, 99% of the planet doesn't know who he is. If they knew, Kony would have been stopped long ago. When my friends and I came home from Uganda, we thought that if the government knew, they would do something to stop him. But everyone in Washington we talked to said there is no way the United States will ever get involved in a conflict where our national security or financial interests aren't at stake. PRENDERGAST: No administration -- Republican, Democrat, Obama, Bush, Clinton, doesn't matter -- would do enough because it's simply not an important-enough issue on the radar screen of American foreign policy. JASON: Since the government said it was impossible, we didn't know what else to do but tell everyone we could about Jacob and the invisible children. Show this movie to as many people as possible in such a way that we can't be ignored. And when we did, people were shocked, and their awareness turned into action. We started something -- a community. WOMAN: I have friends that have been living in this conflict their entire life. Fight for that because that is what is gonna change this world, and that is what defines us. JASON: We got creative, and we got loud. ALL: It's not over! It's not over! It's not over! JASON: And as the LRA began to move into other countries, Jacob and other Ugandans came to the U.S. to speak on behalf of all people suffering because of Kony. Even though Uganda was relatively safe, they felt compelled to tell the world that Kony was still out there and had to be stopped. We built a community around the idea that where you live shouldn't determine whether you live. We were committed to stop Kony and rebuild what he had destroyed. And because we couldn't wait for institutions or governments to step in, we did it ourselves with our time, talent, and money. So we rebuilt schools. We created jobs. And we built an early warning radio network on the front line of the war to protect villages from rebel attacks. MAN: To update real time what's happening on a war zone 8,000 miles away. JASON: All of this was funded by an army of young people who put their money toward their belief in the value of all human life. They gave a few dollars a month of what little they had to a program called TRI and proved that a bunch of littles could make a big difference. And as a result, the unseen became visible. ♪ Stars hide your fires ♪ ♪ These here are my desires ♪ ♪ And I won't give them up to you this time around ♪ ♪ And so ♪ ♪ But you... ♪ ♪ ...rightfully mine ♪ JASON: So, with hundreds of thousands of people with us, we went back to Washington, D.C., and we met with congressmen and senators one by one on both sides -- Republicans, Democrats -- and they all agreed with us. Joseph Kony's crimes had to be stopped. INHOFE: With all the problems that are out there, none is more severe than one that -- that mutilates and takes the lives of little kids. DAVlS: These young members of the Invisible Children Organization know that no child should live in fear of being abducted or killed. McGOVERN: So they were determined to become their voice. They realized that these African children and families were invisible to Washington policymakers. So they decided to make them visible. JASON: And what I was told would never happen suddenly became possible. "In furtherance of the Congress's stated policy, "I have authorized a small number of U.S. forces "to deploy to Central Africa "to provide assistance to regional forces "that are working toward the removal "of Joseph Kony from the battlefield. Sincerely, Barack Obama." [ Cheers and applause ] RlCE: Through advice and assistance -- not putting Americans into combat -- to help the countries of the region end this threat once and for all. And that was a worthwhile investment. [ Cheers and applause ] [ Ululating ] JASON: After eight years of work, the government finally heard us. And in October of 2011, a hundred American advisers were sent into Central Africa to assist the Ugandan army in arresting Kony and stopping the LRA. It was the first time in history that the United States took that kind of action because the people demanded it. Not for self-defense, but because it was right. We've come so far. But Kony is still out there. He's recently changed his tactics, making it even more difficult to capture him. And international support could be removed at any time. It's hard to look back on some parts of human history. Because when we heard about injustice, we cared, but we didn't know what to do. Too often we did nothing. But if we're going to change that, we have to start somewhere, so we're starting here with Joseph Kony because now we know what to do. Here it is. Ready? In order for Kony to be arrested this year, the Ugandan military has to find him. In order to find him, they need the technology and training to track him in the vast jungle. That's where the American advisers come in. But in order for the American advisers to be there, the U.S. government has to deploy them. They've done that, but if the government doesn't believe that people care about arresting Kony, the mission will be canceled. In order for the people to care, they have to know. And they will only know if Kony's name is everywhere. This is the dream. Kony arrested for all the world to see, and the abducted children returned home. -Here's the biggest problem. -GAVlN: Yeah. JASON: Do you want to know what it is? -GAVlN: Yeah. -JASON: Nobody knows who he is. GAVlN: Nobody knows, but -- but I know who he is because I see him on this picture right now. JASON: He's not famous. He's invisible. Joseph Kony's invisible. Here is how we're going to make him visible. We are going to make Joseph Kony a household name not to celebrate him, but to bring his crimes to the light. And we are starting this year, 2012. We are targeting 20 culture makers and 12 policymakers to use their power for good. Let's start with the 20 culture makers. Celebrities, athletes, and billionaires have a loud voice, and what they talk about spreads instantly. If our goal is to get Kony's name known, the known should join us. We are targeting 20 of the most diverse and influential culture makers to speak out about Kony and make him famous. -MAN: Oprah. -WOMAN: Mark Zuckerberg. -MAN #2: Ryan Seacrest. -WOMAN #2: Bono. JASON: Then we're going after policymakers -- the ones that have the authority to see Kony captured. They decide if the advisers stay or leave. So we need to remind them that in this election year of fighting and name-calling, no matter what side you're on, this is something we can all agree on. FElNGOLD: If a senator or congressman notices 25 phone calls on any issue on any given day, it is noted. PRENDERGAST: When citizens by the hundreds of thousands start demanding that our government do something, suddenly it becomes in the national interest of the United States government to respond to this problem. JASON: We've identified the 12 policymakers that could change the game regarding Kony, so we're targeting them. On our Website, we've made it easy to write them directly, call them, meet with them, and get their attention. If my son were kidnapped and forced to kill, it would be all over the news. So we are making Kony world news by redefining the propaganda we see all day, every day that dictates who and what we pay attention to. FAlREY: A lot of people feel powerless to communicate their ideas. They think that, "Okay, you know, I'm not a corporation. "I don't own my own magazine or news station. I just don't have any say." But seeing what I've done, I think it's empowered a lot of people to realize that one individual can make an impact. And I actually want to demystify and say, "Here are these really simple tools. Go out and rock it." JASON: And that's just what we intend to do. ♪ I can't stop ♪ JASON: Our goal is to change the conversation of our culture and get people to ask, "Who is Joseph Kony?" We have printed hundreds of thousands of posters, stickers, yard signs, and fliers that are right now, today, being put up in major cities all over the world. We have thousands of "Kony 2012" bracelets that we want everyone to wear this year only. Each bracelet has a unique I.D. number. Input that number and you enter the mission to make Kony famous. You can geotag your posters and track your impact in real time. Everything you need is in a box called the Action Kit. It has two bracelets -- one for you and one to give away. And if you want to help fund our lifesaving programs, donate a few dollars a month through TRI and you can have the Action Kit for free. Start making Kony famous today, but all of these efforts will culminate on one day -- April 20th -- when we cover the night. This is the day when we will meet at sundown and blanket every street in every city till the sun comes up. We will be smart, and we will be thorough. The rest of the world will go to bed Friday night and wake up to hundreds of thousands of posters demanding justice on every corner. ♪ I can't stop ♪ ♪ I can't stop ♪ ♪ I can't stop ♪ JASON: It's always been that the decisions made by the few with the money and the power dictated the priorities of their government and the stories in the media. They determine the lives and the opportunities of their citizens. But now there is something bigger than that. The people of the world see each other and can protect each other. It's turning the system upside down, and it changes everything. We have reached a crucial time in history where what we do or don't do right now will affect every generation to come. Arresting Joseph Kony will prove that the world we live in has new rules, that the technology that has brought our planet together is allowing us to respond to the problems of our friends. We are not just studying human history. We are shaping it. At the end of my life, I want to say that the world we've left behind is one that Gavin can be proud of, a place that doesn't allow Joseph Konys and child soldiers, a place where children, no matter where they live, have a childhood free from fear. GAVlN: I'm gonna be like you, Dad. JASON: When you grow up? -GAVlN: Yeah. -JASON: Are you sure? GAVlN: I'm gonna come with you to Africa. JASON: The better world we want is coming. It's just waiting for us to stop at nothing. -- Captions by VlTAC -- www.vitac.com Are you asleep, love? Are you asleep?... love? ARE YOU ASLEEP!? Ohh i think someone is looking for her bedtime story, is she? How about your favourite? Sleeping Beauty. Now where is it, let me see... Once upon a time, in a kingdom, far away., a princess was born... [baby crying] And she was very beautiful, so they called her Beauty. Beauty, was indeed very beautiful. Just like yourself, love. BUT! She was soon to learn that when IT COMES TO THE HARSHER LESSONS OF THlS LlFE, beauty is not going to get you very far [whispers] very far, very far, very far... Anyway... soon it was the day of her christening and everybody in the kingdom had gathered for this joyful occasion including the lovely, pretty fairies of the forest who were soon to be Beauty's glamorous godmothers. Oh yes... Everyone was invited to this christening. Everyone... that is except maybe the one person who might have done with the day out. Do you know who that was, do ya? I'll tell you... It was the elderly fairy. And do you know why nobody had thought to invite the elderly fairy along? Well I'll tell you... It's because she was old, and decrepit and not one bit useful in the eyes of other younger, more exciting fairies, who all still had their muscle tone! "OHH, let's not invite the stinking old fairy," they probably said "She smells of dirty bed sheets" "and all she ever talks about is her bad knee." "Sure, she's so old she'll probably fall asleep after 10 minutes anyway." "Why should we care about someone who spent her life working on behalf the entire community?" So, err...the elderly fairy felt a little bit...rejected...and left out, as well she might. So she decided she'd show that shower a thing or two about how it feels to be old and constantly sleepy. First of all, she surprised them by appearing in the middle of their la-di-da christening party in a HUGE CLOUD OF TOXlC GREEN SMOKE. MUHAAHAHAHAHAHHAHA Oh of course, they had their excuses as to why they hadn't bothered inviting her "Oh! I thought you wouldn't want to be out and about with your knee giving you so much trouble," said the queen. I thought you died months ago, said one of the stupid young fairies. Now... Do you think the elderly fairy, being older and wiser was able to... forgive them? DON'T BE RlDICULOUS, OF COURSE SHE WASN'T! SHE LOOMED OVER THE CRADLE IN A MENAClNG MANNER AND LAUGHED FOR A VERY LONG TlME. MUAHAH chokes cough It was for longer than that! Oh look at you, aren't you great with your smooth complexions and your social calendars dancing around on your working legs! You make me SlCK! And you look at me and you find me so old and repulsive. Well, I've learned a thing or two in my time! TRY THlS ON FOR SlZE! And with that, she put a terrible curse on the party that each and every one of them would die in the instant they ever fell asleep! MUAHAHAHAHAHAHAHA Alright, so love... that's me for tonight. You sleep well... and I'll see you in the morning... with the help of God. ♪ go to sleep, go to sleep...go to sleeeeeeeeeppp... If they ever fell asleep, they would dieee, they would die, they would die, die, die, diee, die, dieee oh good enough for them♪ This is Susanna Moyer from the Ingress Report With the report from the New York City on Friday August 23 2013 It is the eve of the final stage of Operation Cassandra Up to 2 weeks of clashes in 10 cities ranging from Sidney to Milan to Manilla ??? determine the outcome of a plan initiated by Roland Jarvis and the Enlightened which has come to be called Operation Cassandra The energy among New York agents is intense Many have already congregated and have begun preparations for the final confrontation We will be covering the events ??? final 3 cities as they unforld Cologne, Germany, Chicago and here in New York City We hope to be in touch with PA??? and in Chicago and both Devra Bognonowith and Hank Johnson in New York Unlike many of you, I am deeply concerned by the video released by dr. Oliver Inter??? follwing the Cassandra event in Washington DC Jarvis and the Enlightened seem in a strong position to succeed with their plan unless the Resistance makes one final stand Time will tell For the Ingress Report, I am Susanna Moyer ?is comming to ??? yeah It's important that we talk about infection control, in particular how it effects the healthcare professional. To avoid the spread of bloodborne pathogens and infectious diseases, healthcare professionals have an ethical and professional responsibility to adhere to scientifically accepted or evidence based practices and principles of infection control, and to monitor the performance of those for whom the professional is responsible. Multiple organizations publish best practices for infection control. Some states, such as New York, include a legal responsibility to adhere to infection control practices. Nosocomial infections are those that originate, or occur, in a hospital or hospital like setting. In American hospitals alone, healthcare associated infections account for an estimated 1.7 million infections, and 99 thousand associated deaths each year. Some of the common nosocomial infections are urinary tract infections, respiratory pneumonia, surgical site wound infections, bacteremia, gastrointestinal, and skin infections. Now according to the CDC, Centers for Disease Control, the most common pathogens that cause nosocomial infections are: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and E. coli. MRSA, the Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, is a strain of staph that's resistant to the broad spectrum antibiotics commonly used to treat it. MRSA can be fatal. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the pathogens that are highly resistant to antibiotics, and because antibiotics are usually non-effective, it can lead to more serious infections, like septicemia, urinary tract infections, pneumonia, chronic lung infections, endocarditis, dermatitis, and osteochondritis. E. coli, typically causes severe stomach cramps, diarrhea (often bloody), and vomiting. Some E. coli strains can be life threatening. Exposure prevention is the primary strategy for reducing occupational exposure. Kiersten Beigel: Good afternoon, everybody. This is Kiersten Beigel. I'm with the Office of Head Start, and I would love to welcome you this afternoon (or midday or morning, as the case may be for some of you). I'm going to be your moderator for this webinar, "Father Engagement is Everybody's Business", and I am absolutely thrilled to be able to do that. We have a lot going on this week at the Office of Head Start, as you know since you registered for this webinar. This is part of a series of resources/events that are happening the week before Father's Day, and we're really excited to be able to offer the field some new resources to support the work that we do in partnering with fathers in our programs -- Head Start and Early Head Start programs. So, before we get going I'm going to -- let's do a little tech talk here. I wanted to remind you you can use your computer speakers to hear the webinar. If you can't hear the presenters you can, of course, always attempt to turn on your computer speakers. And if you're having problems with your speakers, or they're not working, you can -- we've got a phone number here in the public chat that Natalie, who's our webinar coordinator, put up for everybody. So, you can see that in the public chat. It's a number with a dial in that you can call in if you're having trouble. I also wanted to direct you to Sam. Sam has his own tab next to the public-private tab. There's a Sam tab. And if you are having any trouble, any kind of technical issues, you can do some private chatting with Sam and he'll help you out. So, that's our tech talk. I wanted to tell you that we have a pretty interactive session for you today. We're really excited. We have a pretty laid back group of folks, who are very passionate about their work with fathers, to say the least. And I think they're going to keep it pretty conversational so this -- we may be doing a little webinar free styling here, a little different than the usual style of webinar. And they're also excited to get to know a little bit about you. We'll be doing some polling questions, asking you to weigh in, and they'll guide you when it's time to do that. So, now I would like to give you a chance to hear from them. They're going to introduce themselves, and we'll start with David who is in the upper left hand corner here. And if you guys could just tell us who you are and a little bit about your connection with this work. David Jones: Okay, thank you Kiersten. Welcome everyone. I'm so excited that you're all participating with us on this webinar. My name is David Jones. I am the Fatherhood Specialist here in the Office of Head Start. I co-lead all of our fatherhood efforts with Kiersten Beigel. And I have about 15 to 20 years of experience providing services directly, indirectly for fathers, individual work, group work, you name it, within the context of Early Head Start, Head Start, and also as a consultant to other programs. So welcome. John Hornstein: Okay, I'm John Hornstein. I'm on the upper right hand side, the one with the glasses up there. I'm delighted to be working with David and Ed and Kiersten on this. I work at the National Center for Parent, Family, and Community Engagement and have been doing fatherhood work for over 30 years. And kind of backed into it when -- at a time when -- I remember very distinctly the first time I said to myself, "I've got to do more about this," was at a conference when the keynote speaker was asked, well, what do you do with fathers then? And the speaker said, "well, nothing because they don't show up." So, that got me not laid back, as Kiersten said, but quite passionate. So, I'll move onto Ed. [Foreign Language] Edwin Cheromiah: This is -- my name is Edwin Cheromiah, and I just greeted you in our Pueblo Laguna language, the Keres language. I was just wishing everybody a good afternoon. Also again, I've been with the Pueblo Laguna Fatherhood Program through the Laguna Head Start for the past eight years. Way back in 2004, these men -- a few men got together and wanted to have fathers more engaged. So it went through PFS first of all, but then finally came into Head Start. That's where I've been, that's where I was hired for this position. And I continue to offer services for dads, you know, resources to different programs that we have here in Laguna, and also offering them just the support that sometimes fathers need to move forward. And it's a pleasure to be with you today. Kiersten: So how we're really -- you might have heard some of our muted voices. We were really excited to see folks rolling in, and we have well over 1,000 people register for this, which is very telling about how interested people are in father engagement. So, today what we're going to do is about an hour and a half. And I'm going to monitoring chat. So, as questions come up along the way, we might stop and take some of those, or I might make some decisions about holding those towards the end. But, what we're going to do is reflect kind of on where we are now and where we hope to go in building supportive partnerships with fathers, think a little bit about sort of the movement -- of the fatherhood movement and how things have evolved in Head Start with regards to father engagement. And we want to renew our enthusiasm and commitment to this work. We want to identify some ways to build father engagement that is systemic, integrated and comprehensive, and we'll talk more about what that means. And we hope to share some new resources for you. Some of the resources that are coming out this week that you may use to improve your program practice with fathers. So, without further ado, I turn it over to David. David: Hi, so we're going to begin with our first polling question, which is a two part question. We want to get a feel for, you know, the participants on the call today, so we'd like to ask that everyone participate. So, Natalie can you please go ahead and launch the poll? [ Background Noise ] David: And the first question is, what is your role within the Head Start program? So, we'd like for everyone to sort of take a moment and click on the choice that best fits the role that you have in the program within where you work. If - obviously, if you're not within a Head Start program you can choose one of the other options. We'll give you a few seconds to do that. [ Background Noise ] David: And Natalie, I'm not sure in terms of time, but give them a couple more seconds and then we can take a look at the results. [ Background Noise ] David: Okay, can we see results from the first question? Wow, so it looks like about 26 percent of you are family and community partnership staff, 11 percent are parent involvement staff, and then just sort of mix of sort of directors, sort of leadership in the program. We actually have some focused male involvement staff, health staff. So, this is great and this sort of connects with the title of this webinar, which is, you know, "Father Engagement is Everybody's Business" so this is really nice to see. So, can we move now to the next polling question? [ Background Noise ] David: Okay, it's going to come up in a second. [ Background Noise ] David: So, what is your gender? [ Background Noise ] David: Take a few moments, make your selection. [ Background Noise ] David: And the one thing I want to say about the previous polling question is, again, irrespective of your role within the program, you know, everyone can make a meaningful contribution to working with, supporting and engaging fathers. John: Uh huh. David: That's one of the things that we really want to underscore with today's webinar. Okay, can we see the results please, Natalie? [ Background Noise ] David: It takes a couple of seconds. >> David: Ah. >> John: Wow. >> John: You know that leaves a certain percentage unaccounted for. >> David: Yeah. >> John: But still, the proportion is pretty interesting isn't it? >> David: It is. It is and I mean this is really important for us because again we want to make sure that we're being thoughtful in terms of how we respond, how we present and what we're saying. We have a sense that you know our programs are predominantly populated by female staff, but we just want to make sure that we're being thoughtful and sensitive to the entire audience. So, thank you so much for your participation. Natalie, you can go ahead and close that poll. [ Background Noise ] John: What it also says David is the majority of conversations with fathers are between female staff and fathers. David: That's right. John: Yeah. David: That's right. And so, it speaks to and underscores the importance of, sort of, what happens when those opportunities present themselves in terms of what we do with them. So, we're waiting for the next slide. And while we're waiting, basically what we're going to do moving forward is just going to be really reflecting on fatherhood and Head Start and Early Head Start and sort of talking a little bit about the historical evolution of the fatherhood movement within Head Start. [ Background Noise ] David: Seems -- we may be having a little technical difficulty. John: I've -- David: Do you see the slide? John: Yeah, but I clicked on the tab at the top that'll put me back to father engagement. I did -- David: Okay. So, I just did the same thing. So, I mean there's a lot that we can cover to address, you know, why fatherhood evolved in the way that it has. You know, we can sort of ask ourselves some questions about the role the women played. And let me say that women have been exceptional in their understanding and support of the movement to support father engagement. And I think were it not for their initial insight and their fortitude and support, I'm not certain we would have evolved to where we have today. John: Yeah. David: You know, they had to allow men in. John: Right. David: And then what about the men? John: Yeah. David: I think they had to dare to be different and step out of their comfort zone, but what is important is involving fathers. Initially, we got to a place where in the awareness stage what that meant was that we were not only asking more from fathers, but we were also asking more from programs and from staff. So, that means everybody had to be a little bit different in terms of the way that they were working and what they did. In the second stage, the acknowledging stage, you know, programs -- we began to believe that programs needed sort of an adjunct or separate services for fathers in order for them to be effective, in order for them to meaningful. And I think at the time, John and Ed if you agree, that was appropriate. John: Sure. David: Until we began to see what happened when the father involvement staff left the organization. You know sometimes the -- all the great effort, the great work that had gone into producing this program sort of went out the door with that individual. So, we've evolved now in our thinking to not only expect that staff build relationships with fathers and that fathers engage. We are suggesting that fully integrating services for fathers as a component of overall services is not only appropriate, but it can contribute to sustainable service provision when we make fatherhood everybody's business. John: Uh huh. David: And it's important to note that initially you know some fathers were hesitant, almost reluctant, for very valid reasons. You know there were some cultural reasons for their distance from educational programs as well as some of the systemic stuff that we're all aware of. But, in some cases we have fathers who have received incredible support and guidance from their own fathers, and they drew from that experience, and it was easy to really work with them and talk to them about what was important for them as fathers. And then we had the other end of the spectrum with fathers that did not have that experience that were committed to doing something different for their children than what they received. John, would you like to say -- John: Yeah. David: Anything about the connections and opportunities for connections at the different developmental stages? John: Yeah sure. I mean I think this is a great kind of reflection on the history. And I -- the other day I was wondering, you know, what did fathers themselves have to do with this change? And I think fathers themselves are expecting more of programs because society as a whole has changed. But, I think, one of the things about expectations is that it may feel really different at different ages, what -- the kind of connection you can make with a father when he brings an infant to a program, or when you do a home visit, is quite different than that father whose thinking of their four year old as a ball player. So, I think there is a lot of complexity to this process. But I also think that this idea that somehow everybody -- that full engagement means really thinking about every aspect of the program as being something that fathers are involved with and that it's not a distinct and separate thing. I think that's an important thing. At the same time there may be some things that are distinctly for fathers, and those shouldn't end necessarily. David: That's a really good point. >> Yeah. David: So, as we consider what we mean or, sort of, what we're thinking about when we talk about moving from involvement to engagement, as you can see from this slide. You know a lot of times, in my experience sort of being in a program, sort of leading the evolution of a program that became more father friendly, consulting with other programs that were beginning or attempting to start fatherhood initiatives. Programs tend to gravitate to do what comes easy or what satisfies program's goals of actually having a fathers' event. And that's not to say that these events are not meaningful and they don't provide opportunities for connectedness, but tying the event to a process that facilitates ongoing opportunities for connectedness and relationship building is the key with the goal in mind of learning about how you know fathers think and feel about their role as parents and what's important to them in relationship to their child's development. You know, we are at a place where we want staff to extend themselves and seek opportunities to connect. There's so many routines and complimentary supports within Head Start that provide opportunities to connect with fathers that can result in systemic, integrated and comprehensive services, as shown on this slide. You know, we encourage you to dig into the resources that's being released this week and begin assessing your programs' current services, the intersections and or opportunities for connections with fathers, you know, at times of pickup and drop off. You know, if families transition and then I know there's this process where a lot of families transition into Head Start or Early Head Start initially in home-based and they move into a center-based option if that available. There's a significant change in the amount of time that you have to communicate with families when they're in home-based juxtaposed to center-based during pickup and drop off. So, staff have to be really crafty about seizing the moments and taking advantage of those opportunities to communicate with families. John: Can you go back? David: Sure. John: Is it possible to go back? David: Of course. John: Because I want to put an X right there, alright. David: Okay. John: And there's some interesting research on mothers and fathers when they drop off kids at childcare. And one of things they've found is that after a problem, I'm sure many of you have seen situations where the child kind of has a hard time transitioning in and cries and both the parent and the child have difficulty. So, in this research they called up both mothers and fathers like 10 minutes or so after they dropped the child off and what they found was that when it was a problematic one, when it was a separation issue, both mothers and fathers were still upset. They were still really concerned. The difference was, was that the mothers typically had somebody to talk to about it and the fathers didn't. So, you know, what David said about these particular times to make a connection, that time when the, with the difficult drop off, that may be a great time to build a connection with a father. Now, you can move the slide. David: Make a point. John: I just wanted to use the X. David: This is yours, John. John: Okay, yeah. So, and this kind of gets to what I was talking about, is these barriers to involvement and engagement are different. So, involvement is, like, what's getting in the way as far as just a physical thing, you know? Is it transportation? Is it ability to make it to the program? It's all kinds of these almost physical kind of barriers, whereas the barriers to true engagement, to a true partnership with fathers is really more internal. It's more, what am I bringing to these relationships? What do I believe that the father believes about the program or about child rearing? So, it's more this internal stuff that's in the way of fully engaging with fathers. And so, when we get to professional development, that's what we're going to want to think about. So, you know, what is in the way of a father walking across the threshold into a program or actually participating in a meeting when there's an issue? So, I think that we're moving to thinking in a deeper way about how we form these partnerships. So, yeah, so now we can move to the research. David: Well John, before we move to the research slide -- John: Yeah, yeah. David: I would just like to add a little conversation about this last bullet. John: Okay. Oh, you're using the star. I see. David: Getting fancy here. You know this is where a lot of the work really happens with staff as it relates to professional development when we start to think about the barriers. John: Yeah. David: I think it's important for us to really acknowledge and accept the fact that it is difficult and that it may take time and effort. You know in the fatherhood resource that we're releasing today on the ECLKC on page 22 there's really nice quotes from a staff member that speaks to her beliefs about the father's role and who she felt she should be talking to about child development. And how with good staff training, peer support and supervision she was able to change her belief system and begin to look at other personal and professional biases that were affecting her work with fathers. John: Yeah, yeah. That's -- David: I think that's just a really important point to make that we know that this work there's some complex issues. And moving from one place to the next will take some time, energy and effort. John: Yeah. And David, so much of that stuff thus sets the beliefs about what my role as a parent or my role in communicating to a parent about which issues is pretty deep stuff. We're not necessarily conscious of it. We just do it. David: Right. John: It's something that's culturally formed in us. And so, I think some of it is just acknowledging that and bringing it to the surface. So, yeah it's a really good point. David: And the trust that has to be involved in terms of the relationship with your supervisor to get to a place where you're actually beginning to wrestle with some of those issues. John: Exactly, yeah. David: Okay. John: Okay, so the research says a lot and to try to put the research on fatherhood on one slide is very difficult. And before I get into this, I'd like to say that this might feel a little offensive to some people, and that's okay. But, part of it is that this doesn't say anything about women really. And when I say well, fathers make important contributions to children's development. Well that doesn't mean that mothers don't make the same contributions, or that mothers in some cases make the same contributions that fathers do, or some fathers that mothers do. So, I think this you know it's not as like you know one -- two sided as it may seem. So, I just want to you know make that disclaimer first because I think this can start feeling like oh, dads do this and mothers do this when, in fact, it gets mixed up a lot more than we might think. The first bullet is men are fully capable of nurturing young children. We know that. We know that throughout history. Men have nurtured young children. In some societies men play a larger role in the nurturance. In many societies that's changing, but men's brains respond to a babies cry the same way women's brains do. The same parts of the brain get activated when they hear a cry. Society has helped them figure out what to do when they hear that cry, but the neurological phenomenon is the same. Men naturally raise their voices to a higher pitch when they're talking to infants. Of course, if you ask them whether they are they might say "no, I'm not doing that". But, then they go "ooh yeah, [inaudible]". So, you know there are things that men are very capable of nurturing young children. Another point on this one is that men tend to look more nurturant with young children when there aren't women there. That when there's not, and I would attribute it to well, you know, there's some role definition going on here and I'm going to you know play this role. But, we find in general that when there aren't women near, men show more nurturance. The second bullet, and this could go on and on and on, and some of this material is in the guide that David referred to, fathers make important varied contributions to children's development, regulation and self-control. There -- the way they play with young children causes children to actually control their impulses a little more or know what the limits of that are. We -- you know there's this discussion of fathers tend to play more roughly with their children, and sometimes mothers get a little nervous about that, or even Head Start staff get a little nervous about that. And certainly we don't want that to go too far and -- but at the same time a certain amount of that is -- helps the child gain self-regulation. Language development, well men tend to make children work harder when they say something. And the classic example is when the toddler goes to the refrigerator and goes "ju", like that, the mother opens up the refrigerator, gets a cup and pours juice whereas the father goes "what?" And then the child goes "juice". And the father goes "oh, you want some juice". And so, like I said that's in general. Some mothers are going to be more like fathers that way, some fathers more like mothers, but in general kids in the toddler period anyway have to work harder with their language. Same is true for cognitive and emotional development. Fathers have a distinct impact on that. That active play with fathers, nurturant play, actually supports cognitive and emotional development and there's pretty strong research evidence to support that. It, the -- in fact, the relationship between, this is a different piece of research, but the relationship between a father and a child is not necessarily measured by whether the child goes to the father for security. Certainly in good relationships that happens. But, a better measure, better predictor of the relationship between a father and a child is how they play together. So, that's something that we want to encourage. And then the final bullet is well, it's good for a lot of other things too. When fathers are involved, when other men are involved in the lives of mother's children, then mothers can be better mothers. They can mother more effectively and some of that is economic, of course. Some of it is, as with any of us when we've got the support of another person, we can do our jobs better. Fathers themselves report that when they're involved with their children, when they're engaged with their children, they feel better about themselves. And that's almost self-explanatory and then society as a whole, people that are engaged in fathering and men who are engaged in fathering engage in less crime. They're more productive members of society and there's a number of outcomes. So, that's a lot of the research in a nutshell and I don't think that most people on this call need to be convinced of this in any way. But, it's nice to have some of these ideas so that we can kind of deepen our understanding of what the effect of fathers is and what the effect of being involved in children's lives and their programs is on fathers. [ Background Noise ] John: Oh. Yeah go ahead David, yeah. David: So, with this particular slide what we kind of wanted to do was to have our participants that have engaged in a little bit of interactive exercise. Sort of, if you can, if you're willing, take a look at this picture and then just type into the chat sort of what you see in this picture. We just kind of want to get a feel for sort of is there anything that strikes you as you're looking at this father and this child? So, if you could take a moment to type into it. I think we're going to use the public chat. So, type into the chat your sort of reactions when you see this picture. So, we'll take a few minutes to have you do that. [ Background Noise ] David: John, is there anything else you wanted to say while they're -- while we're waiting for someone maybe to type a -- John: Well, the picture is so compelling. I hate to distract people. But, I would -- if anything I've said about the research was -- struck you as gee I don't really -- I'd like to hear more about that, I would direct people to the guide because there's a section of the guide that kind of summarizes the research on fathers, in particular the contribution they make to children's development. David: Okay, well it doesn't look like we have any brave souls. Oh, whoa here we go. John: Okay. David: There is -- thank you so much Lada, a dear friend of mine, former colleague. Well, hopefully she still considers herself a colleague. John: She's -- she felt sorry felt for you and had to write something. David: I know, right. She sees a picture of the loving father with his child. John: Uh huh. David: Very interesting. Now, is there anyone else out there that sees something similar or something different that would be willing to share it with the group? We need one brave soul. Sam Gourlay: Actually this is Sam Gourlay [assumed spelling]. Unfortunately, we're having a little bit of an issue with public chat right now. So, there are a lot of people that are airing wonderful comments, but they're unable to get them into the public chat area. I apologize for this. John: Okay. David: Can you see them, Sam? Can you see them? Sam: Yeah. I'm going to try to relate them through the private chat. Thanking everyone for directing them to me. I'll try to push them in. David: Awesome, thank you. John: Great, great. Well maybe we can come back to that and move on with the slides. You want to do that David or? David: Yeah, that works. John: Yeah. David: So, in this slide it's going to be an opportunity for Ed, John and myself to kind of weigh in a little bit. John: Yeah. David: I particularly like this slide because it is illustrative of our expanding definition of the father's role. We've completely moved away from men thinking of themselves as solely financial providers. Each of these roles have specific meanings to fathers given their past experiences, where they are in their current lives, where they are going and of course their maturity level. And I'll just start with one of them and give John and Ed an opportunity to chime in. Advocating, you know, to me, advocating is what should you learn that you're an advocate for your child. It's one of those now and forever roles, so John. John: Yeah, you know it's funny, David, when you picked on the advocate role because you immediately brought me back to when my daughter was born and she was in the neonatal intensive care unit. And my job as a father at that time was to advocate for the wellbeing of my child. You know it was to deal with this healthcare system that I didn't understand and was really angry at. And so, you know there's that, there was the nurturer part of that, the protector part of that, but there was also, like I had to advocate for my child. I had to know something, and so I appreciate you starting with that one. The one that I pick up on is this friend-playmate because that's a very complex one. You know we tell fathers "well, if you want to be the disciplinarian you can't be your child's friend. You got to be the father. You got to be the discipline, the person that provides discipline." At the same time, you know, there's a slash playmate and we know that in the relationships between fathers and their children is often a very playful relationship in that the child, as early childhood people we know, the child learns through the process of play. So, I think that that one is, that one's got a lot of complexity to it, but it's one that we know kind of fathers connect with. So, that's my two cents on that one. David: Awesome, Ed. Edwin: Yeah I'm here. I would -- we had just talked about this earlier, and I was just talking to one of the fathers here that, or actually a grandfather, about some of these things. And we -- you know, a lot of it has to deal with for us, from a native side, is our core values. You know, again, you know, building strength on the -- where we incorporate culture, ceremony, traditions and healing and of course humor is a big part of you know native men and of course all men in general. And that -- we are hoping that was going -- some of the teaching that we do through spiritual guidance is that it help us, you know, increase and strengthen family preservation. And that's what we're all kind of looking for is offering that family preservation and for our children to continue to offer those teachings as they become parents later on, role modeling some of those things especially. Again, you know a lot of it is creating a safe place for men you know to come and talk about these types of things. And a lot of it sometimes doesn't always take place in a [Inaudible] setting, but a lot of it also takes part at our fatherhood program here at Laguna. Again, it's again all about strengthening, you know, family relationships, family involvement and just being a responsible father that again goes back to the preservation. David: Okay. Edwin: You know those are just some of the things that we had talked about earlier, so -- John: Yeah. The other day, Ed, you also said something about how in Laguna that the -- that men transmit certain things culturally to the kids as the educator in a sense. Edwin: Right, right and that's -- a lot of the cultural teachings come in from the [inaudible] side. It also includes planting because the planting doesn't only include just planting of a seed in the ground, but it also -- there's a cultural teaching behind that where you're planting other knowledge into a child and you know planting those important roles that they will be facing as they become adults. So, those are some of the things that growing and nurturing of those particular things. John: Wow, right. David: You know, and John I was thinking a little bit too about what you said you know with your daughter. And I think one of the things that we don't always acknowledge or allow ourselves to sort of appreciate in men is they are afraid, that they're scared. They're scared of embracing the fatherhood role. John: Yeah. David: Embracing sort of the expanding definition of their role, and also afraid of negotiating systems. I can't even imagine what it must be, feel like to have a daughter in a neonatal intensive care unit and have to negotiate you know all these professionals. And we, you know, as humans we tend to rely on professionals to make important decisions that impact our lives for us because we trust that they have a particular expertise. So, I think that as we continue to expand our understanding of how we need to be thinking about working with fathers it's okay, it's important for us to realize rather that they do become afraid. They are challenged by fulfilling all the multiple roles that we're asking them to fulfill and that these fears are very real for them, and they have to acknowledged and supported. John: Yeah that's great David. I mean you're right on. And I think that of course when you're talking about fear in men and society you know we don't like to show it. David: Right. John: Right, we don't necessarily like to show our fears, but probably if you ask most men who happen to be fathers too what their greatest fear is they're not going to say their own safety. They're going to say fear for their child. David: Right. John: Which is probably very in common with women. But, its -- and, but do men actually reveal their fears in the same way? Do they talk about them? And I think that's real [Inaudible] when you -- when a father actually will say, you know, that I'm afraid that my child isn't going to succeed in school, or my child isn't going to be accepted by peers, or whatever the issue is, then you're dealing with a passion that makes him a father. Then you're nurturing the nurturer when you can listen to that and support that man. But, if you're at the place where a father is sharing some of those fears with you in a way that's comfortable then I think you've made real progress in your relationship with that father, for sure. David: That is a really important point. Alright, so I think we had a few comments. We're going to move back really quickly -- John: Okay. David: To the previous slide. And I just want to share what's interesting -- Lada sort of kicked this off and she's obviously female. But, then we had three men comment and the comments were: wanting to stay connected; a father wanting to stay connected to his child; the importance of the skin to skin contact between father and child; and a man showing gentle love and care. John: Yeah. David: All very positive, which is great. John: Yeah. David: So, I think we've done a good job of sort of getting people excited and getting them to celebrate what we're doing and having them feel really positively about fatherhood. When Kiersten and I recently showed this slide and sort of used it as part of our presentation in the Leadership Institute there was some different perceptions that came from a predominately female audience, which was really interesting. For the most part participants were supportive and they were able to actually look at the strength in the picture. But, then some of the participants seemed like the father looked like he was uncomfortable. He didn't really know what he was doing. The baby's face looks like it's a little crunched up in between his shoulder. The baby looked uncomfortable. I mean they took it to some really interesting places and it was almost as if they wanted to take the baby out of that father's hands, which was really interesting to us. And a question for -- from us to the group would be, how would you help this father build upon what we see in the photo that is a strength? And if there are some things that now that you're looking at it from a different lens that you would want to sort of change or provide some support and guidance around. What might be the first thing that you would say to this guy? That's rhetorical. I'm not expecting you to answer. But, John you want to weigh in? John: Yeah, I think -- I mean any picture of a man or a woman holding a child evokes a pretty strong kind of just below the surface responses. And I mean you see a baby and you want to hold the baby. I see babies in supermarkets, and I try to steal them all the time. I mean it's like it's -- there is a response. There's a very -- and I guess if you had a response and you didn't even put it down on paper, or the computer I guess now, is oh -- I would try to understand that response before doing anything, you know, or as you're doing something. But, certainly I like, David, what you're saying, so yea there's plenty that you can see in this picture to work from. And yeah, I -- actually I immediately go to what you're asking. It's like well, how would you start making a relationship with his father based on what you see right here? >> Uh huh. >> Yeah. David: And, you know, I mean it's like just really simple basic questions that's going to give you some insight into where this father is at. What's important to him? How he might be thinking in that moment? You know, how does this feel for you? What are you thinking when you hold your child so close in this way? Is there a particular reason why you hold him that way because it could be cultural? But, those are points, questions that will then begin to generate some really significant conversations with that father. John: Yeah, yeah, great. David: So, we're going to move and John as you -- John: Oh, look at this. Look at this. That's good. I've seen this before. This is the Parent, Family, and Community Engagement Framework, and I assume that many of you on the webinar have seen this very colorful graphic. I think it's -- I actually really like this Framework. I think it puts together exactly what it says that parent and family engagement, and you could -- instead of parent and family, you could put father in there, not without family. Not without the parent, but you could put father and it would all still apply. So, when father engagements are systematic and integrated across program foundations and impact areas, family outcomes are achieved. So, and then hence you're working on child outcomes. But, this progression is interesting. And I almost like to think of this as, so the program foundations they're like the nervous system. They're the brain. They're the thing that sends messages to the whole body, right? So, the program leadership is like yes, we believe in it. My brain believes in father engagement. I actually reflect on my own relationship with my father, and I want to make it a priority for this program and these are the ways I'm going to support everybody. And that -- part of the point here is that everybody in the system is engaging with fathers, the same for continuous improvement and professional development. They're kind of like -- these are the things, these are the foundations. These are what makes a whole system work. Kind of see the program environment that -- the impact areas as kind of the muscles and the organs of the organism, right? You know, these are things that get things done. The partnerships with families, with fathers are where we get things done. The teaching and learning, the partnerships with other agencies and certainly creating a welcoming environment for fathers is a large piece of what we need to do to send that message. But, if you notice along the top, the arrow, positive and goal oriented relationships. Well, I see that as the blood in the system. That's the circulatory system. That's what keeps everything refreshed and going. Maybe the metaphor doesn't work that well. I don't know. But, the -- I don't want to neglect that arrow at the top because for all these pieces to work together, for this body to work together, we've got to reflect on our relationships with men who have their children in our program. That we have to keep that blood flowing by constantly giving it oxygen, by refreshing it, and that is through our relationships with these fathers whether it's at the drop off, whether it's in -- at a picnic. Whether it's sending a document home or calling home. Whether -- you know in so many ways -- Ed did you want to say something? Was that -- I just heard somebody's voice. Okay, so-- Edwin: No John I was muted there, sorry. John: Okay. So, in any case, I think in every one of these elements and the outcomes you can see specific kind of things that we can do with fathers, family wellbeing as an outcome area. Well, one of the things that I think I've seen in programs that do very well with fathers is that they acknowledge that these men also need to feel good as men in our society if they're going to do a good job as fathers. So, and we talked about this the other day when we were planning that this is an important piece too. It doesn't just mean that we scrutinize fathers and expect them to be nurturant and play with their children. But, we also want them to be supported in who they are themselves and how they feel about themselves as competent human beings in this society. So -- Edwin: So -- John: Yeah, go ahead Ed, yeah. Edwin: Yeah, again just talking about the program leadership, the continuous program improve -- all the things that you have up there. I think that's where we're at right now with supporting the fathers in those things because, you know, again, the more you're -- again it goes back into our core values of what we just talked about the strengths, to build upon those strengths too for family preservation. Right now within our process, again, since we've had this fatherhood initiative, but we've had some challenges, but still yet we're -- I think the most important thing is to try to make sure that we encourage fathers to come in and be a part of their -- the whole cycle for the educational piece, school readiness. John: Uh huh. Edwin: You know, again, we do that through -- we have a lot of dads now that are coming to program, I don't know what they have to do with the fatherhood program, but I think it's just making more making the men feel more comfortable and setting -- by setting goals that they're able to you know come up with the family priority goal worksheet screening tools. And again, very involved in ISSP or IEPs, you know? Involving parents in those things make them comfortable and help them engage, I guess, more so in their child's readiness for school. So, I just wanted to interject that. John: Yeah, that's great Ed. When I was out in Laguna this last year we were looking at the transition to school and you -- there was an event in which the kindergarten teachers came to the program and each was in a different classroom because there's a number of elementary schools. And what was -- one of the things that was really striking about that was I think there were just as many men there as women. I could be wrong. You know, I could be primed to look for that, but I felt that there were a lot of men engaged, just as engaged, having just as many conversations with these kindergarten teachers. And it was great to see, but it was -- I mean you didn't have to look for it. It was there. It seemed very equitable. David: Okay. So, John we need to move on to the -- John: Okay, sorry, yeah, yeah. David: That's okay. John: So, a polling question. David: Uh huh. John: Okay. I need to see it. Let's see. David Jones: And yeah, Natalie's going to load it. John: Okay. [ Background Noise ] John: Right. When thinking about -- David: Hey John -- John: Do you want me to read it? David: Yes, yes. John: Yeah, yeah. When thinking about father engagement that is systemic, integrated and comprehensive I would say our program is beginning, progressing, thriving and innovating, or stuck. And go ahead and answer the question. [ Background Noise ] David: So, can we see the results? John: Oh, there they are just as you asked. Isn't that interesting? David: Um hmm hmm. John: What's that mean David, that umm hmm hmm? But, 29 percent progressing, that's great. David: That is really great. John: Yeah, yeah. David: And we have five percent that are thriving and innovating. John: Yeah, yeah, yeah. David: What's going to be really important post this webinar is that any of you out there who feel that you are stuck please do not hesitate to reach out to us. If there's any way that we're going to be able to provide some support and guidance for you that is one of the main reasons why we're doing this webinar. For those of you that are beginning, kudos. We hope that you're moving forward in a really nice way and, you know, you move onto a place where you're progressing and you're thriving and innovating. But again, for all of you at any stage of your evolution, if there's some way in which we can be supportive once you've looked in at the resources that we're launching this week and you have questions about them please reach out to us. That's why we're here. Natalie, thank you. John. John: Yeah, I actually mentioned some of these things earlier that the foundations are essential here, and I think the question that we just looked at is basically about continuous improvement. So, where are you in relation to engaging fathers? I mentioned that there's a lot that can be done in the leadership of a program to support. I mean, if we go back to the framework, we're thinking of a systemic and integrated thing. Well, that whole idea of a dynamic system, an organization as a system, the leadership within the system needs to be fully behind that and engage with that. So, that's an important component of it. My experience with this is that often the programs that are thriving in relation to this -- well first of all, they almost always say -- the leadership almost always says we still have a ways to go. But then, I also find that there really is a personal commitment on the part of the director or the manager toward work with fathers. And I'm not saying everybody has to make that their sole and primary mission, but I think that when -- what I found is that there's often for the programs that are thriving a real passion in the leadership for this. The continuous improvement, going back to that, is -- this is part of this whole idea of having a framework and having a webinar like this and having the guide is that we can be intentional about what we do. We may feel that we're doing very good work with fathers, but when you're doing it in a systemic way and an integrated and comprehensive way that means you're doing it intentionally as well. And so, that's when -- so yeah, where were we five years ago? Where are we now? And where are we going? What steps do we need to take to get there? David: Awesome. John: Yeah. David: So, this next slide sort of builds upon and expands upon the last part of that previous slide, the sort of professional development piece. Not to negate, sort of, the men in the audience or in the rooms, but I want to speak sort of directly to the women in the room. And then, before I continue, remember I was the one who said how instrumental women have been in contributing to the success of the fatherhood movement. So, now you know I'm getting ready to be a little -- John: Yeah, but -- David: Professional development is so tricky. I can't tell you. I've spent so much time, energy and effort as a director, supporting directors, supporting programs around getting to this piece of, if you're really going to do this work in a way that's systemic, integrated and comprehensive, it begins with the leadership understanding that there has to be this continuous improvement process. But it is grounded and it begins with professional development. So, this can be a really hard conversation to have in programs because I've never met a successful fatherhood program that had a one and done staff development that prepared the staff to adequately work with fathers. John: Yeah. David: In my experience when staff have been trained and are on board it is synonymous with being involved in the process of supporting fathers. Very basic, show up and we can dance. But, when they are on board or willing to grow to do that self-assessment and wrestle with some of their own more deep seeded issues and/or challenges, they are now engaged in the process of engaging fathers. You know, just like we have to help men get to a place where they were healthy enough to confront their challenges, we have to also help female staff be healthy enough to know when they require additional supports. And this slide sort of speaks to my belief based upon my experience, there's no research connected to this, that when staff have sort of said, "okay we're on board with working with expanding services for fathers and supporting and engaging fathers," that they will engage in conversations with them that takes them a little bit outside of their comfort zone. Those conversations are going to be extremely child-focused. They'll be very specific. They're going to be so self-aware of how they're communicating and what they're communicating. So they're clinging to those boundaries at an optimal distance. Those anchors are really, really important, but once they move to a place where they're a little bit more engaged and again, they're doing the self-assessment, they're wrestling with some of their own deep seeded issues and supervision or in therapy if necessary, whatever the case may be, then they're a lot more comfortable in terms of how they sort of approach these conversations with fathers. John. John: Okay. David: Was that you who put the X? John: You bet. David: Oh, okay. John: But, I'll wait till the elephant slide comes up. David: Okay. John: So, let's -- do you want to move to? -- yeah David: Yeah. John: So we've got a polling question. David: We have another polling question for you, because we want to try to keep this interactive. And I know that once we do something that's a little bit provocative we might get more responses. So, Natalie, please launch the first question. I'll go ahead and read it as she -- oh there it is. How comfortable are you in building partnerships with fathers? I am very comfortable. I am mostly comfortable. I am somewhat comfortable. I am uncomfortable. I am very uncomfortable. So, this is sort of a way that you can sort of privately weigh in and chime in now on where you're at with respect to this question. We'll give you a couple seconds for you to do that. [ Background Noise ] John: Somebody's whispering. [ Background Noise ] David: We have a lot of people, so we're going to give you guys a little bit more time. John: Ah, there it is. David: Thank you so much for calling in. We have results? John: Yeah. David: So, it's taking my system a little bit longer for them to show. John, can you speak to them? John: Yeah, yeah. 23 percent of the people on the call are saying they're very comfortable, 20 percent I am mostly comfortable, 10 percent somewhat, 1 percent I am uncomfortable, and zero said I'm very uncomfortable. So, what this is that people seem to be in a pretty good place with building partnerships with fathers for the most part. I think that, yeah, really the large majority are going I am mostly comfortable or above. And I think that's great. That's great. Now, being comfortable and engaging -- certainly the comfort level is important to genuine engagement. But, as I said before, it's not just comfort, its intentional things that we do to do that. But -- David: Exactly. And so, let's move to the second part of that polling question, which actually speaks to competence and the way you get to a place -- I think increasing competence goes back to professional development. So, this question says, have you received professional development around building supportive partnerships with fathers? So again, we ask you to please weigh in. Give you a few minutes to do that. I have received extensive training. I have received some training. I have received a little training. I have received no training. [ Background Noise ] David: Okay, Natalie can you do the honors please. Oh, I think you're right on time. Wow, so look at this John. John: Yeah. David: A little bit different. John: Yeah, yeah. No, like eight percent - so, of the respondents says this isn't -- this doesn't add up to 100 percent. So, if this were 100 percent of the people on the call these numbers would actually be higher. So, if you -- like so 16, so 24 percent are saying "received little or no training" and that actually probably would need to be increased if we were looking at 100 percent because we're only talking about maybe less than 50 percent here. So, that's a pretty large portion that haven't had specific training. David: And again, what that could result in is, once we have a better understanding about what some of the limitations are for programs around getting that professional development, is ways in which we may be instrumental in providing some support and guidance around that. That sounds like we should be getting some inquiries and some questions around how programs might be able to build their capacity to do this. John: Yeah, I think that both parts of this question, it's also a reflection of who called in. David: Yes, oh go ahead. John: So, we've got people on the webinar that have an interest and perhaps even a comfort with working with fathers. And not surprising that they would want or expect a little bit more in professional development. David: Exactly. John: Yeah. David: Okay, so the social worker in me, or I would not actually be true to the social worker within me -- John: Yeah. David: If I didn't ask you to dig a little bit deeper with a few rhetorical questions. And they're up on the screen. So, when we talk about what does it mean to really connect with fathers, some questions that come to mind is, what are the potential benefits? What, if any, are the costs? What might be some unintended consequences? And are there any other potential concerns? John: Uh huh. David: So, for me, just to prompt some discussion, I think benefits are -- you have the opportunity to receive another parent's perspective on child development and what's important to them as it relates to their child. You have opportunities to increase staff competency and capacity to communicate with and support fathers. And then you're also increasing fathers comfort being in the program environment. The more comfortable they are in the environment, the more willing they are to engage in the various activities that are offered. What are some of the costs? Well again, we sometimes push and encourage staff to work outside of their comfort zone. We want them to be intentionally different, which is not necessarily always easy to do. We want them to be okay with the time that it takes for programs to transition. And we don't talk enough about this. You know, you go from starting to progressing to innovating. Those are sort of three different points of intersection, but there could huge chasms between what it means to go from starting to progressing, from progressing to innovating. And few programs I've seen are at that innovative place. And some aspects of what they do may be innovating, but not as an entire program. Ed, you had talked as we were preparing for this about some unintended consequences. You want to speak to that a little bit? Edwin: The intended consequences, oh God. I can't remember where I was at with that. We were just sitting there talking about different things. But, I think -- David: You were -- I can just prompt you a little bit. You were talking about some of the reaction of some of the mothers and -- Edwin: Oh yeah, exactly. You know, I know that when I first came into the program there was really nothing geared to fathers, and that was the whole initiative behind this. But, now that the strength of the fathers has started to come in, I think the women were feeling a little bit left out and again, that's where the consequences were. Again, you know it's hard to just, you know, really, you know, to focus on just 100 percent of either or. So, you know, that was kind of a challenge that we're facing. And so, the women started their group up again, and again, you know, it's good and it's all well and good. We all work together as a team, but again, you know, it was like -- I think the women were feeling a little left out of the loop because more dads -- we were actually having a lot more dads coming into program and, you know, before when it used to be kind of pretty much women-based. And even going on further out of the Head Start program, you know, we see a lot more fathers now at WlC, Child Find, all those things. And, I don't -- I'm not going to say it's entirely because of our fatherhood program, but I think that men are feeling more comfortable and in coming into these types of environments. John: Yeah, it's -- yeah I think that it's a challenge because it takes some skill on the part of a staff person when both the parents are there. Who do you talk to? And if you're talking to the father -- I actually know a mother who told me this is -- why are you talking to him? I know the answers to your questions. He doesn't. And so, you get into those kind of gate keeping kind of issues around the child. So, it's harder to talk to two people at once then to one. So, I think the consequences are kind of professional development consequences and skill consequences on top of it, yeah. David: Any other potential concerns, John, that you would -- John: Well, it may actually, and that brings up the next slide. You know, in dealing with men who are nurturing young children, there may be some elephants in the room. And, maybe I just stop for a moment and -- this is an awful cute elephant though David. It's -- David: It is. Edwin: It is Dave. John: But, this, you know, what is the elephant in the room? What is there between women who care for young children and men, who come into the program, who are the fathers of those children, or the men in the mothers of those children's lives? And the larger kind of elephant in the room, in my opinion, in having done a lot of this work over the years, is that all of us, men and women, have, kind of, previous relationships with men in our lives. You know, whether it's our fathers, or whether it's that game that so many people play from early adolescence on, and in high school about relations between the sexes, in that those dynamics of how you talk to men period can enter into a conversation about -- that have kind of under the surface when you're talking about the care of a child. And so, I think it's raising that elephant in the room, kind of, as David has portrayed it, as not necessarily operating all the time or preventing good communications from happening. But, I think we do have to acknowledge that the game, the various kind of communications that go on between men and women in our society often involve the -- you know, other things than caring for young children. And again, to bring that to awareness is probably an important part of a professional development program. David: It really is. And just I think really a few other important things to add to it you've already said. You know this brings up sort of implications for how you support families, particularly fathers, around substance abuse issues and domestic violence issues and even just fear issues of what it means to connect and build a relationship given the sexual tension that takes place between men and women. John: Yeah. Edwin: David. David: Yes. Edwin: This is Ed. Again, just talking about the elephant, I think from the native perspective also again, a lot of it has to do with our historical traumas. You know again, you're looking back at what men versus women, what their -- what we're -- what is culturally appropriate at that time. David: Right. Edwin: That's some of the major impacts of some of our programs here. You know [inaudible] that you know the elephant is right there on your back, you know. Again, that's where we're -- you know, we have a lot of these social emotional issues. And, all the economic health and wellbeing of our children are kind of compromised because of sometimes those cultural -- I'm not -- in a sense inadequacies, or I don't know if that's the right term, but that's something that sometimes we kind of have to face here in Laguna. >> Oh. >> Yeah. David: Okay, thank you. So, we will move along. John, this is you. John: Yeah, yeah. I think that this area -- and I love these pictures by the way. The -- look at the engagement. Look at like the man, the woman and the kids all paying attention to the same thing. So much learning is happening when you see that. And I just love the picture down below. You can see how the kids just -- this child that's on the carpet is just like loving looking up at this guy. I don't know what he's saying, but it's -- he certainly has engagement from the children right there. The program environment, I think, you might ask the fathers what it's like to walk into your program. The experience of a father walking into a program with young children that's designed by women, and I've got numerous slides of program environments, and I can put them up there and say, you know, "is this comfortable for most men to walk into". The step across the threshold into the program may feel very different -- David: Yeah. John: -- for a man. So, I think it's very valuable to think about you know is this a welcoming environment for a man? That doesn't mean you have to have like deer heads on the wall or anything. What it means is you know having pictures of men, having the size seats somewhere that they can fit in. And really, I think, you can probably go to men and have them walk in and see. But, it's almost less a physical environment than it's the, kind of, interpersonal environment. And, that goes back to the relationships on the framework slide. Is -- is it a welcoming place when a man walks into the door with a child. Since most of you said you were comfortable you probably have those places, but it's something again to be -- to think intentionally about. I -- the other one that's circled here is teaching and learning and I already addressed the pictures. But, when men come into volunteer the classroom, their interactions may look a little different than you would expect when a mother comes in. The instruction may not be quite as direct. It might a little bit wilder. That's not to say that some women won't come in and be quite loud when they come into the classroom. I certainly have seen that. But, the frame is different. The interactions may look a little different and they, as I pointed out in the research slide, those kind of interactions have benefits for kids as well. David: Awesome. And so now we have the distinct pleasure of having Edwin Cheromiah, Sr. talk specifically about what all this looks like within the context of a program. So, Ed I'm going to turn it over to you. Edwin Cheromiah, Sr.: Alright, thank you very much, and thank you for having me. I do appreciate it. Again, this is just, kind of, a picture of, you know, really good feelings at the Head Start with the rainbow showing, depicting you know that children are very important, sacred in our lives here at the Head Start program. I just have a few slides here just too kind of depict some of those things. [inaudible] okay. We were talking about all the things that we have just talked about coming from the beginning of the slides. Here are things that we're attempting to do here at the program is to make sure that we ensure that we support fathers in every way. And, a lot of that has to deal with, you know, making them feel comfortable. The picture on the upper left hand corner there is a picture of just some dads who were helping with an activity, and I believe it was our Easter activity. And, you know, the dads are coming in doing that more because, I think, the teachers are more engaging with their fathers as they're coming and they're making them feel comfortable, knowing that they are important part of their child's upbringing and wellbeing. Again, we always encourage parents, dads, to come in and show their talents and that was just a picture they had taken of me as I was talking to the kids about music. And there's other things that we do in the culturally -- the cultural way of things, you know, our cultural traditional dances. We encourage dads to come in and sing songs for their parents. I'm sorry, sing songs for their kids. They are helping making the -- our traditional costumes for the dances. They're making -- the teachers are absolutely making them, you know, feel comfortable here. And, of course we always have the challenges all the time still yet, but I think that's also helping them with helping the men set goals, set priorities. And also again, you know if a child comes in with an IEP or [inaudible] you know the dads are more comfortable knowing that they can do these things for their kids. Like I said, we include fathers in classroom activities. We have literacy programs to -- where dads are coming in and reading to the children. There's also programs to where we're teaching Keres language to the kids and we have actually in our program one, two - two teachers that actually speak -- teach the Keres language. And we also have two custodians and a male cook. So we're starting to get more male involvement because of just the comfort level that they feel right now. And again, all of it is just to ensure that the kids are ready for the next level of education. Again, on the -- we -- I also coordinate a monthly fatherhood night. And that's what we call them, just simply as that, fatherhood nights. And I have a grandparent here, if you don't mind, I'd like for him to kind of give an idea of you know is perspective on our fatherhood nights. Wilbur Lockwood: Yeah, I'm Wilbur Lockwood, and I'm a grandparent to the fatherhood organization here in Laguna. And they been very instrumental to spelling out different things that need to be possibly addressed, not only traditionally wise, but how we can go ahead and be a better parent, I guess, is what it is, you know. Nowadays we've got a lot of young parents out there with kids that, really, they don't know how to run or raise as a family. And, in order to do that then we, you know, we all sit down together and offer suggestions of what we need to do, maybe possibly to better each other in raising our kids or grandfathering, grandmothering our kids and also that they can have a productive life when -- whether they leave the reservation or not, and go out into the world, which is like when Ed mentioned about seed planting. You know, that's one of the things that we try to stress that life is like a seed, you put it in the ground and it grows and spreads out. Well, that's basically how our life is, is you know we put ourselves on the pedestal and let our parents teach us different things. And not necessarily we try to avoid all the bad stuff, but still yet you know somehow, somewhere they get in there and all. But, we try to tell the fathers, you know, try to live as an example for your own kids and love your kids. You know it's not, not to a point to where you -- it's embarrassing when you go up to your child and hug them or give them a kiss on the cheek or whatever and say, you know, "I love you". And all the sudden we see that on the reservation because that's not part of us really and all. But, you know Ed has gone out of his way, I think anyway, to really try to stress that to us fathers out there; his nightly meetings that he has every month and all. If we could get more fathers in there, I think basically we can have a better working relationship among each other and among their own families out there in the community. Edwin Cheromiah, Sr.: Right, just some of the things that we've been doing along them with our father program. And again, the expected outcomes, of course, is to overcome some of the barriers. And this, kind of, picture depicts some of those things, overcoming barriers to improve positive involvement in our children. This is something just called a jackrabbit shuffle that, you know, that was created by Dr. Clayton Small in the Road of Life curriculum, which we also use here. And also it's culturally appropriate. It's educational, especially, you know, again, it helps. You know, it helps, especially if it's -- and that's the parent coming in for the first time seeing these things, how important it is to drop some of those barriers. So again, that's all to increase, you know, just fatherhood involvement. We are also developing fathers and cultural fathers and children's cultural development. This particular slide here is a father. This father is teaching these children our annual -- it's called a -- it's called the Corn Dance. And it's, again, going back into preservation of our livelihood and hoping and praying for rain so that we can plant -- the seed has been planted will continue to grow and also flourishes back into the children. So, those are some of the things that we've been really working at here at the Laguna Head Start Program. And again, this is just a group picture of some of the guys that have been here throughout the years. This guy in the center holding the ribbon has been a very instrumental part. He no longer has children here at Head Start but continues to come back. And he was one of the guys back in '04 that started the whole program. And the guy off to the left-hand side behind him on the back row there with the cap, the big guy with the big cheesy smile, he's also. And the guy also, kind of, with his hand over his shoulder is a -- oh wow, what's happening? Did something there. How I'd get out of that? David: That's alright just go ahead. Edwin Cheromiah, Sr.: He's one of the guys -- those are the men that have really pushed this program along before he came to Head Start. It was first done under the, the -- what was it called now? The oh, PFS, Partners For Success Program, and they eventually came here to Laguna. But right now this -- our mission statement kind of says that all -- summarizes everything that we're trying to do here at Laguna Head Start. And our mission is just this, the mission at Laguna Fatherhood Group is to support fathers interested in contributing their skills and resources for the development of their children at home, in the community and school settings, all the things that we've been just, kind of, talking about all throughout the whole slides. So, again that's kind of what we do here at Laguna. And if there's any, you know -- I would encourage anyone to give us a call and we can always talk a little bit more about this. So again, that's kind of my presentation there. Thank you. David: Yep, one more. >> Okay, oh this is the Father Engagement Resources? Kiersten: Yep. I think -- this is Kiersten, and I know we're wrapping up. We're probably going to go a couple minutes over for those of us -- for those of you who want to stick around for another five minutes. We -- I want to just let you know a little bit about the resources that we keep referring to. The Head Start Father Engagement Birth to Five Programming Guide just came out today with an information memorandum to all programs. Las Manos de Apรก is a set of resources for programs for working with Latino fathers around supporting their relationships with their young children, particularly around literacy. There's support group curriculum and training material. We also have a couple of videos that we're sharing. The Best Practices Series that the National Center is doing. This is the first in the series that we're putting out called Engaging Fathers and Engaging Young Fathers Through Support Groups. These are basically -- they'll be some facilitation guides to support training conversations and group interactions with staff around, kind of, what your takeaways from the videos are. So, these are, kind of -- can function like exercises in your program for thinking about father engagement. There was a -- I'm sorry that our public chat wasn't working so well. I appreciated some of the comments. Janus McBride had talked about, you know, just really reiterating the point that you really need staff buy-in in terms of, you know, getting father engagement, involvement going. Otherwise, it's a real struggle. And there was a question about the PowerPoint. This PowerPoint won't be shared, but the resources -- there are a lot of training material in the resources that we've talked about. And you can contact us for specific things that you're looking for from the PowerPoint if you're wanting to support a particular exercise, that kind of thing. We'd be happy to share it. So, David, I think, if you want to take us out with some summarizing points about what we've talked about today. David: Sure, so our last slide just really underscores everything that we discussed, basically saying that fathers are important to their children, which all of you know, their families and their communities. You know, the relationship building with fathers is key, looking at the program leadership, the continuous improvement processes, professional development, all of those things that we discussed. Utilize these resources that we're providing to you to really assess your family and your father engagement. Hold thoughtful conversations, even some of the challenging conversations that you may need to have. When we say let's have a real conversation and you know what that means. You know, conduct some real program planning on how to do this. Make this integrated throughout your entire program. Engage in staff development. Implement and evaluate and review. And, celebrate fathers and families. This is our time to not only do it just because it's June and it's Father's Day approaching, but fathers are so instrumental to their families and their communities and we want to make sure that you're thinking about that throughout the year. I want to take this time to really thank first and foremost Yvette Sanchez Fuentes, our fearless leader, the Director of the Office of Head Start, for just supporting such important work; Edwin and John for co-facilitating; Kiersten Biegel, who is an absolute gem, and without whom I'm not sure we would have been able to pull all of this off this week. Thank you so much. The National Center on Parent, Family and Community Engagement, our technical support team at I-Link, Natalie and Sam and all of the participants who joined us for this webinar. It is extremely important to note that we are aware of the great work that's taking place in programs across the country and through some collaborative partnerships that you've established. Our only goal is to provide tangible resources that can increase the likelihood that your father engagement efforts are not tied to an individual or external consultant, but are connected to an integrated system of meaningful services with fathers, children and families, and we thank you. Kiersten. Kiersten: Thanks everybody. John: That was awesome, David. David: That was a wonderful job all the way around guys. Thank you so, so much. Thank you all the participants. I think people are starting to sign out. So, we don't have time for questions but I guess people will email us. >> Okay, that sounds great. >> Alright, thank you very much. >> Thank you. >> Thanks everyone. >> Thank you. >> Goodbye we'll see you all. >> We'll talk to you soon. >> Very soon. 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Manhattan Associates system interface is working neatly with our existing infrastructure at Tesco dot com It is helping us to operate efficiently, and giving us the kind of customer service that we want. Tesco direct we are hoping will grow significantly over the coming years, and certainly we want to offer the highest levels of customer service, and be able to grow the business at the same time. Manhattan Associates enables us to do this. Two countries, two disasters, two levels of accountability. Bhopal and BP. Next on Global Pulse. How media worldwide are covering the oil spill and the Bhopal anniversary. An American coming to terms with the BP oil spill may not realize how lucky the US is to be so rich and powerful. It is the 25th anniversary of the toxic gas explosion in Bhopal India as reported by Al Jazeera, TV5 and the BBC. December 3, 1984 in Bhopal India. Methyl isocyanate was leaking leaking from the Union Carbide factory an American-owned pesticides plant. The city was about to become the site of the world's worst industrial disaster. The hospital mortuary can't cope with the dead bodies. Many are lined up outside waiting... The death toll from the gas tragedy at Bhopal in the Central State of Madhya Pradesh continues to rise relentlessly. The parents who come to the Chingari Day Center ingested the gas and survived. But their children were born mentally and physically impaired. Chemicals have been leaking for 25 years, contaminating the water and the ground. In this slum next to the factory, the inhabitants poison themselves slowly. A rusting and forlorn symbol of what big companies from the rich world can get away with when they do business among the world's poor. But when big companies work in rich countries there can also be accidents like this one. The Deepwater Horizon rig has sunk into the ocean... ...the daylong search for 11 workers. ...this thick goop of brown oil and it is... Another flock of birds covered in oil as thick as pancake batter... Americans are angry, but as ABC and Fox news reported, the US has the power to make BP pay. If our laws were broken, leading to this death and destruction, my solemn pledge is that we will bring those responsible to justice. BP will contribute $20 billion to an independent escrow account. $20 billion so far. A hotline for oiled birds. 24-hour tar ball removal. Compare this to Bhopal with over 28,000 dead and 1.5 million disabled. $2500 for a death in the family and $575 each for those who were disabled. And for Bhopal justice is late in coming. Former Indian executives at the old Union Carbide factory. have been found guilty of death by negligence more than 25 years after a toxic gas leak from the facility. Inside the court the verdict is finally delivered all seven accused were found guilty of negligence, most of them former executives in charge of the Union Carbide plant in Bhopal. Well hours after the verdicts were handed down the seven executives have now been freed from prison after they posted a bail of around $500. The executives were sentenced to two years in jail. But there is the one who got away, the CEO of Union Carbide. The company's American boss Warren Anderson flew into Bhopal within days days and found himself under arrest. The police chief at the wheel of the car was Swaraj Puri. You've arrested Mr. Anderson the World chairman? Yes. Well there is an anger in the city about not being able to get him back to justice. Almost immediately Anderson was granted bail and allowed to fly home to the United States. Activists from Greenpeace managed to film him seven years ago. Now 88, he lives in retirement in this house, in the affluent Hamptons area of New York State. Americans may have forgotten Bhopal but in India the runaway executive is still big news. as this story from Times Now illustrates. We return to Warren Anderson's home for the third time. This time in the evening hours. Just as last time Lillian Anderson answered the door. She didn't give us much of a chance to speak, saying that she told us earlier that Warren was unwell and we should stay off her property. Times Now will continue to track the Andersons until we get our answers. Is executive accountability any different in a rich country than a poor one? So we want a new, what we're looking for, to equal the total amount of money that Grant can count on getting from his friends after the second day of sales, so that needs to account for the money from the people who bought on the first day and the money from the people who bought on the second day. We already know from this equation that we came up with earlier that he'll make 36w+22n Dollars from the initial batch of buyers. So, that means the equation that we have down here still needs to have these terms in it. A couple of the equations don't, so I'm going to cross them off our list. Neither of these answers includes the money from the people bought from Grant on the first day. The other four answers that are left over All have 36W and 22N as terms. So that's great. However this first one only has 36W plus 22N. It doesn't have any information having to do with people who bought on the second day. So that can't be right, since we know that Grant will make some money off of that second round of buyers. To pick between these three remaining equations we need to go through similar steps for people who buy wipers and people who buy nozzles as we did in some of the earlier quizzes to figure out the terms in this equation for a old. We know that the price per wiper is still w. And since 51 more people are going to buy wipers we're going to need to add 51w in. In our equation. This choice doesn't have 51 w. It has 50 w. So it can't be right. Then for the money he'll earn from these 25 extra people buying two nozzles each is going to be = 25 * 2 n. Since n is the price per nozzle and they each buy two. If we simplify 25 * 2 n we actually get 50n. So we also need to have 50n, in our answer. Both of these last 2 choices have 36w, and 22n in them, and they also have 51w and 50n, so that means they are both correct. The only difference between them, is the order that the terms are arranged in. This is just another case, of the communative property of addition. Awesome job! I know this was a really tough quiz so great job for getting through it. Another Tough Game, obviously you guys were going up town half and then what happened in the second half? Well you know it's a learning process and I think that, even though we have some returns, we've got a different group dynamic with some of the newcomers and we had not reacted to diversity very well. I thought we continued to play hard. I thought we showed strides from last night. And thought that we stuck with things a little bit longer You know it's one of those things that uhh, that we're not fully confident in the things we're doing and that come with game action I think that these teams that we're playing are all on their 5th, 6th game or 4th, 5th, 6th game they've worked a lot of those things out. And we just, we're not fully committed to it When we do it, we have success but we have a little adversity, sometimes we tend to go away from it And it affects us offensively and it affects us defensively also. Obviously Casey Robinson and Brandon Walker you know are leaders on this team and everything Wherever they need to be the full game, what are some things you've been telling them? Well I think the big things is I think as seniors and their last go-around They're putting way too much pressure on themselves to have success and I think that they're getting in their own way so we're just trying to talk to them about relaxing and let the game come to them Uhh... the ball was stopping, we run a motion offense and the ball was stopping an awful lot we're second guessing ourselves on wether to shoot, wether or not to and you know we've got to get comfortable and committed to moving the ball and if we're open we shoot it, if not we move it to the next guy he'll set a screen and not put so much pressure on ourselves, especially those seniors who are counting on a lot They're good kids, they're trying, they're not doing anything on purpose It's just a process of getting them to relax and play to their potential They both have a whole lot of success They didn't lose their talent over the summer So it's going to come out, as soon as they stop getting in their own way a little bit of paralysis by analysis right now I have a tremendously high amount of confidence in both of them that we'll get the job done and hopefully it starts showing itself a service to our night you know it showed itself some tonight, just not for 40 minutes and when you're playing good teams you know you can't do that Lets talk a little bit, last question is about Taylor obviously he's come out, he looks pretty well, pretty good at both ends of the court Giving you guys some pretty good minutes How does he feel and been so far? Well I think Taylor's very talented and I think thats one of the other things you know, we're struggling with as a team umm figuring out exactly what he likes to do you know even though he's having some success the games moving really fast and he's trying to do things quick sometimes And as soon as he slows down and we understand the way he likes to play a little bit better within a game situation I think you'll see us make a jump in improvement also he's talented, it's just building the steam there again, there's a lot of returns but there's a lot of new parts that are very important. We're excited for the future, but in the short term we've got to get a little bit better. So here's the code that we need to finish. We need a test condition for the while, and in this case we really want to keep on going forever until we're done. So, we're going to use while True and then use break to stop the loop. The test condition is true, and the way we know when we're done is when the value returned as the URL was none. That means we got to the else, so to finish, we need to finish the else block by using break. Now let's test our code. We'll call print_all_links with our test string that has test 1, test 2, and test 3 as the 3 links. And when we run this, what we see is it prints out the 3 links, test 1, test 2, and test 3. We'll try a more interesting test. For a more interesting example, let's go back to the web page we looked at earlier. This was the page with the flying Python comic. And it has many links in it, and we saw when we did view source we can see what those links look like, so the first link that we see on the page. So if we use Command-F [or Ctrl-F], we can search for the first link on the page. We see that we have these links. The first one is the link to Archive, and that corresponds to what we see here at the top of the page. Here's the link to Archive, the link to Blag, the link to the Store and About and Forums. And so there's a lot of links on this page. If we go back to our print_all_links code, we can try to print them all. First, let's look at what we actually see when we do get_page passing in the URL of xkcd.com/353, which is the page we were looking at. And when we run this, we see a lot of text printed out, and that's exactly what we saw from view source, but now that's what we're getting as the result from get_page. That's the text of the web page. Not very easy to look at. Instead of using get_page, we'll print all the links on the page instead of just printing the whole page out. Now we're using our print_all_links procedure to print all the links in the xkcd page. And when we run this, we indeed see all the links on the page. At least we see most of them. There are a few that we missed, and we'll talk about that in a later unit, but we're seeing many of the links on the page, including the first ones that we saw with the Archive and the Blag and the Store link, and we're seeing lots of other links. And you can see that we go all the way to the Buttercup Festival link and the license link. Those are the 2 at the bottom of the page. This is the link to license, which was the last one that we printed out. So, congratulations are in order. You've made it to the end of Unit 2, and I hope you understand the main concepts that we've seen so far. In Unit 1 we saw variables. We learned about programs. We saw how to do arithmetic. In Unit 2 we learned about making procedures, and we learned how to use if to make decisions, and we saw that those by themselves were enough to do every possible computer program as Alan Turing showed in the 1930s. We also learned about while loops, a way to make it more convenient to do things over again. And now we've actually got a really good start on our search engine. We can print all the links on the page. We still don't have our web crawler. We need to actually collect those links and do something with them. That's what we're going to do in Unit 3, and then in Unit 4, 5, and 6, we'll see how to use the corpus that we've built to do useful web searches, but we've come a long way, and I hope we'll see you back soon for Unit 3. Camel Studio Improvises - It's your first time at the concert, sir? Jeez, I'm so excited. Today they're going to rock the socks off! - I'm actually the old hand here. - Wow! Oh boy - I paid like 15$ to see Hard Rock Disco Polo! - You paid 15$? - Yeah, so what? - I had to pay 17$. - Discrimination! - This is terrible, disgusting! - Hey! Maybe you have something extra for your price? - Maybe I'm more in the middle. - So I wouldn't then? - I guess so. OK, never mind. - Oh Gosh! He's coming! Look, look! - They're coming! - They're coming! - Holy Moly! - It's going to be legendary! - Hey, why isn't he moving? - I can't hear you! - But... But... Why isn't he moving? - Because that's the new trend. - Oh! Yeah! I've just... Forgotten. But... Hey... But... He... Is dead... I guess. - You're mad? It's the kind of great role playing! - Oh! Oh! My Romeo! Wow.... Hi! - Are you, sir... gay? - Nooo... I'm just huge fan. Disco Polo Hard Metal - Yeah! - Nice chicks... Never mind.... Agricultural blockade, you know. It is this style that he is not doing anything at the moment. He completely blocks all his movement like a farmer. And in a moment - he will get up and bring the house down! But it may take a while. - Jeez! How long does it take? I don't have time. I am a busy man. - He has to lounge around. He just had a concert, so let's give him a bit of sleep here. - Breathing already bores me! I want Hard Metal Disco Polo. - We can ask someone to... Oh! Oh! He's getting up! - Yeah! Hey! What is he doing? He's leaving? - I can't understand this too. I don't know... Maybe... - He's seen me, we're the only one here. - Maybe: 'I fall inside sanitary cabin'? I don't know... You think... - You were inside? - No, he was! That's the style of music. He fell inside, he was staying there... - It's a very confusing name! - ...he was laying half an hour, and now he's going somewhere. - Shame, betrayal, Brutus! - It's horrendous. That Brutus betrayal. - I am appalled. I paid 15$ for my ticket. - I paid 17$! Your argument is invalid. I'm the victim and I'm more angry than you! Because love demoralizes you! Love for money. You understand? - People hurts me! Come on! Let's send them away with a flea in their ears! - Let me just tell you one thing! The last one. I bite off more than I can throw! - Yes! Subtitles by Kamil Kwieciński. Subscribe our channel for more translated theatrical fun videos! If you report a mistake - leave a comment! Move the orange dot to -2 + 2i. So we have a complex number here. It has a real part: -2. It has an imaginary part of 2 times i. And what you will see here is we're going to plot it on this kind of two-dimensional grid. But these are not our traditional coordinate axes. In our traditional coordinate axes, you're plotting a real x value versus a real y coordinate. Here, on the horizontal axis - that's going to be the real part of our complex number. And our vertical axis is going to be the imaginary part. So in in this example, this complex number, our real part is -2. And then our imaginary part is a positive 2. And so that right over there in the complex plane is the point -2 + 2i. Let's do a few more of these. So 5 + 2i. Once again, the real part is 5. Imaginary part is 2 And we're done. Let's do two more of these. 1 + 5i. 1 - that's the real part - plus 5i right over that 'Im'. Alright. Let's do one more of these 4 - 4i. The real part is 4. Imaginary part is -4. And we're done. I bet you both are wondering why we gathered you here. Dad, daddy, what's going on? Well, Burt, the trusty mechanic,told us you both were engaged to get married. We've been meaning to tell you, but-- There's nothing to tell Finn, because it's not happening. Nope! Daddies, who have had reconstructive plastic face surgery since season one, Finn and I are in love and we want to get married. [silence] You're right, dumpling, love is love and you two should get married. Really? Yes, in fact, we think you two should spend the night together at ours. LeRoy and I thought about it and we've come to the conclusion that it'd be a good exercise for you two to live with one another. Cool! Thank you for understanding, daddies! You two are the best. Which quadratic has the lowest maximum value? So let's figure out the maximum value for each of these-- and they're defined in different ways-- and then see which one is the lowest. And I'll start with the easiest. So h of x. We can just graphically look at it, visually look at it, and say-- what's the maximum point? And the maximum point looks like it's right over here when x is equal to 4. And when x is equal to 4, y or h of x is equal to negative 1. So the maximum for h of x looks like it is negative 1. Now, what's the maximum for g of x? And they've given us some points here and here. Once again, we can just eyeball it, and say-- well, what's the maximum value they gave us? Well, 5 is the largest value. It happens when x is equal to 0. g of 0 is 5. So the maximum value here is 5. Now, f of x. They just give us an expression to define it. And so it's going take a little bit of work to figure out what the maximum value is. The easiest way to do that for a quadratic is to complete the square. And so let's do it. So we have f of x is equal to negative x squared plus 6x minus 1. I never like having this negative here. So I'm going to factor it out. This is the same thing as negative times x squared minus 6x and plus 1. And I'm going to write the plus 1 out here because I'm fixing to complete the square. Now, just as a review of completing the square, we essentially want to add and subtract the same number so that part of this expression is a perfect square. And to figure out what number we want to add and subtract, we look at the coefficient on the x term. It's a negative 6. You take half of that. That's negative 3. And you square it. Negative 3 squared is 9. Now, we can't just add a 9. That would change the actual value of the expression. We have to add a 9 and subtract a 9. And you might say-- well, why are we adding and subtracting the same thing if it doesn't change the value of the expression? And the whole point is so that we can get this first part of the expression to represent a perfect square. This x squared minus 6x plus 9 is x minus 3 squared. So I can rewrite that part as x minus 3 squared and then minus 9-- or negative 9-- plus 1 is negative 8. Let me do that in a different color so we can keep track of things. So this part right over here is negative 8. And we still have the negative out front. And so we can rewrite this as-- if we distribute the negative sign-- negative x minus 3 squared plus 8. Now, let's think about what the maximum value is. And to understand the maximum value, we have to interpret this negative x minus 3 squared. Well, x minus 3 squared-- before we think about the negative-- that is always going to be a positive value. Or it's always going to be non-negative. But then, when we make it negative, it's always going to be non-positive. Think about it. If x is equal to 3, this thing is going to be 0. And you take the negative of that, it's going to be 0. x is anything else, x is anything other than 3, this part of the expression is going to be positive. But then, you have a minus sign. So you're going to subtract that positive value from 8. So this actually has a maximum value when this first term right over here is 0. The only thing that this part of the expression could do is subtract from the 8. If you want to get a maximum value, this should be equal to 0. This equals 0 when x is equal to 3. When x is equal to 3, this is 0. And our function hits its maximum value of 8. So this has a max-- let me do that in a color that you can actually read-- this has a max value of 8. They are arranged in a regular pattern, indicating man-made construction. These would have been horizontal deck support timbers, extending toward the middle of the deck. At the stern, we can see the symmetrical shape of the boat, including the center mound where the decks have collapsed, one on top of another. Continuing to inspect the stern, we can see five objects in a row along the inside port area of the deck. These have been measured at regular intervals, and appear to be vertical posts that would have supported the deck. The ark originally came to rest higher on the mountain, but was pulled down to its current location amidst a lava or mud flow, which impaled it on this rock outcropping. Ron Wyatt was operating his ground penetrating equipment before Turkish authorities when he spotted an object just below the surface. What they found was this beautiful deck timber. It was tested at Galbraith Labs for organic carbon. The level of organic carbon was extremely high, thus proving this object was once living matter, consistent with wood. Mr. Wyatt was able to display the deck timber on CNN when he was interviewed on their network. The timber is in three layers, much like plywood, with glue oozing out the end. This makes it stronger than one solid piece of wood. The outer area is covered in black pitch. Small nails can also be seen on its surface. This layering of woo ear the ark site. Josephus in the first century said, "Its remains are shown there by the inhabitants to this day." This would tell us the ark would be in an accessible location. These local villagers would have had a tourist trade, accommodating visitors to the ark. The visitors to the ark would have stayed overnight here, and would have bought souvenirs in the village. Evidence of this was discovered in 2000, when an archaeologist found this potsherd 20 yards from the ark. On the concave side, it has a carving of a man using a hammer to drive a nail. Much like Noah building the ark. On the convex side, an ancient ink drawing shows a man releasing birds, matching the biblical narrative of Noah releasing a raven and a dove. This is just another piece of amazing evidence found here at the ark site. Using radar equipment, Ron Wyatt discovered an open cavity on the starboard side of the ark. Utilizing a core drilling technique, he was able to gain access to the interior of the ark. Stunning evidence was pulled from the belly of the ship. Using an improvised, long rake device, petrified animal dung was extracted from the hull. Next, cat hair was also pulled from the cavity. Then, a petrified antler was extracted. These are all items that one would expect to find in the bottom of the ark. The Bible tells us the anti-deluvians were skilled in metal working, "Tubal-Cain, an instructor of every craftsman in bronze and iron." This large metal rivet, or metal washer around a metal rod, was found by Ron Wyatt when he had taken a tour group to the site in 1991. The center rod had been struck while it was hot, causing it to flare out, holding the washer in place. Test results showed that it contained 8 percent aluminum metal. Aluminum metal is man-made, thus proving the site to be man-made. Skeptics have said Mr. Wyatt was lying about the testing, but was he really? When the Ark Discovery International team was at the ark site, they used a metal detector to locate metal fittings on the ark. This is a crescent shaped piece of metal that had been a circular washer in its better days, and was found near the bow, on the port side. A portion of it tested at Galbraith Labs, in Tennessee, and the results were stunning. It was 8 percent aluminum metal just as Ron Wyatt s test had revealed. The test additionally showed a small amount of titanium metal that is also man-made. The Ark Discovery team continued its analysis at the site and located another fitting on the starboard side. A portion of it was sent to Galbraith Labs for testing and again there were had incredible results. It contained 8 percent aluminum metal, 1.3 percent titanium metal, plus 3.8 percent magnesium metal. All indicative of the ark formation being a man-made structure. The Encyclopedia Britannica tells us, "Because of its chemical activity, aluminum never occurs in the metallic form in nature." These unique metal components, are special markers that were left behind, which prove the site is without a doubt, a man-made structure utilizing high tech construction techniques consistent with what we should find in Noah s ark. Modern man didn t discover how to make aluminum metal until around 1900, but the antideluvians had this knowledge in their day. Other metal fittings were found on the port side of the deck. Our metal detector picked up metal readings where a rectangular plate was positioned on a flat plain. This plate originally had six rivets. One is still visible on the left side. Other metal fittings can be seen around the ark in various locations. The metal fittings have different colors from the surrounding material, making it easier to locate them at the site. On the outer portion of the ark, at a higher level, we were able to see this object that appears to be a metal cap on top of a vertical post. It has an "X" impression embossed in the center of it. The left side of the cap is missing, but the top, and this immediate side, are still affixed to the post. The "X" impression is indicative of a man-made structure with the 90 degree angles. Our second taxi stop is the village of Kazan, where large anchor stones can be found that once hung from the rear of the ark. Just down the valley from Noah s ark, we come to the village of Kazan where portions of the ark s directional system were released, thus allowing the ark to float more freely. The village was known as The Place of Eight, named so, for the eight survivors of the Flood. This is the first area that Noah and his family lived after the Flood. The large anchor stones were hung from the rear of the ark to keep the rear facing oncoming waves. It created a type of resistance in the water, allowing the rounded rear of the ark to fend off powerful waves that would critically damage the ark if struck broadside. This is our first anchor stone. Measuring eleven feet in height, with four feet embedded in the ground, it is actually the largest and most beautiful anchor stone found to date. A tapered hole was drilled into the top of each anchor stone, a five inch opening on one side and a 7 inch opening on the other, allowing a rope to be pulled through, and a knot tied. It was designed to be lifted while in the water, when it would weigh less, thereby preventing the top from breaking off. The most striking feature is the crosses that have been carved on the anchor stone. Early Christians came through this area and recognized these objects as biblical items from the ark. They carved crosses on these anchor stones, representing Noah and his family. The largest cross here represents Noah, and is of the Crusader style. The diamond shape with a cross above, was Nimrod s sign when he was alive. The diamond represents the ark that he took credit for, then the vertical line is the pathway to heaven, with the crossbar representing heaven. The Egyptians had an adaptation of this symbol called the Onk. Smaller anchor stones, or drogue stones can be found near the Mediterranean. This is one of the largest you will ever see outside the Noah s Ark area. The next anchor stone is partially buried in the ground with five crosses. The largest cross represents Noah, the next smallest, Mrs. Noah, then the three smallest are the sons of Noah. At the bottom is a possible image of the tower of Babel, which was built around 200 years after the Flood by Nimrod and his rebellious followers. This particular stone has seven crosses, with the eighth having been removed at some point in time. This stone has a large cross representing Noah, the next smaller cross in the bottom left is Mrs. Noah, the three next smaller crosses represent the three sons, then the three smallest represent the wives of the sons. This stone does not have any carvings on it, but it does have a hole drilled through the top. Other stones have been found buried, but they have no inscriptions. This stone had a hole drilled in the left side, then, on the right we can see ancient inscriptions of an unknown language. Vandals have broken this stone, but you can see where the hole once was in the top. Crosses have also been carved on this stone. Five crosses are on this anchor stone, and as we look to the top . . . we can see where the hole has been broken off. Outside the village of Kazan, is a large object that has the appearance of petrified tree bark, and with unusual characteristics. As far as we know there is nothing else like this anywhere. It has crosses that are very faintly carved, we have a big one here, we have a small one right there, one here, one here, there getting harder to see every year. And this is petrified wood? Yes. Ron said he thought it was petrified tree bark, it looks a little bit like pine bark. It sounds like metal! This isn t an anchor stone. Ron theorized this might have been the, or, part of the cover. You remember at one point in Genesis it says, "And Noah came out of the Ark and he took the cover off," or "threw the cover off," of course that is just speculation. We don t have any way of knowing for sure, but this is a rather unique thing. It has the appearance and the texture of some kind of a bark, but you know it is stone. It has a hollow sound. It sounds like metal. It has harmonic resonance. Yes you are right. How many stones you know do that? I think there are eight crosses on it, we have been able to find seven. I think there is an Eighth one up there. Our next taxi stop is the home of Noah, near the village of Kazan . This photo was taken in 1977 by Ron Wyatt, showing the walls of Noah s home. Since then all the walls have been torn down by local treasure seekers. In the front yard stood this large tombstone. On the tombstone was a drawing of eight people, and a boat on a wave. The second largest person was looking downward with their eyes closed. This indicates that this was Mrs. Noah s tombstone. After Mr. Wyatt showed this to someone, that person later hired others to exhume Mrs. Noah s 18 foot sarcophagus. Its depression in the ground is still visible today. Her jewelry was later sold on the black market for millions of dollars. Extending out from Noah s house are these ancient stone fences for containing animals. In Genesis we are told that Noah practiced husbandry, in this case we can see signs of animal husbandry. Some fences are more prominent than others, but they are all in straight lines. Uphill, behind Noah s home, is this large altar that he would have used to sacrifice animals to the Lord. It is approximately ten feet in diameter and has a cube-like shape. In conclusion, we can say that the Durupinar, Noah s ark formation is full of evidence which confirms its authenticity, especially when we objectively consider all the information. Many books have been written about the discovery of the ark. It has been featured in many newspapers and television programs, but most of the world is not aware of this beautiful discovery which refutes evolution, and proves the Bible to be truth. In God s timing He will reveal this to all mankind. [Content_Types].xml Iw}, $yi} _rels/.rels theme/theme/themeManager.xml sQ}# theme/theme/theme1.xml w toc'v )I'n 3Vq%'#q :\TZaG L+M2 e\O* $*c? )6-r IqbJ#x ,AGm T[XF64 E)'# R>QD =(K& =al- 4vfa 0%M0 theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.rels 6?$Q K(M&$R(.1 [Content_Types].xmlPK _rels/.relsPK theme/theme/themeManager.xmlPK theme/theme/theme1.xmlPK theme/theme/_rels/themeManager.xml.relsPK accent2="accent2" accent3="accent3" accent4="accent4" accent5="accent5" accent6="accent6" hlink="hlink" folHlink="folHlink"/> Z?3C Normal Microsoft Office Word Toshiba Title Microsoft Office Word 97-2003 Document MSWordDoc Word.Document.8 Danny: Danny O'Neill with The Roasterie. I was born and raised in a small town in Iowa. During my senior year in high school, I signed up to be a foreign exchange student, and so shortly after Christmas, I got a letter that said, "Okay, you're going to Costa Rica to live for a year." I went to high school and played basketball with my friends down there. Later in the year, I went coffee picking, and I didn't drink coffee at the time, but we were up in the mountains, and it was just, it was idyilic. It felt totally natural. I've always really had a kind of a kinship with farmers. Farmers are the same all over the world. I just love farmers, so I really loved the coffee farmers. I was trying to think about what to do, and coffee was the only idea that I had. It was in the basement of the Kauffman Foundation, actually, that I was first called an entrepreneur. I still vividly remember that. I was thinking, "Oh, that sounds good. What's that?" The attributes were all the ones that I had always gotten in trouble for. Thinking outside the box, being independent, perservering, not quitting, all these things, so I started with this notion I'd give folks what they want, where they want, when they want, and do it better than anybody else. We can pick up the phone and talk to a green coffee broker and get coffee sent to us, and then you roast it. It's deceptively simple. I wrote out my mission statement, which is still the same. Best coffee, best roasted, fast as possible. I was scared to death. I had $17,000 and started in my basement. But it was that fear of failure, I think, that motivated me. That's what works for me. I was so afraid to fail that I just kept going. I think there's a lot of innate entrepreneurialism that the system takes out of the kids. There's this insatiable curiosity, and I think most of us have it. It might get buried if we're introverted, but it's still, there's a lot of this intense intrinsic curiosity. Spunk, spontaneity, and passion. My dad used to say, "You find what you're looking for." Every one of these things I do somehow or another comes back and some people might call it karma, some people call it all kinds of different things, but I just know that I have that old Dale Carnegie, if you help enough other people get what they want, you're gonna get what you want. When I have an idea, I tell as many people as I can. I want as much feedback as I can. It's messy, so from point A to point B, i have all this mess in the middle, but all that informs that idea and most likely, it's gonna kill it before I spend a lot of time and effort. I want good energy, be around smart people, and all that comes back and it fills my cup in lots of different ways. [Jack] Is there anybody who cannot identify this? [Laughter] ...[from audience] "I thought it was a nice purse, but I know it's not now..." [Jack Horner] You know, usually I to children, and of course, they know a lot more than everybody else in here, right? You know that, right? About what I talk about...okay...Brocke asked me to talk about something that I don't talk about. He asked me to talk about me. I'm not... so just bear with me, okay? The whole point, I guess, is how I got here. Why I am standing up here. I come from Montana, and ... (ahem)...I come from a town called Shelby, Montana. Here is a picture of it . You can see this large thing that is in the picture here. Shelby, in 1923, obviously before I was born....I think the whole town was Dyslexic...[laughter]. This is a boxing stadium. This was were they held the World Heavyweight Boxing Championship in 1923, in a town of 500 in the middle of Montana. No kidding, that's it! Well, as you can imagine, it didn't work very well, but ... I have circled there the high school building in the town, where 5 years after this picture was taken, my father graduated as a valedictorian. You can imagine just saying that, that he and I didn't get along well. I was born, and there is my first house on the left there, a tent. I've pretty much lived in tents ever since. There are sort of 2 stories here. One is the way my father saw it, as far as he was concerned, life was great for me until I was 5 years old. Like everyone else, at the age of 5, I went to kindergarten and flunked out, because I couldn't figure out the blocks, with letters on them. Then, according to my father, at the age of 8 he tried to teach me Algebra. I still, obviously, couldn't read, so I didn't do well there. Then I went through....like everyone else in this room...I'm a little suspicious of the non-dyslexics in here... [big laughter]....but I'll get to that later. I'm just really curious as to why you are here....seriously...unless you are trying to get our secrets from us. [laughter] Anyway, I went on and did poorly, and had lots of report cards that said lots of things about me, like the other report card we were looking at. I finally graduated from high school with a D-minus-minus-minus. The teacher said to me, this means that you have failed, but I never want to see you again! [Laughter] I was happy, that was good! Then I went to college. I went to the University of Montana. At that time, you could get in if you had a high school diploma. I entered in 1964 and flunked out in 1965. Upon flunking out, I was drafted and I went to the United States Marine Corp, which only drafted for one month, in all of it's time. So, I was not only dyslexic, but unlucky. [laughter]. That was 1966, I came back and went back to college, and according to my father, in 1973 I had flunked out of college 7 times in 5 years. I was 27 years old, I was married, I was a truck driver. And as far as my father was concerned, that was the end of my life. He wasn't even going to hire me to work in his gravel plant. Which was okay...but...that's not really how I looked at it. I sort of had a different view of my life. When I was 8 years old, when he was trying to teach me Algebra, I actually found my first dinosaur bone that year. It was a pretty big occasion for me. I went out...my mother would take me on drives, take me out to the sites. I would go out and collect dinosaur bones even though I was failing all of my classes in school. When I was 12 years old, I built an exhibit in our library. It's still there. I would go to the library and read all the books, not read them, but look at all the pictures to determine what I thought I had, and label all the fossils. Then I continued to do that through high school, and when I graduated from high school, I won the science fair, and that was actually how I got to college...I was invited, so I went in 1964, and I studied Geology, Zoology, Anthropology, and Botany. I actually took all the courses that were offered in all 4 departments. But when you flunk out every quarter....So here's the key, and this is worth telling your students. The key is, that if you change your major after you've been kicked out, then those people in that department don't really know. [laughter] So I would change majors pretty constantly. But while I was there, I also learned how to...don't look at my trousers..it was the 60's. So anyway, I learned how to put skeletons together, and it was pretty cool. I actually learned quite a bit. I also excavated my first dinosaur skeleton, and so from my perspective, in 1973, I had learned an awful lot about Geology and Zoology, I'd completed a scientific research project, I was married, and my outlook was pretty optimistic. I was applying for work in museums. Two years later, I was hired to work as a technician at Princeton University. Now, a technician- I didn't have a degree as you probably could tell, I had a high school diploma. I was hired by Princeton to clean fossils. While I was there, there were signs around on the campus, and one of them said, would you rather go to a movie than read a book? ...Some other weird questions --I went and asked about it, and they told me I was dys--lex--ic. I assume everybody knows here, that it doesn't matter if somebody tells you that. Right? I mean... You can't read any better. [laughter] Anyway...so...I thanked them and I went back to work. [big laughter] I started Princeton in 1975, and then in 1978, a friend of mine, Bob Macula, who's there in the picture, he and I found a nest of baby dinosaurs back in Montana, when I was back there on vacation, looking for 'stuff'. The baby dinosaurs...it was the first time people had actually seen evidence that dinosaurs cared for their young. A year later I published my first scientific paper in the journal, Nature. We found a lot of stuff. We found the largest concentration of dinosaur bones in the world, estimated at 115,000 skeletons. Obviously, we haven't dug them all up yet. But I was at Princeton at that time, and the museum in Montana, the Museum of the Rockies, where I work now, stopped by and said, you know, you are finding so many dinosaurs...leave some here for us. I said, "'ill tell you what, I'll leave them all here if you just hire me. Princeton is very nice, but when you are born and raised in Montana, New Jersey just doesn't cut it. So, they did. They hired me and in 1982 I went back to Montana as the Curator of Paleontology. Now, I didn't have a degree, so I couldn't do anything, and I was the curator, I could actually curate fossils, --basically put things away. I was at a University where I really couldn't do much of anything else. But a funny thing happened. While we were working, we found the first dinosaur eggs in the Western Hemisphere. We went on to find quite a few eggs. I don't know...there is something about dinosaur eggs, maybe you can explain, we'll have a non-dyslexic/dyslexic conversation after this, alright? Dinosaur eggs actually had been found in the 1800's. They had been found in France, and then in the 1920's, they were found in Mongolia, and some were found in China. I started finding these eggs in the 1980's and I was the first person to find a dinosaur embryo, a little skeleton of a dinosaur inside the egg. Now, here's our dyslexic question. "Dinosaur eggs were found in the 1800's. The first dinosaur embryo was found in 1983. What advantage did I have over everyone else in the world for all those years?" ...I had a hammer! [laughter] That's all there was! I had a hammer. For all of those years, people had ...See, this is the problem with reading. Reading is really over-rated if you think about it. People had convinced one another that they shouldn't break eggs open because eggs are precious. And so no one ever broke an egg open. I even went to museums and said, "Can I just break one of your eggs open?" and they said, "NO, you can't break our eggs because they are precious. " And I said, "It's just like having a present that you never open because it is so pretty." Seriously, no one had ever found a dinosaur embryo. So I have gone back now that people saw that I could break them open and glue is cheap, you can glue them back together. [laughter] There is nothing that you can see...you can see in my picture there the thing is actually held together with a rubber band. After you break it, you just rubber-band it back together again. Anyway...then I published my first book that year and of course sent it to my English teacher. [laughter] We've gone on and discovered an awful lot of dinosaurs in Montana, a lot of new species of dinosaurs. But it was the dinosaur embryo's that caught people's imagination and caught, I don't know, caught something, because the University of Montana, the very people that had thrown me out of college, 7 times, gave me an honorary doctorate! [clapping] ...On my 40th birthday. And then two weeks later, I got a MacArthur Fellowship.[clapping] So then they made me a professor! [laughter] I'm serious, they made me a professor! Just because I had a hammer! [laughter] I'm serious, I became a professor! Then I could have graduate students, and I could write NSF grants, and I sent out expeditions all over Montana. And then I sent out expeditions all over the world, and it was 1993 and that's when Steven Spielberg called me up and asked me if I wanted to work on a movie. All because I had a hammer. So, that's what I do. We have the largest dinosaur research program in the world. As you can see, up in the upper right hand corner, we still break eggs. What we are breaking now, is into developmental evolutionary biology, and we are attempting in our lab to retro-engineer a live dinosaur, from a bird. Yes, we are trying to make the Dino-Chicken. It's the Dino-Chicken project, which basically takes a hammer as well. I encouage you, if you can get to Montana, come visit our museum, where we break open a lot of things. Thank you. So we covered a lot of material in the customer segment part of the business model canvas. We talked about the jobs to be done. We talked about pains. We talked about gains. We talked about multi-sided markets, and we've closed with market type. Let me give you an example of a couple of startups who actually went and tried to define our customer segments. So here was one. The startup was actually trying to understand how to find foreign students at universities, and so they were putting together their archetype and this was just the definition of meet the student and here's who they are and here's their family and oh this is their first time in America. And because it was about providing financial services to foreign students, they actually understood something about their credit score, about social security number, US address, whether they were responsible academically and financially, and whether their social network was responsible. Another example of a customer segment was someone making new kite boarding equipment. Who were their customers? Professional kite surfers. They're solely concerned with performance. But they had another segment. Average kite surfers. And they had a third, prospective kite surfers, and though I don't think they were this young they were actually trying to understand how to segment their market and what their specific performance needs for kite surfs were in each segment. The other thing that we're interested in doing if you remember in customer segments is understanding a day in the life of a customer. Now sometimes this could actually be diagrammed as to how do they spend their time. And this happens to be how does a designer spend their time putting together an architectural product. So how much they spend in phase 1 and then in prototyping and manufacturing and final product, and so this was giving them a view of what it would look like and so they can now describe to me and others, "Oh! And our product fits right here and here's why," etc. Here was another example of someone trying to understand the customer problem of couples who happen to be on separate coasts or long distance from each other. And they were trying to understand what the problems were and so they were able to articulate all the key pieces and kind of rank them by priority. And I thought that this was a great way to kind of diagram the problem. Here was another example of a team putting together a detailed archetype of a set of customers. They gave their archetype a name, Pat the Professional. Specified who Pat was, upwardly mobile professional, salaries, what they did, how much they spend, what their demographics are, what their traits were, what their motivations were, how many were there, where they worked, where they bought, etc. I thought this was a great example of a professional class consumer who was shopping frequently online. Another example, in medical devices, trying to understand two segments, oncologists and pathologists, here's what they did, here's what they cared about, and more importantly here's how they're paid. Here's how they're paid in the hospital and here's how they got reimbursed. Here's another example of a mammography product, how patient care works inside of a hospital and how people got reimbursed. So you could find these examples and more on the link below. (Italian): Good evening, my name is Bonetta Dell'Oglio First of all I am a mother also a decorator and a painter. I dedicated more than 10 years to cuisine and all my eclecticism originates in my Sicilian roots. I am here to talk to you all thanks to the invitation I got from Giuseppe Amato and Raffaella Guidobono. I want to thank them for the opportunity and let you know that I chose to deliever my short speech in English, I hope you will be able to follow along. Good evening, everybody! My name is Bonetta Dell'Oglio. I am very pleased to be here with you tonight and I would like to thank Mr Giuseppe Amato and Raffaella Guidobono for giving me the opportunity to being here at Nautoscopio. Who is Bonetta DellOglio? She is a true Sicilian, a loving mother a passionate decorator, a restorer and finally, she is a chef. May I say that I am an ecclectic woman and I think that my being Sicilian is the core of my ecclecticism. Sicilianity is the true substance which manifests itself in the different forms of my creativity. The common ground of it is love, is passion and great care for the products that I use and the great love for my clients. My approach to the art of cookery expresses an enormous love and great respect for my tradition, my Sicilian tradition. Today, more than ever, I have a great consciousness. Quality, excellency, attention to nature, is a must! Today, I wish to call you all to a deep awakening to live in harmony with mother Earth. Friends, when I prepare a dish in my kitchen, I put my whole heart and I [hope] that the products I prepare come from a soil like this. This is a fantastic soil from a biodynamic farm and you can see how perfect it is, you can see the color, and the difference with other soils [treated with] chemicals. When I have a product coming from this soil this fills me[with] me a lot of joy! Sadly enough, today, nearly [all] people working in food and beverage [industry] are not very keen on these themes. We always have to remember that the only absolute, strongest value is the Earth. Technology advances, but we cannot eat technology, PCs, IPods, IPhones, TVsets mobiles, cars, children will not eat them. Only the soil will give us food and for this we have to protect the Earth and consider it our future. The only real insurance for life is Earth. When I look at an aubergine, a pepper a tomato, a grain wheat, an egg, and I know that they come from a genuine agriculture, I feel much, much happier because I perfectly know what chemistry provokes in our system, in the system of our children, so please, let's teach in schools how important is today, more than ever to return to nature! I've been inspired to this sensitivity by the great work of Dr Rudolf Steiner who already, in 1916 foretold of mad cow disease and all the problems linked to the overuse of chemistry in agriculture. So please, chefs all over the world, help us to create a better world! Please ! Chefs! More substance and less formality! Chefs! Where are you?! Please chefs! Future is biodynamic! Thank you very much. (Applause) Japan's economy shrank more-than-expected in the final three months of last year falling by 0.6 percent from Q3. It was hurt by slowing global growth, floods in Thailand where many Japanese companies have production facilities, and a strong yen. On an annualised basis, the economy shrank 2.3 percent in the fourth quarter and for the whole of 2011 output was down by 0.9 percent. The latest number cast doubt on hopes for a pick up in Japan's economic activity in the early part of this year. Thermodynamic gas 1 Increasing the temperature of the gas molecules in the container increases the kinetic energy of the molecules. The molecules strike the walls more frequently and with greater momentum. Increasing the temperature therefore increases the pressure. I waited till I saw the sun I don't know why I didn't come I left you by the house of fun I don't know why I didn't come I don't know why I didn't come When I saw the break of day I wished that I could fly away Instead of kneeling in the sand Catching teardrops in my hands My heart is drenched in wine But you'll be on my mind Forever Out across the endless sea I would die in ecstasy But I'll be a bag of bones Driving down the road along My heart is drenched in wine But you'll be on my mind Forever Something has to make you run I don't know why I didn't come I feel as empty as a drum I don't know why I didn't come I don't know why I didn't come I don't know why I didn't come Translator: The real CZ & alienjantan Rom: romanization.wordpress.com Subbing/Timming: KPOPMV020 Dduruwap dubap dubap (ddeumbari dup) Dduruwap dubap dubap Time Time Time To Shine (Oh) Time Time Time Secret Time (Yeah) Time Time Time To Shine (Oh) Oh Oh Oh Secret Time Don't sway ah ah you you Ujjuldaejima a a neon neon Don't joke around ah ah you you Jangnanchijima a a neon neon Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh I can't hold back anymore Stop ooo ooo deoneun mot chamgesseo geuman Please stop acting like you exist ah ah No No Jebal inneun cheok jom ma aa No No Now, a man like you ah ah No No Ijen neo gateun namja a a No No Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh I can't hold back anymore Stop ooo ooo deoneun mot bogesseo geuman Shameless shameless Ppeonppeonhae ppeonppeonhae Womanizer is shameless Baramdungineun ppeonppeonhae A lot of words, really there's a lot Malman manha cham manha And a lot of women too Yeojadeuldo neomu manha Just you, Only you Baro neo geugeon neo You are the right guy for me Nal wihan namjaneun baro neo Even if I look naive, please love me Eorisukhae boyeodo naman saranghaejul You Are My Shy Shy Shy Boy (Shy Shy Shy Boy) Oh Oh Oh My Boy (My My My Boy) Even though he is not handsome Jalsaenggiji anhado He is a man with a warm heart Oh Maeumi ddaddeudan geureon namja Oh Bye Bye Bye Boy (Bye Bye Bye Boy) Oh Oh Oh Bad Boy (Bad Bad Bad Boy) Even if he is not magnificent Wanbyeokhaji anhado He is a man that only treasures me Shy Boy Namaneul akkyeojul geureon namja Shy Boy Dduruwap dubap dubap (Ddeumbari dup) Dduruwap dubap dubap Please don't push and pull ah ah No No Milgo danggiji jom ma aa No No I like straightforward things ah ah No No Soljikhan ge nan joha a a No No Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh Oh I really can't hold back ooo ooo deoneun mot chamgesseo jeongmal Boring, boring lightweighted men are boring Jigyeowo jigyeowo gabyeoun namjaneun jigyeowo Making me laugh but you have no sense and are agitating me Utgijineun hajiman cholssakdaego cheori eobseo Just you, only you Baro neo geugeon neo You are the right guy for me Nal wihan namjaneun baro neo Even if I look naive, please love me Eorisukhae boyeodo naman saranghaejul You Are My Shy Shy Shy Boy (Shy Shy Shy Boy) Oh Oh Oh My Boy (My My My Boy) Even though he is not handsome Jalsaenggiji anhado He is a man with a warm heart Oh Maeumi ddaddeudan geureon namja oh Bye Bye Bye Boy (Bye Bye Bye Boy) Oh Oh Oh Bad Boy (Bad Bad Bad Boy) Even if he is not magnificent Wanbyeokhaji anhado He is a man that only treasures me Shy Boy Namaneul akkyeojul geureon namja Shy Boy As if you are playing with me, ah Bad Boy Ddak saenggin daero noljanha a Bad Boy You You the Fly Boy suddenly not doing anything Ddak ppaenjilppaenjil saenggin neo neo Fly Boy (I prefer) A dependable boy over a sweet whisper Dalkomhan soksagimbodan deumjikhan mameul gajin Boy You Are My Boy Towards me, Come In Come In Come In Come In Boy Naegero Come In Come In Come In Come In Boy I love you shy boy I love you Saranghae shy boy neol saranghae So don't be shy Geureoke sujubeohaji malgo And come a little closer to me Jogeumssik naegero dagawajwo You Are My Shy Shy Shy Boy (Shy Shy Shy Boy) Oh Oh Oh My Boy (My My My Boy) Even though he is not handsome Jalsaenggiji anhado He is a man with a warm heart Oh Maeumi ddaddeudan geureon namja Oh Say Say Say Boy (Say Say Say Boy) Say Say Say My Boy (My My My Boy) 1 2 3 4 I love you, Now tell me that you love me Shy Boy 1 2 3 4 saranghae ijeneun saranghanda malhaejwo Shy Boy Dduruwap dubap dubap (tteumbari dup) Dduruwap dubap du Translator: The real CZ & alienjantan Rom: romanization.wordpress.com Subbing/Timming: KPOPMV020 This is our democracy, nowadays. We've got used to participate once every four years: elect some representatives and detach ourselves from 'politics' till the next Election Day. Moreover, breaching electoral programs has become the general, natural rule. Our authorities promote superficial forms of citizen participation which they can control and do not affect the issues that really matter. [ ¡Public Health! - ¡No to evictions! - ¡¡Real Democracy NOW!! ] Can we change this? Can we create a true participatory democracy? Would it be possible to use Internet's and social network's potential for this purpose? To connect, in our cities and neighborhoods the neighbors to each other. Bringing together people who share interests, concerns and problems. By articulating their demands with the actions of civic organizations and social movements they can exert a powerful influence on public institutions that translates into public policies and actions that effectively promote the general interest and solve the problems of the citizens. To this end we are creating CitYsens, a Free Software platforms that aims to facilitate and enhance this process of civic interconnection. We are [currently] working in its programming and hope to start using it soon with your help. You can support us: 1. contributing with your skills to the project, 2. making a micro-donation, 3. or promoting the use of CitYsens in your city. Do you want to have a leading role? Take action. Connect. Build sensitive cities. We are... CitYsens Professor Amy Hungerford: Today it is my very great privilege and pleasure to introduce Andrew Goldstone, a TF in this course. Andrew is going to provide for you today the only relief you will get all term from my voice, so enjoy it! On the syilabus it says that I would be presenting a lecture on censorship in this slot. Andrew Goldstone: That's been suppressed, actually.Professor Amy Hungerford: It's been suppressed. That's right. So, I will talk about censorship somewhat in my last lecture on Lolita, and in preparation for that, for next week I'd like you to finish the novel and then read his essay, "On a Novel Entitled Lolita." It should be bound at the back of your book. Andrew is a fourth-year student in the Ph.D. program in English, and he is writing a dissertation on the autonomy of the work of art in modernism: on that as a problem, on that as a subject to be questioned and understood in a deeper way than it has been up until now. It's a wonderful dissertation. It prepares him very well for the lecture he's going to give you today. So: Andrew.Andrew Goldstone: Thanks, Amy. So, on Monday we had three main themes that were used to introduce this novel to you. First is the idea that the novel invites ethical questions but also holds them off through parody in the same way that it uses the tropes of romanticism and romantic love and parodies them. Secondly, we looked at Humbert's techniques of rhetorical seduction and related that to a kind of intellectual problem that Nabokov sets himself of trying to make you identify with this villainous character. And that leads to the third big question we looked at, which is the place of Nabokov in this novel amidst the many layers, whether he crosses them or confuses them. And that's the question that I'm mostly going to focus on today. I'm going to bracket the ethical question, leave that for Monday's lecture, and the way I want to approach this question of the style in the novel and the question of aestheticism is by placing Nabokov in the context of literary modernism. So, I'm going to outline for you a little bit what I mean by that term, and then I'm going to look at some specific predecessors that Nabokov refers to, and the way he uses them. And then, at the very end, I'm going to try to connect that to Nabokov's exile and the themes of exile. So, let's start with an example. If you look on page 15, Humbert describes his adolescence, his education: At first I planned to take a degree in psychiatry as many manqué talents do; but I was even more manqué than that; a peculiar exhaustion--I am so oppressed, doctor--set in, and I switched to English literature, where so many frustrated poets end as pipe-smoking teachers in tweeds. [Well, that's why I'm in graduate school!] Paris suited me. I discussed Soviet movies with expatriates. I sat with uranists in the Deux Magots. I published tortuous essays in obscure journals. I composed pastiches: [Humbert's poem]: "Fraulein von Kulp may turn her hand upon the door. / I will not follow her. / Nor Fresca. / Nor / that Gull." So, this is a spoof of a poem by T.S. Eliot which I've given you a piece of on your handout, so let's look at that for a second, Eliot's 1920 poem, Gerontion. I'm just going to read a little bit of this so that you have the flavor of the thing that Nabokov is burlesquing: Here I am, an old man in a dry month, Being read to by a boy, waiting for rain. I was neither at the hot gatesNor fought in the warm rainNor knee deep in the salt marsh, heaving a cutlass, Bitten by flies, fought. My house is a decayed house. And the poem goes on, and this is the tone of a poem. It's a poem of crisis, a poem of a kind of hollow speaker, someone who emerges as, more or less, buried alive. And this is supposed to reflect both personal crisis and a historical crisis. And it comes to a moment where the possibility of rejuvenation is described as devoured by a series of caricatures of Europeans, and that's this second part on your handout, the people that devour rejuvenation. So: By Hakagawa, bowing among the Titians; By Madame de Tornquist, in the dark roomShifting the candles; Fräulein von Kulp--[There she is--] Who turned in the hall, one hand on the door. Vacant shuttlesWeave the wind. I have no ghosts, An old man in a draughty houseUnder a windy knob. What in Eliot is crisis, in Nabokov is just a joke. In other words, these terrifying figures in Eliot--Fraulein von Kulp--are just some of Humbert's nymphets. A fraulein is just a young woman; Fresca, another Eliot character: the fresh woman, right, a young woman again. So, I called this a burlesque of Eliot's modernism. It takes something meant to be really serious, and turns it in to a dirty joke. And that's the first way Nabokov will relate to literary modernism. That's quite interesting, that he takes this approach, because Eliot in some ways comes very close to the kind of ideas about art that Nabokov himself holds. Eliot says poems should be autotelic. That means they should be an end unto themselves. Nabokov will say in that afterword you're going to read, "the novel has as its only purpose to afford aesthetic bliss." So, the parody is of something very close to home. And this poem that I've given you will come back on page 134. You don't have to turn to that now, but you should think about that return. It's much more serious and strange. Okay. So that's enough on Eliot. Now I want to really clarify for you what I mean by this term "modernism." It just means the art and literature of the early twentieth century, especially the "high art," although its roots are definitely in the nineteenth century, especially the French nineteenth century, fiction and poetry. In English it begins with the late novels of Henry James around 1900, in poetry with Eliot and with Ezra Pound. In prose its main exemplars in English would be James Joyce, Virginia Woolf. And you should know about this movement that it had very rapid success. So, although its first centers are London and Paris, it's already taught as classic literature in American universities before the war; it's already classic. So, now, here's just a list for you: eight features of literary modernism that are all important to Nabokov. Eight features of literary modernism: An obsession with the idea of art's autonomy, the idea that art is its own law, that it responds to no other laws, that it has no other purpose than its own purposes. In other words, art for art's sake. That's Eliot's autotelic poem. The only purpose of the work of art is to afford aesthetic bliss. Second, a sense of crisis, a radical break in culture, an overturning of conventional artistic forms that goes with a sense that civilization itself is being overturned. Third, the idea that the paradigm of experience is artistic experience, that the norms for everyone should be artistic norms of careful perception, deep reflection, that the idea that culture itself is the saving, most important activity that people can engage in. Fourth--and this goes along with that--a rejection of convention, especially sexual convention, sexual morality, and that's the obvious connection to this book, the very deep roots of modernism. However, at the same time there's an idea that the artist is a kind of technician, someone whose values are craft, form and style rather than message, personal expression or wisdom of any kind. Sixth, this is a term from the critic Joseph Frank: spatial form, the idea that in place of a linear narrative you have a system of cross-references and repeated motifs that give the structure of works. In place that is only visible, in other words on rereading, only visible on rereading. And then, this anticipates my last points: Modernism is self-consciously international. In other words, it will look to international tradition and has as its ambition to be a culture not just for one nation but for many, maybe for all. It goes along with this eighth characteristic that's important: the artist is seen as a kind of spiritual exile, someone who is alienated from a home society and a home culture, whether or not he or she has actually left it, as Nabokov did. So this is what I mean by International High Modernism. You should add to this list of writers especially Faulkner and Hemingway, and you should remember that there's a parallel American tradition, the realist tradition that we saw Richard Wright referring to: that is Theodore Dreiser, Sinclair Lewis, and then going back to the nineteenth century, writers like Mark Twain. I had a teacher who used to compare Lolita to Huck Finn. They are two novels about traveling across America and an unconventional couple. Right? So, anyway. Okay. But now, that modernist tradition is something that Nabokov owes a lot to, but he always tries to distinguish himself from it. For Nabokov, the highest value is originality. He says this in his last Russian novel, The Gift. Or, he doesn't say it; his autobiographical hero says it: "Any genuinely new trend in art is a knight's move, a change of shadows, a shift that displaces the mirror." Okay. Any genuinely new trend is a knight's move. I just remind you, in chess the knight doesn't move in a straight line. It starts out in a straight line and then it hops off on a diagonal. Unlike any other piece, it skips over pieces in the way. So the knight, far from going on a straight course, surprises you. You might think of walking in here expecting Professor Hungerford on censorship and getting me instead. But this is a very important idea for Nabokov both as a way of treating predecessors and as a way of writing. And I want to show you that way of writing very early in the book on page 10 now. Let's take a look at that. This is at the top of the page: My very photogenic mother died in a freak accident (picnic, lightning) when I was three, and, save for a pocket of warmth in the darkest past, nothing of her subsists within the hollows and dells of memory, over which, if you can still stand my style (I am writing under observation), the sun of my infancy had set: Okay. So this is a knight's move: from traumatic event of the mother's death--should be the center of the sentence; it's just dismissed--hopped beyond into this stylistic wash, a golden haze. And he goes on to describe the sensations of early childhood. So, the strategy of the knight's move is to frustrate your expectations, to leap over the apparently important events into something else characterized by a kind of aesthetic play, and these parentheses are a real icon of that. A critic has counted 450 sets of them in this novel, the parentheses, an important example of the knight's move. And I want to show you another kind of knight's move, and to do that I'm going to talk just for a moment about Nabokov's relationship to the French writer, Proust. Proust is the great aestheticist of modernism, the novelist who writes about art, who holds up art as a value, as well as giving a theory of memory--memories are important in Lolita; that really comes from Proust--a theory of memory that has a lot to do with the work of the artist. Nabokov, in 1966 he said this: "The greatest masterpieces of twentieth-century prose"--this is convenient; take this down--"are, in this order: Joyce's Ulysses, Kafka's Transformation"--that is, The Metamorphosis--"Bely's St. Petersburg," a pretty obscure Russian avant-garde novel, "and the first half of Proust's fairy tale, In Search of Lost Time." I'm not sure the fairy tale should remind you of that first meeting between Humbert and Lolita that we looked at on Monday, described in fairy tale terms. But actually, the thing I want to think about is a crude pun there, a "fairy" tale. Proust is himself gay. One of his big subjects is homosexuality, and Nabokov's reaction to this is really homophobic. This is not just about Nabokov's personal prejudice. It's about a relationship to predecessors who are seen as too similar. The danger for Nabokov--remember that his value is originality--the danger is that he will fall too in love with something too like himself. He has to hold off this possibility of being too attracted to these male predecessors who are too similar to him. This should cue you to think about the theme of doubling in this novel, to think about the possibility of desire between men here, to think about the word "queer," the treatment of Gaston Godin, that funny French character in Beardsley, to think about Humbert's constant protestations that he's attractive to all women, about his supposed virility. And it should just make you wonder whether pedophilia is in itself a kind of knight's move from homosexuality. In other words, is there another form of perverted desire hiding behind the one that's in front of us? Just a suggestion: look on page 20, still in Humbert's early life, near the bottom: It happened for instance that from my balcony I would notice a lighted window across the street and what looked like a nymphet in the act of undressing before a co-operative mirror. Thus isolated, thus removed, the vision acquired an especially keen charm that made me race with all speed toward my lone gratification. So, we have a kind of image there of the autonomous aesthetic pleasure, right, the pleasure of imagination that's taken alone, according to one's own thoughts rather than in some broader, more social form. But abruptly, fiendishly, the tender pattern of nudity I had adored would be transformed into the disgusting lamp-lit bare arm of a man in his underclothes reading his paper by the open window in the hot, damp, hopeless summer night. So, the object of this wonderful aesthetic reverie, the nymphet, turns out to be an adult male. And I just want you to ask yourself why that could be. But, Nabokov's relationship to this modernist past is not just the burlesque that he visits on Eliot, is not just this complicated attraction and dis-identification that he works on with Proust. An element of admiration is also present, and that's really part of his relationship to Joyce. Remember that he names Joyce as the greatest master of twentieth-century prose. I'm just going to name for you four features of Joyce's style that are important to Nabokov: stylistic virtuosity, the ability to imitate any style; at the same time, a scrupulous attention to the banality of everyday life and all its detail; yet, the third characteristic, the constant use of a superimposed structure. So, in Ulysses, famously, Joyce puts the narrative of the Odyssey on top of a day in Dublin, or in Joyce's earlier novel, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, a linear narrative in which a young boy grows up is structured as a series of structurally paralleled chapters in which moments in each one correspond to the ones in successive chapters. And this comes with a kind of suggestion that that banal reality is redeemed by the artist's activity. Fourthly, Joyce loves puns. So does Nabokov. This is incredibly important, and there's a direct glance at that just ahead of where you read, so don't turn here. I don't want to spoil what's coming up, but on page 221 there is a reference to--don't look, don't look--to a writer named Vivian Darkbloom plagiarizing from Joyce; Vivian Darkbloom you remember from Monday. That's the anagram of Vladimir Nabokov, so it's an explicit recognition. And the thing that's being plagiarized, I've actually given you on the handout. It's a little piece of Finnegans Wake, which is Joyce's work in which almost every word is a pun. I'll just read you a sentence of this so you know what it's like: "Say them all but tell them apart, cadenzando coloratura! R is Rubretta and A is Arancia, Y is for Yilla and N for greeneriN. B is Boyblue with odalisque O while W waters the fleurettes of no-vembrance." And that spells out "rainbow." Right. The important thing here is that Nabokov acknowledges this debt to Joyce as not just a parody, but a real debt. And so now I want to think at more length about another Joyce allusion which shows how complicated the relationship to his predecessor is. And, with Eliot, I read the Nabokovian version first. This time I'll give you the Joyce first. So this is on your handout as well from Chapter 2. This describes the hero, Stephen Dedalus, as a young boy trying to write a poem. And eventually in the novel he will succeed in writing a poem, but here he doesn't manage to. And so, this is a kind of forecast of what will happen later on. The further complication is that here he's writing a poem and then he remembers an earlier attempt; that layering of memory, and that kind of layering, is actually a prototype for the layering in Lolita: The next day he sat at his table in the bare upper room for many hours. Before him lay a new pen, a new bottle of ink and a new emerald exercise. [Skip a little.] On the first line of the page appeared the title of the verses he was trying to write: "To E-- C--." He knew it was right to begin so for he had seen similar titles in the collected poems of Lord Byron. When he had written this title and drawn an ornamental line underneath, he fell into a daydream and began to draw diagrams on the cover of the book. He saw himself sitting at his table in Bray the morning after the discussion at the Christmas dinner table, trying to write a poem about Parnell on the back of one of his father's second moiety notices. But his brain had then refused to grapple with the theme and, desisting, he had covered the page with the names and addresses of certain of his classmates: Roderick Kickham, John Lawton, Anthony MacSweeney, Simon Moonan. The version of this that comes up in the novel is in the midst of Humbert's diary, and the diary itself, I should say, owes a lot to Joyce. And I've given you a piece of that diary to look at on your own on the handout. But this is the moment that directly alludes to Portrait, and it's really very important for understanding Nabokov's technique. So, page 51, near the bottom: Thursday: We are paying with hail and gale for the tropical beginning of the month. In a volume of the Young People's Encyclopedia I found a map of the States that a child's pencil had started copying out on a sheet of lightweight paper, upon the other side of which, counter to the unfinished outline of Florida and the Gulf, there was a mimeographed list of names referring, evidently, to her class at the Ramsdale School. And I think of that front and back of the page as another kind of knight's move. You think you're looking at one thing, and you land on another. It is a poem I know already by heart: Angel, Grace Austin, Floyd Beal, JackBeal, MaryBuck, Daniel… [and so on; I'll come back to this list, actually; just skip to the bottom on page 52] Talbot, EdgarTalbot, EdwinWayne, Lull,--[a lull in the book, right?] Williams, Ralph Windmuller, Louise A poem, a poem forsooth! So strange and sweet was it to discover this Haze Dolores: she, in its special bower of names with its bodyguard of roses, a fairy princess between her two maids of honor. That's the fairy tale again. In a way this is just like the Joyce. A list of names leads up to this aesthetic sensation, the revelation of a poem. The ordinary materials of life become the basis for a kind of artistic achievement. However, obviously this is not like the Joyce, where there is a realistic depiction of a young boy trying to write, getting bored and failing. Here something else is happening, because the list of names is not ordinary. Right. There is that bower of roses. That refers to Mary Rose Hamilton; Haze, Dolores; Hanek, Rosaline. And then there's Emile Rosado and Carmine Rose--a red rose--Angel, Grace-- really!--Stella Fantasia. And then even the ordinary names are kind of plants, because almost every name on this list comes back elsewhere in the book. You could look, for example, for Louise Windmuller or Vivian McCrystal. And then, right in the middle (oh, and then we have Shakespeare too: Miranda Anthony, Miranda Viola) and right in the middle you have a kind of explanation planted: McCoo, Virginia; McCrystal, Vivian; McFate Aubrey. McFate, which as you know is something Humbert gets kind of obsessed with, is the icon of the difference between the realistic world of Joyce and the already artificial, already aestheticized world of this novel. No one was ever really named McFate. McFate is a kind of parody of real randomness. You might think of it as having the same relation to real fate as Chicken McNuggets do to chicken. In other words, you might think of it as a kind of artificial, processed, bland, easily consumable version of fate. I really mean that. One of the funny things about that debt to Finnegans Wake is, Finnegans Wake as a book of puns is unreadable. Nobody reads it except specialists like me. Lolita was a bestseller. Nabokov made so much money from it he was able to retire to Switzerland. And you should ask yourself what about this novel makes that possible; why is that, that you have this McNugget version of the modernist novel? And I don't really mean that to disparage the novel, but it makes it clear that there's some kind of difference between this and the works that Nabokov is looking back to. I want to think a little bit more about this idea of a McFate. There is a kind of short circuit between the Joycean idea of taking ordinary life and transforming it into an aesthetic order, because the ordinary is already aesthetic in the book. In other words, chance is already fated. The thing that stands for randomness in this book, the thing that looks like ordinary detail, has already been arranged to give you artistic pleasure. That's why Humbert can be instantly delighted in the list of names. This doesn't look forward to Humbert's poem; it already is a poem and it is a poem to the crazed, aroused mind of Humbert. So, the artificial has taken the place of the real here, and this novel really reminds you of that all the time. On 84, Humbert's thinking of killing Charlotte, and he says, "No man can bring about the perfect murder. Chance, however, can do it." Chance can do it, and of course the perfect murder does happen. Charlotte Haze dies as if by a total accident, but we're aware that the accident is so perfect that it was arranged. So, this is the, kind of, hand of Nabokov, taking a narrative of real events and twisting it into something that makes a kind of sense, taking fate and making it McFate. And I want to show you one more example of that, in the scene where Humbert and Lolita have reached the hotel, the Enchanted Hunter. This is on page 118 near the bottom. "In the slow, clear hand of crime, I wrote 'Dr. Edgar H. Humbert and daughter, 342 Lawn Street, Ramsdale.' A key, 342, was half shown to me, magician showing object he is about to palm and hand it over to Uncle Tom." The coincidence--normally, in real life, it would be a delightful coincidence to go to a hotel room that has the same number as your street address--here it's a kind of too-easy icon of the correspondence between the place where Humbert meets Lolita and the place where he rapes her. And the book just tells you that, right, in one of those parentheses--"the magician showing the object he is about to palm"-- the ordinary event which is really trickery, a suggestion that nothing has been left to chance in the novel; nothing is ordinary. Now, as I come to my last section here, what I want to suggest is that this kind of transformation of arbitrary, real fated events into conspicuously artificial tricks (which you might think of a knight's move on the real: fate; McFate) is a response in particular to exile, in particular to Nabokov's condition of exile. An exile, living in a foreign country, lives in a kind of denaturalized world, a world where, instead of everything making instant sense everything has to be decoded. Right. Nothing is initially known to make sense; everything has to be figured out and reinvented. In that afterword to this book, Nabokov says he had to invent America. That's because he didn't know it already; it wasn't given to him. Now, in a way this is a terrible state, a state of discontinuity with the world you exist in. But it has a payoff, kind of, a payoff which is the possibility precisely of inventing, and this is visible everywhere in this book. One example is the transformation of housework. This is on page 179. "My west-door neighbor"--west door--"who might have been a businessman or a college teacher, or both, would speak to me once in a while as he barbered some late garden blooms or watered his car, or, at a later date, defrosted his driveway (I don't mind if these verbs are all wrong)." Of course, the point is that they're all wrong. The point is that this clichéd suburban life of mowing the lawn, washing the car and so on has been transformed--precisely because Humbert is a foreigner--into something you can laugh at, something you can enjoy, something that you can apply the knight's move to. And this is, even a couple pages before, explicitly described as something particular to foreigners. Because, you remember, Gaston Godin says about the school that Lolita's going to go to, the girls are taught "not to spell very well, but to smell very well." And Humbert comments that it's "with a foreigner's love for such things"; the foreigner's love for this kind of move is a response to this denaturalized world of the exile. It's important, in this connection, to remember that the knight's move as a way of avoiding obstacles, in particular, keeps skipping over forms of violence. There is that mother's death at the beginning. There is another moment in which Humbert is tracing his hand along Lolita's leg and he discovers a bruise there that he'd given her accidentally. That's early on in the book. In other words, this surprise is a violent surprise. You can even look at the mention of a knight's move in this book. That's page 192: One of the latticed squares in a small cobwebby casement window at the turn of the staircase was glazed with ruby, and that raw wound among the unstained rectangles and its asymmetrical position--a knight's move from the top--always extremely disturbed me. The knight's move--which is just a playful way of describing where the window is, right-- the knight's move is nonetheless a kind of wound or damage. So, even as it's the prototype for originality, it's also something very disturbing and harmful. And that conjunction, I want to suggest, that conjunction has to do with the traumatic event of having had to emigrate, having had to take up another language. Nabokov will say that his private tragedy is that, let's see: [His] private tragedy, which cannot, and indeed should not, be anybody's concern, is that I had to abandon my natural idiom, my untrammeled, rich, and infinitely docile Russian tongue for a second-rate brand of English devoid of any of those apparatuses--the baffling mirror, the black velvet backdrop, the implied associations and traditions--which the native illusionist, the frac-tails flying, can magically use to transcend the heritage in his own way. Here, being in exile prevents Nabokov from making that knight's move. And you might think about that homophobic attitude to a Proustian past, the fear that it's too like what he wants to do. But the main point here to think about is that feeling of damage. On the other hand, the critic Michael Wood has pointed out that Nabokov didn't lose Russian. He didn't lose it on the way while he was riding the boat; he decided to stop writing in it. And Wood says this: "Nabokov could appreciate language itself only after he had made himself lose a language and had found another in the ashes of his loss." A kind of economy, a balance between the loss of one language and a particular set of techniques that comes in its place. These techniques are really I think the source of the most appealing writing in this book, and so let's look now at one of those evocations of the American landscape which I just think maybe are the closest the book comes just to pure beauty. On page 152--oh, and by the way, this book was written on road trips. Nabokov's wife, Vera, drove him on thousands of miles of trips around the country while he was writing this novel and hunting butterflies, so think about that--but here is 152, evocation of the landscape: By a paradox of pictorial thought, the average lowland North American countryside had at first seemed to me something I accepted with a shock of amused recognition, because of those painted oil cloths which were imported from America in the old days to be hung above washstands in central European nurseries, and which fascinated a drowsy child at bedtime with the rustic green views they depicted: opaque, curly trees, a barn, cattle, a brook, the dull white of vague orchards in bloom, and perhaps a stone fence, or hills of greenish gouache. So, so far the American landscape is already a work of art, already part of a European memory. Then something else happens: "But gradually the models of those elementary rusticities became stranger and stranger to the eye, the nearer I came to know them. Beyond the tilled plain"--in other words, the already worked-over, domesticated plain--"beyond the toy roofs, there would be a slow suffusion of inutile loveliness, a low sun in a platinum haze with a warm, peeled-peach tinge pervading the upper edge of a two-dimensional, dove-gray cloud fusing with the distant amorous mist." "Inutile loveliness" is kind of the key word of Nabokov's technique, and he says the novel has as its only purpose to provide aesthetic bliss. So, here is inutile loveliness coming just from seeing the landscape as a stranger. Humbert goes on: There might be a line of spaced trees silhouetted against the horizon, and hot, still noons above a wilderness of clover, and Claude Lorrain clouds inscribed remotely into misty azure with only their cumulus part conspicuous against the neutral swoon of the background. Or again, it might be a stern El Greco horizon, pregnant with inky rain, and a passing glimpse of some mummy-necked farmer, and all around alternating strips of quicksilverish water and harsh green corn, the whole arrangement opening like a fan, somewhere in Kansas. So, a European artist actually appears again there, with Claude Lorrain, but kind of made strange: given that knight's move, given a new twist. So--instead of familiar, incorporated into this profoundly strange, vast landscape that gets Humbert's most appealing rhetoric--the rhetoric of an exile. But, I don't want you to think that this just means everything's okay. Of course, everything is not okay. Even Humbert will tell us so. Just a few pages later, on page 175, he talks about his journey: We had been everywhere. We had really seen nothing. And I catch myself thinking today that our long journey had only defiled with a sinuous trail of slime the lovely, trustful, dreamy, enormous country that by then, in retrospect, was no more to us than a collection of dog-eared maps, ruined tour-books, old tires, and her sobs in the night--every night, every night--the moment I feigned sleep. We have to pair that with that other evocation of the landscape to see this alternate idea, that actually this distanced criss-crossing of the landscape could be damaging. Think of those other violent knight's moves, like skipping past the mother's death. Somehow this is skipped past, that--the sobs in the night. There's another version, yet another version, that relates back to that funny figure of Gaston Godin. And I spoke about Proust; Gaston Godin has a picture of Proust on his wall, and in fact, he has pictures of all great figures of French modernism--André Gide, the dancer Nijinsky--all figures of this kind of aestheticism, this belief in the power of art, and all gay, as Godin himself is. And Humbert has a kind of hatred for that, which he voices on page 173. Sorry, 183: There he was, devoid of any talent whatsoever, a mediocre teacher, a worthless scholar, a glum, repulsive, fat, old invert, highly contemptuous of the American way of life, triumphantly ignorant of the English language. There he was, in priggish New England--[here are we!] crooned over by the old and caressed by the young, oh, having a grand time and fooling everybody, and here was I. And the contrast here is between someone who has remained tied to that European past, remained comfortably alienated--and by that very means been able to fit into society--with someone who is in a much more ambivalent position, someone who's trying to become an American writer, as Nabokov says he's doing: trying to invent America, trying to bridge the gap between Russian and English, but always finding that English is only a kind of second best. And in fact it's more than that: he translated Lolita back in to Russian later on, and he added a second afterword where he said this: That wondrous Russian tongue that, it seemed to me, was waiting for me somewhere, was flowering like a faithful springtime behind a tightly locked gate whose key I had held in safekeeping for so many years, proved to be nonexistent. And there is nothing behind the gate but charred stumps and a hopeless autumnal distance, and the key in my hand is more like a skeleton key. So, there's a kind of lost paradise of European culture which he can't get back, even with this spectacular effort in English. So, that suggests that it's not all to the good; it hasn't been saved by taking up these knight's move techniques, the defamiliarizing techniques; there's still a record of damage. And so, I'm going to end a little early, just throwing out an analogy for you. And it's an analogy that Nabokov himself tries to debunk completely in that afterword. So, you should be skeptical of it, but then you should also ask yourself whether you can really do completely without it. Might it be that Nabokov's own relationship to American culture, his relationship to the English language that he transforms, is like Humbert's relationship to Lolita; that is, might it be that it's a kind of kidnapping of an American innocent by a cosmopolitan European for his own ends, ends which are seen as a kind of perversion? That's that element of violence that keeps coming back, the trail of slime across this dream of transforming reality, in this Joycean way, into something saved, the dream of turning fate, the fate of a dead mother--or, in Nabokov's own case, a father killed by assassination, a brother killed in a concentration camp--turning that into this beautifully worked out, playful system, defined by puns, and images, and a spell of rhetoric. In other words, could it be that all of this modernist technique that Humbert succeeds in putting to his own ends--that Nabokov succeeds in putting to his own ends--is not an unambiguous good, but a record of a kind of damage? Now, on Monday you're going to hear about this novel's confrontation with the idea that art could be saving, that it could somehow be redemptive, but here I think is a hint that it's something that the novel simply laughs at hollowly. And you might think of one last example. all these things I've been saying about the delight in words is put in the mouth of that horrible woman, the headmistress of the Beardsley School, Miss Pratt, on page 197. Miss Pratt says to Humbert, "I'm always fascinated by the admirable way foreigners, or at least naturalized Americans, use our rich language." In other words, that the aesthetic discovery of English is something that just kind of fits comfortably into this prejudice of the dull suburban American. So, I'll just end there with this thought, this doubt, about Nabokov's own use of modernist technique in this novel, about the emphasis on the aesthetic here: whether it could be--not just that triumph of the imagination that Humbert sees in the list of the names--but a mark of a wound that can't be healed. When the new XJ was launched a couple of years ago I heard some quite negative reactions to this car a lot of people didn't like the way it looked especially the rear but I have to say, I have always liked this car I think it is the most beautiful car in the luxury segment money can buy It is like a Jaguar should be; different from the rest It is a car which you really like, or really don't like there's nothing in between unlike the German competitors which are designed to please everyone, so they sell as much as possible Jaguar's design is much more sharp and distinctive Some time ago we drove the new Jaguar XF with the 2.0l engine and the ZF gearbox today we have the same engine-gearbox combination It has an 8-speed automatic gearbox It is a lovely combination it really works together because of the 8-speed box you always have power it never feels weak or underpowered which is a big accomplishment, considering the size of this car with 'only' 240 bhp one of the reasons I like this car so much is that it still has a personality that is something you don't see that often in this segment it has to compete with the BMW 7-series, Audi A8 and Mercedes S-Class they are always in pursuit of technical perfection and with that, it's personality is lost this car and the Maserati Quattroporte are opposite that It feels like this car is here for you that it wants to please you whereas in the German competitors it feels like you are driven by your own car this car wants you to find it special this is really noticable when you look at the interior there's leather everywhere beautifully black, high gloss finished and there is an arch which follows the doors and the windscreen, which I love the only problem I have, is with the navigation screen it feels a bit outdated it is sufficient but I can Imagine when you get in this after test driving an A8 you'll feel like you've gone 5 years back in time the same goes for the speedometer I admire them for trying and renew themselves and it does look quite nice but it is not smooth enough and it's not really my thing I prefer normal ones I'd also go for the long wheelbase version this is the standard one and it is about €4500,- less expensive But that is so little when the car costs almost 100K euros so that seems well worth the money I drove this car with the new 3.0 V6 Supercharged earlier this week and that one is quite a bit more powerful and very smooth but that one was 116K euros with some optional extras this one is 93K with about the same extras so that difference in price is hard to justify because they are not that different when you want a seriously fast XJ, you can buy the new XJR or the Supersport but when you don't, this 4-cylinder XJ will do the job just fine Thomas Numme (TN): And tonight's contenders are Tooji and Didrik Solli-Tangen! TN: We'll just tell a bit about it. This week, we have been in Venice, and tried to be Gondolieres. Harald Rønneberg (HR): And we compete to get as quickly as possible through one of the narrowest canals there without compromising too much on the road. TN: And this is almost an art form, and is this something you could have had as summer job Tooji? Tooji (Touraj Keshtkar, TK): I'm usually do that in the summer. I'm a gondola, it's my field! TK: This was difficult. I though about the ones you see in movies. They are quite small, but these were long, they were very long, maybe like 800 meters. TK: Very long, so they were quite hard to control. TN: What was the most challenging for you Didrik? Didrik Solli-Tangen (DST): I was standing behind there. It was alright.... DST: It was alright, but.. But, what was most challenging as Tooji said - it was long and it was very difficult to control. DST: Sorry TN: We are in a circle that is hard to get out of. HR: Yes, but we will manage to come out.... The worst thing is that the next question also... TN: Let's hear it HR: No, that ... now I'm, sorry ... TN: I look forward to hear it.. HR: How would you describe Didrik as teammate Tooji? HR: Seriously. How would you describe Didrik as a teammate? TK: I do not know how much of a teammate you are Didrik? DST: Was I strict? TK: He was ... he was just more of a leader type and he just said "Tooji, now just follow what I say, and this will go well." And I was just "don't come here and tell". He was the muscles and I was the brain. HR: But when he started to sing ? TK: It was so embarrassing. He will of course show off his operatic techniques and everything like that. And me being the person that I am, I rather thought that we must not crash into the other boats that are there. So it was a bit like ... I tried to get him to be quiet sometimes. But we ... DST: I thought it's Italy, right? Thought that it was Italy, opera, here we are in a gondola and we just give it all. TK: Of course DST: And it was just full throttle. TK: You were very clever. DST: I am very excited about how it went. TN: What do you think about your chances of winning? TK: We won. Easy DST: I'm not so sure ... TK: Do not say anything else, just say it. TN: What do you think Rønneberg? HR: This week, I have a pretty good feeling TN: Yes HR: I do have... TN: Let's see how it went when we rowed a race in a gondola in Venice. TN: Buongiorno! (Good morning!) HR: Grazie (Thanks!) K / D: Pizza N: We are now at one of Venice's 400 bridges, which spans over one of Venice's 200 canals. And what do you think of the city so far guys? TK: It's beautiful here and a little bit romantic. DST: And it's very hot. HR: It's hot, but it is also the only place in the world where you stand and row. And therefore it is natural that we are going to have a gondola race. For centuries, the gondola has been the most important way of transportation in Venice. As a competition form, Gondola regatta plays an important role in the city's history, where the proud Gondoliers, after years of practice, take part in the competition with these iconic boats. Hi! My name is Sergio and I have won championships in this discipline. Now I will teach my Norwegian friends how to drive a gondola. HR: Didrik and Tooji have started with the fast course. TN: And it looks messy already. TK: Bene(good) oar? DST: It is not, I repeat, not as easy as it looks. TK: But I do not understand, because everytime my oar goes down, it flips out of those things there ... DST: I must admit that I think ... these instructors ... DST: He'd rather do it himself I think. I just stand here and feel like fifth wheel on the wagon. Tooji: Boungiorno DST: Is it common to accidentally hit other boats? HR: I get a very good self confidence by looking at you guys. DST: Just wait until you get out of the boat, I guess... HR: It's easy to stand here. DST: Yes, your confidence will fall. Tooji: Good luck! is all I will say. Tooji: Good luck, enjoy a lot. HR: Where do I put my legs? TK: Struggling Thomas? TN: No, I feel I got the technique right away HR: Main challenge - hold the oar inside this thing TN: When he is gone. HR: Yes, Tore is his name. TN: Now it's only us Rønnis TN: Now he is not rowing, now it's only us HR: It's not only us TN: Now we .. HR: Sorry, but ... TN: Damn HR: Sorry, but it's Nummis and Buoingiorno who is rowing TN: Okay DST: I am not as worried as I was earlier. TK: It will go so easy DST: It will not go easy, but it will go ... TK: Didrik, you must keep on to the illusion: this is going to be easy! DST: Okay, Tooji says it's going to be easy so ... TK: It's going to be easy.. Pfftt! TK: : Its going to go like hell The race runs from the historic gondola yards "Tramontine", down the Rio Ognizianti and under the last bridge on the way to Rio Dizantowazo. READY STEADY ROW! TN: Do we keep in rhythm ? Tooji: Didrik! .... Okay DST: This is not designed for speed. TN: Good! Oi, oi, oi! HR: Yes,this is good TN: Get moving. Get a grip on everything you can. TN: oi, oi, oi! HR: Should we try to get some rhythm, maybe? TN: Yes, do that DST: Put down the paddle Tooji: Why should I do that? DST: Because then you can pull us under the bridge there. Tooji: Oh yes, that's right DST: Do not mess with the oar. Now you just take care of ... TK: Okay, now I just take care of.... DST: Paddle like I do. Take you hand down TK: Didrik!!! DST: use it as a paddle oar TK: Oh! DST: Put down the oar boy!! DST: You see who's working here. Toosji: Didrik, you know what? If you say that once more ... Tooji: I have to push away everything, I have to pull it under the bridge, I have to steer away so he doesn't crash. We are a good team. DST: Damn good Team Tooji. Tooji: As long as you don't nagg on me, we're a damn good team. DST: Yes, now put the oar down, take hold on the bridge. TK: Okay. HR: Our strategy now is to really take it easy. HR: Get into a calm rhythm HR: Oh hell TN: What's happened? HR: I broke that thing where I kept the oar TKi: Sing me a song DST: We have to focus on winning TKi: We will win Tooji: Okay, now I was embarrassed. TK: Didrik, now I was embarrassed, seriously. Just drop it. TK: Didrik, sharpen up. TK: You are very good at singing, but you're not (Cant hear what he says) TN: Come on now HR: Stop it, stop it TN: What are you doing back there? HR: That thing about rowing in rhythm, I don't feel that we've managed that TN: Have you followed what I do then? HR: But we are not supposed to .. TN: We have to get out again HR: What do you say? TN: This not working HR: We're not going in there TN: We're not going in there TN: What are you doing back there? TN: Take care of my oar. HR: yes HR. Okay, and so TB: There we are HR: And then speed up, and I do ... HR: Here you are! TN: Thank you HR: How do you think we are doing Nummis? TK: Come on and row Didrik! We are soon at the finish line! TN: Come on, we will soon be done TK: Come on, correct the boat a bit for one last time DST: It's almost like watching Olaf Tufte in the Olympics, Oh my God, TN: No, now we have to reverse TN: Just like that, good TK: And we are done! DST: no, the whole boat must pass Tooji TN: Come on now, the whole boat has to pass DST: And there we passed through HR: Now we are done! TN: Yes HR: Well done! HR: We have a few insurance issues waiting down the track here, but ... HR: Very well done! TN: You paid a lot of effort! TN: You gave it all DST: Likewise. This was --- This was crazy HR: Even we are impressed now. And we are excited now about ... TN: Yes, we are excited now TN: Yeah, this is very exciting TN: What do you think? TK: I think when we saw how bad things were going for you, our chance got pretty high. DST: We didn't have so many stops, I don't think ... HR: We had problems with the boat. We need to be as honest about that TN: And now it's time to announce the winners TN: Who is the best in the gondola race, is it Tooji and Didrik Solli-Tangen, or is it Harald Rønneberg and me.? We go over to the judge and gondola champion Antonio Petaci. AP: The first team spent 8 minutes and 32 seconds. The second team spent 10 minutes and 58 seconds. AP: The winner is: Didrik and Tooji TN: This one I thought we were going to win. HR: I thought so too, and HR: Now it goes bad for us. HR: Now it goes bad for us. HR: What are we doing? TN: I don't know HR: What are we doing? [drums] (Documentary Educational Resources) February 28, 1971. Afternoon. 10 minutes after 3. (A DOCUMENTARY EDUCATlONAL RESOURCES PRODUCTlON) (THE AX FlGHT) Two women are fighting with each other (Large Yanomamo villages are volatile, and the slightest provocation can start a violent outburst. On February 28, 1971, a fight erupted in the village of Mishimishimabowei-teri, with some 270 inhabitants. The fight began when a woman was beaten in the garden. She fled into the village, where her brother challenged the assailant to a club-fight. The contest rapidly escalated into an ax fight.) Bring your camera over here, it's going to start. (You are about to see and hear the unedited record of this seemingly chaotic and confusing fight, just as the field workers witnessed it on their second day in the village.) John Rutter - 2. Out of the deep Movement two, *Out of the deep*, is the first of the two psalm settings. It is one of the darkest of the 150 psalms. *Out of the deep, have I called unto thee O Lord, Lord hear my voice*, this is very fervent. I immediately sensed a kind of affinity with the blues, in the kind of text it is. Because at one time or another, we have all been there, in the situation that the psalm is talking about. *O let thine ears consider well the voice of my complaint*, "please hear me". *If Thou, Lord, wilt be extreme to mark what is done amiss*, "forgive me the sins I have done in the past, I won't do it again." *O Lord, who may abide it?* But then interestingly it takes a more optimistic turn, saying *For there is mercy with Thee, therefore shalt Thou be feared* *I look for the Lord. My soul doth wait for Him. And in His word is my trust.* In other words "things haven't yet taken a turn for the better but there is hope and trust in the Lord, even in the dark hour". And of course that dark hour is actually spelled out for us: *My soul fleeth unto the Lord, before the morning watch, I say, before the morning watch* That is I think the time when often people who in despair feel their very darkest psychologically. A lot of insight in this text. But it ends on a note of trust: *O Israel, trust in the Lord, for with the Lord there is mercy, and with Him is plenteous redemption* That was really the text that I wanted to set. Because I had this sense of darkness and blues, I somehow thought, a solo cello is the voice that I hear. Very obvious piece of symbolism, I begin on the very lowest note that the instrument can play: bottom C. The rhythm of those first notes, it doesn't change pitch, but this is the rhythm: (*piano playing*) That "knocking-at-the-door" rhythm is one which Brahms used in his requiem. This is really another little homage to a past requiem. The style of the music was described by the New York Times reviewer as "Anglican Blues", perhaps that is not unfair because it has those blue notes that you expect in settings of the blues. I nearly wrote instead of what I actually wrote was: *Out of the deep have I called unto Thee, O Lord* I nearly wrote: *have I called unto Thee, O Lord* but I changed my mind, that would have been even bluer. The cello weaves in and out of the voices as if it is saying some of the things that the voices perhaps can't express themselves. I suppose this is something I borrowed really from Bach and his Cantatas and Passions where a solo instrument counterpoints the singers, and in some sense comments on what they are singing, and add to it. *For there is mercy with Thee*, we hear the voice of the oboe, which is going to be important later in the work. We turn from C minor into C major. *I look for the Lord. My soul doth wait for Him. And in His word is my trust.* But we are not sort of ready yet for the whole thing to be happily resolved because I actually end by repeating the words with which the movement begins: *Out of the deep have I called unto Thee, Lord, hear my voice* and the cello sinks right back down to that bottom C, at the end, which is where it all began. So we still in a sense feel darkness, we haven't yet moved forward to seeing light at the end of the tunnel. Or at least, we have seen some light, but we have moved away from that again. - Mrs. Post, I just consulted with my colleagues and we'd rather have you take them home again. - But I thought it was all right? - Yes, but some residents have allergies. And we have rules we have to follow. - And what about my husband. What did he say? - He was a bit disappointed, but he understands. - But those birds mean the world to him. Did you know that he wakes up at 6 a.m. in the summer to feed them? - Sorry, but I can't help you. - And what if they stay in his room? Then they're not any trouble to anyone. - They're quite noisy though. - They're my husband's birds and I'll take them home when I can take my husband home again. Until then you'll just have to learn to appreciate them. Radical openness is still a distant future in the field of school education. We have such a hard time figuring out that learning is not a place but an activity. But I want to tell you the story of PlSA, OECD's test to measure the knowledge and skills of 15-year-olds around the world, and it's really a story of how international comparisons have globalized the field of education that we usually treat as an affair of domestic policy. Look at how the world looked in the 1960s, in terms of the proportion of people who had completed high school. You can see the United States ahead of everyone else, and much of the economic success of the United States draws on its long-standing advantage as the first mover in education. But in the 1970s, some countries caught up. In the 1980s, the global expansion of the talent pool continued. And the world didn't stop in the 1990s. So in the '60s, the U.S. was first. In the '90s, it was 13th, and not because standards had fallen, but because they had risen so much faster elsewhere. Korea shows you what's possible in education. Two generations ago, Korea had the standard of living of Afghanistan today, and was one of the lowest education performers. Today, every young Korean finishes high school. So this tells us that, in a global economy, it is no longer national improvement that's the benchmark for success, but the best performing education systems internationally. The trouble is that measuring how much time people spend in school or what degree they have got is not always a good way of seeing what they can actually do. Look at the toxic mix of unemployed graduates on our streets, while employers say they cannot find the people with the skills they need. And that tells you that better degrees don't automatically translate into better skills and better jobs and better lives. So with PlSA, we try to change this by measuring the knowledge and skills of people directly. And we took a very special angle to this. We were less interested in whether students can simply reproduce what they have learned in school, but we wanted to test whether they can extrapolate from what they know and apply their knowledge in novel situations. Now, some people have criticized us for this. They say, you know, such a way of measuring outcomes is terribly unfair to people, because we test students with problems they haven't seen before. But if you take that logic, you know, you should consider life unfair, because the test of truth in life is not whether we can remember what we learned in school, but whether we are prepared for change, whether we are prepared for jobs that haven't been created, to use technologies that haven't been invented, to solve problems we just can't anticipate today. And once hotly contested, our way of measuring outcomes has actually quickly become the standard. In our latest assessment in 2009, we measured 74 school systems that together cover 87 percent of the economy. This chart shows you the performance of countries. In red, sort of below OECD average. Yellow is so-so, and in green are the countries doing really well. You can see Shanghai, Korea, Singapore in Asia; Finland in Europe; Canada in North America doing really well. You can also see that there is a gap of almost three and a half school years between 15-year-olds in Shanghai and 15-year-olds in Chile, and the gap grows to seven school years when you include the countries with really poor performance. There's a world of difference in the way in which young people are prepared for today's economy. But I want to introduce a second important dimension into this picture. Educators like to talk about equity. With PlSA, we wanted to measure how they actually deliver equity, in terms of ensuring that people from different social backgrounds have equal chances. And we see that in some countries, the impact of social background on learning outcomes is very, very strong. Opportunities are unequally distributed. A lot of potential of young children is wasted. We see in other countries that it matters much less into which social context you're born. We all want to be there, in the upper right quadrant, where performance is strong and learning opportunities are equally distributed. Nobody, and no country, can afford to be there, where performance is poor and there are large social disparities. And then we can debate, you know, is it better to be there, where performance is strong at the price of large disparities? Or do we want to focus on equity and accept mediocrity? But actually, if you look at how countries come out on this picture, you see there are a lot of countries that actually are combining excellence with equity. In fact, one of the most important lessons from this comparison is that you don't have to compromise equity to achieve excellence. These countries have moved on from providing excellence for just some to providing excellence for all, a very important lesson. And that also challenges the paradigms of many school systems that believe they are mainly there to sort people. And ever since those results came out, policymakers, educators, researchers from around the world have tried to figure out what's behind the success of those systems. But let's step back for a moment and focus on the countries that actually started PlSA, and I'm giving them a colored bubble now. And I'm making the size of the bubble proportional to the amount of money that countries spent on students. If money would tell you everything about the quality of learning outcomes, you would find all the large bubbles at the top, no? But that's not what you see. Spending per student only explains about, well, less than 20 percent of the performance variation among countries, and Luxembourg, for example, the most expensive system, doesn't do particularly well. What you see is that two countries with similar spending achieve very different results. You also see -- and I think that's one of the most encouraging findings -- that we no longer live in a world that is neatly divided between rich and well-educated countries, and poor and badly-educated ones, a very, very important lesson. Let's look at this in greater detail. The red dot shows you spending per student relative to a country's wealth. One way you can spend money is by paying teachers well, and you can see Korea investing a lot in attracting the best people into the teaching profession. And Korea also invests into long school days, which drives up costs further. Last but not least, Koreans want their teachers not only to teach but also to develop. They invest in professional development and collaboration and many other things. All that costs money. How can Korea afford all of this? The answer is, students in Korea learn in large classes. This is the blue bar which is driving costs down. You go to the next country on the list, Luxembourg, and you can see the red dot is exactly where it is for Korea, so Luxembourg spends the same per student as Korea does. But, you know, parents and teachers and policymakers in Luxembourg all like small classes. You know, it's very pleasant to walk into a small class. So they have invested all their money into there, and the blue bar, class size, is driving costs up. But even Luxembourg can spend its money only once, and the price for this is that teachers are not paid particularly well. Students don't have long hours of learning. And basically, teachers have little time to do anything else than teaching. So you can see two countries spent their money very differently, and actually how they spent their money matters a lot more than how much they invest in education. Let's go back to the year 2000. Remember, that was the year before the iPod was invented. This is how the world looked then in terms of PlSA performance. The first thing you can see is that the bubbles were a lot smaller, no? We spent a lot less on education, about 35 percent less on education. So you ask yourself, if education has become so much more expensive, has it become so much better? And the bitter truth really is that, you know, not in many countries. But there are some countries which have seen impressive improvements. Germany, my own country, in the year 2000, featured in the lower quadrant, below average performance, large social disparities. And remember, Germany, we used to be one of those countries that comes out very well when you just count people who have degrees. Very disappointing results. People were stunned by the results. And for the very first time, the public debate in Germany was dominated for months by education, not tax, not other kinds of issues, but education was the center of the public debate. And then policymakers began to respond to this. The federal government dramatically raised its investment in education. A lot was done to increase the life chances of students with an immigrant background or from social disadvantage. And what's really interesting is that this wasn't just about optimizing existing policies, but data transformed some of the beliefs and paradigms underlying German education. For example, traditionally, the education of the very young children was seen as the business of families, and you would have cases where women were seen as neglecting their family responsibilities when they sent their children to kindergarten. PlSA has transformed that debate, and pushed early childhood education right at the center of public policy in Germany. Or traditionally, the German education divides children at the age of 10, very young children, between those deemed to pursue careers of knowledge workers and those who would end up working for the knowledge workers, and that mainly along socioeconomic lines, and that paradigm is being challenged now too. A lot of change. And the good news is, nine years later, you can see improvements in quality and equity. People have taken up the challenge, done something about it. Or take Korea, at the other end of the spectrum. In the year 2000, Korea did already very well, but the Koreans were concerned that only a small share of their students achieved the really high levels of excellence. They took up the challenge, and Korea was able to double the proportion of students achieving excellence in one decade in the field of reading. Well, if you only focus on your brightest students, you know what happens is disparities grow, and you can see this bubble moving slightly to the other direction, but still, an impressive improvement. A major overhaul of Poland's education helped to dramatically reduce between variability among schools, turn around many of the lowest-performing schools, and raise performance by over half a school year. And you can see other countries as well. Portugal was able to consolidate its fragmented school system, raise quality and improve equity, and so did Hungary. So what you can actually see, there's been a lot of change. And even those people who complain and say that the relative standing of countries on something like PlSA is just an artifact of culture, of economic factors, of social issues, of homogeneity of societies, and so on, these people must now concede that education improvement is possible. You know, Poland hasn't changed its culture. It didn't change its economy. It didn't change the compositions of its population. It didn't fire its teachers. It changed its education policies and practice. Very impressive. And all that raises, of course, the question: What can we learn from those countries in the green quadrant who have achieved high levels of equity, high levels of performance, and raised outcomes? And, of course, the question is, can what works in one context provide a model elsewhere? Of course, you can't copy and paste education systems wholesale, but these comparisons have identified a range of factors that high-performing systems share. Everybody agrees that education is important. Everybody says that. But the test of truth is, how do you weigh that priority against other priorities? How do countries pay their teachers relative to other highly skilled workers? Would you want your child to become a teacher rather than a lawyer? How do the media talk about schools and teachers? Those are the critical questions, and what we have learned from PlSA is that, in high-performing education systems, the leaders have convinced their citizens to make choices that value education, their future, more than consumption today. And you know what's interesting? You won't believe it, but there are countries in which the most attractive place to be is not the shopping center but the school. Those things really exist. But placing a high value on education is just part of the picture. The other part is the belief that all children are capable of success. You have some countries where students are segregated early in their ages. You know, students are divided up, reflecting the belief that only some children can achieve world-class standards. But usually that is linked to very strong social disparities. If you go to Japan in Asia, or Finland in Europe, parents and teachers in those countries expect every student to succeed, and you can see that actually mirrored in student behavior. When we asked students what counts for success in mathematics, students in North America would typically tell us, you know, it's all about talent. If I'm not born as a genius in math, I'd better study something else. Nine out of 10 Japanese students say that it depends on my own investment, on my own effort, and that tells you a lot about the system that is around them. In the past, different students were taught in similar ways. High performers on PlSA embrace diversity with differentiated pedagogical practices. They realize that ordinary students have extraordinary talents, and they personalize learning opportunities. High-performing systems also share clear and ambitious standards across the entire spectrum. Every student knows what matters. Every student knows what's required to be successful. And nowhere does the quality of an education system exceed the quality of its teachers. High-performing systems are very careful in how they recruit and select their teachers and how they train them. They watch how they improve the performances of teachers in difficulties who are struggling, and how they structure teacher pay. They provide an environment also in which teachers work together to frame good practice. And they provide intelligent pathways for teachers to grow in their careers. In bureaucratic school systems, teachers are often left alone in classrooms with a lot of prescription on what they should be teaching. High-performing systems are very clear what good performance is. They set very ambitious standards, but then they enable their teachers to figure out, what do I need to teach to my students today? The past was about delivered wisdom in education. Now the challenge is to enable user-generated wisdom. High performers have moved on from professional or from administrative forms of accountability and control -- sort of, how do you check whether people do what they're supposed to do in education -- to professional forms of work organization. They enable their teachers to make innovations in pedagogy. They provide them with the kind of development they need to develop stronger pedagogical practices. The goal of the past was standardization and compliance. High-performing systems have made teachers and school principals inventive. In the past, the policy focus was on outcomes, on provision. The high-performing systems have helped teachers and school principals to look outwards to the next teacher, the next school around their lives. And the most impressive outcomes of world-class systems is that they achieve high performance across the entire system. You've seen Finland doing so well on PlSA, but what makes Finland so impressive is that only five percent of the performance variation amongst students lies between schools. Every school succeeds. This is where success is systemic. And how do they do that? They invest resources where they can make the most difference. They attract the strongest principals into the toughest schools, and the most talented teachers into the most challenging classroom. Last but not least, those countries align policies across all areas of public policy. They make them coherent over sustained periods of time, and they ensure that what they do is consistently implemented. Now, knowing what successful systems are doing doesn't yet tell us how to improve. That's also clear, and that's where some of the limits of international comparisons of PlSA are. That's where other forms of research need to kick in, and that's also why PlSA doesn't venture into telling countries what they should be doing. But its strength lies in telling them what everybody else has been doing. And the example of PlSA shows that data can be more powerful than administrative control of financial subsidy through which we usually run education systems. You know, some people argue that changing educational administration is like moving graveyards. You just can't rely on the people out there to help you with this. (Laughter) But PlSA has shown what's possible in education. It has helped countries to see that improvement is possible. It has taken away excuses from those who are complacent. And it has helped countries to set meaningful targets in terms of measurable goals achieved by the world's leaders. If we can help every child, every teacher, every school, every principal, every parent see what improvement is possible, that only the sky is the limit to education improvement, we have laid the foundations for better policies and better lives. Thank you. (Applause) (chatter) Alright, alright, alright. You guys, we have to make the most amazing video For the academy awards this year, but I need ideas. It's got to be something good Do you have any ideas Sarah? No ideas come to mind. Well what have other people done for the academy awards videos in the past? (collective) hmmm (wub wub wub wub) (more dubstep) You know what guys? I think we need to do something original Like what? An action film. (yeah!) Ooo but wait, We need a plot line. Guns, fighting, car chase, killing, explosions, etc Guys, guys, guys. We need a good climax though, What should we do? How about a car chase? Oh a car chase would be good to develop our characters, But we need something else to tie up the loose ends. A fight scene? Thats Awesome! Can I choke someone? Brilliant.. Just not me. Lets do this guys. Yay! Action! We dont know what we are doing! Oh no! Cut! Come on guys! Really!? We've been here all day! You can be more aggressive with each other! (more aggressive) Cut! So I think we should use this bridge for the Parkour scene, Does anybody have any ideas? Someone could jump off it. No its too dangerous. Oh my gosh! Is that Jake? Why is he here? It's a girls only movie! Cut! (intense music) (crash) What about the hardware? That is one thing I am not worried about. You want to use that? How about this? That would work. Or we could get a little ...medieval. How about this? I want something with a little more ...power. I know exactly what you mean. Yeah I think I found mine. Yeah well, let me know how that works out for you. (no cows were harmed in the making of this film) (as far as i know) (typing) Yeah I think it came together pretty good The fight scene is my favorite, But the gun scene could have been better. Maybe if we had a bigger gun. I still feel like something is missing though.. (light bulb) (large explosions) (more explosions) End yeah, let me back up and just say a little bit about how I I think we've got this far, with that creativity and the wealth of the internet, that the numbers the speakers talk about I can't remember when you weren't there When I didn't care for anyone but you I swear we've been through everything there is Can't imagine anything we've missed Can't imagine anything the two of us can't do Through the years You've never let me down You turned my life around The sweetest days I've found I've found with you Through the years I've never been afraid I've loved the life we've made And I'm so glad I've stayed Right here with you Through the years I can't remember what I used to do Who I trusted whom, I listened to before I swear you've taught me everything I know Can't imagine needing someone so But through the years it seems to me I need you more and more Through the years Through all the good and bad I knew how much we had I've always been so glad To be with you Through the years It's better everyday You've kissed my tears away As long as it's okay I'll stay with you Through the years Through the years When everything went wrong Together we were strong I know that I belonged Right here with you Through the years I never had a doubt We'd always work things out I've learned what love's about By loving you Through the years Through the years You've never let me down You've turned my life around The sweetest days I've found I've found with you Through the years It's better everyday You've kissed my tears away As long as it's okay I'll stay with you Through the years Lauren, hey, what're you, what're you doing? >> All that talk of mutations is really sobering, so I just kind of came out here to relax and sunbathe. >> Yeah, but you realize sunlight causes all kinds of mutations, right? >> Matt, I can't get away from you. What are you talking about? >> Of course, like UV light from the sun is a major source of induced mutations. There's UVA, UVB rays from the sun. They directly cause mutations and can cause other molecules to indirectly cause mutations. In fact, if you've ever had a, a sunburn before where your skin cells turn red and then peel off. It's because you got so many mutations that your body couldn't fix them all, and so they committed self-suicide to save you from skin cancer. >> It's a good thing that I wore sunscreen today, but I really wish my skin would just protect itself on its own. >> Well, there's actually a mechanism for that. It's actually skin pigmentation. >> So you say if I had darker skin tone, I wouldn't be so susceptible to skin cancer? >> Exactly. Let's, let's go learn a bit more about how that works. Okay. Hey. Hey. Have you studied for the bio test yet? Not yet. When is it? Tomorrow... Really? [laughing] You were going to go out tonight, weren't you? Well not anymore. Isn't that thing worth like 25% of our grade? Yeah... well... You know how I'm doing that work study at the bio department? This was left on the copier. Is that the exam? I've been filling in the answers and it's actually not that hard... It really helps if you have the book. So you're coming out tonight, right? Yeeeah you are. You're coming out with us, too. Uhh I can't, cause my girlfriend's coming over. Plus I got like three tests and two exams in the next week, and my boss wants me to work double hours cause everyone's out sick with scurvy or something. But...Wait, did you guys already study for the bio test? Okay, alright? I won't use it. Good. But you still have to tell the professor that they have the test. No I don't, it doesn't matter. I'm going to be the one that's going crazy studying, it doesn't bother me if they have the— Yes it does, you idiot, the class is curved, if they get an A it'll bring down everyone else who studied. It's just a Gen Ed, it's not like it really matters... Well, that's beside the point, it still effects our grades. They shouldn't be allowed to cheat in any class. You have to tell the professor. They're my friends, they're gonna know it was me. You know that they don't mean any harm. Yeah but, if somebody finds out you'll all get in trouble. It might make them fail the class, or worse. I can't do that to my friends. They won't be learning the material. Come on, you can't seriously act like you care about their education. I mean, yeah, it's going to be bad if they don't learn it, but it's gonna be worse if they have this on their record. Do you understand that the curve will bring down the rest of the class? Alright, it's a one time thing, okay, I can't get my friends in trouble over something that really doesn't matter in the long run. Well what if it was a more important class? Or a bigger test? What would you do then? And why should that it a difference if it's the right thing to do? So an additional help in thinking about your value proposition comes from a great VC, Ann Miura-Ko, at Floodgate. Ann said, "We can think of startups' value propositions of having 2 forms." "Do they have technology insight, or are they market insights?" And typically, technology insights come for technology-driven products. Are you building chips that follow Moore's Law-- that is, they're now doubling in density every year and therefore new functions can be embedded in them? Are these based on new scientific discoveries or new algorithms? Typically, this applies to hardware or clean tech and biotech, but it also could be big data algorithms, etc. Do you have some insight about technology and, again, the gains and pains that that will provide for customers? Or do you have some insight about the market or consumer behavior? Are you going to disrupt the value chain because you now understand how to do something overseas where you could slash the cost by 80%? Is there something that government regulation or deregulation is going to change and now make an entire industry available in a way it never was before? So these are about changes in how people work and live and interact and what they expect, and these are very different than technology insights. But remember they both need to solve pains and gains for your customer. >> You saw though that neither the range nor the IQR take all the data into account. We could have two totally different data sets with the same IQR. Like these. A normal, a bimodal, and a uniform distribution. So the IQR doesn't tell us as much as we would like to know about the dataset. Remember how we used all of our data when calculating the mean because remember with the mean we took the sum of all the values and then divided by the number of values. So that used every data value. What if we were to take a similar approach when calculating our variability? In other words, we need one number that decribes the spread of data that takes all the data into account. Let's go through some scenarios. Of all the spectacles mankind has viewed through a telescope, there are few lovelier than a spiral galaxy. Majestic whirlpools of stars, they rotate in a stately and predictable dance. The fact that we see many billions of them in our telescopes tells us they are both common and stable. It is perhaps surprising that it is relatively easy to understand the inner workings of these cosmic pinwheels. By combining physical principles worked out by Sir Isaac Newton in the late 17th century, with the observed amount of mass in a galaxy, scientists can calculate the rates at which these galaxies rotate. Using these techniques, astronomers predict how fast stars at different distances from the center of the galaxy should move. Stars very close to the center move slowly. That's because there is very little mass between them and the center of the galaxy to pull them along. Stars a bit further away move faster, because they are being pulled by all of the stars in between them and the center. As we get really far away, the stars are predicted to move slowly again. Their great distance reduces gravity to a gentle tug, so they move leisurely in their orbits. Knowing this, scientists looked at the galaxies and measured how fast stars were moving. To their surprise, they found that while the stars closer to the center of the galaxy behaved as predicted, those further away moved far too quickly. This observation was devastating to the tradtional theories of gravity and motion. If the stars were moving as fast as their measurement suggested, galaxies should have torn themselves apart. It was a crisis, and astronomers and physicists scrambled to find a mistake in their calculation. Was Newton's theory of gravity wrong? Was his theory of motion wrong? Or was it possible that astronomers had incorrectly measured the galaxy's mass? All options were investigated, and all were ruled out. Except one. Today, scientists believe that the answer lies in a previously unknown kind of matter, called dark matter. This dark matter can be envisioned as a cloud which surrounds most galaxies. This matter is very unusual. It is affected by gravity, but it is invisible to visible light and all other forms of electromagnetic radiation. The name "dark matter" originates in this form of matter's inability to emit or absorb light. Dark matter adds to the gravity of the galaxy and explains the orbital speed of stars far from the galactic center. Dark matter has not yet been directly observed, but scientists believe that it is likely to be real, mostly because the other options have been ruled out. Using dozens of approaches, astronomers and physicists continue to search for direct evidence that would prove that the dark matter hypothesis is true. This question is one of the most important physics research questions of the 21st century. Hi! I see now days im paranoid, hooded up knocking at the way the cameras point disgraced by the tabloids cause they say we don't have a choice But who are they to tell us what's fact from fiction Rising gas emissions, see rush decisions, Malnutrition and mad-dy pictures They say it will change When they catch the villains Well, with Saddam it didnt, still Bin Laden's hidden It don't make a scrap of difference The UN still dictate to the Palestinians Tanks are different, not relieved of their ammunition Bombs ain't bad for business 17 years and now half of Iraq is missing Do not be surprised by, bombs in the pipeline Watch when the time's right, you're going bye-byes Welcome to the Zeitgeist, modern day Einsteins Whos seeing eye signs, stay within the guidelines The ID card ain't far from the microchips They plan to implant inside your wrists And what really are our reliances as dominant nations They call it the -Council on Foreign Relations Get used to the fact, they've got troops in Iraq And they gonna be there till they remove all the gas The larger degrees of Commander-in Chiefs And private militaries that are armed to the teeth Men in white coats that shoot particle beams Annihilate any single target they please. Ladies and gentlemen, David Icke. Thank you! Thank you very much! Thank you! Thank you! Thank you! Thank you very much! Thank you! Thank you! Thank you very much! What an amazing day, what an amazing event! We've got people here from India, Finland, Sweden, Canada, America... And all over Britain... Iceland, yeah! Iceland, yeah! And I'd like to thank everyone for coming, I'd like to thank all the crew who've made this possible. To JP and Sean... And also to Bill. Bill has come all the way from America, he's an American professional TV cameraman, and he's come over here to work on this event, just because he believes in what we are trying to do here. So thanks to Bill for coming! Thank you! And also in the audience, somewhere out there, cause it all looks black to me, is a lady called Yeva. Are you there, Yev? There, she's over there. Yeva used to travel with me back in the days when I used to arrive at an event, I'd put the chairs out, Yev would sit to take the tickets from people, she wouldn't take many tickets, sometimes 8 or 9, they'd sit in the seats, I'd talk for hours, and then they'd leave, and I'd put the chairs in, and me and Yev would go and have a little chef or something, saying: 'What's it all about, Yev? What's the point, Yev?' Well, this is the point. Because if you keep going, keep passionately moving forward for what you believe in, the tide, or the sea, does tend to open. It's when you think: 'Oh, no, big problem, feel sorry for myself, I'm out of here.' And on that very subject before I start. 37 years ago, this month, I met a lady called Linda, who has been my rock ever since. Right to this day she's the one that organizes events. And I stand on the stage and do the words, but she makes it possible by working her socks off, day after day, week after week. And I'd just like to take this opportunity to acknowledge the fantastic work that she's done and the contribution that she's made to my life, never mind to the work that we're trying to do. So thank you to Linda! Now, 'Free your mind'... I can't hear you, so there you go. 'Free your mind' is what the whole theme of this event is about. Or 'Free our minds', cause it includes mine as well. And 'Free your mind' doesn't mean 'Believe what I say' or 'Believe it, cause I say it' or 'Take it as read'. 'Free your mind' just means opening the mind to All Possibility and then deciding what part of All Possibility we choose to accept as reality. So what I'm Not doing is standing up here today and saying: I've got all the answers. Here you go.. Heres another belief system. It's information, it's what I've compiled, it's conclusions I've come to over the last 20 years of full-time research in about 45 countries. But it's information, it's not there to be believed just because I say it. And I think I can sum it up really by what this man said, Wilhelm Reich, who was a philosopher, an inventor and what have you. And he said this: 'Am I a space man? Do I belong to a new race on Earth, bred by men from outer space in embraces with Earth women? ... I request my right and privilege to have such thoughts and ask such questions without being threatened to be jailed by any administrative agency of society ... In the face of a rigid, doctrinaire, self-appointed ready-to-kill hierarchy of scientific censorship it appears foolish to publish such thoughts. Anyone malignant enough could do anything with them.' And they did! 'Still the right to be wrong has to be maintained. We should not fear to enter a forest because there are wildcats around in the trees. We should not yield our right to well-controlled speculation. It is certain questions entailed in such speculation which administrators of established knowledge fear ... But in entering the cosmic age we should certainly insist on the right to ask new, even silly questions, or apparently silly, without being molested.' Wilhelm Reich. 20 years ago nearly, I decided I was gonna take that right, and I'm gonna continue to exercise that right to the day I leave this reality. Because if we don't defend or express our right to go into these areas that are beyond the norm, then we put ourselves in the prisons, the mind prisons and therefore the physical prisons that those norms impose upon us. I would say this as well. This event today is Not about demanding the right from authority to give us our freedom. My Freedom, All Freedom is our natural and eternal right, not the gift of some dark suit or uniform to decide if it's gonna give it to us or not. And so this is also not a day for being intimidated and frightened by this Big Brother crap and all these goons in uniform who seek to impose someone else's will upon us. It's just about exposing the way they are seeking to enslave us, so we can see the game and therefore not play it. In fact, my attitude to Big Brother can be summed up thus: Oooh, Big Brother, Big Brother! Oh my God! Sod that for a lock As Gandhi said: 'An error does not become truth by reason of multiplied propagation, nor does truth become error because nobody will see it.' Put more simply in his words again: 'Even if you are in a minority of one, the truth is still the truth.' And throughout history, we have seen small minorities of people who have pointed out flaws in the norm of belief, or at least questioned it, who have turned out to be so right that now with hindsight we go: 'How could anyone ever believe the Earth was flat, or that if you went far enough, you would go off the edge?' But people did, and it was the norm of the time. And we have norms now that are just as blatantly stupid with not even the benefit of hindsight, the benefit of what we know now. This is today's flat Earth. The fact that we live in the cutting edge of human evolution, the cutting edge of how far humanity has come. Turning a planet of enormous beauty into a shitehole ain't the cutting edge of human evolution. We're also being asked to believe, as Orwell said: War is peace. Freedom is slavery. Ignorance is strength. And we are the cutting edge of human understanding? As Michael Ellner said: 'Just look at us. Everything is backwards; everything is upside down. Doctors destroy health, lawyers destroy justice, universities destroy knowledge, governments destroy freedom, the major media destroy information and religions destroy spirituality.' I think there's more to know here! And it's all true! As H.L. Mencken said: 'The men the American people admire most extravagantly are the greatest liars; the men they detest most violently are those who try to tell them the truth.' We live in Topsy-Turvy Land! Why is everything upside down, everything back to front!? Why are there billions of bewildered people who don't understand who they are, where they are, what the whole business of life is all about? The world seems such a ball of confusion and complexity and bewilderment! But it is when you don't have the coordinates to connect things together. Because when you connect the dots, you start to see that apparent complexity as it's played out and apparent bewilderment as it's played out has a very seriously clear picture that emerges. Because as you connect the dots between different people, organizations, places, religions, history, suddenly the picture starts to form. Oooh, so that's it! If you don't connect the dots, it's just a mass of what's all this about. When you connect the dots, you get the elephant in the living-room. You can start to see daily life and the daily news, or what passes for it, and all this stuff in a completely different light. And suddenly, what seemed to be incomprehensible starts to make clearer and clearer sense. And that picture as the debts... the dots are connected, the debts too, it's all part of it... is that there are two prime realities that we are experiencing. We're experiencing the movie - that's the movie version of reality that we are given by the mainstream media, by what passes for education and all the other sources of mainstream information, which explain away events in the world in a certain way. But behind that, it becomes clearer as the dots join up that there is another agenda behind that which the movie is simply there as a cover story to obscure and hide. And the foundation of that cover story or the foundation of that secret agenda is to get billions of people on this planet to wear a mask and play out a false identity that they don't even know is false. You know, we can talk about banking scams and political scams and secret societies, and we should, and we will later on as we go through this, but what those involved in the research of all this whole conspiracy stuff, I feel, need to appreciate is if that's as far as you go and no further, then you too are playing a kind of movie, because you are looking at how it's playing out instead of the real foundation from which this whole conspiracy is based. And that is manipulating people to believe they are something they are not and to forget what they really are. And what we really are is consciousness, infinite consciousness, connected to all other consciousness, the seamless ocean of Infinity. And we can move our point of observation around that consciousness and express and celebrate its uniqueness, but we are all of one infinite mind, one infinite consciousness. And the illusion of apartness is an experience of this reality, and its extenuation or accentuation by the manipulators is to get us to see ourselves and everything in terms of apartness instead of as a connected whole. This is symbolically, even more than symbolically, the situation that this whole conspiracy is designed to put us in. In a bubble of consciousness which I call body consciousness, which is disconnected from its awareness of the full magnitude of what it is to the point where it operates on a fraction of its true self and its infinite potential. So in that sense, you can get all that has been, is and ever will be reading the freaking Sun and believing the date. That's how deeply disconnected we can get. For people watching this in other parts of the world, The Sun is a newspaper, and I use that word in its widest possible sense. You know, my brother said to me years ago, he said: 'You know, Dave, what's it all about?' He said: 'Yeeborn, and then you kind of get older, and then you die.' I mean, what is it all about? We're born into this world, we go through these kind of situations of growing older and doing this and doing that and doing the other. And then we get older, and lots of people in the world, vast numbers of people, it's a struggle, and it's an effort, and it's a daily grind, and 'Am I gonna survive another day?' And then at the top there: 'Ooh, you know what will God think of me?' Isn't it a great lie in it? You met some travel agent on some other dimension: 'A great, great, great vacation holiday, mate!' What you do is you go into this dimension, you're born, you struggle all the way through it, lots of emotional upheaval, then you get older, and your body starts to break down. And then some guy on a cloud decides if you gonna go and sit next to him, or if you gonna go to hell and stoke the fires forever. I mean, you'd think: 'Yeah, I'll have two tickets!', wouldn't you? What's it all about? I mean, there's got to be something else. If there isn't, I'm out of here. And I'm staying! So we are struggling to understand the world, because we don't have the coordinates, which I'll come to. And it's Obviously a world with some major, major problems in terms of its operation and the way it's run. Doctors destroy health ... Doctors destroy health, because health is not about health, it is about wealth. It's the transnational drug corporations controlling the medical system, so the scalpel and the drug is the only response overwhelmingly to human dis-ease. And you know, some of the side effects of these drugs... If you've ever been to America and listened to the drug adverts, the drug adverts is one after another in America, they pay for American television, these things, and because of the law there, they tell you what the drug does, or supposed to, and then they have to reel off all of side effects, but they are not side effects, you see, that's another little con. Oh, these are the side effects of this drug ... No! They are the effects mate! not side effects, there the freaking effects! And I was watching one, this is a true story of last year, I was watching one, and it was for a form of Viagra, right? And it said ... it told you what it was gonna do - treat erectile dysfunction or bloody something. And then he starts reeling off breathlessly, trying to keep the money down, all these side effects. And this is not kidding you, he said at the end: 'And if you have an erection for more than 4 hours, consult your doctor immediately.' Said it! And I'm sitting there watching the telly, and I'm thinking: 'What's he gonna do?!' - Excuse me, doctor. I've got this problem. - What do you want me to do?! The world's mad! God, I'll tell you what, if I had an erection for 4 hours, I wouldn't consult a doctor, I'd thank bloody God, me ... 3 hours 55 minutes bigger than my bloody record already, I'll tell you. So Big Pharma runs the health industry, and it's not about health, and that's why doctors destroy health. Lawyers destroy justice ... Of course, they do, especially those that represent the state. And I love this one. When the state takes you to law, the people taking you to law have their legal bills paid by the people. The people who are being taken to law have to pay their own as well as the other's. And then, when someone wants to take the government on for something the government's done, the government defends itself with the money through the lawyers paid for by the people, and the person taking the government on has to pay their on as well as that. Universities destroy knowledge ... Of course! The one thing you don't want if you want to create a centralized dictatorship is a thinking, sharp-minded, open-minded, aware population that can see through your crap. So you sell them from cradle to grave, the belief system you want, you just program their minds to see the world the way that suits your agenda. All over the world: we must have education! Yes, let's try it! Let's have some education instead of indoctrination of a belief system! Governments destroy freedom... Of course, they do! I mean, governments are not there, let's get this sorted out, governments are not there to serve the people, the people are there to serve the government and the forces that control the government. That's the relationship, and we need to understand that. You've got the Dark Suits who orchestrate front up this political agenda for the Orwellian state, and they come from certain bloodlines which I'll come to. And these people are such frontmen you can have an idiot in power as President of the United States, it doesn't matter, cause he ain't calling the shots, he's just signing the legislation into law. So much so that when he's doing press conferences, he's got this wire in his bloody ear telling him what to bloody say if he gets in trouble, which is most of the time. And this world is at the cutting edge of the evolution ... - Mr. President, OK, that's good, OK! Now what we gonna do, Mr. President, we gonna have the big finish, the big Churchillian finish, OK, go! 'Our enemies are innovative and resourceful, and so are we. They never stop thinking about new ways to harm our country and our people, and neither do we.' - Did you get that, Mr. President? True quote! And now we have the choice between 3 people who are all controlled by the same force. It's called democracy! Which front man or woman do you want? Here you go - cross there. And these are the people who are fronting up the destruction of our freedom, freedom of expression. Then the media. The media is there to tell the people the version of life and events that suits the agenda. And those real journalists who don't will tell you how hard it is to get other kinds of information into the mainstream. And the worst kind of censorship is self-censorship where you know it ain't worth crossing that line, cause: a) you'll get yourself in trouble, and b) it won't get in the paper or on the news, so you edit yourself; that's going on all the time. Religions destroy spirituality ... Getting to this in the second half. All the religions come from basically the same source, and they are worshipping the same gods, the same gods that the secret societies worship. And what my father used to call bricks-and-mortar religion is there to enslave the minds of the people and divide and rule the people, not to open people to the true infinite magnitude of who they are. - You can't say that! Pope will go mad! - Couldn't give a shit, mate. It's a mad, mad, mad, mad, mad, mad world which is sold to us as sanity and rational. And it's held together by what my friend Mike Lambert, he's in the audience today, calls 'repeaters'. People just repeat facts, because they've heard them from someone else, and then it becomes 'conventional wisdom', 'conventional knowledge', and everyone believes it! As Oscar Wilde said: 'Most people are other people. Their thoughts are someone else's opinions, their lives a mimicry, their passions a quotation.' And Mark Twain, I love this one: 'In religion and politics, people's beliefs and convictions are in almost every case gotten at second-hand, and without examination, from authorities who have not themselves examined the questions at issue, but have taken them at second-hand from other non-examiners, whose opinions about them were not worth a brass farthing.' There you have where the conventional knowledge, wisdom, this is how it is mate, comes from. It's a war on the human mind and human perception, so we see the world and ourselves in ways that allow this conspiracy to go on. And also society is structured to keep us busy, busy, busy, moving, moving, moving ... Oh, mortgage, oh my God, rent, ooh my God, job, oh my God, what's happening, oh, it's a credit crunch... oh my God, the fuel prices... Its so no one goes uuuuuhm-ha, so that's what's going on, cause you're too busy trying to survive, that's the idea. And it starts with the kids now! Younger and younger! Oh, you gotta pass this exam, you gotta pass this exam! Oh my God what will happen?! You gotta get good grades... Hey, have some bloody fun! Have a bloody laugh, mate! We should have 'happy' lessons. What makes you happy? Ok, we gonna do that today. What makes you fulfilled? What makes you feel good about yourself? Ok, we gonna do that today. No! Algebra! Algebra!!! What the bloody hell is all that about?! I could never work it out, I never tried really. What does x equal? Couldn't give a shit, mate. Whatever you say, ain't bothered. I've lived 56 years, right? I've never used bloody algebra, never entered my mind. Shhhh, get that one, delete file. So we have this world of apparent confusion. Because of the way that it operates, we turn out shite that we don't know what to do with. We reach a level where we can create amazing technology, and we use that technology to pepper-bomb cities full of civilians. And you know, we're at the cutting edge of evolution, we can kill more people in one go than ever before ... Huuraaay!!! Ain't it great to be human? And this is what we do in the name of freedom. We think it's OK for children to sign their names on bombs which end up on children just like them in the Lebanon! But we don't wanna talk about that. Hey, here's a game show, watch this, shut up! Hey, honey, quick, she's going for the car! Quicker, the bloody better, I say. People around the world get bigger while people die, cause they ain't got enough to eat. Massive amounts of food available thrown away while others, I've seen this live once, it's unbelievable, people living off rubbish tips to survive. But we don't wanna talk about this. Quick, honey, there's a picture of Paris Hilton naked in the back of a car, quick! Was that the car that lady went for? Watch this, shut up! Don't let's talk about this and get all moral about it. Let's talk about Janet Jackson's breast at the Superball. Hey, the moral fibre of America is collapsing! Oh, no, no! That's the moral. This is fighting for peace, it's just collateral damage. Don't worry about it. Gandhi: 'What difference does it make to the dead, the orphans and the homeless, whether the mad destruction is wrought under the name of totalitarianism or the holy name of liberty or democracy?' None whatsoever! They are all tyrannies when they do that. Then we have the money. What you do is you go to the bank, and you borrow money that has never, does not and will never exist called 'credit', and then you mortgage your house to it, you mortgage your car to it, your land to it, your business to it, and if you don't pay back money that doesn't exist called 'credit', then the people that have lent you that nonexistent money get your car and your business and your house. Yes, that makes sense! And this money scam where they get us into debt by borrowing money that has never, does not and will never exist is in the very DNA of society. It controls choice, controls manoeuvrability, or if we allow it to, controls society. And who controls money - controls society. Who controls money? A tiny few people as we'll see. But we don't wanna talk about that. Hey honey, quick! On the Jerry Springer show, this man's gonna hit his girlfriend, quick, quick! Watch this, shut up! Then there's the new religion of celebrityism. Go to the supermarket - hey! get on with your life, there's the goddess! And then if you wanna know what's going on in the world, that's no problem, cause these pal people will tell you everything that people that control and own their industry think is fit for you to know, so you believe and see the world the way they want you to see it, it's called the news. And then be afraid! It's a world in which we must be afraid all the time, must be afraid of not enough money, afraid of what's gonna happen in all areas of our lives, afraid of the future, afraid ... Survive, we must survive, we must always be in a state of fearing not surviving. It's a crazy, crazy world. But why?? Why is it an upside-down lunatic world that we live in? People might say it's all a coincidence. It just happened like that. Well, I will say after 20 years of this that it is coldly calculated to be like this because of the outcome that it gives those who are manipulating society in this way. And it's not just one level. There are multilevels to this conspiracy. Yes, there's Dark Suits sitting round the table and orchestrating this to an extent. But they are still the golfers playing it out. It goes much, much deeper, and we'll go there as we go along today. The reason we are confused about the world and everything that goes on in it is because we don't have the coordinates. We don't have the coordinates from which to see how things fit together. I remember I was on the Isle of Wight ferry once. And what it does: it comes out of Portsmouth Harbour, it goes along the coast a little bit, and then it turns out and goes across to the Isle of Wight. Well, it was so foggy on this day that you couldn't see the land here as you normally could. So you're going along, and you just see fog. And after a while, it seemed to me and others that it was just going straight. And I thought: 'This soddin' thing's going to France! What's going on!?' And I said to one of the crew: 'What's happening!? This is not going the right way, is it?' And the next thing, you know, the Isle of Wight peer appeared in front of us. It had actually gone absolutely the right way. But because I didn't have the coordinate in which to make the sense of that, I was completely lost in the direction I was going. That was so symbolic of the way it works. So I'm gonna go through a lot of coordinates today. Cause when the coordinates are put into place, then what happens becomes, or what is happening becomes totally blatant as the dots connect. - It's a duck! - You're a journalist, aren't you? Yes, how did I guess? Coordinate #1: Who are we? How few people kind of seemed to ask that question, in my experience anyway. I live in the real world, mate. I gotta get on with my job and my life. - Yeah, but who are we? What are we doing? - Ah, ain't bothered, get on with your life. But without this knowledge, this key coordinate, how the hell can we understand what's happening and our part in it? Coordinate #1: We are consciousness. We are not the body we think we are. And the idea is to put us in these eggshells of consciousness. And it's a doddle, a doddle if we don't hold on to an understanding or have an understanding of who we really are or the magnitude of it. Quote from one of my books: 'Only when we know who we are, can we know freedom ...' Of course! Unless we know the nature of reality and who we are and our part in it, how can we understand the world if we don't understand the reality? That is the world. No wonder we're bloody confused. What is reality? How about that question? No, no! That's just for scientists! That's not for you. Watch the football. Nazi Propaganda Minister Goebbels: 'It thus becomes vitally important for the State to use all of its powers to repress dissent, for the truth is the mortal enemy of the lie, and thus by extension, the truth becomes the greatest enemy of the State.' And the truth that is most suppressed, the biggest lie of all of them on which all the others are based is it's all an illusion. This physical world is not physical, it is not even out there, it's in here. It's a holographic projection, as I'll come to as we go along. It's an illusion of physicality, an illusion of solidity. We are consciousness. And it's so easy to trick the mind-brain to see reality in ways that are not actually what it's looking at. This is this amazing bloke who draws pictures on flat pavements, and yet the mind reads them, the brain reads them as three-dimensional. Does some great stuff. There's another one. We can look at that as what? seven compartments, or we can see that as a box, depends on how the brain reads it. These colour reds are both the same, but because of their interaction and placement with other colours they look totally different, because the brain reads them differently. We are decoding reality, and how we decode it decides the reality we experience. Major, major point we need to understand. Einstein: 'Reality is an illusion, albeit a persistent one.' Why it's a persistent one we'll come to before we finish this first section. But reality is an illusion, and we need to understand that. We think that we are physical bodies, and that's who we are. I'm Ethel Jones, Charlie Smith, I'm a taxi driver, I'm a doctor whatever. No, no! They are what we are experiencing, they're not who we are. There are many multiple levels to us. This is just one that allows us to experience this reality. If I wanna pick that up, my consciousness could not pick that up, because it's vibrating too quickly, it's not in sync in the frequency range of that, so I couldn't do it. I take on this outer shell that operates within the frequency range that I wanna experience, now I can interact with it. Simple as that. We are consciousness working through a physical body. All life is consciousness and energy animating holographic forms, including plants, everything. We are consciousness. I was in the bath the other day playing with my duck or something. And I got this picture in my mind real clear, and my great friend Neil Hague, a brilliant artist, any time you see a picture with this style throughout these next 7 hours, it's from Neil, he's out the front there if you wanna talk to him. And he painted this for me when I told him what I saw. And basically it's this. This is consciousness symbolically, that infinite consciousness that we are. And I saw an eye appear in the consciousness there. And out of it came this telescope. And it was looking into this world that we are experiencing. And as the telescope appeared, so it morphed into a human body. And that's what the body is, it's a telescope that allows consciousness to experience this reality, this reality of apparent division, and have the experience of that. But we've got trapped in the belief that that is the totality of who we are. Consciousness and the body interact during an experience here, but the body is not who we are. It's interesting, this energy field we call the aura, whatever, you have energy coming down through the top of the head and out and going the other way. And it's like an electrical burst of energy going through the body which throws out this electromagnetic field that we call the aura. And interestingly, when you do the same with electric wire, you put a current through the wire, it throws out an electromagnetic field. And in the same way that this happens to us, so it happens to the Earth. Because everything is a reflection of everything else and works in basically the same way. And this combination of the genetics of the body and the electromagnetic field I call body consciousness. And we have a choice of connecting that body consciousness level of our experience to the great infinite All That Is, in which case, we will have access to a massively expanded level of awareness and perception and be able to see through what we can't see when we are stuck in the body reality. Or, and that's what this is basically, this eggshell I talk about, it is the body consciousness, the auric field working directly through the body. And if we get isolated in that, then our level of reality perception and what we can perceive and expand our mind to understand is massively suppressed. And this is the situation that we face in this world. People who are infinite consciousness operating at the level of body consciousness. And that's exactly where the manipulators want us, because if we are not connecting out there and getting our insight, inspiration, intuitive knowing from out there, then where do we look to to get a fix on who we are and what's happening in the world? We look that way, through the ears and the eyes, and who's controlling that information? Those who control the media, education etc., gotcha! The body I call a genetic spacesuit. And it's kinda funny, you know, if you were on the Moon with someone, and an astronaut started thinking he was his spacesuit. I mean, crikey, can you imagine? Hey, Houston, Houston, we've got a problem! Bill thinks he's his spacesuit! - He's bloody mad! Of course, he's not his spacesuit! Yeah, but we think we're our spacesuit. And what would there be in that situation on the Moon? There would be chaos! Well, that's why this chaos here, cause we believe we're our spacesuit. That's what makes racism so insane! It's like saying: I'm better than you, cause my spacesuit's different colour. Bloody ridiculous! But the cutting edge of human knowledge, so why should I complain? We are consciousness working through the body. Now I've got a real amazing feeling for this, about 2 years ago, just before I last spoke here, when my mother died, Barbara. And I went along to the funeral obviously. And my brother had organized it, he said to me: Would you wanna come and see your mum while in the mortuary or at the funeral parlour? And my immediate reaction was: No, no! I'll remember her as she was, cause it's just a body anyway. But something said: Go, go, go, go, go! And for some reason in my life I've never come across... the first time I've seen a dead body was my mother. And I turn up, and I walk in this room, and there's this body in this coffin, this open coffin. And I know it sounds ridiculous, but it was dead! There was no bloody life there whatsoever! Dead! Unbelievably dead! Took me aback dead! And next to it was this picture, which my brother had had blown up, which was gonna go and be used in the funeral, which it was. And there was my mother's absolutely dead body, and there was this picture of my mother absolutely full of life, full of energy, full of sparkle. And I stood there, and I could see in those 2 images what life is, what consciousness is, cause that was alive, that was dead. We are consciousness, and we've got confused, and in identifying who we are with the body we've seriously buggered up our sense of perception and therefore our ability to be free. The energy, or the reality that we are experiencing, that we apparently see with our eyes, is just a frequency range, that' s all it is, and it is minute, what we call visible light. According to current mainstream science, the electromagnetic spectrum is 0.005% of the energy known to exist in the Universe. 0.005%! And visible light, which is the only frequency that our eyes can decode into this reality is a fraction of the 0.005%. We are basically visually blind in terms of what exists in the same space that we are experiencing. It's just a holographic television station we're experiencing. Tiny frequency range, visible light that we are experiencing. And what we are is, at this level, receiver-transmitters of information. And the range of frequencies that we are accessing decides the range and perception and awareness of reality that we experience. So the more you can close down the range of frequencies that we are accessing, the more you close down the perception and the sense of Infinity of the people you are targeting. The body is a biological computer. Biological in the sense that unlike a desktop computer, it has the ability, to an extent, to think for itself and work things out for itself. That's what we call evolution on a physical level. The computer is constantly receiving vibrational information from its environment, and it is reacting to that, it does it all the time. If we go to a place where it is cold, it will react to that, where it's hot, it will react to that. And it's the same with things like animals that over a period of time their environment changes, that information is being received by the computer and analysed by the computer, and it's making changes. And if those environmental changes, habitat changes, happen slow enough, that is why you see animal bodies evolve to fit the new environment. But if it happens really quick, we call it extinction, cause it can't change fast enough. It's a computer working. And we are receiving vibrational information which we are decoding into this reality, getting to that more shortly. We are interacting with this Infinite Consciousness, but how much of that Consciousness are we reacting with that depends on the range of frequencies we are accessing. And we're a bit like a dodging car in a fair ground. You know, you've got the dodging car, it's going round, it's doing everything, lots of energy. And then, once the power is switched off, it's: Hey, my car's gone dead! Yes, because its energy source is gone, and that's what we call 'death'. Not death at all, it's the movement of consciousness out of this reality. That's all. What we call near-death experiencers have enormous amounts of common stories about what they experienced when they left the body and then were returned when their body was revived. Stories that support massively what I'm saying here today about the fact that we are consciousness, and the body's just a vehicle. They talk about going through the tunnel and into another reality, and how limitation disappears, how the emotional intensity disappears, cause a lot of that emotional intensity, if not all of it, is body consciousness. This is what one near-death experiencer said about what he experienced when he left the body: '... everything from the beginning, my birth, my ancestors, my children, my wife, everything comes together simultaneously. I saw everything about me, and about everyone who was around me. I saw everything they were thinking now, what they thought then, what was happening before, what was happening now. There is no time, there is no sequence of events, no such thing as limitation, of distance, of period, of time, of place. I could be anywhere I wanted to be simultaneously.' That is who we are! And we need to remember it, so we can sort this place out. - What d'you mean there's no time? That's stupid! - All right! So manufactured time is on my wrist. If I cross a certain invisible point in the world, I enter yesterday or tomorrow. Ridiculous! It's a decoding illusion, time and sequence. As William Blake said: To see a world in a grain of sand And heaven in a wild flower Hold infinity in the palm of your hand And eternity in an hour Everything is everything else happening at the same time. It's a decoding process. If you are watching a film, movie, on DVD, on the telly, where you are in the movie you think is the present, the scenes in the movie you've just left, or watched, is your past, and the scenes you've not seen yet are your future. But all of them still exist in the same moment that you're experiencing what you perceive to be the present. And if you run back, bingo, you're in the past, if you run forward, you're in the future. No, you're in the same now. As H.M. Tomlinson said: 'We see things not as they are, but as we are.' Because 'as we are' decides how we decode reality. And this conspiracy might play out as banking scams and political scams, yes, it does, and we should know that. But this conspiracy is about manipulating our sense of who we are, so we decode what they want us to experience. And that perception is one of division, apartness, cause that creates the faultlines through which they can divide and rule us when we are Oneness, all connected at different points of perception and observation within that Whole, therefore expressing glorious diversity, but still connected. And that's the point, you know, I understand it. When you are talking about Oneness, people think that it's like everyone therefore becomes one cloned blob like this. 'I'm Oneness, I'm Oneness, and also am I, oh yeah!' What is Oneness, what is this Oneness I'm talking about? It is All Possibility. That's what it is. It is everything that has, is, or ever will be there to be experienced. So there is no contradiction between being in a point of awareness of the connectedness of everything and at the same time celebrating and expressing your glorious diversity and uniqueness of perception. Indeed the uniqueness of our expressing of our lives is honouring, if you like, the Oneness that is all, because it is All Possibility. What you get ironically when you disconnect from that into that is you get a situation where you do get people who are: 'I'm not Oneness. Neither am I. I'm not Oneness.' You do get uniformity, cause people start operating on the same tiny range of frequencies, and therefore they start acting and seeing the world the same. Everyone thinks the same, everyone's tuning to the same bloody station. That's why we think when we experience the world, and understandably, it seems like that, the way we decode it, that the world is out there. In fact, it's just a projection, it's all going on in our minds, in our heads as we decode reality. As the great Bill Hicks, the American comedian, said (what a great man he was, great man!): '... all matter is merely energy condensed to a slow vibration, we are all one consciousness experiencing itself subjectively. There's no such thing as death, life is only a dream, and we are the imagination of ourselves.' And that's the foundation of the conspiracy. Manipulating our imagination of ourselves. Infinite love is the only truth. The existence of an Infinite Consciousness is the only truth, everything else is illusion, everything else is the imagination of that consciousness made manifest and experienced. This is who we are. This is what we think we are. We think we are the body that we see in the mirror. Humans are a software program. CZECH TELEVlSION This film was created with State Fund for Support and Development of Czech Cinematography support Pavel Gregor At the end of seventies helped to develop a way to make meth drug suitable for intravenous application. That started worldwide phenomenon causing deaths of hundreds of thousands people. Oh, wow how wonderful to be home alone.. Does it has to be so loud? I'm off to work.. doi doi, dadyy .. My parrents really haven't had much time for me, my mother was quite strict and father just wasn't so there was this ambivalent realationship to both of them I've also had step-brother from mothers first marriage and sister from fathers first marriage, we lived together with my brother. Sister lived elsewhere. My brother was ten years older, he was like my idol. I followed his guidance and experience. Do you want to see Something? Sure. wow You have it only for piss haven't you? Hmm. I have to say I was energic child, these days so called hyperactive. So that I often got notes from school, I was average student. But we can say while my parents were always busy 'cause of their work that I grew up on streets in these groups. SHOUTlNG And in that group was one older girl who occasionally worked as help attendant in one club in Prague - Smichov. And so happend that she introduced us to experience with various substances. Back then it was cloth cleaner "Cikuli" and some kind of special gasoline. By inhaling these we caused ourselves hallucinations. Not all were pleasing, we were usually chased by somebody, or seeing daemons. We didn't take that like we are using narcotics. It was just a game, a discovery to us. Hello Stephen! Hello Deborah! Good to see you again. Yes, wonderful to see you again! What is our intention for doing this broadcast? My intention of doing this is to change my way of life relating to eating. My intention is to change my lifestyle again. I thought what I was doing before was right. But it seemed not to be working. Because I'm a diabetic, things seem to have plateaued. I want to see if this new concept would work for my body, spirit, emotions and mind. That's why I'm doing this. It helps that we're working together! It's wonderful! I look forward to seeing what happens next. I'm curious...... How did we make the decision to do this? Because it was not working before. I followed the doctor's orders before (boom, boom, boom). I did my exercises and everything but nothing seemed to be working. I read somewhere about the fact that there is a cure for diabetes. It caught my attention. (Showing cover of book) This book talks about raw food..... .....not eating man-made food. It seems like a whole new concept--very new to me. I'm willing to try anything to get healthier again. Good, good! That's a great reason to start something new for yourself. Same with me. Actually, I've used raw food before. I had a great experience with it. So I'm ready to start something new again because i saw the benefits. You saw the benefits. REALLY??? What were the benefits you saw? The benefits? First of all...... The benefits included eating live food, not man-made food. For example, plant based food.... that was part of the program. I found that I had more energy, more clarity of the mind. I felt happier. I would wake up in the morning and I'd feel GREAT! Ready to start the day!! Later in the afternoon I found that I was not tired. I would continue moving throughout the day. Those are some of the benefits, not all - but the important ones (benefits) for me. Thats what I want for myself because I seem tired all the time. Not clear in the head in the afternoon, etc. I look forward to seeing how it goes. What was our mindset on food before this effort? My mindset - I found my eating habits "fell off the wagon." I found I was not paying attention to what I was eating. I was ignoring what my heart was telling me. For example....pizza.....I LOVE pizza! Just an example - once in a while.... (sometimes more than once a while), I would go and grab a pizza even though I knew it was not good for me. I would ignore my intuition on this. So I paid a price for it. I gained weight!! I felt more tired, etc. etc. That was my mindset before this program. Also, I would eat at night - I would have wine with dinner almost every night even though I knew it was not necessarily a good thing for me. t would ignore this - I would eat and eat until ten at night. I knew better but again I ignored my intuition. My mindset before was.... I would try to keep up with my healthy eating habits. But it seemed that something was missing. I was still tired. My blood sugar was still fluctuating. My energy was getting worse by the minute. I knew something was wrong. I was not sleeping well. I couldn't stay focused even though some days were GREAT while other days were not so great. I noticed that my carbs and meat eating habits were not helping me. So I wanted to try something different. I remember eating a vegan diet before. I felt a lot of energy and it lasted six months. But when I did this vegan diet, I found myself not really sticking with it. I need some kind of mindset to be able to stick with a regiment. I want a focus that was different from what it was before. I don't know why but it is just....I was looking at the weight... I was looking at the difference between being self disciplined versus loving or nurturing of my body. There's a difference between those two - they are different! I want to focus nuturing my body more. That's what I'm set on... .....trying something new that may work. I want to give focus on the whole person from the inside out...... ....cleaning from Day One! Ok, that sounds fantastic! Ooh I got a body full of liquor with a cocaine kicker And I'm feeling like I'm thirty feet tall So lay it down, lay it down You got your legs up in the sky With the devil in your eyes Let me hear you say you want it all Say it now, say it now Look what you're doing Look what you've done But in this jungle you can't run 'Cause what I got for you I promise it's a killer, You'll be banging on my chest, Bang bang Gorilla You and me baby making love like gorillas You and me baby making love like gorillas Yeah, I got a fistful of your hair But you don't look like you're scared You just smile and tell me, "Daddy, it's yours." 'Cause you know how I like it, You's a dirty little lover If the neighbors call the cops, Call the sheriff, call the SWAT ? we don't stop, We keep rocking while they're knocking on our door And you're screaming, "Give it to me baby, Give it to me motherfucker!" Oh, look what you're doing Look what you've done But in this jungle you can't run 'Cause what I got for you I promise it's a killer, You'll be banging on my chest, Bang bang Gorilla You and me baby making love like gorillas You and me baby making love like gorillas I bet you never ever felt so good, so good I got your body trembling like it should, it should You'll never be the same baby once I'm done with you Oh, you with me baby making love like gorillas You and me baby we'll be fuckin' like gorillas You and me baby making love like gorillas Alright well, thank you everybody who's tuned in to our Google+ admissions week hangout on air, here. Here at Penn State University, we're talking today about student life, and we hope that anybody who has any questions can ask them in the comments in the event page, or in the comments on Youtube, where it's also live streaming. I'm here with Brook Dirlam, I'm gonna ask Brook to tell us a little bit about himself. Brooke, where are you from, your year, your major? Alright, my name is Brooke, like he said, I'm a senior unfortunately, majoring in Crime, Law and Justice, I have minors in Labor Studies Employment Relations and Business, I may or may not have picked one of them up so I could stay around for an extra semester. I kinda like it here. How did you come about picking those majors? So I came into school knowing that I wanted to go to law school, and with my major that I have, they gave me a couple of different options, which way I want to go with that. There's like a business option, like a computer studies option, and I chose to go the business option way. And just in that business option I took a couple labor studies classes, and found out that I really like it that way, so I ended up taking the minor on it as well, and really enjoyed taking the Labor Studies classes, so I think I might go into some type of labor law, when I go to law school hopefully. Where did you say you were from? The Scranton area. Okay, alright. So why did you end up picking Penn State? It's funny, 'cause like, when I started searching for schools, unfortunately I didn't really have a logical way of going about it, Penn State was the only school I wanted to go to. And when my mom asked me where I wanted to go to school, I said Penn State, she kinda looked at me, waiting for me to give her some other options, and I told her I was only applying to Penn State. And we kinda got in like an argument, and she said I had to apply to other schools, find out if I liked Penn State or not. So that's what I ended up doing, I did apply to a bunch of other schools, and I visited other schools, which I highly recommend, because you don't really know if you like a place unless you visit it. So I did a tour of Penn State, I actually came back here for 3 different tours, it was the same exact tour every time, but the tour guide was different, and each tour guide kinda showed me that they have their own experience here, which I really liked because, you have this school, and then it's, "Oh, it's like cookie cutter, every student's the same." Every different student had a different story, which I really really liked, and also on campus, people shouting 'We are!' at you, and I was like, why is everybody so happy here? And now that I'm here, I really do understand why everybody likes it so much here. Before we get to some more questions, there are some people who asked some questions in the comments before we started, and some of them were kind of admissions focused. I want to let you know that tomorrow at 4 o'clock, we're going to be doing one specifically focused on admissions, the application process, with an admissions officer, but we can answer those couple questions. Now one was about how much student aid the typical student receives, either through FAFSA or through scholarships, and really the answer to that is that it varies. Financial aid is very much need based, and you can find a lot more information at studentaid.psu.edu. Another question we got was about how much extracurricular activities are considered, and the types of community work that students do, and do we seek out students with those qualities? The answer is yes, those are important, about two thirds of the admissions decision is based on a student's academic record, the other third is based on their test score, SAT or ACT, but also those extracurricular activities, the community service activities, so it does play a role in the admissions process We had somebody join in here, and we will see, this is Chris, we will see if he would like to ask a question. Hang on one second, Chris. Okay Chris, go ahead. I don't have any specific questions right now, I just wanted to watch a little bit, I'll let you know if I have one. Okay, thanks Chris. Okay, so some other questions, Brook, that we got here, are what are the on campus housing options? What was your experience with on campus housing, I think we should mention that at the University Park campus, all freshman are required to live on campus their first year. But then from there, you can live on campus or off campus. So? Alright, so there are five different living options on campus, we have all the cardinal directions, East Halls, North Halls, South Halls, West Halls, and then Pollock Halls as well. Actually, East Halls is where I lived, and that's where about 50% of all freshman live. The cool thing about East Halls is it's entirely freshman, and you really get this cool experience because everybody that is there is a freshman, everybody on your floor is a freshman, everybody in your building, everybody in your whole quad area. Cool ting about East Halls actually, it's the second largest living area, dorm wise, in the country, which is pretty cool, which I really liked. But the other living options are North Halls, which is actually suite style living, all the other ones are more like your double room. Than you also have, the other halls are also double as well. Like I said, I lived on campus my freshman year, I really enjoyed it, but I decided my sophomore year to move off, they say about 50% of your class moves off every year. And my sophomore year is when I decided to move off campus. There's tons of locations downtown. The cool thing about Penn State is you literally cross the main street and you are downtown, you don't have to take this huge bus to go anywhere, so it's really right across the street, and there's tons of options available. Yeah, and I was a student here myself, I graduated ten years ago, which is scary, and I lived on campus like everybody else my freshman year, and some of my best friends to this day I met in my East Halls dorm room, and on our floor, and our neighboring halls, so it is a great experience like Brook said. And as you progress in your Penn State career too, there are some other housing options that open up to you. Like Brook said, there's a lot, a lot of living options in the area off campus, still very close to town. So some students do live on campus all four years. Many though, do move off campus. Another question we got was about club sports, are there many of them, and do a lot of students participate in them? Brook, what's been your experience with that? I've never participated in club sports, but I know a lot of people that do club sports. We do have 3 levels of sports here. You have your intramural, which is, I'd say that's the majority of students get involved in intramural, 'cause you don't have to have skill to get involved. You literally get, what we did my freshman year, everybody on my floor got on a team and we played flag football. But intramural wise, there's a wide variety of sports, no limit to who can play. Then you do have your club level sports, which is actually kind of competitive. Kind of compares to almost a division 3 school, like that wise. But you have try outs, and then you would travel to schools, within Pennsylvania and the surrounding areas. I have a friend that's on the girls club soccer team, and they went to Los Angeles in some finals, or something, so it's pretty neat if that's the experience you're trying to look for. And actually, until this year, our hockey team was considered a club team, and it operated very much like a varsity team. And now they've moved up to NCAA division 1. But that was a club sport, fantastic club baseball, all sorts of great club programs. But like Brook said, the intramural program, there are dozens of those, and really anybody can participate in them. Club sports, there are I think, 78 organizations that are considered club sports in some way, and that's all sorts of different things. Whether it's the type of competition you might think of, but also there's like adventure sports, and things like that. So there's a lot of different options there. Let's see here. What are some of the unique features of the campus? Brook, what do you think are the unique features of the campus? I mean I really like the creamery, but I can hold off on that. What I really like is our student union building, it's called the HUB, short for the Hetzel Union Building. It's literally the center of campus, and there's so much happening in there, you can walk through and there's tons of people going in there. There's places to study, places to eat, there's wifi in there, so pretty much everything can happen there. There's performances in there. Lots of the time they bring speakers in, just lots going on in the HUB. Like I said before, the creamery, which is really awesome, it's one of my favorite places, the ice cream is really good. Might be biased just 'cause I go here, but I think a lot of people do enjoy it. So those are some parts of campus I really like. Yeah, the creamery is regularly featured on travel channel type shows, things like that, it's really one of the best places for ice cream in the country. They make it all right here on campus, from cow to cone, as they say. Incredibly popular spot, and I think there are probably a lot of unique things. There are a lot of beautiful college campuses all over, you know one of the unique things here is really the great mix of architecture that you find, you know, we're old, founded in 1855, open in 1859. So we've got a lot of old building, but we've also got a lot very new, state of the art buildings that we could do a lot of things that we couldn't do in a 19th century building, but aesthetically they fit right in. So, it's a great campus, and along those lines, what do you think is the prettiest place on campus? My favorite spot is definitely when you're standing in front of the library looking down at Pattee Mall It's just really a great vision, you can actually see downtown from that place, it's pretty much as far not the furthest you can go north, but you're pretty far north, and you can see all the way to the bottom of campus. You kind of see that our north to south of campus isn't that large, but it's a really good view, it's the Pattee Mall, it's modeled after the mall in Washington DC, it used to be lined with Elm Trees, but we did have the longest living Elm Trees and then it kind of got killed of by the Elm Disease, but... Yeah, we've always been very proud of our Elm Stand, which may sound kind of nerdy, but you know nationwide our Elms have held up better than anywhere else, but, American Elms have been taken the disease that infected our campus, but we have folks who do really good work at our Physical Plant Staff, and our researchers, really work together to enhance the aesthetics of campus. We have someone else to join us, and I will turn to our guests in a moment, but I just wanted to get to another question that's been sitting on the chat for a bit: what's the Criminology program like? So that's the program I'm in, I really like it, not only are their classes really interesting, there's a wide variety of classes within Criminology, but a lot of the professors actually have backgrounds that they're not just teachers a lot of my teachers have been professors, attorneys, my labor studies class right now that I'm taking used to be an attorney for a union, which is really awesome, a lot of great experience, another class that was taught by a judge in town. I really enjoy the classes that are taught by retirees, because not only can they help you in the classroom, but if you're looking for some sort of letter of recommendation, which I am to go to law school, they can kind of help me out, point me in the right direction, and write me that letter of recommendation that I'm looking for. Yeah, there's really some incredible faculty here that are doing work that's used all across not just the United States but across the world, really interesting research and practical applications when it comes to criminal justice. Just gonna turn to Chris for a minute here, see if he's got anything for us. Chris, do you have anything to ask? Um, yeah. What type of Engineering clubs would be available for incoming freshmen? Do you have any knowledge on that? Probably not. [Laughter] Each academic college--and you know Penn State academically has multiple colleges--within each of those there are, usually, dozens of clubs that you can get involved with. One that immediately comes to mind is Engineering Ambassadors, who do a lot of outreach work with the high school students and middle school age students and such. But there's also a number of clubs that will let you do all sorts of hands on work. I'm getting a look here right now to explain some of this today. We have over twelve hundred total clubs across campus and if you go to clubs.psu.edu, you can find a club for pretty much anything you wanna do, and if there isn't one you wanna do you just get a couple people together and you start one. And there's a really great community of student organizations here. So pretty much anything you're looking to do in engineering here, I'd be willing to bet there's a club for it. Yeah, now that you mentioned that program, my brother's actually a sophomore here in Chemical Engineering, and he did that Ambassador program where he kind of helped, they had like a welcome week for the engineering program especially during that first week--and he kind of helped out that, but that taught the students over the summer that we're going to be incoming and then kinda helped in the first couple of weeks, which is pretty cool. Now that I'm thinking about it, I just saw a club that works on 3-D printing, I've got a club that's working on ultra-high efficiency vehicles, like I've said, really, any aspect, they you're looking at, I'm willing to bet you can find a club. And a lot of these clubs are going to be open to incoming freshmen? I think all the clubs are pretty much open to incoming freshmen, actually, in the first two days of class we have an involvement fair, which is in the HUB which I was talking about before, which, all the clubs and organizations will line up in a huge hall with their booths and you can literally just walk up and down the aisles and sign up, get your name on listservs, and they'll email you when their first meetings are, and whatnot. It's definitely available to incoming freshmen. Thanks. Thanks Chris. Ok, we're going to turn to someone else who just joined us right now. Hi, I saw you had a question about our College of Business, do you mind introducing yourself? [Silence] Um, sorry, your sound is not coming through right now, but we do have your question here: Give it a try now? [Silence] Well, while we're waiting... Oh, go ahead? Hello? Okay, we can hear you now. Um, I'm Ratiga, I'm from New Jersey, and I just got in a few weeks ago, so, and I'm considering Penn State as one of my top choices and how is the business program there? Are there a lot of internships available, as it's kind of far away from major cities and stuff? I'll let Brook give his insight into it, Smeal College of Business is very highly ranked by numerous places, US News and elsewhere, the exact rankings elude me right now, but it's very much in the upper tier of business programs in the United States. As far as opportunities, there are enormous amounts of internship opportunities within the College of Business and elsewhere. Each of our academic colleges has a very proactive internship office that works with students one on one, and we also have an overall Career Services Office, that helps with jobs and internships, but the very thing about Penn State is that wherever you wanna go, there's going to be a Penn Stater there, and corporate recruiters rate Penn State very highly, a couple of years ago the Wall Street Journal did a survey that rated Penn State number one among corporate recruiters, so in business Penn State students and graduates are very highly thought of, we have an enormous alumni presence in New York, Chicago, of course Philadelphia and Pittsburgh, Los Angeles, any of the major markets. And Brook, do you have any? Yeah, I have a lot of friends in the business program. One of them is in the Supply-Chain, which is apparently number one in the country. That's a pretty big deal I guess, but a lot of my friends, they all go to this career fair, because every fall and spring we have a huge career fair, it's actually the largest on the east coast. And they go to this career fair, and all the companies are just waiting for the students to come with their resumes and they're all shmealed up, who they are and who they're interested in and a lot of students go away from that career fair with internships. A lot of my friends had internships in the big firms in New York City. My one good friend, she interned for KPMG, but she also went to the Paris location, and then she went to the New York location, so she had like a vacation while she was interning, and a lot of my other friends are also in New York City, which is awesome. Yeah. Um, how's the greek life there? The cool thing about Penn State is, I know a lot of other campuses and other schools in general, if you don't go to greek you can't really be involved. But we talked about before how you have over twelve hundred, 1200 clubs and organizations, and those are all types of organizations. Penn State is about twelve percent greek, so it's not huge, but when you take that to forty thousand students, it is six thousand students are Greek, but like I said, if you aren't involved, you aren't going to be pushed aside or anything. But also, being Greek opens a lot of opportunities for you, just a lot of networking, which is really awesome. Yeah, we do have a very large fraternity and sorority presence here, but like Brook said, it's far from the only way to get involved. I wasn't Greek, are you? No. [Laughter] So, you know, there are great opportunities there, for those who want to pursue it, they do a lot of great work in our community as well and have a lot of things that they offer, so, if you want it it is most definitely there, and if you don't you most definitely don't need it. Thank you. We have a question here before about the housing process, is it based on first come first serve, or is it a lottery? So, I don't know how much you know about that, if you wanna answer? Yeah, I know a little bit, I know freshman year you're guaranteed housing and you have to live on campus, and after that it is a lottery process, but I don't know percentages, but everyone I've heard that's gone into the lottery has got housing, so that's my experience with it, everybody that I've known has had good experiences. Yeah, when you're an upperclassmen there is a possibility that you won't get an on-campus housing contract. That's, you know, we're limited on the number of spaces we have here, but it is not an unusually high percentage of students who are not able to live on campus if they want to. There are very few contracts that aren't offered for those who want them. I'm looking to see if there are any other questions right now, if any of our... Oh, ok... What are some of the most popular classes to take? Well, a class I think...I'm not sure if everybody takes it, but like everyone I talk to is taking it, it's sociology 119, with a professor called Sam Richards. He really gets you thinking, he's like listed as one of the top professors. And you kind of discuss, it's like an ethnicity class, where you kind of come together and talk about all the different things going on in the world, and then you break down, it's like a seven hundred person classroom, but he gets everyone involved, It's really fun because he'll go up and down the aisles, literally, looking through people to get involved, and what's really cool about that is you're in that big group of people for like two classes during the week, but then there's like a third day where you break off into twenty five people and you have group discussions about what you went over in class, which I really enjoy. Another class, I'm actually taking it next semester, Theatre 100, a lot of people take that as well with a professor called Rock Shneider, so I'm really looking forward to that class. And now what classes do freshmen take, do all freshmen take? Well I think that'll vary, but there are some seminar type things, I know that they used to require, I think they changed that a little bit. So that'll really vary on what you're interested in, and what your major is, right? Yeah, um, you do have to take an english class as a freshman, English15 or 30 depending on if you want to take the honors option, and like he was saying, there's that seminar that's pretty much based off your interest because there are so many seminars to choose from. And my brother actually took an engineering seminar because he wasn't sure what type of engineering program he wanted to go into, so his class was pretty much designed to show students the different type of engineering programs that we have here, and it was a class and he got credit for it. Oh, class size, you talked about having a seven hundred person class, so what's been your experience with class sizes here, I know people think because we've got a very large campus we've got a large student body that that can be an issue, but what's been your experience? Well, freshman year, those two classes I talked about, your english class and your seminar, they're thirty people or less and also, when you start out with your general classes, they are going to be a little bit larger, a hundred, two hundred people, we do have that seven hundred person lecture hall but what's going to be great about those large lecture halls, teachers that teach them are actually really fun, like I said they like to get their students involved they all have microphones and huge projectors so you can see what's going on. I do recommend sitting in the front it it does overwhelm you, because if you're sitting in the first couple of rows you're not going to notice everyone behind you. But then as you do go through, like, I'm a senior now, .most of my classes aren't more than twenty to fifty people, just because you get more specialized and you don't as many people in your classes. How accessible are professors and TAs, do you ever have lunch with your professors? Actually, they're pretty accessible. They all have office hours, they're required to have as many office hours as they have hours teaching your class, in which they pretty much just sit around and wait for students to come ask questions or what not I kind of actually became a TA that way, when talking to my professor, he said, "Hey, your grades are really good, do you wanna come TA for my class?" So I ended up TAing for his class, which, TAs are readily available too if you can't meet with your professor. And I have another professor and he's doing a study on a DUI court in Bellefonte and he invited me to go along so me and him took one morning, and then we went and got coffee, and watched court for a couple of hours, and it was really cool. Professors who teach these really large classes really do look at different ways that they can modify their course to be more intimate, more personal, but I've seen a number of professors that they're always looking for ways that they can really make a more personal connection with the students. I saw a few here, a few different questions here, do any companies recruit on campus? Yes, we have very large career fairs for the entire student body, most of the colleges have their own career fairs throughout the year. Our career services constantly bringing in companies from all over who are interested in recruiting students, so absolutely, there are a lot of companies that will recruit students on campus. Let's see here...is it difficult to transfer from DUS to SMEAL? DUS, for those of you who don't know, is the Division of Undergraduate Studies, that's what you come into if you haven't decided what you want your major to be, when you first arrive at Penn State, and, really, that's what it's there for, it's to help you find what you wanna do, so, certainly a lot of students will transfer from Undergraduate Studies to the College of Business. Have you ever had any experience with DUS, or have any friends who did? My one friend that I was talking about that's in Supply-Chain, he actually started in DUS, and although Smeal is tricky you do have to enter your junior year, it either has to be your junior year or your freshman year, but it's obviously possible, especially from DUS. Do you get a lot of speakers from the Washington DC area? We get speakers from all over the country, whether it's people from corporations, from entertainment, government, really we have speakers from all over the place. Just to answer, to follow up on the undergraduate studies question, all students have to meet the same entrance to major requirements, no matter where they start, that's GPA, courses passed with a C or better, and you can certainly talk about that a lot more in depth tomorrow, during our admissions hang out. I think we have time for one more question, and I see one of our guests asked a question about, do you have to be in the honors college to take honors classes? Let me just check with our admissions expert unless you have some insight into that Brook? Um, yes, you do, that's part of the experience of being in Schreyer Honors College is that those opportunities are there you can, even if you're not accepted into Shreyer Honors College when you start as a freshman, you still have the ability to do that later on in your Penn State Career so if you're not immediately accepted in the Honors College, that doesn't necessarily mean that you can't in the future be accepted into Schreyer. That's our time for today, really appreciate everybody who came, Brook, do you have any closing thoughts for us here? Like I said in my beginning, make sure you kind of visit the school, and make sure where you wanna go is the place that kind of feels home to you, that's pretty much all I have to say. Good luck everyone. Like I said, if you have any admissions questions, somebody from our admissions office will be joining us here tomorrow at four to talk about the admissions process about how to apply, all those sorts of things, so please feel free to tune in for that. If you have any other questions you want to ask, please just ask them on our Google+ page, and check out admissions.psu.edu where you can find a lot of stuff that will probably answer a lot of your questions for you. So, thank you everybody for joining us, and we're going to sign off then. Let's do one more. Have you ever left your house with your umbrella thinking it's going to rain but then it doesn't? And then you just end up carrying your umbrella around all day? Let's say that the null hypothesis is that it's not going to rain and the alternative hypothesis is that it will rain. Now we're going to do kind of the opposite from what we did the last quiz. This time, decide which of these correspond to rejecting the null or retaining the null. Or, if the null true or the null is false.. Write A, B, C, or D in each of these boxes. Just to clarify a little more, if the null is true, which of these, A, B, C, or D, corresponds to that. If we decided to retain each H naught, in other words we decided that it's not going to rain, which one of these, A, B, C, or D, should go in this box? Let's say that I've got two Chuck Norrises (or maybe it's Chuck Norri) and to that I am going to add another three Chuck Norrises So I'm going to add another three Chuck Norrises And this might seem a little bit obvious but how many Chuck Norrises do I now have? Well, two Chuck Norrises - we can represent this as literally a Chuck Norris plus a Chuck Norris So let me do that, a Chuck Norris plus another Chuck Norris - two Chuck Norrises. You can also view that as 2 times Chuck Norris and this is just another way of representing it And three Chuck Norrises You could view that as a Chuck Norris, plus a Chuck Norris, plus another Chuck Norris And so we would have a grand total (and this might be very simple for you) But you would have a grand total of 1..2..3..4..5 Chuck Norrises So this would be equal to 5 Chuck Norrises Now let's get a little bit more abstract here Chuck Norris is a very tangible thing So let's go to a little bit more of the traditional algebraic notation. If I have two X's And remember 2x - you can view this as two X's or two times X. And to that I were to add 3 X's How many X's do I have? Well, once again, 2 X's that's 2 times X and you can view it as an X plus an X. We don't know what the value of X is but whatever that value is we can add it to itself And then three X's are going to be that value I'll do it in that same green colour Three X's are going to be that value plus that value plus whatever that value is And so how many X's do I now have? Well, I'm going to have 1..2..3..4..5 X's So 2x plus 3x is equal to 5x And if you think about it, all we really did (and hopefully you conceptually get it) We just added the two numbers that were multiplying the X. And these numbers, the two or the three they're called "coefficients" Very fancy word - but it's just this constant number, this regular number, that's multiplied by the variable. You just added the two and the three to get your 5x. Now let's think about this a little bit more Let's go back to this original expression, the two Chuck Norrises plus three Chuck Norrises. Let's say, to that we were to add Let's say we were to add some type of a... Let's say we were to add seven plums over here So this is my drawing of a plum So we have seven plums plus two Chuck Norrises plus three Chuck Norrises And let's say that I add another two plums I add another two plums here So what would this whole thing be? Well, I wouldn't add the seven to the two to the three plus the two We're adding different things here! You have two Chuck Norrises and three Chuck Norrises So they're still going to simplify to five Chuck Norrises And then we would separately think about the plums We have seven plums and we're adding another two plums We're going to have nine plums Plus nine plums So this simplifies to five Chuck Norrises and nine plums Similarly, over here, if I had instead of just 2x plus 3x If I had 7y 7y plus 2x plus 3x plus 2y What do I now have? Well, I can't add the X's and the Y's They could very well represent a different number So all I can do is really, add the X's (and then I get the 5x) And then I'd separately add the Y's If have seven Y's and to that I add two Y's I'm going to have nine Y's If I have seven of something and I have two of something, I now have nine of that something So I'm going to have nine Y's So you add that (we'll do that in a different colour) You add this ... and this ... you get that You add the X's ... you get that right over there So hopefully that makes a little sense Actually, I'll throw out one more idea So given this, what would happen if I were to have 2x plus 1 plus 7x plus 5? Well, once again, you might be tempted to add the two plus the one But they're adding different things! These are two X's, this is just the number one So you really just have to add the X's together. So you're going to say "well I've got two X's and I'm going to add seven X's to that" Well that means that I now have nine X's And then separately, you would say "Well, I've got just the abstract number one and then I've got another five" One plus five is going to be equal to six. I'm interested in the value of literature. One thing that people have said is valuable in literature is that we can learn about the human mind from it, but why wouldn't psychology lectures be a better way of learning that? I suggest we think about our relation to literature not in terms of learning, but in terms of sharing and experience with the author. Why would that be valuable? Developmental psychology helps here. Very small children, infants even, follow the gaze of adults and they imitate their behaviour. That doesn't change with age, adults imitate the behaviour of people they like and admire. Writing great literature is a very good way of showing that you have the kinds of qualities that people will like and admire. So it's not at all surprising that people, when they read great literature, do so partly because it enables them to share the point of view of somebody who they admire, and to partake of their way of seeing the world. There are good reasons for their doing this, and I'm not going to be able to finish this by any way at all (laughs) It was nearly there that time I think, I think it would have got it within the time (laughs) The number 1 point is be able to learn, be able to understand the basic badminton skills in badminton there is logic there is logic for grip there is logic for posture hitting skills and movement skills there is logic the advanced way and the beneficial way to hit shuttle cock in the real match so, in real match players have to play in certain way but from my experience a lot of club players are practicing spending a lot of time to learn the technique and skills which is not really happening which is not really be able to use it in the real match so, for example a player practice a way which is not really happening in the real match and then try to use that technique in the real match so it doesn't work that way that makes me really frustrating to see it because I can see the things a player a club player practising on court to play better cannot be used in the real match so eventually this player just completely wasting his practice now it is better to spend 1 month or 1 year to learn the basic right skills it is better to spend more time to understand be able to understand the logic of badminton what is really happening in the real match and then after identifying all the true techniques all the techniques which are really being used in the real match and then practice those skills is far better than just listen to some of advanced player in the club saying your grip should be loose so this player without any knowledge have a completely loose grip and when they hit it they loose control and some players say when you rotate you have to rotate clockwise which is not true and some players ask their mixed double partner you must stay inside T so the women just listen and just hiding there which is not true there are so many statements from some of the advanced players which is not really true and there are so many players listen those statements and just copying it without real understanding or without real identification of if that is really true so, in my channel there are lot of basic skills available so before you actually training something please watch and understand if that is really true even I say something, you should question me or you should look and check if that is really right or if that is really happening in the real match so, I recap before you practice, before you train please spend more time to identify, to understand the right basic skills that is first step you to be an advanced player in the future so if you don't have that knowledge you are trying to start your car with gear number 3 so, it wont happen it will take too long and after some time you have to come back and redo it all again, so eventually you had wasted so much time not only that, it takes even longer to undo what you have been training at the wrong way Number 2 point after you understand all the logics of grip, hitting skills movement skills, posture, basic tactics the things now you have to do is repeat, repeat you understood by your brain why you have to have 3 grips, ready grip forehand grip, backhand grip but the question is can you do that in the real match so now you understood by brain, its time for you to repeat, you to practice again, again, again to be able to use those logics in the real match but in my experience, many players they are happy to understand the logics by their brain when we play we are not only using our brain we have to use our fingers, rackets, body. to be able to move to the shuttle cock and hit shuttle cock to the point where I want to hit so, even if you understand the logics you are very clever, intelligent if you don't do the repeating practice of those skills you cannot beat your opponent, you cannot use those logics in efficient way in the real match so, you should be happy to practice those logics in your brain as well as with your body ok, instead of just doing 1, ya I can hit it ya I can tap it now, ya I can do the technique and then that's it, no. you have to do, start like real match ready and then look change the grip, tap it and then go back to ready grip again, you have to do it every day 1000 times, that is how a beginner player become advanced player some players they do it for 5 minutes with good attitude good concentration and then the concentration goes they just practice without any concentration but the better player, the advanced player from start to finish, let's say do 20 x 10 sets this player will be doing 20 x 10 sets equal quality, equal speed so, number 2 point you to become advanced palyer is be able to practice those logics, those right basics so many times again, again and again so, be able to do it, even if you don't have to think about it when shuttle comes you will be doing it automatically that is the level you are aiming to, in order to be like that you have to repeat those practice, those techniques so, practice makes you perfect. Number 3 point you are repeating, you are practising now when you are practising new technique, new logic because you can see the point, you believe in it then, remember you must practice those skills those logics, 100% in positive way you got to believe in it even 100 people told you that it is not true but it does not matter if you can see the point and if you believe in it, it does not matter for example, in the long days if some body told lots of people, human can go to the moon then every body think he is crazy, he is mad but there are some body who believed it and made it come true its same, it does not matter what other people think its you have the choice, watch this you have been practising net kill like that ya big swing like this without changing grip so you have been practising like that for 2 years and some how hit the shuttle cock quite often and some time you hit the shuttle cock out and then you see there is other way to do it you got to be change the grip and then tap it so, you like it, you think this is right now you are practising it, then at the beginning because you have not done it before there will be some mistakes ya, you hit the net you hit there and then there are many players, oh its doesn't work to me ya and then when they practice they practice with doubt it does not matter if that logic, that technique is 100% true, if the person does not believe it if the person does not do it positively then it will not work what I want you to do you try new way, 10 times at the beginning you make 10 mistakes, I want you to be hungry and be more positive for 11th time that positiveness is crucial so ready, there made mistake, ok I will try again there yes it worked there so, if you do 1 right out of 10 tries you are becoming more successfull if you are practising like that in positive way when you play against better player, you will play positively, because you are trained in that way you know eventually you can beat the opponent because you are the person who have attitude pride and the mindset, after 10 mistakes you are ready for 11th but there are so many players after 5 mistakes the attitude changes and become very negative and then instead of asking questions I got to work harder this player questions coach why it does not work he is blaming something else that is not real sportsman please remember, hitting playing badminton is not only train how to hit the shuttle cocks it also trains, what kind of attitude you must have so, if you are not prepared if you are not ready to be able to challenge 11th shot after 10 mistakes do not even try to be advanced player because without such kind of positive attitude no player will move on to advanced level Number 4 point you are in a club every body practice 2 hours altogether with a coach same training, footwork, match practice, stroke practice every body did it equally after finish every body go home they do their own things come back and do it again another 2 sessions with a coach equal way now, you would like to beat them, you would like to be better than them you would like to be advanced player then you must do something else by yourself you know after 2 hours no body practice any more what I am asking you to do, you must spend 30 minutes even 20 minutes, even 1 hour even better training by yourself secretly in undercover way no body see you doing extra training for example you go home after 2 hour session with every body and then you want to make this tap technique, which you learnt today make it better yup, you bring racket or you don't have racket at home you bring a spoon, ya this is spoon, under arm chair ready change grip tap, ready change grip tap you spend 20 minutes and no body saw you did it next day when you practice backhand net kill your net kill will be 10% or 20% better than any body else with 2 reasons, why? you have practised mentally you have practised with your hands acutally so, when you actually practice next day you will totally believe you can do it better and you will be doing it completely positive way just imagine, every day you spend 20 minutes, 30 minutes by yourself when every body is watching TV after 1 month, after 1 year, if you save them the gap between you and the other player who just did 2 hours, is huge when you play against them, before you play them you already beat them, because you know you prepared more more important thing in that situation because you have idea what to practice, you chosen those practice with spoon by yourself not by coach so you developed it, you created it that means so much, rather than the players over there just did, what coach ask them to do without there own knowledge, without there input that is completely different player if you want to be speed up to be advanced player remember, find time and do secret training by yourself and that will bring you to be the advanced player much quicker, much solider Number 5 point when you are training, when you play you, must have reason why you can beat the opponent what reason you can beat your opponent for example if I play, I am let's say I have 10 years experience I play against player who has got 3 years experience then every body or even me expects to beat him because I have more experience that's the reason, so he play to win, that person play to loose now, you want to be advanced player, you want to be champion you want to be number 1 in that club you have to have a reason why? for me I had reason when I was younger when I was 13, 14, 15 years old I told myself, I cannot pronounce the words what's the word hypnotizing it, the word is hypnotize myself I say to myself, my parents are the worlds best parents, there are no other parents better than my parents, I am the son of my parents there fore I should be better than any other sons I told myself, why I can't be number 1 when I trained in personal volume, I told myself Lee you are a robot, robots never get tired as long as there is fuel I am the robot Lee, so you will never get tired when I practised smash, I tell myself I will be the person who has the strongest smash in the world I imagine, I smash in a match excellently my smash hit my opponent, because my smash is too strong my opponent fell off and become unconcious never that will happen but I imagine I want to make that happen, not liberately hit my opponent if my smash hit opponent he will fall off because my smash is impossibly strong so, when I smash I imagine that picture and then I smash so my smash practice is completely different to my friends next door, who just practice smash so, if you don't have a reason why you are better why you are going to be better than other opponents, you cannot drive yourself to the impossible level you cannot take the training, the training not many humans can take you cannot take those kind of training if you don't have a reason why? do not just do training, you must have a reason why? I don't know what that is, but ask yourself why can I be number 1 in my club why can I be number 1 in my county because, you have to have answer to because if you don't have answer, don't play badminton competitively play badminton in the recreational leisure centre for leisure for hobby if you don't have that answer, you will never be the competitor, you will never be called competitor in badminton Number 6 you must have quality to be able to go advanced level which is be able to respond what ever comes to you you should be mentally, emotionally, physically ready to respond when players be able to do that they will be able to select the best shot at each situation just imagine there is a deep lake so deep there is no sound but there is scary, silence sounds there you should be like that so, if something drops in the lake immediately that lakes surface will respond to it this lake has no intention to do something already until, something happens for example you lift, opponent is smashing he has got the match point you are ready for opponent smash if you are just calm, wait opponent smash, then you will be able to respond best possible way you have best chance to return opponent smash in best possible way but, most of the players when they lift just before the opponent smash they are ready like that or they are ready like that why? they are worry about it, they are not confident with themselves, so opponent did beat him he lost himself even before opponent made shot this is advanced you must be able to be in that stage there are so many players not beaten by opponent, but they beat themself before opponent beat them because they panic because they worry about too much but on the other hand, there are some players when they play very well, they become too cocky too over confident, they behave like shallow stream makes lots of noise the shallow stream makes lot of noise because its shallow his knowledge is not deep he has the less ability, that's why shallow stream kind of players make lots of noise the player who has the real ability real believing himself look at them, there body language is calm they totally believe in them self going to win and they behave like a deep lake are you deep lake or are you shallow stream are you filled can which has no sounds are you empty can which makes lots of sounds so, number 6 advice be able to just respond it no fear, no worries if you can make yourself in that stage emotionally then you will enjoy best possible badminton. The quality you must have to be advanced player is pride you are beginner player and there will be some body better while you are improving many times you will be beaten by better players the player I am looking for, the player I would like to train is who has got the real pride I do every thing to beat my opponent, but he is beating me 20-10 if this player has the pride he will fight to the end does not care the score but, there are many players when the score like 20-10 he will put his head down and then he already lost if there are 2 players, one is talented but he is weak against stronger player because his pride is very small, weak another player is not talented, but he has the pride like mountain I know this player will be number 1 in the future he can be number 3, number 2 but not, never be number 1 I will take this player, when I train the player with pride every second, every day, every session is pure enjoyment whether he can do or not, that is the second thing ask yourself how big your pride is, if you have real pride when shuttle lands outside the line I know if you say in you will win the match but you will never say in because of your pride you had bad stomach yesterday so today you could not win because of stomach that is true but if you have real pride you will not say that you will say I lost my opponent is better then you might cry in your room no body see you because you have pride you never ever put your head down when you are loosing because you have pride you never ever give excuses why you lost, when you lost because you have a pride, no excuses your pride is too big to pass your fault the reason why you failed to anybody else other than yourself that player is real player to me so, do you have pride yes then you have a chance to be advanced player beautiful advanced palyer not just hitting shuttle cock well but you will be respected by so many others because of your pride. To be an advanced player from beginner you must believe in yourself, you are going to be top player you are going to be number 1 in your club you are going to be number 1 in your county you are going to be number 1 in your country you are going to be number 1 in the world you have to have total belief in it there are some players who ask me some times Lee do you think I have potential quality to be number 1 in country when I hear that, I know he will not be why? because he has doubt that's why he is asking me what I want, what I am looking for from the players is I am going to be number 1 I will take what ever necessary to be number 1 some players tell me Lee some other coaches told me you will never be number 1 do you think I can be number 1 not good enough if you really believe in yourself does not matter 10 thousand people say to you you will not be number 1 in the world, you will not be number 1 in the country does not matter, if you believe it the reason you are asking me the reason you influenced by other coaches told you, you will be not if you are influenced they are right, because you are weak if you are so sure, you can see going to be number 1 will be happening then it does not matter do not ask any body that is your choice if they say to you, you will not be number 1 would you give up and stop playing casually because they said so is that you is your belief that small then they are right if you believe in yourself do not ask any body just do it and make it happen if you have will to do it, you can see the way remember, life is too short just to try and be influenced by what other people saying to you if you don't believe in yourself nothing will happen you have nothing, but if you believe in yourself everything will happen, I guarantee that. In your practice, there must be quality I would like to describe the quality in practice in 2 ways number 1 total focus should be in practice number 2 the way you think how to practice has to be different to the normal players I would like to show you what I mean by that this is practice for the people who play badminton competetively there must be total focus onto the shuttle cock on every hit but many players practice this way 7-8 out of 10 players in my experience practice in this way I call this kind of practice is for digesting food in my stomach because no body will play like that in the real match same when I drive whether I make mistakes or not is the second method the will and the focus to the shuttle cock is the key because I totally focussed, when I make good shot I know how I made good shot, so I catch that right feeling in same way if I make mistake, when I am totally focussed I know every detail, why I made mistake is it feet or is it mind or is it the grip or the way I hit it I have picture but because many players just hitting the shuttle cock so when they make mistake, they have no idea why they made mistake when they make good shot, they have no idea why I made good shot so time they spent on such kind of practice is completely wasted not only this practice it can be done in any practice in order to make practice best quality the player must be totally focussed now this is important when most of the player play tournament if they play 70% of their maximum level they are very successful practice must be tougher than match the concentration in practice must exceed the real match like without that kind of concentration without putting such kind of focus the practice will be wasted now many players practice every day 5-6 days a week because they practice every day they treat this session 1 of thousand sessions, that is wrong today's session is unique session if I do the 50 taps, every single tap is unique the player must have such kind of attitude rather than ya this is 1 of thousand this session is 1 of every day practice that's totally not true every single session the player should treat it like last session of your life that kind of urgency should be in the practice now, the second point when you practice what kind of things you have to think to make the practice better to expect the best results from that practice what kind of things you have to think watch this, I am practising straight lift from there to there I am a single player now, this is what I see from normal players that's wrong, I practised lifting from this corner to that corner to me, this is very basic practice this is what I want to see from the players when I am practising opponent straight drop shot to lift it my mind should be ready for opponent do the cross drop shot I should imagine my opponent my partner may be doing the cross drop shot, I cover the cross mentally and then practice straight in that way I am practising one corner, but actually I am practising two corners that way I am extending, widening my awareness of the court so watch this so, we are practising this corner but any time my partner drop here I am ready for it same, when I am practising drop shot instead of drop like that I should be doing drop, ready for the net and then drop and ready for the net and then drop that is real practice so that way I am practising this corner but I am practising every corners just imagine there are 2 players one practice lift like that another one practice lift ready lift and ready every session like this, after 6 months or 1 year there level will be completely different so when you practice you have to create something no body knows it because you did it inside your brain not your friends knows what you are doing but you practice in such way is 3 times more beneficial than just lifting the shuttle from one corner to the other corner and forget about all other corners thinking about just this corner lifting that is in a way wasting time because simply in the match I don't know where my opponent will be hitting to there fore I have to develop the ability to go ability to change my direction, ability to aware all my court now finally, I would like you to imagine the picture the players who is just standing without total focus just hitting the shuttle cock I call them like soap in the bathroom very smooth, very smooth its not sharp but the players you really focussed and they make every hit unique I call them like, they are practising like a broken glass can you imagine the broken bottle, wine bottle when it breaks, how sharp the glass is that kind of sharpness from the mindset is required can you imagine, who will win the soap in the bathroom or the broken glass if they fight who will win another picture imagine you are a samurai you are a samurai like in japanese ya using the sword you are samurai and you always practice with wooden sword your opponent, your enemy practised with real sword for 3 years when two of you fight for rapid life who will win, of course the person who practised with real sword will win so, just imagine when you are practising are you having real sword in your hand or are you having wooden sword in your hand if you want to be called, you are a competitor by other people then there must be quality in your practice. I think there's an expectation that college is kind of a transition from youth to adulthood. And as a consequence, it's a place where people explore their identities a little more, find out who they are not just in terms of gay, lesbian, transgender, bisexual heterosexual, things like that, but even in the broader sense of jut trying to figure out, "Ok, who am I?" I entered Mizzou in 2006 and at that time I knew very little about LGBT issues, while at the same time I knew myself as bisexual. Self-identified as bisexual. So when I first entered into Mizzou, I was very encouraged to get any kind of information. I think really it's like the ideal enviroment for folks to come out. I think the reason why I think more people come out in college and after college is that, for one thing, you're coming away from high-school you get away from old friend goups, and all these kinds of things, especially if you're coming from a small town, you get away from all that into this kind of open, what some would say "liberal" environment. Or at least it's an accepting environment, or it's supposed to be. There's resource centers amd events and you might notice there's more gay folk around and I think it's definitely a lot easier to come out in this kind of setting. I'm very proud of our department and the fact that it is viewed campus-wide as a place that creates a supportive environment for all groups of employees but particualrly for our LGB students. I think we've done some very intentional things for doing that. If you look outside my office door, there's the rainbow triangle indicating that this is a safe space. We offer that training or encourage participation in that training, so minimally there's at least an awareness of that as well. The allies are really, truly the bridge between different communities, That's why I feel like, "Yeah, the safe space program or other types of LGBT programs should really focus on building the ally community." Compared to 20 years ago it's more likley that folks will come out on campus and come out sooner because there's certainly the perception of greater societal acceptance and maybe some of that perception is reality, but there are also still a number of... discrimination is still very alive and well. The world, other people parents, the teachers, your friends, may say, "Well how do you do that? or "How could you possibly?" They say a lot of things to prevent you doing certain things there's some times that thier reasons are legitamate. They're trying to prevent you from harming other people or harm yourself. But there are times that they say those kind of concerns and worries out of care or out of their own fear. Out of their own insecurity toward unknown stuff. It's like, "Man and woman. And this is the way it works." So when throw that out there, when you challenge that like, "I'm a guy that likes another guy." That challenges folks' general whole conception of society. So that just kind of freaks people out. I kind of don't fault people as much because it's like "ahhh" totally challenging like everything that I understand and how the world works. A persons sexual orientation is important because it acknowledges the reality of sexual orientation. For too long we've revered it as, again, a binary. You either a male or female and attracted to that opposite gender from you. From what we understand now is that there actually is a continuum of that there are people who are attracted to the same gender, there are some people who are attracted to a different gender. There's some people that define it as both. And in that sense, I think we need to acknowledge that the difference exists out there because there are students and employees that fall within that continuum. Not just at the two ends of it. Now with greater visibility, if someone does want to bully or harrass or target someone, it gets easier to find. We deal with educational issues, as far as educating students about the difference between sexual orientation, plus we also respond to acts of intollerance and yet some of those are geared out of ignorance, some of those ae geared out of malicious intent. Regardless we respond to them, both of them in terms of taking appropriate corrective action and in terms, always seeking to educate those individuals and the larger community as well. Some harassment, I think, is based in very narrow views of masculinity and male privilage. Both, harrassment, of gay men and also lesbians. If someone's doing something, you know, calling them a name in any kind of context you need to address it, you need to say something once one person calls it out and says, "Hey, wait, that's not OK that you just said that to that person" Folks, they get it quickly like "Oh, man." I know that I've said certain words or things around friends and they've been like, "Hey, you don't say that around me." And next time you're around them, you think about it, where you catch yourself. So I think that just calling it out initially, really, just can help change people's actions in the future. We now have such sexual orientation as part of our non-discrimination statement. I've been here long enough where it was in, it was out, and now it's back in. So, I think, as part of that process it created an opportunity for dialogue and discussion at this campus as "Why is this important?" and the fact that it's back in as part of our non-discrimination statement, I think, is a strong testament to the fact that we examine this as an issue as a campus and understand why it's important. I have a student who has really extreme homophobia, and when I say homophobia I don't say it in a very negative way. I felt sorry that they haven't been immersed in the situation that taught them enough about, "We're not harmful, we're just different." And I also had students who were really, extremely open who have gay family members and stuff like that. Absolutely, it's possible for people who are homophobic to overcome that. I think what is most helpful for overcoming it is when they discover someone they know and are close to is gay or lesbian. Being out, in general, is helpful for people because I think the more contact that people have with, especially, members of the LGBTQ community when people have c0ontact with it, they start to humanize it and they kinda start to get it. Having open gay and lesbian staff members, whether they chose to come out or not, or be out, is a personal choice. The fact that they are working for us and out provides a tremendous opportunity for our students. There are people who have held positions, from our students staffers to our hall coordinators to our area coordinators to some of our mid-management staff, who have been openly gay or bisexual or lesbian. And there's probably others that are not open about that, because they choose not to come out who have also been in those positions. So, I think we have a good track record for educating our students about this issue, but also creating opportunities and a safe workplace environment for staff who identify in that way. Even like in my time, whenever I was a freshmen living in the residence halls my community adviser never asked me, but one day I started talking about it and she said, "OK, I kind of thought about it whenever I met you. And you were close and I thought about it but I never wanted to ask" because it is, especially for folks that are freshmen who are really dealing with it, really difficult and that can kind of hinder the coming out process. People assume that knowing that you're a lesbian, for instance, that therefore they know a great deal about you, and their therefore going to know your cultural tastes, your political preferences, your musical choices, and all these other things. And, of course, it's no more true than it is for heterosexuals but when someone's a minority, the tendency is to assume "Well, folks in this category are all like this." One of the challeneges, again, with any of the stereotypes, whether it's racial, or ethnic, or whether it's sexual orientation is if you operate in terms of stereotypes or mis-perceptions or gross mischaracterizations, you're not really understanding who that person is. Even folks who are sometimes more accepting need to realize that there's an incredible diversity within any community. I think it's kind of just looking out for the bullying and looking out for people maybe are out of place. It's really easy to tell, you see when people are interacting when they walk in the hallways. And someone might say something to someone else and your like, "Wait a minute, that doesn't really seem like that checks out." So, I think just being proactive in those situations and just coming into things with as much of an open mind as possible is really the best thing you can do. I don't want to be categorized into a box just because I'm an older, white male or heterosexual male. I want to be known for who I am. Just like I think anybody else with a different sexual orientation wants to be known for who they are. For stereotypes for others who share the same orientation may be perceived. Welcome back. In the last video, I told you that pressure times volume is a constant. That if you increase the pressure-- or if you increase the volume, you're going to decrease the pressure. Hopefully, you got an intuitive sense why. Or likewise, if you squeezed the balloon, or the box, and there are no openings there, then the pressure within the box would increase. With that said, let's see if we can do a couple of fairly typical problems that you'll see. So let's say that I have a box, or a balloon, or something, and it has a volume, and so let me call this the initial volume. My initial volume is 50 cubic meters, and my initial pressure is 500 pascals. Just so you remember, what's a pascal? That's 500 newtons per meter cubed. I take that box, or balloon, or whatever, and I compress it down to 20 meters cubed. So I compress it, so I squeeze it-- that was the first example that I gave last time. It was the same container, and I squeeze it down to 20 meters cubed. What's going to be the new pressure? You should immediately have an intuition-- what happens when you squeeze a balloon? It becomes harder to do it. What's going to be the new pressure? It's definitely going to be higher-- when you decrease the volume, the pressure increases are inversely related. The pressure's going to go up, and let's see if we can calculate it. We know that P1 times v1 is equal to some constant, and since we have no aggregate change in energy-- I'm just telling you that the box is squeezed, I'm not telling you whether it did any work, or anything like that-- the same constant is going to be equal to the new pressure times the new volume, which is equal to P2 times V2. You could just have the general relationship: P1 times V1 is equal to P2 times V2, assuming that no work was done, and there was no exchange of energy from outside of the system. In most of these cases, when you see this on an exam, that is the case. The old pressure was 500 pascals times 50 meters cubed. One thing to keep in mind, because this equivalence is not equal, and we're not saying it has to equal some necessary absolute number-- for example, we don't know exactly what this K is, although we could figure it out right now-- as long as you're using one unit for pressure on this side, and one unit for volume on this side, you just have to use the same units. We could have done this same exact problem the exact same way, if instead of meters cubed, they said liters, as long as we had liters here. You just have to make sure you're using the same units on both sides. In this case, we have 500 pascals as the pressure, and the volume is 50 meters cubed. That's going to be equal to the new pressure, P2, times the new volume, 20 meters cubed. Let's see what we can do: we can divide both sides by 10, so we can take the 10 out of there, and we could divide both sides by 2, so that becomes a 250. We we get 250 times 5 is equal to P2, and so P2 is equal to 1250 pascals, and if we kept with the units, you would have seen that. When I decreased the volume by roughly 60%, I have the pressure actually increased by 2 1/2, so that gels with what we talked about before. Let's add another variable into this mix-- let's talk about temperature. Like pressure, volume, work, and a lot of concepts that we talk about in physics, temperature is something that you probably are at least reasonably familiar with. How do you view temperature? A high temperature means something is hot, and a low temperature means something is cold, and I think that also gives you intuition that a higher temperature object has more energy. The sun has more energy than an ice cube-- I think that's fair enough. I think you also have the sense that-- what would have more energy? A 100 degree cup of tea, or a 100 degree barrel of tea. I want to make them equivalent in terms of what they're holding. I think you have a sense. Even though they're the same temperature, they're both pretty warm-- let's say this is 100 degrees Celsius, so they're both boiling-- that the barrel, because there's more of it, is going to have more energy. It's equally hot, and there's just more molecules there. That's what temperature is. Temperature, in general, is a measure roughly equal to some constant times the kinetic energy-- the average kinetic energy-- per molecule. So the average kinetic energy of the system divided by the total number of molecules we have. Another way we could talk about is, temperature is essentially energy per molecule. So something that has a lot of molecules, where N is the number of molecules. Another way we could view this is that the kinetic energy of the system is going to be equal to the number of molecules times the temperature. This is just a constant-- times 1 over K, but we don't even know what this is, so we could say that's still a constant-- so the kinetic energy of the system is going to be equal to some constant times the number of particles times temperature. We don't know what this is, and we're going to figure this out later. This is another interesting concept. We said that pressure times volume is proportional to the kinetic energy of the system-- the aggregate, if you take all of the molecules and combine their kinetic energies. These aren't the same K's-- I could put another constant here and call that K1. And we also know that the kinetic energy of the system is equal to some other constant times the number of molecules I have times the temperature. If you think about it, you could also say that this is proportional to this, and this is proportional to this. You could say that pressure times volume is proportional to the number-- and these are all different proportional constants, and we'll figure out this exact constant later-- so we could say that pressure times volume is proportional to molecules we have, times temperature. And we said that we can view temperature as energy per molecule. Another way we could say is that if this constant is constant, which is by definition, and the number of molecules is constant-- we have PV over temperature. Pressure times volume over temperature is going to be equal to something times the number of molecules, so we could say that's some other constant, like k4. This is another interesting thing to think about: we said pressure times volume is equal to pressure times volume, and now we added temperature into the mix. We could say P1 times V1 over T1 is equal to P2 times V2 over T2. Does this make sense to you? What happens if I have another box, and I have my particles bouncing around like always. I have some volume, and some amount of pressure-- what happens when the temperature goes up? What am I saying? I'm saying that the average kinetic energy per molecule is going to go up, so they're going to bounce against the walls more. If they bounce against the walls more, the pressure's going to go up, assuming volume stays flat. Another way you could think about it-- let's say the temperature goes up, and the pressure stays flat. So what did I have to do? I just said if the temperature goes up, the average kinetic energy of each molecule-- they'll bounce more. In order to make them bounce against the sides of the walls as often, I'd have to increase the volume. If you hold pressure constant, the only way you can do that is by increasing the volume while you increase the temperature. Let's keep this in mind, and we will use this to solve some pretty typical problems in the next video. Oath of Hippocrates recited by Ioannis Stratakis I swear by Apollo, the healer, Asclepius, Hygieia, and Panacea, and all the gods and goddesses, making them my witnesses, that I will fulfill according to my ability and judgment this oath and this covenant: To hold him who has taught me this art as equal to my parents to live in common with him and, if he is in need of money to give him a share of mine, To look upon his children as my own brothers, and to teach them this art - if they desire to learn it - without fee and covenant; to give a share of precepts and oral instruction and all the other learning to my own sons, and to those of him who has been my teacher, and to disciples who have signed the covenant and have taken an oath according to the medical law, and no one else. I will apply dietetic measures for the benefit of the sick according to my ability and judgment; I will keep them from harm and injustice. I will give no deadly medicine to any one if asked, nor suggest any such counsel; Similarly I will not give to a woman an abortive remedy. In purity and holiness I will preserve my life and my art. I will not use the knife, even on sufferers from stone, but will let this operation to specialized practitioners. Whatever houses I may visit, I will come for the benefit of the sick, keeping myself far from all intentional injustice and ill-doing, among others of sexual deeds on bodies female or male, be they free or slaves. What I may see or hear in the course of the treatment or even outside of it in regard to the life of men, which ought not to be spread outside, I will keep secret, considering them improper to talk about. If I keep this oath and not violate it may I enjoy my life and my art respected by all men and in all time to come. But if I transgress it and swear falsely, let the reverse be my lot. recited by Ioannis Stratakis produced by Podium-Arts.com What would you guys say to teachers if they're not getting high quality work? Could they learn something from this? And what would you say to them that they could do differently in their classrooms? This is a story called "Austin's Butterfly," and it's a true story about a first-grade boy, and his name is Austin and he goes to school, or used to go to school, in a town called Boise, Idaho. And in his class, in Boise, Idaho, they were studying butterflies, and he had to do a project. His job in first grade was to draw a butterfly. And this is the butterfly that he picked. Austin had to use this photograph as his model, and he had to draw an accurate, scientific drawing of this butterfly. This is called a tiger swallowtail. Kid: I knew it! Teacher: Can you tell Toby why it's called Tiger? Kid: Because it kind of has the stripes of the tiger right there. Teacher: Good! So, here was Austin's job. He was supposed to do a scientific drawing of that butterfly. But remember, Austin was only in first grade. And you know what he did? He forgot to look like a scientist, carefully. He got his paper, and he just started to draw the image of a butterfly that he had in his head. And he wasn't looking like a scientist, and so this is what he drew. It's not bad, and it is a butterfly. But does it look exactly like this? Kids: No. Teacher: No, it doesn't, yet. It doesn't look exactly like this yet. Luckily, this wasn't a regular school, where Austin went. It was an expeditionary learning school, just like Presumpscot School. And so they didn't look at this and say, "Good, Austin, you're done." They said, "Austin, good start. Now, we can start giving you critiques, so you can do a second draft, and make it better, and a third draft, and make it better, and you can make it much much closer to this." And he was ready to go. All of the first-graders in his critique group sat on the floor like you guys are, and they decided to split their advice into two kinds: First, just the shape of the wings. And then when the shape was right, they'd give him advice about the pattern inside the wings. Alliya, what would you say? Alliya: He could make them much pointier. Teacher: Good! These wings could be much pointier. Who else would add something? Atuk, what would you say? Atuk: How about the angle, because - not to be mean, but the angle is just not exact. Teacher: So, show me. Come on up here Atuk, Show me where - What you would ask him to do slightly differently. Atuk: Um, to make it a little longer? Teacher: Longer where? Draw where you would do it. Atuk: Right there. Teacher: Ok. So, pull this out longer. Atuk: Yeah. Teacher: That's very specific, Atuk. Thank you. Jamila, what would you say? Jamila: It's like - a triangle? Teacher: Good. Jamila, I love that. So you're saying, more like a triangle shape. And I agree. Well you know what, those first-graders came up with most of those same ideas. And do you know what Austin said? He said, "Okay, I'll go try!" And he went back to his seat, and he drew this. Kids: Wow! Teacher: Does this look more like a triangle? Kids: Yeah! Teacher: Yeah! Did he go out further, like Atuk was suggesting? Kids: Yeah. Teacher: Did he add some jaggedness here? Kids: Yes. Teacher: Did he get rid of that bottom thing? Kids: Yes. Teacher: So, he did listen to his friends, and he made it better. It's not perfect. Toby, what would you say? Toby: I'd say don't put those little tail things so pointed in, I'd say put them more pointed down. Teacher: Good. Okay, Ethan, what would you say? Ethan, Um, he should make the wings like this, not like this. Teacher: Okay. He listened to his friends, and they said, "This is really a lot better, Austin. That second draft really is better." Hadley: Yeah, but he can make a third one. Teacher: Good, maybe he could make a third draft. And so, he did this draft. Hadley: That's his third draft. Teacher: That's his third draft Hadley, that's just right. Elijah, what do you notice there? Elijah: One wing's more pointed than the other, and that side is a little bit higher than the other. Teacher: Good. Coburn? Coburn: Right here? It doesn't have the inside thing still. Teacher: Ah, okay. Needs a little bit more of that notch. So, do you think maybe he should do a fourth draft? Kids: Yeah! Teacher: Well that's just what he said. He said, "Shoot, okay, I got round again." "I'll go back and do a fourth draft." Kid: He listened! Teacher: He listened! Does it look more even, like Elijah was suggesting? Kids: Yes. Teacher: Yeah. And does it look like it's coming out a little sharper, like Cindy was suggesting? And like Atuk was saying, it's a little - the angle looks a little better. So now, Austin was feeling really good. He said, "Am I ready to add some pattern?" And they said, "Okay, why don't you try adding some of the pattern." And he did. Kids: Wow! He's good at it! Alliya: He is so good! Teacher: And then they said, "Austin, you're ready for colour!" Let's look at his last draft. Kids: Wow. Wow. Teacher: And what do you think? Did it come out really good? Kids: Yeah! Teacher: Yeah! What do you think about how much progress he made? Atuk, what would you say about his progress? Atuk: He make a lot of progress, he perservered doing it. His friends were honest with him. Teacher: What was it about the kinds of advice that they gave that allowed him to get better each time? Hassan: Well, they told him what was wrong about it. Teacher: Did they say, "It's just wrong," or were they more specific? Hassan: They were more specific, but they weren't mean about it. Teacher: Great! Hadley: He made six drafts. Teacher: And so was that something that other kids should learn from? What should we learn from that? Hadley: We can make other drafts if it's not right. Teacher: Good! So if you can keep - If it's not right, you can keep doing more drafts to make it better. Girl: You just don't use things in your head, you want to use a sharp eye. Teacher: Good. He used the eyes of a scientist. Great. (Applause) I have a confession to make, But first, I want you to make a little confession to me. In the past year, I want you to just raise your hand if you've experienced relatively little stress. Anyone? How about a moderate amount of stress? Who has experienced a lot of stress? Yeah. Me too. But that is not my confession. My confession is this: I am a health psychologist, and my mission is to help people be happier and healthier. But I fear that something I've been teaching for the last 10 years is doing more harm than good, and it has to do with stress. For years I've been telling people, stress makes you sick. It increases the risk of everything from the common cold to cardiovascular disease. Basically, I've turned stress into the enemy. But I have changed my mind about stress, and today, I want to change yours. Let me start with the study that made me rethink my whole approach to stress. This study tracked 30,000 adults in the United States for eight years, and they started by asking people, "How much stress have you experienced in the last year?" They also asked, "Do you believe that stress is harmful for your health?" And then they used public death records to find out who died. (Laughter) Okay. Some bad news first. People who experienced a lot of stress in the previous year had a 43 percent increased risk of dying. But that was only true for the people who also believed that stress is harmful for your health. (Laughter) People who experienced a lot of stress but did not view stress as harmful were no more likely to die. In fact, they had the lowest risk of dying of anyone in the study, including people who had relatively little stress. Now the researchers estimated that over the eight years they were tracking deaths, 182,000 Americans died prematurely, not from stress, but from the belief that stress is bad for you. (Laughter) That is over 20,000 deaths a year. Now, if that estimate is correct, that would make believing stress is bad for you the 15th largest cause of death in the United States last year, killing more people than skin cancer, HlV/AlDS and homicide. (Laughter) You can see why this study freaked me out. Here I've been spending so much energy telling people stress is bad for your health. So this study got me wondering: Can changing how you think about stress make you healthier? And here the science says yes. When you change your mind about stress, you can change your body's response to stress. Now to explain how this works, I want you all to pretend that you are participants in a study designed to stress you out. It's called the social stress test. You come into the laboratory, and you're told you have to give a five-minute impromptu speech on your personal weaknesses to a panel of expert evaluators sitting right in front of you, and to make sure you feel the pressure, there are bright lights and a camera in your face, kind of like this. And the evaluators have been trained to give you discouraging, non-verbal feedback like this. (Laughter) Now that you're sufficiently demoralized, time for part two: a math test. And unbeknownst to you, the experimenter has been trained to harass you during it. Now we're going to all do this together. It's going to be fun. For me. Okay. I want you all to count backwards from 996 in increments of seven. You're going to do this out loud as fast as you can, starting with 996. Go! Audience: (Counting) Go faster. Faster please. You're going too slow. Stop. Stop, stop, stop. That guy made a mistake. We are going to have to start all over again. (Laughter) You're not very good at this, are you? Okay, so you get the idea. Now, if you were actually in this study, you'd probably be a little stressed out. Your heart might be pounding, you might be breathing faster, maybe breaking out into a sweat. And normally, we interpret these physical changes as anxiety or signs that we aren't coping very well with the pressure. But what if you viewed them instead as signs that your body was energized, was preparing you to meet this challenge? Now that is exactly what participants were told in a study conducted at Harvard University. Before they went through the social stress test, they were taught to rethink their stress response as helpful. That pounding heart is preparing you for action. If you're breathing faster, it's no problem. It's getting more oxygen to your brain. And participants who learned to view the stress response as helpful for their performance, well, they were less stressed out, less anxious, more confident, but the most fascinating finding to me was how their physical stress response changed. Now, in a typical stress response, your heart rate goes up, and your blood vessels constrict like this. And this is one of the reasons that chronic stress is sometimes associated with cardiovascular disease. It's not really healthy to be in this state all the time. But in the study, when participants viewed their stress response as helpful, their blood vessels stayed relaxed like this. Their heart was still pounding, but this is a much healthier cardiovascular profile. It actually looks a lot like what happens in moments of joy and courage. Over a lifetime of stressful experiences, this one biological change could be the difference between a stress-induced heart attack at age 50 and living well into your 90s. And this is really what the new science of stress reveals, that how you think about stress matters. So my goal as a health psychologist has changed. I no longer want to get rid of your stress. I want to make you better at stress. And we just did a little intervention. If you raised your hand and said you'd had a lot of stress in the last year, we could have saved your life, because hopefully the next time your heart is pounding from stress, you're going to remember this talk and you're going to think to yourself, this is my body helping me rise to this challenge. And when you view stress in that way, your body believes you, and your stress response becomes healthier. Now I said I have over a decade of demonizing stress to redeem myself from, so we are going to do one more intervention. I want to tell you about one of the most under-appreciated aspects of the stress response, and the idea is this: Stress makes you social. To understand this side of stress, we need to talk about a hormone, oxytocin, and I know oxytocin has already gotten as much hype as a hormone can get. It even has its own cute nickname, the cuddle hormone, because it's released when you hug someone. But this is a very small part of what oxytocin is involved in. Oxytocin is a neuro-hormone. It fine-tunes your brain's social instincts. It primes you to do things that strengthen close relationships. Oxytocin makes you crave physical contact with your friends and family. It enhances your empathy. It even makes you more willing to help and support the people you care about. Some people have even suggested we should snort oxytocin to become more compassionate and caring. But here's what most people don't understand about oxytocin. It's a stress hormone. Your pituitary gland pumps this stuff out as part of the stress response. It's as much a part of your stress response as the adrenaline that makes your heart pound. And when oxytocin is released in the stress response, it is motivating you to seek support. Your biological stress response is nudging you to tell someone how you feel instead of bottling it up. Your stress response wants to make sure you notice when someone else in your life is struggling so that you can support each other. When life is difficult, your stress response wants you to be surrounded by people who care about you. Okay, so how is knowing this side of stress going to make you healthier? Well, oxytocin doesn't only act on your brain. It also acts on your body, and one of its main roles in your body is to protect your cardiovascular system from the effects of stress. It's a natural anti-inflammatory. It also helps your blood vessels stay relaxed during stress. But my favorite effect on the body is actually on the heart. Your heart has receptors for this hormone, and oxytocin helps heart cells regenerate and heal from any stress-induced damage. This stress hormone strengthens your heart, and the cool thing is that all of these physical benefits of oxytocin are enhanced by social contact and social support, so when you reach out to others under stress, either to seek support or to help someone else, you release more of this hormone, your stress response becomes healthier, and you actually recover faster from stress. I find this amazing, that your stress response has a built-in mechanism for stress resilience, and that mechanism is human connection. I want to finish by telling you about one more study. And listen up, because this study could also save a life. This study tracked about 1,000 adults in the United States, and they ranged in age from 34 to 93, and they started the study by asking, "How much stress have you experienced in the last year?" They also asked, "How much time have you spent helping out friends, neighbors, people in your community?" And then they used public records for the next five years to find out who died. Okay, so the bad news first: For every major stressful life experience, like financial difficulties or family crisis, that increased the risk of dying by 30 percent. But -- and I hope you are expecting a but by now -- but that wasn't true for everyone. People who spent time caring for others showed absolutely no stress-related increase in dying. Zero. Caring created resilience. And so we see once again that the harmful effects of stress on your health are not inevitable. How you think and how you act can transform your experience of stress. When you choose to view your stress response as helpful, you create the biology of courage. And when you choose to connect with others under stress, you can create resilience. Now I wouldn't necessarily ask for more stressful experiences in my life, but this science has given me a whole new appreciation for stress. Stress gives us access to our hearts. The compassionate heart that finds joy and meaning in connecting with others, and yes, your pounding physical heart, working so hard to give you strength and energy, and when you choose to view stress in this way, you're not just getting better at stress, you're actually making a pretty profound statement. You're saying that you can trust yourself to handle life's challenges, and you're remembering that you don't have to face them alone. Thank you. (Applause) Chris Anderson: This is kind of amazing, what you're telling us. It seems amazing to me that a belief about stress can make so much difference to someone's life expectancy. How would that extend to advice, like, if someone is making a lifestyle choice between, say, a stressful job and a non-stressful job, does it matter which way they go? It's equally wise to go for the stressful job so long as you believe that you can handle it, in some sense? Kelly McGonigal: Yeah, and one thing we know for certain is that chasing meaning is better for your health than trying to avoid discomfort. And so I would say that's really the best way to make decisions, is go after what it is that creates meaning in your life and then trust yourself to handle the stress that follows. Chris Anderson: Thank you so much, Kelly. It's pretty cool. KM: Thank you. (Applause) In the next three segments we will change gears a little bit and talk about the definition of a PRG. This definition is a really good way to think of a PRG. And we will see many applications for this definition. So consider a PRG with keyspace A that ouputs N bit strings. Our goal is to define, what does it mean for the output of the generator to be indistinguishable from random? In other words, we're gonna define a distribution that basically is defined by choosing a random key in the keyspace. Remember that a arrow with R above it means choosing uniformly from the set script K. And then we output, basically, the output of the generator. And what we'd like to say. Is that this distribution. This distribution of pseudo random strings is indistinguishable from a truly uniform distribution. In other words, if we just choose a truly uniform string in 01 to the N and simply output this string, we'd like to say that these two distributions are indistinguishable from one another. Now if you think about it, this sounds really surprising because if we draw a circle here of all possible strings in 01 to the N, then the uniform distribution basically can ouput any of these strings with equal probability. That's the definition of the uniform distribution. However a pseudo-random distribution generated by this generator G. Because the seed space is so small, the set of possible outputs is really, really small, it's tiny inside of, 01 to the N. And this is really all that the generator can output. And yet, what we're arguing is that an adversary who looks at the output of the generator in this tiny set can't distinguish it from the output of the uniform distribution over the entire set. I think that's the property that we're actually shooting for. So to understand how to define this concept of indistinguishability from random, we need the concept of a statistical test. So, let me define what a statistical test on 01 to the N is. I'm gonna define these statistical tests by the letter A. And the statistical test is basically an algorithm that takes its inputs and N bit string, and simply outputs zero or one. Now I'll tell you that zero, we're gonna think of it as though the statistical test said, the input you gave me is not random. And one, we're going to think of it as saying that the imput you gave me actually is random. Okay, so all this statistical test does is it basically takes the input x that was given to it, the n bit string that was given to it, and decides whether it looks random or it doesn't look random. Let's look at a couple of examples. So the first example basically will use the fact that for a random string, the number of zeros is roughly equal to the number of ones in that string. In other words, the statistical test is going to say one. If and only if basically the number of zeros in the given string X minus the number of 1's in the given string X. These numbers are not too far apart. In other words, the difference between the number of 0's and the number of 1's. Let's just say is less than ten times square root of n. Okay If the difference is less than ten times, the statistical test will say hey the string X looks random. If the difference happens to be much bigger than ten times square root of n, that starts to look suspicious and the test, hey the string you gave me does not look random. A statistical test. Let's look at another similar example. We'll say here, the statistical test will say one. If and only if say the number of times that we have two consecutive zeros. Inside of X. But let's think about this for a second. This basically again counts. In this string of, n bits. It counts a number of times that we see the pattern zero, zero. Two consecutive zeros. Well for a random string. We will expect to see 0,0 as probability one fourth. And there for in a random string. We'll expect about N over four 0,0's. Yeah, N over four blocks a 0,0. And so, what the statistical test will do is it will say, well, if the number of zero zeros is roughly N over four. In other words, the difference between the number and N over four, is, say, less than ten square root of n, then we will say that X looks random. And if the gap is much bigger than N over four, we'll say, hey, this string doesn't really look random. And then the statistical test will output zero, okay? So here are two examples of statistical tests that basically, for random strings, they will output one with very high probability. But for strings that, you know, don't look random, for example, think of the all zero string. So the all zero string, neither one of these tests will output, one. And in fact, the all zero string does not look random. Let's look at one more example of the statistical test just to kinda show you the, basically statistical test can pretty much do whatever they want. So here's the third example. Let's say that statistical test output one if an only if I say the biggest blocks what we'll call this the Maximum Run of zero inside of the string x, this is basically the longest sequence of zero inside of the string x. In a random string you expect the longest sequence of zeros to be roughly of length log N. So we'll say if the longest sequence of zero happens to be less than ten times log N Then this test will say that X was random. But if, all of a sudden, we see a run of zeros that, say, is much bigger than ten log N, then the statistical test will say, the string is not random, okay? So this is another crazy thing that the statistical test will do. By the way, you notice that if you give this test, the all one string. So one, one, one, one, one. This test will also output one. In other words this test will think that the all one string is random. Even though it's not. Yeah, even though one string is not particularly random. Okay, so statistical tests don't have to get things right. They can do whatever they like. They can test, they can decide to output random or not. You know, zero or one, however they like. And similarly, there are many, many, many, many other statistical tests. There are literally hundreds of statistical tests that one can think of. And I can tell you that in the old days, basically, the way you would define. That something looks random. As you would say, hey, here's a battery of statistical tests. And all of them said that this string looks random. Therefore, we say that this generator that generated the string is good generator. In other words, this definition, then, uses a fixed set of statistical tests, is actually not a good definition for security, but more generally, for crytpo. But before we talk about actually defining security, the next thing we talk about is how do we evaluate whether a statistical test is good or not? So to do that, we define the concept of advantage. And so let me define the advantage. So here we have a generator that outputs N bit strings. And we have a statistical tests on N bit strings. And we define the advantage of this generator, as denoted by advantage sub PRG, the advantage of the statistical test A relative to the generator g. I'll define it as follows, basically the difference between two quantities. The first quantity is basically, we ask how likely is this statistical test to output one. When we give it a pseudo random string just like here K is chosen uniformly from the C space we ask how likely is the statistical test to output one when we give it a pseudo random output generated by the generator verses now we ask how likely is the statistical test to output one when we give it a truly random string. So here are is truly random in zero random one to the n. Okay, and yeah. We look at the difference between these two quantities. Now you realize because these are differences of probabilities this advantage is always going to lie in the interval zero, one. So let's think a little bit about what this advantage actually means. So first of all if the advantage happens to be close to one. Well what does that mean. That means that somehow, the statistical test A behaves differently when we gave it pseudo-random inputs, when we gave it the output of the generator, for when we gave it truly random inputs, right? It somehow behaved differently. In one case, it output one with a certain probability. And in the other case, it output one with a very different probability, okay? So somehow, it was able to behave differently. And what they really means is that the statistical test could basically distinguish the output of the generator from random. Okay, so in some sense we'll say that this statistical test broke the generator G because it was able to distinguish the output from random. However if the advantage is close to zero Well what does that mean. That means that basically the statistical tests behaves pretty much the same on pseudo random inputs. As it does on truly random inputs. And basically there we would say that A could not distinguish the generator from random. Okay, so this sum gives you a little bit of intuition about why this concept of advantage is important. It basically tells us whether A was able to break the generator, namely distinguish it from random, or not able to break it. So let's look, first of all, at a very silly example. Suppose we have a statistical test A that simply ignores its inputs and always outputs zero. Okay. Always output zero. What do you think of the advantage of this statistical test relative to a generator G? So, I hope everybody say the advantage is zero, let me just explain, why that's the case, well, if the statistical test, always outputs, zero, that means, pseudo random inputs, it will never output one, so, the probability that outputs one, is zero. Similarly, when we give a truly random input, it still will never output one, and, so, the probability that outputs one, is zero, and, so, zero minus zero is zero, so, its advantage is zero, so, basically, and, a statistical test that ignores its, its input, does not able to distinguish, truly random inputs, from, a pseudo random input, obviously. Okay, now let's look at a more interesting example. So suppose we have a generator G that satisfies a funny property. It so happens that for two-thirds of the keys The first bit of the output of the generator happens to be one, okay? So if I choose a random key with probability two-thirds, the generator will output one as its first bit, okay? So that's the property of the generator that we're looking at. Now, let's look at the following statistical test. The statistical test basically says, if the most signifigant bit of the string you gave me is one, I'm gonna say one, meaning I think it's random. If the most signigant bit of the stream you gave me is not one, zero, I'm gonna say zero. Okay so now my question to you is what is the advantage of this statistical test on the generator G? Okay, so remember I just wrote down the definition here again. And I'll let you think about this for a second. So let me explain. Suppose we give the statistical tests pseudo random inputs. By definition of G, we know that with probability two-thirds, the first bits in the inputs will start with the bit one. But if it starts with a bit one, then the statistical test will output one. In other words, the probability that this statistical test outputs one is exactly two-thirds. Now let's look at the case of a random string. If I give you a random string, how likely is it that the most signifigant bits of the random string is one? Well, for a random string, that happens exactly half the time, and so in this case the statistical test will output one, with probability one-half. And so the overall advantage is one-sixth, and one-sixth is actually a non-negligible number, that's actually a fairly large number, which basically means that this a was able to distinguish the output. We'll say that a breaks the generator G with advantage 1/6. Okay, which basically means that this generator is no good, is broken. Okay, so now that we understand what statistical tests are, we can go ahead and define, what is a secure pseudo-random generator. So, basically, we say that, as generator G is secure, if essentially no efficient, statistical tests can distinguish its output from random. More precisely, what we'll say is that, basically for all efficient statistical tests, a... Statistical tests, a... It so happens that if I look at the advantage. Of the statistical test E relative to G. This advantage basically is negligible. So, in other words, it's very close to zero, and as a result, this, statistical test was not able to distinguish the output from random, and that has to be true for all statistical tests. So, this is a very, very pretty and elegant definition, that says that a generator is secure, not only if a particular battery of statistical tests says that the output looks random, but, in fact, all efficient statistical tests will say the output looks random. Okay? One thing I'd like to point out is, that the restriction to efficient statistical tests is actually necessary. If we ask that all statistical tests, regardless of whether they're efficient or not, not be able to distinguish the output from random. Then in fact, that can not be satisfied. So in other words if we took out the requirements that the test be efficient. Then this definition would be unsatisfiable. And I'll leave this as a simple puzzle for you to think about. But basically the fact is that restricting this definition into only efficient statistical tests is actually necessary for this to be satisfiable. So now that we have a definition, the next question is can we actually construct a generator and then prove that it is in fact a secure PRG. In other words, prove that no efficient statistical test can distinguish its output from random. And it turns out that the answer is we actually can't. In fact, it's not known. If there are any probably secure PRG's. Then I will just say very briefly the reason is that if you could prove that a particular generator is secure that would actually imply that P is not equal to NP. And I don't want to dwell on this. Because I don't want to assume that you guys know what P and NP are. But I'll tell you as a simple fact that in fact in P is equal to NP. Then it's very easy to show that there are no secure PRGs. And so if you could prove to me that a particular PRG is secure, that would imply that P is not equal to NP. Again, I will leave this to you as a simple puzzle to think about. But, even though we can't actually rigorously prove that a particular PRG is secure, we still have lots and lots and lots of heuristic candidates, and we even saw some of those in the previous segments. Okay now that we understand what is a secure PRG. I want to talk a little bit about some applications and implications of this definition. And so the first thing I want to show you is that in fact a secure PRG is necessarily unpredictable. In a previous segment, we talked about what it means for a generator to be unpredictable. And we said that, basically, what that means is that, given a prefix of the output generator, it's impossible to predict the next bit of the output. Okay, so we'd like to show that if a generator is secure, then necessarily, it means it's unpredictable. And so the only way we're gonna do that is using the contrapositive. That is, we're gonna say that if you give me a generator that is predictable, then necessarily, it's insecure. In other words, necessarily, I can distinguish it from random. And so let's see, this is actually a very simple fact. And so let's see how we would do that. So suppose you give me a predictor. In other words, suppose you give me an efficient algorithm, such that, in fact, if I give this algorithm the output of the generator, but I give it only the first I-bits of the outputs. It's able to predict the next bit of the output. In other words given the first I-bit it's able to predict the I plus first bit. And it does that with a certain probability. So let's say if we choose a random k. From the keyspace. Then, clearly, a done predictor would be able to predict the next bit with probability one-half, simply just guess the bits. You'll be right with probability one-half. However, this algorithm A is able to predict the next bit with probability half with epsilon. So it's bound to the way. From a half. And, in fact, we require that this by true for some non negligible epsilon. So, for example, epsilon =1/1000 would already be a dangerous predictor, because it can predict the next bits, given a prefix, with non negligible advantage. Okay, so suppose we have such an algorithm. Let's see that we can use this algorithm to break our generator. In other words to show that a generator is distinguishable from random and therefore, is insecure. So what we'll do is we'll define a statistical test. So, let's define the statistical test B as follows. Basically, B, given a string, x, what it will do, is it will simply run algorithm A on the first I-bit of the string x that it was given. And, statistical test b is simply gonna ask, was a successful in predicting the I-plus first bit of the string? If it was successful, then it's gonna output one. And if it wasn't successful, then it's gonna output zero. Okay. This our statistical task. Let's put it in a box So we can take it wherever we like. And we can run the statistical test on any N bit string that's given to us as inputs. So now, let's look at what happens. Suppose we give the statistical test, a truly random string. So a truly random string R. And we ask, what is the probability that the statistical test outputs one? Well, for a truly random string, the I+1 bit is totally independent of the first I-bits. So whatever this algorithm is gonna output is completely independent of what's, I+1 bit of the string R is. And so whatever A outputs the probability is going to be equal to some random bit X I+1. Random independent bit X I+1, that probability is exactly 1/2. In other words, algorithm a simply has no information about what the bit X I+1 is, and so necessarily, the probability is able to predict X I+1 is exactly one half. On the other hand, let's look at what happens when we give our statistical tests a pseudo-random sequence, okay. So now we're going to run the statistical test on the output of the generator, and we ask how likely is it to output one. Well, by definition of A, we know that when we give it the first I bits of the output of the generator, it's able to predict the next bit with probability 1/2 + epislon. So in this case our statistical test B will output one with probability greater than 1/2 + epsilon And basically what this means, is if we look at the advantage of our statistical tests over the generator G it's basically, the difference between this quantity and that quantity. There's a difference between the two. You can see that it's clearly greater than an epsilon. So what this means is that if algorithm A is able to predict the next bits with advantage epsilon, then algorithm B is able to distinguish the output of the generator with advantage epsilon. Okay? So if A is a good predictor, B is a good statistical test that break the generator. And as we said, the counter-positive of that is that if G is a secure generator, then there are no good statistical tests. And as a result, there are no predictors. Okay? Which means that the generator is, as we said, unpredictable. Okay, so, so far, what we've seen is that if the generator is secure, necessarily, it's impossible to predict the I+1 bit, given first I bits. Now there's a very elegant and remarkable theorem Yao back in 1982. They chose it, in fact the converse is also true. In other words, if I give you a generator that's unpredictable, so you cannot predict the I+1 bits from the first I bits, and that's true for all I. That generator, in fact, is secure. Okay, so let me state the theorem a little bit more precicely. So here we have our generator that outputs n bit outputs. The theorem says the following, basically for all bit positions, it's impossible to predict I+1 bit of the output given the first I bit. And that's true for all I. In other words, again, the generator is unpredictable for all bit positions. Then, that, in fact, implies that the generator is a secure PRG. I want paraphrase this in English, and so the way to kinda interpret this result is to say that it's basically these next bit predictors. These predictors that try to predict the I+1 bit given the first I bits. If they're not able to distinguish G from random, then, in fact, no statistical test is going to distinguish G from random. So kind of next bit predictors are in some sense universal, predictors, when it comes to distinguishing things from random. This theorem, by the way, it's not too difficult to prove, but there's a very elegant idea behind its proof. I'm not gonna do the proof here, but I encourage you to think about this as a puzzle, try to kind of try to prove this theorem yourself. Let me show you kind of one cute implication of this theorem. So let me ask you the following question. Suppose I give you a generator and I tell you that given the last bit of the output. It's easy to predict the first bit of the outputs, okay? So given the last end bits, you can compute the first end bits. That's kind of the opposite of predictability, right? Predictability mean given the first bit, you can produce the next bits. Here, given the last bits, you can produce the first ones. And my question to you, does that mean that the generator is predictable? Can you somehow, from this fact, still build a predictor for this generator? This is kind of a simple application of Yao theorem let me explain to you the answer is actually yes let me explain why how do we build this generator well, actually we're not going to build it I'm going to show you that the generator exists. Well because an over two bits first an over two bits doesn't necessarily mean that the generator here let me write them this way what it means is that g is not secure. Because just as we did before it's very easy to build a statistical test that will distinguish the output of G from uniform. So G is not secure. But if G Is not secure, by Yao's Theorem, that means that G is predectible. So in other words, there exists some I for which given the first I bits of the output, you can build the I+1 bits of the output. Okay, so even though I can't quite point to you a predicter, we know that a predicter must exist. So that's a one cute simple application of Yao theorem. Now before we end the segment I want to kind of, generalize a little bit of what we did. And introduce a little bit of important notation that's going to be useful actually throughout. So, we're gonna generalize the concept of indistinguishability from uniform, to indistinguishability of two general distributions. So, suppose I give you p1 and p2, and we ask, can these two distributions be distinguished? And so we'll say that the distributions are computationally indistinguishable, and we'll denote this by p1, a squiggly p. P2. This means that, in polynomial time, P1 cannot be distinguished from P2. And we'll say that they're indistinguishable, basically, just as before if basically for all, efficient, statistical tests, statistical tests. A it so happens that if I sample from the distribution P1. And I give the output to A. Versus if I sample from the distribution P2, and I give the sample to A. Then basically A behaves the same in both cases. In another-wards the difference between these two probabilities is negligible. And this has to be true for all statistical tests. For all efficient statistical tests. Okay? So if this is the case then we say that, well A couldn't distinguish it's advantage in distinguishing two distributions is negligible and if that's true for all efficient statistical tests then we say that the distributions are basically computationaly indistinguishable, because an efficient algorithm cannot distinguish them. And just to show you how useful this notation is, basically using this notation the definition of security for PRG just says. That if I give you a pseudo-random distribution. In other words, I choose K at random, and that outputs a G of K. That distribution is computationally indistinguishable from the uniform distribution. So you can see this, this very simple notation captures the whole definition of pseudo-random generators. Okay, so we're gonna make use of this notation. In the next segment, when we define, what does it mean for a cipher to be secure. -Yay! I'm sugary-sweet and totally neat! Hehehehehehe! -(Peashooter) Oh, come on, y'all. He, she, or it isn't a fruit. It's not even a plant. -[Orange laughing]: Peashooter's taking a "potshot." -Yay! I love zombies! We're gonna have lots and lots of fun! -(Pear) Whoa-whoa-whoa-whoa, time out. Marshmallow, this isn't a party. -(Midget Apple) Yeah, you've got to fight, little buddy. -Fight? [zombies growl] Uh-oh. -(Orange) Come on, Marshmallow. Hit him with your "pacifist." [laughs] -(Pear) This is awful. I can't watch. -[whimpering] I want my mommy! [unicorn whinnies] Uh-oh. [zombies tumble over like bowling pins] -(Orange) Whoa! Now, that's one bad mother! [laughs] -[whinnies] -Aw, thanks, Mommy. Hehehehehe! That tickles! [giggling] Captioned by StreamCaptions.com >>Now another conversation with the winner of the Pulitzer Prize winner in the Arts- and to Elizabeth Farnsworth. >> This year's Pulitzer Prize for drama went to Susan Lori Parkes for her play Top Dog: Underdog. The play is about two brothers, Lincoln and Boothe- they are con men. Boothe, a wannabe card hustler and Lincoln- a reformed one. Lincoln has given up hustling for another job, playing Abraham Lincoln at a boardwalk arcade where tourists can pay to shoot him with cap guns. The play opened on Broadway last Sunday with Jeffrey Wright and rapper Mos Def playing Lincoln and Boothe. In this scene, Boothe tries to help Lincoln spice up his performance so he is replaced with a mechanical dummy. >> You got to show your boss that you can do things that the dummy can't do. You gotta add spicy expletive >>Like what? >>Like when they shoot you- scream or something! >>Scream? >>Let's try it, I'll be gentle. [makes gun loading noise] [bang!] [Lincoln screams] >>A wax dummy can scream. They can put a voice box in a nigga like they screaming. >>You can curse. Its alright, I will be careful. [audience laughter] >>We are now joined by the playwright Susan Lori Parks. She is the author of 15 other plays and heads the dramatic writing program at the California Institute of the Arts. She's also received two Obie awards and MacAuthur and Googenheim Fellowships for her work. Congratulations Miss Parks. >>Thank you, thank you very much. >>What went through your head when you heard you received the Pulitzer? >>Well, I said "Thank you!" That's the first thing I said- I was very appreciative. >>[laughter] Were you surprised? >> Well, surprised - I think Top Dog is a pretty good play but its always wonderful when someone recognizes you for your efforts. Everyone had been talking about all week. "Oh, you have been nominated!" There is this big article in The Times and I was so focused on opening the play because we opened on Sunday that I just didn't have time to focus on Pulitzer Monday. So I was just focused on Sunday and actually getting over the big opening night party we had. >>I want you to fill out for us the story for us - an African American man in white face playing Abraham Lincoln and people can come and shoot at him and he really likes the job. Tell us a little more about how this came to you. >> Well, it came to me - I written a play in 1994 called The America Play which has a similar character- a Lincoln impersonator who actually impersonates Lincoln way out west. I was thinking about that play when I thought "Ooh, you know what would be fun? I can have Lincoln and Boothe and they can be brothers and who knows what would happen?" Lincoln could have the same kind of job as a Lincoln impersonator and I thought it would be fun to watch again on stage. >>You wrote it very quickly I understand. >>[laughter] I did. >> I read that you said some plays are torture but that this one came really quickly. >>Yes, this one was an easy birth. I have written plays that have taken six, seven, years. Eight, nine, ten , twelve drafts. This one took three days. >> Can you explain why? >>I don't know - God was smiling upon me during those three days [laughter]. It was sort of like it was poured right into my head- I was very fortunate. I have heard about those experiences - like Handel when he wrote some story or Mozart - you know where people have heightened awareness- that was one of them for me anyway. >> Can you explain why Lincoln and Boothe? The names. >> Well, they were named Lincoln and Boothe because it was their father's idea of a joke. I thought it would be funny to have two brothers named Lincoln and Boothe and see how their story would play out. Would it play out like the original story of Lincoln and Boothe who had an encounter like in 1865 - or would it play out differently? So it is fun to know that those are their names, feel the weight of history and the weight of destiny and yet watch them live their lives- and see what happens at the end. [laughter] >> It is so interesting to me that this play is so very funny- I laughed when I was reading it- I haven't seen it. But, it is so very sad - there are lines - just one line in the middle of all the humor that made me cry but they are never victims, these characters, and you have said that you don't want to write about African-American victims. Explain that. >>I think that when we just show ourselves-any group of people- as a victim - you are really focusing on the victimizer. When you show yourself as a person, you focus on your humanity and your possibility and the possibilities of the world you live in. You might only have this much choice in your life - but if you exercise the bit of choice that you do have, then you have a life that is everything it supposed to be rather than everything somebody told you it was going to be. That is what interested me about these guys - they were named Lincoln and Boothe by their father which sets a certain life into motion. But they have choice each moment of their lives they can exercise the choice. >>Is there something in what you just said that explains why you like writing plays? You write screenplays, short stories but you said you really like writing plays. Why? Is it because you can watch them change this way on stage? >> My favorite thing about plays is that their live- they are alive. You look out in the house and you see all kinds of people who have come to see your play - hardcore elderly theatre goers and young kids with their hats turned around backwards. This is the first play they have seen in their whole life. It can change at any moment. Its fluid and alive thing like life is - its a real mirror of life. Also, at the end of a play, what I love the best is when the action is over, the lights have gone off for the last time and the actors stand up and take their bows - reminding the audience that it is a work of art. It is a play, it is just a show- now you gotta go. In movies, the actors don't come on and take their bows at the end, we are just left in darkness with credits rolling. There is something really magical and vital about theatre and playwriting for me. I love writing movies too. >> What would you say have been the main influences on you? >>Oh gee, dead or alive? >>Both - either way. >> I go way back. I love the Greeks. This to me - Top Dog: Underdog is very much in the Greek tragedy mode like Oedipus where you go into the theatre - you know what is going to happen and yet you delight in the journey of Oedipus. So I love Oedipus and Madea and those types of plays. Bloody tragic, heart-wrenching- I love plays like Titus Andronicus and things like that. Of course the people like James Baldwin who was my teacher and Tennessee Williams and Mr. August Wilson who I have deep respect for. Kennedy, Lorraine Hansberry, there are so many great american playwrights - Shepard, Arthur Miller- I love them all! [laughter] >> What is the main significance for you to be the first African American to get a Pulitzer? >> In Drama. >>Right. >>I think it opens the door but I also think that it is everyone's responsibility to walk through a door. If one person opens the door- one person can be said to be the door opener, doorman or doorwoman. It is everyone's responsibility to walk through that door. I really feel that while it is a wonderful moment for African American woman playwrights or African American people, it is also a great moment for all kinds of people- for American theatre. I feel that American theatre has taken a huge leap forward because this play, written by an African American woman only has two people in it and they are two African American men. So already I'm leaping out of myself to write the play and its the subject matter and the story is something that everybody can get something from. It is just a very exciting moment for theatre. There are kids who see this play who have never seen a play before and there like " Yeah, I am gonna see all plays!" and that is thrilling for me! >> Susan Lori Parks- thanks for being with us and congratulations again. >>Thank you very much for having me. Look around yourself and you shall see, my friend, the frozen music of the palaces, fences, and bridges. Open up and experience a different kind of the Earth gravity. At the Neva shores again we understand without words the breath of the great country's history. Here my soul flies, and my heart is always beating stronger. so stately and close to my heart, sung to by the Muses, captivating its friends' hearts, celebrating its Birthday, dressed into the fireworks, our beloved city on the Neva. Every year during white nights youth awaits the scarlet sail, sail of hope and dreams at the Neva shores. Petersburg is neither old nor young, it opened Russia to the world. Three hundred years is not a lot, but how much you could endure! Our respect goes out to you, and the world's admiration, admiration of your beauty and creations of all the people who have dreamt here. So stately and close to my heart, sung to by the Muses, captivating its friends' hearts, celebrating its Birthday, dressed into the fireworks, our beloved city on the Neva. We are grateful to the fate that we are linked to you. You are beautiful and such a delight to the soul. This anthem of love is sung to you with all our heartfelt warmth. We are forever with you, Saint Petersburg! So stately and close to my heart, sung to by the Muses, captivating its friends' hearts, celebrating its Birthday, dressed into the fireworks, our beloved city on the Neva. We are grateful to the fate that we are linked to you. You are beautiful and such a delight to the soul. This anthem of love is sung to you with all the heartfelt warmth, we are forever with you, Saint Petersburg! We are forever with you, our Saint Petersrburg! subtitles by www.whatisfatmagulsfault.com kuzeyguneytvshow.blogspot.com What do you want? You did the same thing again. Don't blame me this time. - You broke the deal again. - What are you talking about, Barış? You got me humiliated again. Your photos with your lover will be on the newspapers tomorrow. They took them in front of your house. - Barış, look... - Don't say anything. No one will believe me anymore. You made a fool out of me. Barış where is that picture? What are you talking about? I will make you two crawl. I'll finish you. You were looking for an excuse anyway. So do your best. It'll be even worse for you if you unleash that scumbag on me again. I knew he'd do something. I knew it. - What happened? - Sir, something's happening at the guest mansion. Cemre Hanım came 10 minutes ago. Fighting noises coming from the house. - What? - I think they are fighting. Why didn't you tell me earlier? Sir, we didn't want to be meddling in a family matter. Quickly, get me a coat or something. Cemre? You killed him! You killed him! Barış, my son! Call the police, hurry! Barış, open your eyes. God damn you. What have you done? "An hour ago" - What are you looking at? Open the gate. - Let us inform them first, ma'am. Inform whom? Just open it. - Barış Bey and Ebru Hanım gave us strict orders, ma'am. - Are they afraid of me? Can you just open it? - Open the door, or you'll regret it. - We are sorry, ma'am. There you go. God... - What do you want? - No, what do you want from me? Enough is enough. Get off my back. I entered the house... To ask him what all that was about. We started arguing. We shouted at each other. But he wasn't himself. He was drunk. The argument got heated. Then he... Then he attacked me. At that moment, I bit his lip. I don't remember clearly. Then I fell to the ground. I think I hit my head. All I remember is I blacked out when I fell. I don't know how long it lasted. When I woke up... ... he was lieing on the ground bleeding. She got out of the house when I was sleeping. I am a very light sleeper... ... so I put earplugs in my ear as I go to bed. So I couldn't hear when she left. I don't know why she went to there at that time of the night. I have no clue. I wouldn't let her, if I knew. Then I heard the hard knock on the door. Then I opened the door and saw Kuzey. He told me what happened. I said, "are you crazy, son?" "Cemre is sleeping in her room." I went to check and she wasn't there. Who told you? - The police... - When she couldn't reach me, she got Kuzey called. She didn't even take her phone with her. It was in the house. The lawyer's number was in her cell phone, not in her memory. The only phone number she's memorized was Kuzey's. So she got him called. God... My head doesn't take it in. I'm going crazy. How could that happen? Güney is coming. What happened? Is he dead? - He is alive. - Thank God! - How is he? - His condition is critical. He got hit on the head and back of the neck. He has brain hemorrhage. They stitched the wound on his lip. Where Cemre bit. Who knows what he did to her and she did it to protect herself. Why would he bite the man's lip? Were you the one who found them? How did it happen? The security told us something was going in the house. When we arrived, it had already happened. The door was open, Barış was on the ground. Cemre had the fire iron in her hand, trying to get up. So you arrived just after it happened.. Yeah, the security guys told us about the noises. And we ran for it but we were late. Cemre, what have you done? You killed him! You killed him! - I didn't do anything. - God damn you. - You killed him! - I didn't do anything. Call the police, hurry! Barış... Barış open your eyes. I didn't do anything. Kuzey, I didn't do anything. Kuzey, I didn't. I didn't do anything. I didn't do it Kuzey. She was in shock. She was holding onto me and crying. Saying, "Güney help me". She was begging, "save me, Güney". - She didn't say anything about what happened? - No, I don't know. Something must have happened between them. She wouldn't have gone to the mansion otherwise. I don't know... Barış was with us at the party, all night. What could have happened? It's obvious that, Cemre went there earlier and waited for him. As the security says, Cemre stormed through the gate by force. God help us. I'm losing my mind here. You have Cemre's phone, right? Can I have it? How could she do this? I can't believe it. There... Look at this. - The call history is here. - Did he call her? The bastard called her earlier. He talked to her. I don't know if he threatened her or something but she certainly went to that house after that. She had to go after the call. Here take this and show to the police. Komiser, here take it. We have an evidence in our hand. Take it and let people know that the girl is innocent. - Calm down. - Calm down what? What should I be calm about? I got it, okay, but the prosecution is the one investigating. They will look for every single detail anyway. So just calm down. They'll find out that Cemre is the victim here, right? You see, Barış is the one calling her. That's why my girl went to that house. She's not crazy you know. The army of press outside. What do we tell them? We need to sort it out between ourselves again. How should we make the statement Ebru Hanım? We'll tell them everything as it is. No more hiding anything from anyone. - I think we should talk about this later. - I don't care about the press. Nothing is more important than my son's life. How can you think that we'd keep quiet about this savager? I will see to it that they will pay for it. I won't give up until that girl gets the heaviest punishment. And this marriage will be over immediately. Barış will get rid of her. But I won't let her escape my wrath. Do what needs to be done, immediately! I will sit here for a bit. No, Banu... You should go home now. Handan Hanım... - Could you take Banu home? - Sure. - No... I want to stay here mom. - Please Banu. I want to stay with Barış, mom. Please. Come, let me take you guys home. Come on Banu. Please. Don't upset your mom. Barış will recover. Your mother is here. We'll come again tomorrow. - Keep us updated, will you? - Okay. - Kuzey, I swear I didn't do anything. - We know you didn't, çirkin. We know. Cemre... calm down, okay? We will get you out of here. - Okay? - How is he? He will cheat death. - I swear, I didn't do anything. - Cemre. - I know he called you. - He didn't want to divorce, and I... ... we just had an argument. What happened, happened when I was blacked out. - There was someone else in that house. - You hear? That person is the one then! Give us a second, brother. Who was it? I have a witness who was in that house, Güney. Tell them everything from the beginning. How he threatened you and all. Don't be afraid of no one, Cemre. - One of the maids, I bet. - How are we gonna talk to them? - Can't be one of the maids. - How come? Because all of the maids were dismissed that night. - She said there was someone else in the house. - If that was true, the security would have known. It wasn't one of the maids. Or maybe there was no one else. - Is she lying then? - Me and Ebru Hanım were there right after what happened. There wasn't anyone else in that house. - Welcome. - Hey. What happened? You left early... ... yet you kept calling me after. You got me worried. Tell me. I was going to meet my boyfriend. That's why I had to leave you guys. Then we met and he got into jealousy crisis. He was like, "You weren't home, with whom were you with?" - Bummer... - Yeah, and I told him I was at Alev's place all night. If he comes and ask you please don't give me away, okay? - We were at your place all night, okay? - Tell me the truth, are you in trouble? No, dear. It's as I told you. I am a bit afraid of him. He's unpredictable you know. At one time, we could barely be separated by the police. I don't want him to come and cause a scene. Can I stay at your place tonight? - Hope it's not your ex-husband who's after you. - No, nothing to do with him. I just don't want a drunk man shouting at my door. Let me spend the night at your house. I can sort everything out tomorrow. Okay. Are you washing clothes at this hour? Yes, I had wine stain on my dress... ... I wanted to wash it before it settles. Let me hang it to dry and we head out, okay? Are you sure you're okay? Yes, just a bit scared. - I don't wanna be home alone. - Okay, if you say so. What did you do with those men? I made them happy and then I sent them home. What'd you expect? They went sour that I didn't stay? They were drunk like skunks. They danced and sang and forgot about everything. - Wish I didn't send the cab away. - No worry, the tax stand is close here. By the way, if anyone asks you... ... we were together all night. Okay? - Like who would ask? - I mean, if anyone asks. I put the fruits in your bag. Don't forget eat it okay? Don't forget to tell Sami Amca about this weekend, okay? - Good morning. - Good morning. You were calling me sleepy head and look at yourself. I fell asleep, didn't hear the alarm. And now I am late. - I shut it off. - Glad that you did. I told my mom not to wake you up. You always leave so early... ... I can't even see you at the table. - Thank you, good boy. Come on, wash your face and join us. Come to watch my training with him okay, mom? All the boys are curious who you married with. - Cihan, that's not very nice... - Nothing wrong with it, mom. Please don't forget to ask him. - Tell him yourself if you want it this much. - No, I can't. Because, if I do, he will feel obliged to do it. If you ask him, he'll say no if he doesn't want to. - Will you, mom? - A second, Cihan. Sami! What? It's not your friend. Something else's troubling you. Go on, spill it. Sh... Don't cry. Tell me, what is it? I don't want to get involved. But if there's anything I can do... No, there's nothing you can do. I'm getting late to work. I should get prepared. Okay, see you. - Sami Bey says hi. - Thanks. Cemre... What's wrong again, my child? Want me to get you some water? Why did I go to that house... Before that night, my only problem was whether I would get a divorce or not. I don't want to say, "I told you". We had to be very careful about everything, I mean. But Barış had this coming for him. God saved Kuzey this time. And you were unlucky this time. - Mom, I didn't do anything. - I know. What I meant was bad luck that found you. What is she doing here? People hear and come here. What can you do? - Don't let her in this room. - Okay, I got it. I shall go talk to them. They must be worried. She doesn't leave me alone even here. I am such a light sleeper, Huseyin Bey. I had my ear plugs, so... ... I didn't hear him calling. - Barış? God knows what he told her to annoy her. I talked to Şeref Komiser before I came here. It seems, Cemre said there was someone else in that house. - Yes. - But then it turned out there was no one. - That's a possibility, so? - I think I know who else was in the house. - Who? - It can be Venüs. What? Venüs? Geçmiş olsun Cemre. I'm really so sorry. Zeynep, can you please leave? I want to be alone. Wait, listen to her first. She has something to tell you. She says it can be Venüs who was with Barış that night. I had seen them kissing at Can's birthday party. - What? - She and Barış are still together. Yesterday, when I was with Burak Venüs called us. She was so drunk. She confessed it. Then Burak hung up on her. Maybe she went to Barış's house after that, in anger. Venus maybe the person who was hiding in the house. - Why not? - I am pretty sure it was her. Now you're telling the police what you just told us. - Sure. - If you knew about such a thing... ... I mean, that they kissed,... ... why didn't you tell me earlier? - I... - You knew that I was desperate for anything to get rid of Barış... ... why didn't you tell that to me earlier? I didn't want to get involved. I didn't want to be between you and him. Such a bad fortune. Good morning. Morning. Any news? He is like how he was last night. But he is not getting worse I talked to his doctor. Did you get your medicine, Banu? - Where is Güney? - At the hospital, with Ebru Hanım. - Why didn't he tell me? - He left early in the morning. Of course, no body cares about me you see. He didn't want to wake you up. Why are you complaining? She stayed up all night, didn't sleep until the morning. - I am glad you are here. - I agree. - I'll get a plate for you too. - Thank you, I had breakfast already. I will just sit here with Banu. I wouldn't mind a coffee if it won't be a trouble. Sure, I was gonna bring Banu's medicines anyway. Thank you. I hate the dishonesty going on in this house. You can't even imagine what I'm going through. - Are you okay? - I am. I am very good. I keep getting numb with their medicines. I can easily act as if I believe their lies. I'm observing what's going on around me as if I am behind smoked glass. How lucky I am, right? - Seems they got into your hair. - You can't even imagine. The way I am surrounded by lies and the liars. And how weak I am against them. Don't be harsh on yourself. I wish I could find the strength in me, to change my life. That's what I am always praying for. I am getting a tasty omelet made for you. - Thank you, you didn't have to. - You're welcome. Come on, drink your orange juice. Come on, girl. Hurry, chug it. Thanks. TO Suadiye. Changed my mind. Let's go to Sarıyer. Sarıyer Police Station. We take the seaside road or the highway? Seaside should be open at this time of day. Nah, let us move on. To Suadiye or Sarıyer? Suadiye. Cemre... Mom, don't cry. They'll take us to the Courthouse. I'll stand trial, okay? Don't worry. Cemre is telling the truth, Commissary. There was someone else in the house. Venüs Tezerel. Venüs Tezerel. I called her a few times but she's not picking up. Obviously she's running away from something. She needs to be interrogated. You told us already. We only took Cemre Hanım's statement. The investigation will be done by the prosecutor. We'll hear that person's statement as well, if necessary. Okay but, what if it becomes too late? Because obviously she has something to do with this. I'll follow the investigation, don't worry. Cemre, I will find her. You don't worry. I'll drag her by her hair if I have to. I am with you. Don't you worry. Don't worry. Trust me. - It's swarmed with reporters outside. - What do I care about them? It will not be in Cemre's favor if you leave the building together. Don't shoot, stop it brother. What are you doing? Kuzey, please... You heard what the gentleman said. The truth will come out Cemre, Don't worry. They will release you. Do you hear me? Komiser, don't leave Cemre alone. - Don't leave her alone. - Okay, okay. I'm with her. Soon you'll be proven innocent. You'll be free! I am with you! Guys, make way. Cemre Hanım, why did you fight with your husband? Is it because of the recent news? Cemre Hanım, we expect a statement. Give us something, Cemre Hanım. But Officer, I can't leave my girl alone. You can't get in this vehicle. Please, let me in too. Gülten Hanım, come, let us take a taxi. Come on. Kuzey! - Hello. - What's up Kuzey? You called me so many times. - Why don't you answer your phone? - Just woke up. What's up? - Are you home? - Yes, I told you I just woke up. - Okay, I am coming over there. We need to talk. - Kuzey what's going on? Nothing, wait until I get there. - Come on, we're going. - Where are you going? Venüs might be with Barış that night. I'll take her to the prosecution office. - Don't do it yourself. Tell Şeref about it. - Okay, and you go stay with Cemre. Let's get her before she wakes up. Come on. If she did it, she doesn't have to wake up. She must already know why you wanna talk to her. Okay come on, hurry. You should get some rest as well. Thank you. I am fine. How is he? Gained his consciousness? Once I'm done getting rid of the dirt at hand I'll deal with you next. - Come again? - Everything turned sour ever since you entered our life. You are lucky Banu needs you at the moment. Otherwise, I would have you pay for it just like Cemre's doing. But your time will come, too. They are taking the girl to the prosecution office. - Hello? - Finally. What is it, why do you keep calling me? You know why I'm calling. And you will tell me everything. I don't know what you're talking about early in the morning. Cut the bullshit. You were with Barış last night. - You're the only witness of what happened. - Witness to what? I saw you leaving the mansion last night, Simay. Turn that thing off. As if being late wasn't enough! - What's up? You can't deny it? - You are lying. - Now I am certain of it. - What you are certain of? You are a liar. - I wasn't even there last night, I didn't see Barış either. - You were in Barış's house last night. To avoid the security, you could use only the back door to the yard... Which you did. The cameras didn't notice you, because Barış took you inside, huh? Welcome. Okay, okay... Wait a minute till we get inside. Never play hard to get again when I call you here. - I know you want to be mine, too. - Okay, we got it... You'll come here, whenever I want you to. Whenever I feel like it. You animal... The police did the inspection... ... and found out that the rouge mark on the glass wasn't Cemre's. They are getting the finger prints, too. They will eventually find out. Barış will also talk when he wakes up. - You have no where to run. - What do you want from me? You will tell me what happened last night. He was drunk when I got there. He was angry at something. And after half an hour or so... ... he was done with me. He started to talk about Cemre. He swore... both at Cemre and Kuzey. They can do whatever in their power. They will never get together. As long as I live, I won't let Kuzey have Cemre. That punk will not take from me\t is mine. Who is he? I mean, who is he? Peasant... Can he give Cemre what I gave her? He can't. No, he can't. And yet, Cemre still dreams of being his. She's pushing me away with the back of her hand. All because of Kuzey. They'll be left empty handed. I won't let them be together. I swear it. No one shall call me Barış Hakmen unless I walk over and destroy their love. That's enough... Did I come here to listen to your rant about them? Don't go... Hello? Cemre Hanım is here? Okay, let her come in. It won't take long. Please don't go. I'll send her off right away. - Why is she here? - To iron out the divorce business I think. Don't go... Get inside. - What do you want? - No, what do you want from me? Enough, get off my back! But I knew you'd do a dirty trick like that. I'm not the one who'll be on the newspapers with her lover. I bet you're the one who did it. You send those journalist to camp in front of my door. - Blaming me like always. - You are doing this just to make it more difficult for me. You're looking for an excuse to break your wow. We'll do it tonight, okay. Call all your lawyers and we'll get this over with. All the protocols, signatures and stuff, we'll finish this tonight, you get it? And then you'll leave me alone. As I told you, I'll let you free only when I feel like it. And now, just to... punish you... Is this what kind of a man are you? Was this the promise you gave me? You came at my door with your mother... ... you came into our house. You said "one last time". And I believed you, I didn't even ask for your signatures, or any contracts to be made. Would you like something to drink? Are you kidding me? Huh? Please, that is enough Barış. Get off my back. Just leave me alone, if you don't want to be embarrassed even more. Wish I could do that. I wish I could forget about you. - Shut up, don't be ridiculous. - I wish I could turn my back on you, then I... ... I might get hurt less. I was... ready to love you. Despite everything, I was ready to forget your past, and make you forget as well. Despite knowing that you'll never love me I didn't give up hope. I patiently waited for you to realize what kind of a punk he is. How many times, you stabbed me in the back. Yet, I still... ... waited for you to love me. - Dirty, drunk liar. - No no... I don't care about you anymore. Even your ring, I put it on a whore's finger. - That suits you. - But still... ... I won't let Kuzey have you. - Don't. Barış... Let go of me! A whore huh? He is a jerk, he didn't have rights to do that to me. He shouldn't have insulted me like that. And how is this Cemre's fault now? You got away. And put all the blame on Cemre. Maybe she'll be convicted because of you. Nothing will happen to her. She has a lot of people behind her. She will be saved somehow someway. But if I stand before the judge once again no one can save me. Knowing the truth, I can't keep silent, Simay. Be honest with me. I know you have other plans. I know what you are made of. If you haven't spoken with the police yet you must have a reason. I just don't want Kuzey to find out about Barış and you. What do you even care about Kuzey? You want Cemre to go to prison. You want her to be punished. What is your next trick Zeynep? This didn't work out. - What slanders you'll throw at me next? - I had to tell them what I know. I can see you enjoyed doing that. You're even more dangerous than I thought. I won't be mad at you for bringing me all the way here. I have a lot of reasons to do something like this to Barış, but I didn't. I'm sorry, Kuzey. You can't save Cemre by accusing everyone you come across. Burak... You can't leave me like that after all I have done for you. Venüs, it's not the time to talk about this. - Burak Bey, just a moment. - Burak Bey, got any word for us? Guys, it was an unfortunate situation for all of us. We all gave our statements for the investigation. This is all I can say for now. Why do you think she did it? Burak Bey? Venüs didn't get you anywhere, either. Who can it be then? Who? Someone was in that house. Cemre isn't lying, Komiser. - I didn't say that. - Okay, Cemre isn't lying. Okay, man. I didn't say that. Ebru Hanım... I could guess what was waiting for us... ... when you said "let us carry the divorce process out humanely" But no one could have foresaw a savagery like this to occur. Cemre didn't do it. Do you hear me? She didn't. If she did do it... She wouldn't deny it. We still don't know what happened in that house. I think I showed enough tolerance to all of you. I put up with every single one of you. But no more. I'll make all of you suffer. - Ebru Hanım... - Bring it on! Cemre... They are taking her out. To the trial? It'll be fine. Believe me, it's gonna be fine. Very soon... Don't worry. We're with you. Cemre, think like you're in sleep. This is just a nightmare. It will pass. Gülten Hanım, come on. I want you to be real this time. Whatever we have, however long it lasts... ... I want it to be real this time. I only want this. This is the only thing I want. Come on, let's go. Thought you'd never said that. I still can't believe Cemre could do such a thing. The fire iron was in her hand when we entered the house. We were lucky to catch her red handed. And the judge took that into consideration. The food is ready, my child. I got a light meal prepared just like you wanted. Eat your food and take your medicine. Then take a good rest. There's a bloodshed out there. The fire is swallowing people. Yet I am here, all safe and well. I am so lucky. I heard Kuzey has disappeared again. Shut his phone off after the trial. No one knows where he is. Is that so? I don't know. I didn't call him. He couldn't do anything to help Cemre this time. He must be very sad. Wonder where he'll find consolation this time. I knew I'd find you here. What are you doing here? Leave me alone, man. When are you guys gonna get off my back? It's time to talk. If I wanted to talk to anyone... ... I wouldn't have come here, you hear me? Now sod off. Out you go, shoo. Leave me alone. Cemre's situation is desperate. She'll most likely be convicted. But I got good news for you. Ebru Hanım gave the lawyers orders about the divorce case. They will get a divorce. With Baris's power of attorney they'll get divorced when she is in jail. At least she'll have some freedom this way. Look, brother... ... not today. Don't do this today. - I'm not here to piss you off. - Look Güney... I came here to free you. I'm ready to forget the vows I took about Cemre. - You want to get yourself beat up. - Don't shut me up. You need to listen to me tonight. Okay, I won't rub it in your face. If you love Cemre this much.... ... I am ready to forget everything. You hear me? Dad wanted me to talk to you. He said "you owe this to your brother." But I am not here because he asked me... ... I came here because that's really how I feel. To hell with how you feel! I married Banu after I found out how Cemre felt about you. - Get the fuck out of here! - I left her for you, and what did you do? You loved your pride more than her. What are you trying to say? What makes you say all this? I'M saying that nothing is holding you anymore. You get it? Go make a good life for you and Cemre. Otherwise, neither of us will find peace. Man... ... don't do this to me now. Cemre is behind the bars for you. Tell me the truth... ... you're doing this just to crush me, right? I'm just disburdening you. You are free now, my brother. Go on, eat. It's quite edible. My sister made those. No, it's not that. They are very tasty. Go on, help yourself, girl. I didn't eat much either when I first came here. I lost 6 kilos. And look at me now. Maaşallah, I am all flesh. Did he do that to your face? I saw it on the newspaper too. You were a very pretty bride. The newspapers referred to you as "Cinderella". I remember. Cinderella is a fictional character, sadly. Right? - How is she? - Didn't sleep all night. Kept weeping until the morning. - Hoşgeldiniz. - Hoşbulduk. A little bit of sleep would help you get yourself together. Please? - Good morning. - Morning. You didn't eat breakfast either. Come at least drink some tea. I made lemon tea for you. And I got poğaça hot from the pastry shop. Go on girl, put these in a plate for Gülten Teyze to eat. Wonder what my girl's eating now. How could that happen? How? Cemre is in jail. How could that happen? Don't worry, when Barış Hakmen gets his consciousness he'll take her out of there. No way, he would never do that. - How is he doing? - Fine... They say he's fine. Not fully recovered but. The doctors say he's getting better. Good, good... Still off? - Can't be reached. - Damn, Kuzey. - Let me pour you tea as well. - No, I am fine. Thanks. No, no... my dear. I can't eat anything. You need to eat. Please. After the trial, no one can reach him. - I am afraid he might go to Barış. - No way, why would he go to him? That's Kuzey... He might do anything. - Anyway, I'd better go. - To work? Mhm... I'll call you if anything happens. - When is your flight? - Tomorrow night, to Berlin. But... ... I think I'll take my vacation. I can't leave Gülten Teyze like this. Of course. Okay, let me kiss you. See you, dear. Şeref. Take precautions for Kuzey. I'm afraid, he might go to the hospital to unleash his anger. Don't worry. I'll keep that in mind. I agree, Şeref. It would get things even more strangled. Okay, I'll do something about it. - Kuzey, finally... - Where have you been, man? - No where. - No where? You got us worried all night. I need to be by myself. Is Gülten Hanım inside? I was just going out to look for you. Who is it, Zeynep? - Hello. - Oh, Kuzey. Are you okay, Gülten Hanım? Okay, okay. Don't cry. Please don't. Please. I talked to the lawyer before I came here. What did he say? He said that... ... the legal procedures will take their course. Until the investigation is over... ... she'll be in jail. That's what they told me All we need to do now is... ... to make her comfortable during the days she's spending inside. You hear me? They don't normally allow visitors... ... but the lawyer will push our chances and get us permission to see her. You and I will go and see her, okay? We won't leave Cemre alone until she is release. She'll feel our support behind her. We'll make her feel our support. Crying will not help her. We'll do our best. God is great. God is great. Days are numbered, it'll pass quickly. We just need to keep her morale up while she is in there. We need to make her happy. But the lawyer wasn't so hopeful when he talked to me. - What if she gets convicted? - That won't happen. Don't even speak of it. It's not easy I know. But Cemre... Isn't Cemre innocent? Then everything is gonna be okay. Barış... Barışcığım. Canım... Abiciğim. Abiciğim I... Your problem isn't Cemre. You worry about what you told me last night. That's why you drink so much. - What is it? - You had told me someone was threatening you. You said they even broke into your house. You thought it was Kuzey, even. Anyway, I think that's what you're afraid of. Cemre is just a cover for your fear. - Why don't you forget about that? - Have you found who threatened you? Why do you still not forget about that? Just forget it. Barış... Barış do you hear me? You are great, Barış Bey. You're back with us. Cheated death. Excuse me. Great, he looks like himself. He has just opened his eyes. Follow my finger. Everything is fine. You had a tiny edema but that problem is no more. You'll be able to get up soon. Cemre... Forget about her now. What happened? They put her in jail. Barış. - Barış... - He's very tired, he's still not fully recovered. - Cemre... - She is in jail. Don't worry, she will pay for what she did to you. The court decided that she will be arrested pending trial. She'll be trialled again after you gave your statement. And she'll be formally charged. We won't feel sorry for them anymore. It's okay, abiciğim. Don't think about her for now, okay? Please, let us not get our patient tired with these kinds of things. You're right. I won't talk about it either. Soon... ... this case will be closed entirely anyway. Mom... Mom... Barış. - Do you remember what happened? - Mhm. - Let us not talk about it. He'll get worse. - U-uh. I think he wants to talk. What happened? The blows you take to your head almost killed you. Now you're in intensive care. When Güney and mom found you at home... ... Cemre was with you as well. She had the fire iron in her hand. We caught her though she couldn't get away. She said there was someone else in the house. Was there anyone else other than you in the house? No. Cemre did it. "A week later..." After I got married I found out I was drawn into a big game. At first, I couldn't think that she'd be a fortune hunter. But later on, I found out... ... that she was still relationship with he ex-lover Kuzey Tekinoğlu. These two... ... had set their eyes on my money. When I wanted her to sign the protocol... ... she had to show her true face. - Then she wanted to divorce me. - Why did you want to continue the marriage then? Because I didn't want to be humiliated even more. My pride couldn't take it. Actually, a lot had been said and written about our marriage. I didn't want to let them disgrace my family's name. I told her, too. I asked her to wait until things settle. I told her not to do anything dishonorable during our marriage. All our fights has been about this issue only. In one of our fights... ... our driver was present and heard us. Did you take his statement also? He says that Cemre Hanım threatened you. And then you told her... "Are you gonna kill me or you gonna kill yourself?" That's in your driver's statement. - Let's move on to the night of the incident. - That night... ... I was browsing the news websites on the Internet. I saw these two. A picture of her with her lover. I knew, the next morning that picture would be in all papers. I got angry, I called her. I told her I would activate the compensation terms in the protocol. We had a bit of a fight on the phone. Then she came to the house. They had arguments with the security guys as well. Threw insults at them. As their statements should... - Yes, we got them here. I had to open the door. Not to let her make an even bigger scene. And then she jumped on me right away and knocked me about. I tried to calm her down. I tried to calm her down. This time she tried to seduce me. When I didn't give in... ... when I refused her she did this. I pushed her away to defend myself. She fell down, I think she hit her head somewhere. When she got up, her lip was bleeding. I don't know how that happened. I tried to help her. I went to get some ice for her. When I got back... Suddenly I felt something strike me like thunder. I felt incredibly hot, and then... ... I don't remember the rest. I want to help you. Because I feel sorry about you. - Oh, thanks... - I know you have your own problems already. It'll be terrible for you if you go to prison because of this. It would be worse than you can imagine. You wouldn't want Sinaners to be against you. God forbid... It would be the end for you. And no one could save you. As you said... Cemre has the support of people. Her trial won't last long. She'll get away with it somehow. But you are alone. You can't save yourself. And if Kuzey finds out about your relationship with Barış... ... I can't even imagine what happens then. I will keep silent for sake of my brother only. Just to keep my brother out of trouble. You get it? Just to prevent what Kuzey might do if he found out. - Thank you. - What are you doing? - I wanted to thank. - Don't call me again. And don't see Barış again either. Just disappear. In erasing the particularities of Hawaiian culture and arguing that everyone is governed by the same practical rationality around the world. Sahlins argued that "Obeyesekere subverted the kind of ethnographic respect That's a condition of avoiding ethnocentrism." On the other hand, I stand with Obeyesekere, that we have to be very careful about where our evidence comes from. If we're going to make claims about what is in the heads of the other, we should try to find out directly from them what they are thinking. It seems to me to be a case of ethnocentrism when scholars rely on interpretations that come not from the subjects themselves, but from colonizers like Colonel John Rickman who think that they are the center of everything. Ultimately the debate also illustrates how hard it is to avoid ethnocentrism. Both Sahlins and Obeyesekere convincingly accuse the other of erasing the Hawaiian voice or mentality and substituting for it an English voice or Western way of thought. When we study the world, we are never completely immune from understanding soci ety through the lens of our cultural assumptions. But to harken back to our last meeting, we must always try to be aware of the grounds of our understanding, Which is of course, what it means to be reflexive. >> Hello. My name is Doctor Richard Milne, and this is the introduction to the second climate change exercise. Now on screen we have a list of. Ten commonly used tactics for deceiving the audience and the media and this representing science in various ways and in particular assignment science. And so I'm going to give you an example of each one, and then we'll start off with the most blatant one which is the lie. So this is where a statement is wholly or partially Inaccurate. So, for example, climate change is a hoax. Carbon dioxide doesn't cause warming. Those are both hoaxes. They are both, in themselves, lies. So for each of these, I've got an analogy of a guy on the Titanic trying to convince everyone the ship is never going to sink. So he might be saying, the ship can't sink, or there's no such thing as icebergs. Okay moving on to our second example. This is the half truth. Now a half truth is where a statement is made that while accurate leaves out such important information as to be deceptive. In climate change is, for example the climate What has changed before, that's the half-truth. Because if you don't know the details it makes it sound like all kinds of change is natural, which it absolutely certain is not. The equivalent of our man on the Titanic say, well the ship can steer so that will allow us to avoid icebergs. When the reality is it can only steer so far, and the faster the ship is going, the less it can steer to avoid icebergs. Number three is the completely true but irrelevant. It's like saying Basically something that's completely accurate, nothing wrong with it, but when presented out of context, it can appear to be a challenge to the science when it isn't. Like, carbon dioxide is plant food. Yes it is, but does that make any difference to its role in global warming? No it doesn't. So. This is like someone on the Titanic saying well no ship this size has ever been sunk by an iceberg before. Which is true obviously because there hadn't been any ships that size before. Right. Number four is confusing science with politics. This is making a political statement and then dressing it up as a Challenging the science. So, Kyoto hasn't worked, wind farms are too expensive, carbon taxes too unpopular. Those things may or may not be true, but none of them are any challenge whatsoever to the science of what's causing climate change. So when we're talking about the Titanic you might be saying, 'Well, if we don't, if we don't go at full speed we'll be late arriving in New York, so we should assume icebergs don't exist.' So it's a political statement, we should be going faster, that stresses up A sort of an opposition to the science of icebergs existing and being a problem. Right, number five is confusing belief of the public with evidence. Sometimes you'll hear someone say well the public belief in climate change is falling away. People don't believe this stuff anymore. Well, science isn't like that. Things either are or they're not, whether people believe them or not. The Earth did not suddenly become round in the last 2,000 years just because people started believing it. It's always been round. Climate change will happen whether we believe in it or not. So, we move on to number 6, which is misdirection. Now, this is, oh look. Over there, Mars. Mars is warming. Oh, ooh, look, look, look at these naughty scientists. Look at these emails they've stolen. Look what they're saying to each other. It's distracting the attentions of your audience away from the hard evidence. And if the evidence was something, is very, very convincing, then your best hope of stopping people from believing it is to make them look elsewhere. This is how magicians work, it's how pickpockets work. Now if your man on the Titanic is trying to ensure that the ship crashes into an iceberg, then as the iceberg appears he'll say, oh, look, look, dolphins. Everyone look at the dolphins. So that's the sort of thing. Number 7 is cherry-picking. This is a very common tactic of misrepresenting the evidence. So you choose your evidence very, very carefully. You make it look as if the trend is the opposite of what it really is. So I might say oh, England beat Brazil two, two nil, in a football match in 1984. Therefore, England are a better team than Brazil. And you probably all know, whichever country you're in Now that total nonsense. In the terms of climate change you might say 2006 was warmer than 1998. Therefore the world is cooling which again is nonsense. Those two years have been cherry picked. On the titanic our friend might be standing on the back of the ship as it's tipping up and he said well this part of the ship is going higher not lower. Therefore the ship isn't sinking, it's taking off. Okay, three more to go. Number 8 is what I call promoting the Maverick. Now in science, you always have, well you often have, when the evidence is really, really strong, a consensus. Most scientists believe in a theory because the evidence points that way. But there will always, always be one or two, who no matter what the evidence says, no I don't believe the consensus. I believe this. And actually that's healthy. That's how science works. Very, very rarely one of these mavericks is right. Where the problem comes is when the media takes the opinion of one single maverick and treats it as being superior to that of all these thousands of scientists who believe what the evidence currently says. And so this becomes a deception, and not always through the fault of the maverick themselves. Number 9 is the false expert. This is where someone without any expertise in climate change is presented as an authority on the subject. He might be a chemist or an astrophysicist or a geologist. He might be an art historian Very often it's a politician, an economist, or the member of the board of an oil company. And these people are trotted out in the right wing press or wherever. And their views on climate change are treated as being gospel. This is like somebody on the Titanic Say, look. I found this guy here. He works in the engine room. And he says the ship's unsinkable. Ignore everyone else. Listen to him. Finally, we have the straw man attacking the, actual theory of the science or attacking the people it comes from by misrepresenting them. So, you might just say, it's activists who say the planet is warming. It's environmentalists who say C02 is warming the planet. That's a falsehood because it is scientists who are saying these things, and environmentalists are saying do something about it man, but that's the political side. The scientific side is carbon dioxide is warming the planet. Also, you can have a misrepresentation of the theory itself So, saying that, well scientists say the sea level is rising because the ice is melting, when in fact, when ice on water melts, it doesn't change the volume. True, that's why scientists are not saying that's what's ri-, rising sea levels. Sea levels are rising because the ice on land is melting, and because. Well expansion of water. So, a friend on the Titanic might say, well they say icebergs can sink ships because they move around 30 miles an hour but, I know for a fact that they move very slowly. Clearly no one can say, I suppose we need to move at 30 miles an hour, he's misrepresenting the opposing argument where you might say, ?Who is that says this ships is sinking? Lifeboat manufacturers. That's who. And again, misrepresentation. Okay, those are the ten forms of deception, and I've given you a list of claims that have appeared in the press. And what you're asked to do is match these, these various forms of deception. There may be several for some of them, and basically, good luck. The Emergency Watershed Protection Program is an NRCS program. It's one of those programs where we hate to use ut but we're really glad we have it available when we need it. It's a program of course funded by Congress. We use it to come in after flood events, after wildfires, and other kids natural desasters. It allows us to partner with a local community. Be a county, a city, or some other unit of government. And, help put the land back in place esentially, after a natural desaster. We're here today on the Weber River looking at some sites that were severly damaged in a flood event a couple of years ago. We had bank erosion and flooding that was threating homes and roads, and irrigation diversion structures. And we were able to partner with local county government to come in do some bank protection measures like we're seeing here today. Rock and willows to try to stabalize these banks. We've got a home right behind us that was threatened by the flood waters. And, of course, in any subquent food event had we not been able to use this program we'd had a high probablity of loosing homes, potentiall putting people's lives at risk, road infastructures, irrigation infastructures, all of those things would be at risk if we were not able to come in after these kind of events and do some stabalization, some debrie removal and try to get things in a condition where another flood not going to do any additional damage. (music) The first stop we'll make is at the Doug Sanders homesite. And there his business and home was threatened when the river came into it and undercut his home. So, what we did was come in and put in some bank protection that will protect his home and business from erosion and then also planted some willows along that stretch so that the river will remain a beautiful place. And, that bank protection should protect his house against future flooding. The next stop we made was along the south bench irrigation diversion. That diversion services about 900 acres of agricultural land. And, it also serves as a secondary irrigation water for homes in the town of Oakley. And that sturcture was completely washed out and the walls of the structure was folded into the river portion, so that the river jumped out and went out down through the town of Oakley and caused a lot of damage that way. We went in and repaired and replaced portions of that irrigation sturcture so that it functions correctly. So that the landowners can irrigate the land and produce a crop. And then the last stop we're making is above the town of Oakley where the river jumped out of its bank and erosed back into the bank and went over the bank, instead of making a turn and went down into the town of Oakley and caused a lot of flooding damage. So, we reinforced the banks with rip rap and again planted willows along the face of that rip rap so that in 5 or 10 years you won't even see the bank protection that was installed, you'll just see the pretty river corridore like we see here at this site. Also, as part of the Summit County Emergency Watershed program as well. (music) Well, we're standing on a portion of a project that we've done in 2010 - 2011 Where we had a breech of the river that caused flooding in the town of Oakley. And, this was a pretty complicated project because it involves working with several landowners, and getting access in here. It was a good design for the project. We've now got an armored bank that's not going to protect us from a 100 year flood but it's going to protect us from many, many flooding events in the future. And the town of Oakley is in much better shape than it was before. So this is a huge improvement for us and a great public benefit. (music) The fruits of love are very special because they have always inspired people. Interestingly, all these fruits have their home in the Middle East. A geographical territory from the eastern Mediterranean all the way to Persia. Regions with lots of sun and soil rich in minerals. One of the first love fruits that is ripe to eat is the cherry. What a sensual pleasure it is to bite into a ripe, juicy cherry. And taking a closer look, one sees that it has a form of a heart. There is even an ancient kind which has the name "heart cherry". It's original name comes from the Iranian word "ceras" which the Romans turned into "cerasus". And it was the famous Roman emperor Lucullus who, around 100 B.C., brought one of those trees to Rome as an extravagant plant. Next, we have figs. The foreigner from the Orient. The sweet seducer in form and taste. It has been considered a sign of love, lust, and passion since ancient times. For thousands of years they have been cultivated in the Orient. Today, they have found a home in the Mediterranean area, wherever wine grows. As an exotic fruit in its dried version it's been used as medicine as early as medieval times. Later on, it came to the kitchen, especially for Christmas baking. The fig tree, from the latin "ficus" has its home in Carica, an antique Area in Asia Minor and is considered the oldest domesticated crop plant. It's health benefits were been discovered early on - for digestion problems such as constipation and they are rich in magnesium and several other minerals and b vitamins. Who doesn't know them? Sweet grapes. Round or oval berries. Watch the harvest, and you might find yourself thinking that we humans with our fine fingers must have been made to pick these sweet fruits from their trees. And not only humans love to eat them. At dawn, many foxes and badgers follow the sweet scent and fill their stomachs. The term "grape" comes from the characteristic growth form of the berries. That's why grapes have always been the sign of fertility. The Pharaohs of Egypt appreciated juicy grapes. And it was they who discovered the effects of the fermented juice which turned into alcohol. The Greeks and later on the Romans refined the wine culture and they discovered that wine is an aphrodisiac. The pomegranate has been the symbol of life and fertility for a long time. It is also a symbol for power. In many languages you can find the term "grenade" which comes from the latin term "granatus" which means rich in seeds. This special fruit, a real treat to the eye is a modern packaging genius. In its shell, it captures up to 400 seeds! And did you know that the shell has been used for centuries as the red color for oriental carpets? By cooking the fruit, you receive a deep black ink. Maybe for the first love letter - who knows? Now the second homework assignment here was a signup page. Here's my signup page, and the idea was you could type in a user name and a password and an optional email if you want and then click submit, and it would take you to a welcome page. Now, if you leave your passwords blank, you get an error message. If you don't enter both passwords in, it complains that they didn't match. If you give an invalid name, which in my case I made it be a minimum of 3 characters, it complains that it's not a valid name, and an email is optional, but if I type in something that's not a valid email, it complains. If I type in an email--I'm going to type in some valid stuff and hit submit-- we get to the welcome page. Okay, let's look at the code for this real quick. One last thing I did I should show you. I double check to make sure the user name is valid here too, so if you put in an invalid name in the URL, it will automatically redirect you to the signup page. Okay, let's take a peek at the code. Here is the portion of the code where we are doing the signup handler. You can see my URLs down here. I've got unit2/signup goes to the class signup, and unit2/welcome goes to the class welcome, and the signup page, if you just get it, it renders the empty signup form, which is another template that I'm using. I'll show you here. This is just HTML. Now, again, you could have used a big string, and most of you probably did. Here is my HTML. You can see it's got a form method post. I used the table to lay out the form. You don't have to do that. We didn't grade on the appearance of it. I just used the table to make my columns line up nice. The important part was we've got an input type text. Name is username, and the value, this is another template variable, and then the error. Here's another template variable. This could just as easily be %s in the way that you learned how to do it. We've got input type password, name password. Value is blank. The value is blank here because whenever there's an error, I don't put the passwords back in the form field. If there's an error with the passwords, or if there's an error with anything, we make them retype their passwords. The password error field. The verify, input type password, name verify. That's for verifying the password, and an error for that one, and then we've got our email, email optional, type text, name email, value email. If there's an error with it, we'll leave it in there so they can update it. And then the error message for that field and input type = submit, and let's take a peek at the code for this guy. When you post to here--and what I did is I have a variable called have_error, and if we make it through this whole function and this is still false, then we've rendered the success page. Otherwise, we render the error page. First I get the parameters. I get the username, password, verify, email out of the request. Request.get fetches those parameters. Then what I do is I run it through these functions that I've written, validusername, validpassword, and valid_email. I've defined regular expressions. I believe we gave these to you for each of these, so a username is just a through z, 0 through 9. It basically has to be between 3 and 20 characters. We provided this to you, and I think we showed you how to use regular expressions as well. This function is very simple. If there is a user name, basically if it's not blank and it matches this regular expression, true. Password is a similar thing, basically any characters between the length 3 and 20. If there's a password and it matches this regular expression, return true, and the email, the actual email regular expression to validate an email is comically long. It's thousands of characters. I use a simpler version, which is basically a bunch of characters, an @ sign, a bunch of characters, a period, and then a bunch of characters. I find that works pretty well. If you try to get more complicated than that, there's a good chance you'll reject what would otherwise be a valid email so I usually let-- if we're going to send emails to people, I let whatever tool I'm using to send the email--that can break if the email is not valid. This gets us close enough. In fact, I think Reddit uses this regular expression still, and it's always worked fine. I think there's some limits to the length of this, but one more thing. I make this dictionary called "params," and these are params I'm going to send back in to rendering. This would be similar to if you're using the string substitution to draw your HTML. You're basically going to build up this dictionary of the variables that you want to substitute in. I'm always going to send back the username and email if it's a bad, bad form. If the username wasn't valid, I add the error_username to this params dictionary, and I set have_error = true. If the password isn't valid, here's the password error. Have_error = true. If the password is valid and it doesn't equal the verify variable from the request, we say that the passwords don't match and have_error = true, and then email. A valid email, if you look, is different from the other ones. These ones say "return password and." This one says "return not email or," so what this is saying is either they don't specify an email or it has to match this regular expression. Everybody else says they have to give a password and it has to match the regular expression. That's how we handle the email is optional case, and then basically if we have an error, I just render the signup form again with our error messages, and if we don't have an error, I redirect to this URL and put in a username into the URL as a get parameter. When we handle unit2/welcome, we come to this handler here, welcome. And we get the username out of the request using request.get, and then if it's a valid username, render the welcome HTML template, username = username, or redirect back to the signup page, and the welcome HTML template is pretty short. All it is is just basic HTML, and it says "Welcome," and then it includes the username, and that's that. So, that was Homework 2. I hope you managed to figure everything out. I hope you now--after seeing my solution with the templates and your solution with the string substitutions-- are eager to start using these templates on your own. I'm not going to teach you how to use them specifically, but there's plenty of documentation on the Google App Engine site, and I'm sure in the forums there will be lots of activity as well. And also, we can provide these few lines here and this base class if you all would find that helpful. Okay, good job everybody, and on to Unit 3. A partial plan is a solution for a given planning problem if it contains no more flaws. So, our goal test will be to check whether our partial plan is a flawless partial plan. Of course, we haven't defined a flaw yet so that's what we will do next. And when we have done this, the search problem will be complete. We have defined the initial state, we have defined the successor function, and we will now look at the goal test. I will now introduce the concept of a threat in a partial plan and I will use an example to illustrate this. What we see here is a partial plan to which I've already added two actions to support the two goal conditions. We also see the dummy action for the goal over here. And there should be a second dummy action for the initial state. But since we're not going to use that in this example, I've left it out here to save a little space. Now, what we do is apply more plan refinement operations. In this case, we add an action to the plan, this new move action over here. And the reason why we do this is because we want to support the precondition, at robot location, one with this new operator. So, we have inserted a cause link for this, and we insert an ordering constraint because the action that is the provider must come before the consumer. Now, let us also have a look at the conditions that are protected by the causal links. These are at robot location two here, and not unloaded robot here - the two goal condition that we want to support. And over here, it is the precondition of the load operator that the robot must be at location one that we're protecting with this causal link. Now, the problem is the following. Our first operator, the move action, has a negative effect at robot location one, which is exactly the condition we're trying to protect down here. This means if we first executed action number three, the move robot location to location one. Then, action number one moving the robot from location one to location two, and finally action number two loading the container onto the robot with a crane, etc. Then, this plan would not be valid because the second action in our totally ordered plan will destroy the protected condition that we need to execute the final action in that plan. So, the final action would no longer be executable. This is what is called the threat. We have an action that may possibly occur in parallel with a causal link and that has an effect that is complementary to the condition we're trying to protect in the causal link. That is what is called a threat. And in this case, there is a simple way to get rid of this threat, namely to introduce an additional ordering constraint that says, action number one must come after action number two. In which case, the action with the effect that is potentially harmful cannot be in parallel to the causal link that protects this condition. So, the insertion of the ordering constraint removes the threat and that is what is called a resolver for this threat. Now that you've seen an example of a threat, here's the formal definition of what constitutes a threat. We start of with a plan pi consisting of the four usual components. We have actions, orderings, variable bindings, and causal links. In this plan, we have an action a k that may cause a threat for a causal link, that links an action a i to an action a j protecting condition p. And we say that the action ak threatens our causal link if the following three preconditions hold. Firstly, a k must have an effect, not q, that is possibly inconsistent with p, the condition we're trying to protect. If p and q are ground, then of course, they are possibly inconsistent if they are the same. But, if they contain variables, then they are possibly inconsistent if p and q are unfiable. That means, they can be made the same if we substitute values for variables. The second condition is that the following ordering constraints must be consistent with the ordering constraints in our plan. And the ordering constraints that we consider are a i could come before a k, and a k before a j. What this means is that our action a k can possibly be in parallel to the causal link because the provider comes before a k and the consumer comes after a k. But, the condition here is, that this is possible, not that it is necessarily so. So, these orderings, constraints must be consistent with our orderings in the plan, but they need not be in the plan. Similarly, the third condition states that if we introduce new variable bindings as part of our unification up here, then, these new variable binding constraints must be consistent with the binding constraints that we currently have in our Plan. So, a k can threaten our causal link if it has an effect that is possibly inconsistent with the proposition we're trying to protect, and it may possibly occur in parallel to our causal link, and finally, the bindings that we need for making p and w the same are consistent with the bindings used in the plan. That is the definition of a threat. Threats however, are not the only types of flaw that can occur in a plan. The good news is there are only two types of flaws we need to look out for. So, in a plan pi, that consists of the usual four components, we can have two types of flaw. The first is an unsatisfied sub-goal in that plan. And an unsatisfied sub-goal is a precondition of an action that does not have an incoming causal link that supports it. So, this could be the goal dummy action which, of course, has all the goal conditions as preconditions, all of those need to be supported for the plan not to have this type of flaw. And then, every action that we have added to the plan also must have all of its preconditions supported by causal link for the plan not to have this type of flaw. And the second type of flaw is a threat, so that's what we have just seen, an action that may interfere with a causal link. And that's it. That's all the types of flaws we need to consider. And here is the proposition that gives us our goal test. Suppose we are given a partial plan, consisting of actions, orderings, bindings, and links and we can say that this is a solution to a planning problem consisting of a state transition system, initial state and goal, if three conditions hold. The first one is that the plan pi has no flaw. That's the two types of flaws we've just described. Then, the ordering constraints must not be circular, so they must be consistent. And the variable binding constraints must also be consistent. So, while we are doing our search for a plan, we have these three conditions to maintain. The first one that a plan must have no flaws, well, we cannot really have that because initially our plan has flaws. The goal has unsatisfied preconditions. But, the other two conditions, that we keep up our ordering constraints and our variable binding constraints consist, these two conditions, we maintain this consistency during the planning process. Why is that? Because once we introduce an inconsistency into either set of constraints, this can never be removed. So, we maintain the consistency of the constraints and try to remove the flaws from the plan. And once all the flaws are gone, we're done. I won't go into the proof of this proposition in detail, but just tell you that this can be done by induction quite easily. So, we start off with the base case, that is the empty plan. And in the empty plan, the only causal links can go from the init action to the goal action, the two dummy actions that we have in this plan. And if all the goal conditions are supported from the initial state, that must be a solution plan to our problem in which case the goal was already satisfied in the initial state. And the induction step simply consist of removing one action from the plan and showing that the shorter plan now still is a solution to a planning problem, the modified planning problem. And the action we pick here, as you can see, is one of the actions in the plan that has no predecessors. So, this is it. This is our goal test that completes the planning problem. And now, a goal test is that our plan must not have flaws. If it has no flaws, it is a solution plan. (birds chirping) Hello. We are going to make a chicken. The one you have seen in cartoons. (birds chirping) Inflate yellow balloon leaving a five inch flat tail. (birds chirping) Twist the 1st soft one inch bubble. The next 3 bubbles you twist in the bird body fold to make the base of the head. Twist the 2nd three inch bubble. Twist the 3rd three inch bubble. Lock both end of the chain of the last two bubbles in one lock twist. Twist the 4th three inch bubble. Lock the free end of the 4th bubble between the 2nd and the 3rd bubbles. (birds chirping) You have made the base of the head. (birds chirping) Twist the 5th four inch bubble. Lock both ends of the 5th bubble in one lock twist. Twist the 6th four inch bubble. Lock both ends of the 6th bubble in one lock twist. (birds chirping) The next bubble you twist to make the neck. Twist the 7th one inch bubble. The next five bubbles you twist in the pop up twist to make the arms or wings. Twist the 8th three inch bubble. Twist the 9th soft one inch bubble. Twist the 10th one inch bubble. Twist the 11th soft one inch bubble. (birds chirping) Twist the 12th three inch bubble. (birds chirping) Lock both ends of the chain of the last five bubbles in one lock twist. (birds chirping) Lock both ends of the 9th bubble in one lock twist. (birds chirping) Lock both ends of the 11th bubble in one lock twist. (birds chirping) Put the balloon aside for now. We are going to make the eye bubbles now. (birds chirping) Inflate the white balloon to make the eyes. (birds chirping) Make about ten inch bubble. (birds chirping) Take the 1st yellow balloon. Lock the nozzle of the white balloon between the head and the neck. (birds chirping) Twist the 1st three inch bubble. Lock the free end of the 1st bubble of the white balloon with the 1st bubble of the yellow balloon. (birds chirping) Twist the 2nd three inch bubble. (birds chirping) Lock the free end of the 2nd bubble between the neck and the head. (birds chirping) Cut off the rest of the white balloon. (birds chirping) Tie off the end of the white balloon. (birds chirping) Lock both ends of the 1st bubble of the yellow balloon in one lock twist. (birds chirping) Use the orange of red balloon to make the beak. I already have prepared one. It's simple. Inflate and tie off a soft two inch bubble. Cut off the rest of the balloon. (birds chirping) Depending on what kind of beak you would like to make, you may want to attach one or both ends of the beak bubble between the head and the neck. (birds chirping) This is one beak. (birds chirping) This is different one. (birds chirping) You have made the head. Fix all bubbles in proper positions. Put the sculpture aside for now and make the legs. I have already made the legs in advance. Now we have to make the body. Twist the 13th three inch bubble. The rest of the balloon is the 14th bubble. It is the tail. (birds chirping) Now take the legs you made and attach them between the body and the tail. (birds chirping) Now you have to pop up the 10th bubble of the 1st, the yellow balloon. Split the bubbles apart and pop the 10th bubble. Pop! (birds chirping) You have made the wings or the arms. Fix all bubbles in proper positions. (birds chirping) Use the permanent marker to draw the face. The eyes. (birds chirping) Here is the nose. (birds chirping) Ah...I forgot to draw the mouth. Here is the mouth. (birds chirping) You can also attach this sculpture to any hat. (birds chirping) Congratulations. You have made the chicken. (birds chirping) Have fun :) (birds chirping) I am Julietta, I live with my parents, three brothers and two sisters. When I was thirteen, because of poor living conditions, I found myself at a boarding school. I lived there for two years. I have a friend, her name is Anna, whom I love dearly. Although they have tried to separate us, they haven't managed to. Until today we are very good friends, and we are always together. It was very hard for me to spend two years in that hated school. When I would see bus #22, I would remember that it could take me home, but it would leave without me. Then came one bright morning, which was different from all the other mornings with its shine and hope, and because my dream was about to come true. And that is what happened. A white car drove and stopped near that loathed building. My dream came true in one day. I returned home, to my family, to my brothers and sisters. Now, I live with my family. I am part of an art group, where I was rediscovered as a new person. It was a new world, a new opportunity, to do something that was impossible before, to make plans and make them come true, to have my voice heard. Who would think that one day, I would be treated as an equal, and I would be one of those kids who live with their own families? Now I want to say something to all those people who are struggling. I want you to fight until the end, don't give up on your dreams, until dreams become real and become your life. Don't lose hope if there are no open doors. The doors open only if you knock on them. (Applause) Hello. Well, hello. Today, I'm going to talk to you about online education, and about a phenomena that you may have heard of, which is becoming a hot topic: MOOC or Massive Open Online Courses. So, for me, it all started in India. During an internship four years ago, I was in charge of a small research project. I had to develop an experiment: going out into the forest to collect data, and then analyzing it in a laboratory. Just that I didn't possess the necessary skills. After having cut down half the forest, I decided to educate myself online. So, bibliography, course videos, forums, to learn how to put together experiments, but, really, I just became overloaded with information. Because information isn't education. And so, I told myself, there's something missing. How to learn online effectively. That's when I came up with the platform that has become an obsession. I took two years off to put it together, but the time to find a developer, design the layout, and create the coding the Americans had put 100 million dollars on the table, started two startups and a public consortium. For them, that started back in November of 2011. Two Stanford professors began offering experimental online courses with artificial intelligence, 150,000 participants at each course. They realized something was happening. So, they each founded a startup. Coursera grew the quickest, because instead of producing the courses themselves, they organized partnerships with prestigious establishments. In less than six months, they had 30 universities and 2 million Internet users. Today, they have 70 universities, almost 4 million users. One of which, Polytechnique, our dear school. Lots of universities and establishments, in China, and elsewhere. So, what's happening? At first, it was very centered on programming; I said to myself, it was for geeks. Within a few months, they opened up entire fields of study. Humanities, science, math, sociology, history of poetry, nuclear physics. They called all of this, "MOOCs". Massive: on average 50,000 participants for classes taught in English, 5,000 taught in French. Open: anyone can go, it's free. Whether that be high schoolers, college students, professionals, the unemployed, or retirees. Online: everything is online. Not just course videos. It's also the exercises, tests, interactions and the class: it's a true class, with an objective pedagogy. a teacher, and if you pass, a certificate. So, as you might suspect I dropped the first project, and in October I decided to start a thesis on the subject at the Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan, in education. And, very quickly, I wanted to develop an experimental MOOC. It needed a professor. Then, I started to ask around, and I got the response, "The MO what?" So, I almost set the idea aside, when on Christmas Day I was in the middle of working on a Wikipedia article on MOOCS, - no, yes, that's it - and I began speaking with one of the contributors, Rémi Bachelet, Professor of Business training at Central Lille. He had wanted to launch a MOOC for months, but he lacked a team. Things moved quickly. After three days, we decided to launch the project, After two weeks, we recruited five friends and volunteers on Facebook, and, on March 18, we launched the 1st MOOC certified in French with a $400 budget. It was free. So, 3,600 people signed up. It's not Coursera, but it's just that, given it's a small, marginal platform. Essentially, Africa, and France, Madagascar, Haiti, and other French expatriates from here and there, in Brazil, the U.S., Russia, India, and Australia. Essentially, people who had already finished their studies. Just 15% of students. A lot of categories, but, also the unemployed and the employed. So we noticed a particular interest, but we also noticed a lot problems. Because people weren't accustomed to taking these kinds of courses. And, when someone had a problem, even before the course started instead of looking at the FAQ page, they sent you an email. Or, when 10 people have a problem, they sent 10 emails. When 1,000 people have a problem, you have a problem. So, what we did, was create a forum. with the intention of telling our participants, to encourage them when they know the answer to the question to answer to it. That unloaded a great deal of the work. Next, there were social networks: Facebook, Google+, the idea is to network. And so, on the way with our small courses, we started with video, PowerPoint, all the classics, and the face of Rémi inserted on the left. Four weeks, with videos, and in the end, the good, old multiple choice questions. But, returning to our main question: what can we really create with just videos and multiple choice questions? We, thought no, we needed to do more. So each week, we asked, Saturday before midnight, to send homework. For those who wanted to take the difficult courses. The toughest courses. That could be a meeting report, a flow chart, a planning project. For 10 hours of work per week. The problem is Sunday morning. We realized that if we spent a half an hour on each assignment, we'd still be there for a year and a half. So, we did what's called "pair evaluations". A pair evaluation is when you submit an assignment, you receive four others to grade. And, you have copies, which go around the world, which are shared from Paris, and went to Madagascar, to Libreville, to Australia. Then, of course, at first, the participants were a little shocked, "But I'm just a student, and I've got to grade assignments?" But, actually we put a grading scale on the copies. They understood, and it wasn't just to unload the work burden for us. It was also a reinforcement exercise because when you have to grade an assignment, you have to take a broader perspective. And, that's what we wanted. 80% of people who took the toughest courses finished them. But afterwards, we asked ourselves-- after the course, after 4 weeks, can you truly learn how to manage a project having completed 4 assignments? Non, we learn by doing. So, we began group projects. Group projects means that participants submit their ideas on the forums, recruit team members from other participants and develop a business plan in less than six weeks. The first dozen projects, on wind turbines and 3D printers, we had everything, but only 1/3 finished, because it was hundreds of hours of work. Here, I'm showing you an example of my MOOC language project, or a MOOC problem solving project. The MOOCs have procreated. And, you've got a education on, "How to find one's bearings in social security." Undoubtedly, all of those who have done it, have learned. But, were those the only ones? I'm going to tell you an anecdote: At the end of the conference, I had two days-- At the end of the MOOC, I had two days to prepare a speech for a conference, needing at least two weeks, minimum. So, I did some preliminary analysis, I put them on Google Doc, I put some ideas out there, and I asked interested participants to come and help me. Right away, I got 30. They offered some analysis. They rephrased some-- corrected grammar mistakes, and since there were some bilinguals, who didn't know what else to do, they translated my work in to English. And, why not, doing research is at the center of MOOC. It's a concept called Massive Open Online Research. MOUR, or MOOR, according to pronunciation. (Laughter) There are some educators who said we were looking to dehumanize teaching, and to close down universities. Well, actually, what we want is to open a university. For dehumanizing, it must be known that when there are enough participants in a city, they voluntarily meet up. Without even conferring with a professor. They even invited me. Even though things are a bit more reserved in France, but I'm sure the movement will continue to grow. Concerning the university, our goal is not to replace the university. MOOC's vision, i.e. there will be no more going to the university to passively take a course, sitting in an amphitheater. Instead, going to the university will mean to create, to have an exchange between teachers and students. The courses will be followed at home, with a number code, and school attendance will be just for that interaction. It's called "inverse pedagogy". So, is this type of idea really going to change things? Will we actually increase access to education, and not just simply to information? In the West, just like in the rest of the world. Is it really going to widen the scoop of possibilities? Is it really going to offer opportunities? and possibly return sense to the word "meritocracy"? Many say no, and that the numbers have failed a thousands times at democratizing education. We're number 1001. Thank you. (Applause) Element Animation Presents Villager News I am holding a sign! Does my moustache look alright? ... Okay Hey!! Breaking News! A rogue citizen has been caught committing a terrible crime! Villager number 9 is on the scene. Thank you villager number 4. I are standing where the incident took place earlier today. We have footage of the event from a CCTV camera mounted on that roof! Hello! It was just a normal day in the village when Villager Number 14 assured his complete distaste for our laws. (Drop) STOP! You violated the law! Stop right there! You criminal SCUM! This was quickly followed by a high-speed chase caught on camera by a local traffic helicopter. It looks quite a situation down there! Look him go! He's running! He's running! Are they going to catch him? We don't know. Oh. He's running. He's running. He's STlLL running. Oh! He's in trouble now! The police are everywhere! Are you seeing this? No I'm a helicopter. STOP! NO!! Oh.. He said no. Random Pressure Plate Beep! Beep! Beep! Beep! MlSSLE INBOUND!! DEPLOYlNG FLARES!! Deploying Flares.. BOOM!!! We're going down! CRASH! BEEP.... That was the last we saw of those villagers. Villager Number 14 was apprehended later when he tried to escape the village. The police had stingers and proved to be too much for Villager Number 14. He was taken to court where he was sentenced to the pit of death. THlS IS MADNESS!!! Madness? THlS IS MlNECRAFT!!! NO!!! This is not very affective. There you have it, Villager Number 4. Back to you in the studio. Well that's it for this edition of Villager News. Tune in next... DA DA DA DA! VlLLAGER NEWS! When I was in the sixth grade I had a tennis coach by the name of Wilbur Braithwaite. He's one of the most extraordinary men I have ever known. When I got to know him he'd been coaching for about thirty-four, thirty-five, years and in that period of time had created a dynasty in the world of tennis. Coach had very little regard for the things of this world. The one thing he cared about was young men and young women. He cared about them. He not only knew who we were, not only knew our names, but he knew our interests. He knew our habits. He knew our backgrounds and he loved us. He said to me one day, he said, "Mark, tennis is a game of patience." And I kind of looked at him and shook my head and didn't have a clue what he was talking about. I was lost. I didn't know what he meant, but he said it with such sincerity that I didn't forget it. And so I'd think about it. Tennis is a game of patience. And I started to look at my game and I could see that he started to mean— and I learned this over a process of time— that you have to set up for shots. You can't rush things. You have to go into the net at the right time. You have to be wise in the shots that you hit. If you're haphazard or if you're too fast in swinging your racket you'll hit the ball out of bounds or into the net. And slowly, over time, even after he was my tennis coach I started to understand why he told me that. He knew on the tennis court I was impulsive. He knew that I had a little bit of a temper. He knew that that principle would help me not only be a better tennis player, but be a better human being. And I'm grateful for him for teaching me that. My family name is Nzao. Nzao Means "bull." So with that spirit of being a bull, I believe I'm the guy that can push all the problems people have in the country. My name is Franklin. I am currently 22-years-old and I am from Mombasa, Kenya. I participated in a cultural exchange program to the United States for a year and then I came back to Kenya. I continued high school, I finished and now I am in college. I've been doing a lot of projects. It means a lot to me, I can say. This was a project on children's rights issues. So, whatever parents thought was the best for their children, they would go ahead and do it, without minding the children's interest. There are some people who really appreciated us, but there are some people who are really into the traditions, who thought we were wasting our time. There was one case that really pushed me to do this work. It was the case of a watchman who raped his own daughter who was 13-years-old. We first empowered kids to know their rights. And second, we used the local village elders and area chiefs. We actually educated them. There are so many things that pushed me to do such a project. First is that, as I grew up in my community, children were not appreciated. And the cases of child abuse were just too much. And children never had a chance to speak their minds And the idea was not to speak. So whatever parents thought was the best for the children, they would just go ahead and do it. And this guy, the watchman is still in jail. The wife was very happy now that finally the case was being addressed. If you take a good long listen to your heart, you actually notice that it makes sounds. Those sounds are usually described as lubdub, lubdub, lubdub. If you ever tried to figure out what that would spell out like, usually it's something like lubdub. This repeats over and over and over. To figure out where those sounds come from, what I did is, I took the diagram of the heart that we'v been using and exaggerated the valves, made them really clear to see in this picture. We'll use those valves to talk through where those sounds are coming from. Let's start by labeling our heart, at the top, blood is coming into the right atrium, going to the right ventricle, it goes off to the lungs, comes back into the left atrium and then the left ventricle. These are the chambers of our heart. Keep your eye on the valves and we'll talk about them as the blood moves through. Let's start with blood going from the right atrium, this way into the right ventricle. At the same moment blood is going from the right atrium to the right ventricle, blood is actually also going from the left atrium to the left ventricle. You might think 'How's that possible? How can blood be in two places at one time?' But now remember that blood is constantly moving through the heart, so in a previous cycle you actually had some blood that's coming back from the lungs and that's what's dumping into the left ventricle. In the new cycle you have a bit of blood that's going from the right atrium to the right ventricle. You have simultaneously two chambers that are full of blood, the right and left ventricle. To get the blood into those ventricles, the valves had to open. Let's label all the valves. Here you have our tricuspid valve. And I'm gonna label it just as 'T' Up here you have the pulmonary valve. On the other side you have the mitral valve, which separates the left atrium from the left ventricle. Here you've got the aortic valve. These are the four valves of the heart. As the blood is now in the ventricles, you can see that the tricuspid and the mitral valve are open. So far so good I've drawn the pulmonary valve as being open, but is that really the case? The answer is no, because what happens is that as blood is moving down from the atrium to the right ventricle, let's say that, and I'm gonna draw it in black, black arrows represent the wrong direction of flow, let's say some blood is trying to go that way, which is not the way it should be going, what happens is, these two valves, based on their shape, they're gonna jam up like this. They're not gonna let blood pass through. This is what happens, that valve closes down. The same thing happens on this side. Imagine you have some backwards flow blood by accident. That means that's going the wrong direction. Then these valves are going to close down. The white arrows represent the correct flow of the blood and the black arrows represent the incorrect flow of the blood. These valves shut down like that. You can see how the pulmonary and aortic valve are closed when the mitral and tricuspid valve are open. What happens after this? The ventricles are full of blood and let's say they squeeze. They squeeze down and they jettison all the blood into those arteries. This is going to close down. This arrow flips around. These arrows become white because the flow is gonna be in the direction we want it. It's gonna go this way and this way. And to allow that, I need to show you, these open up. They allow the blood to go the way we want it to go. Now, blood is gonna flow through those two valves. Similar to before, you could have some back flow here, right? You can have back flow here and you can have back flow here. You can imagine, let's say you have a little back flow that wants to go this way, which is the wrong direction, then these valves are gonna close up. They'll say 'No, you can't go that way.' They're gonna close up. They won't allow blood to go that way. This is gonna happen on both sides, both ventricles and the valves shut. So basically the back flow of blood is not allowed because the valves keep shutting. When the valves snap shut, for example the tricuspid and the mitral valve snap shut, well, that makes a noise. When T and M snap shut, that makes a noise that we call lub. That's that first noise, that first heart sound. In fact sometimes people don't even call it lubdub, they say, well, it's the first heart sound. To make that even shorter, sometimes people call that S1. If you hear S1, you know they're talking about that same exact thing. This dub is called the second heart sound. No surprise, just as before, if that's S1, this is S2. You'll hear S1 when the tricuspid and the mitral valve snap shut. So far so good. But you also know that if that is what's making the noise, you can kind of guess, and it's a smart guess that at the same time the pulmonic and the aortic valve just opened. If the other valves snap shut, these just opened. You can kind of assume that, although the noise you're hearing is actually from here. What's happening with dub? Well, the opposite. What I mean by that is, let me show you what happens a moment later. After the ventricles are done squeezing, then we get to a point where you might have a little bit of flow that way and that way. Just as I drew before and these valves snap shut as well. So now these snap shut. As these snap shut because they don't want to allow back flow, they make noise. So when you have dub, you have noise coming from the pulmonic and the aortic valve snapping shut. That must mean that the other two valves just opened up. The tricuspid and mitral valve just opened. You can assume that, right? I didn't draw that in the picture, let me update my picture now to show that. These two have opened up and blood is coming into the ventricles. It's actually a nice little rhythm that you get going. Every time these valves go open and shut, you hear noise. You can figure out what's happening. We've returned to where we started from. You basically have a full cycle and between these two, let's say from lub to dub, there's a little bit of space there, if you were to follow it over time. Over time this is what it might look like if this is a little timeline. You might hear lub here, our first heart sound, let's call it S1 here, S2 here, the second heart sound. You'll hear S1 again over here and S2. What's happening between these two, time like here, is that blood is actually squeezing out because the pulmonic and aortic valves just opened, blood is squeezing out and going to the whole body. This is when blood is going to the body.So we call it 'Systole'. Between dub and the next lub, so in this area, at that point, blood is refilling from the atria to the ventricles and we call that diastole. Now you can listen to your heart and figure out, well if you listen to the sound between lub and dub, the space in time between lub and dub, that's when you're having systole. If you're waiting for the sound to start up again, you just heard dub and are waiting for lub again, that space in time is diastole. [Intro] NARRATOR: Previously on Tooned PROFESSOR M: Lets begin our journey through the history of Mclaren. From the start it was a story of success. OLD MECHANlC: Balderdash!! And how exactly would you know? 'Cos I was there. Our next driver is James Hunt, McLaren's first British champion... Though I'm not always sure his "off track activities" gave our country a good name! Cods wallop!! The man was a national hero! You see, there was more to James's off track activities than you ever knew Professor... JAMES HUNT: The name's Hunt. James Hunt. I know who you are James. And let me warn you partying, womanising and gambling have no place in Monaco. Nice legs, Prof. Shame about the face. MURRAY WALKER And they're off and racing, or as they say here in France, something else, I don't speak French. James! You're needed on a mission. There's a race going on, dear boy. Can't this wait 57 laps? I'm afraid not. An evil mastermind has stolen a precious microfilm. Your mission is to track it down! Okey Dokey. England's depending on you, James! Me, I'm no' bothered, I'm Scottish. Damn-it! Hench Mechanics HENCHMEN: Huh! Peeka Boo! SERGlO PEREZ: Oh man, I wanna be a spy. JENSON BUTTON: Button. Jenson Button. I like the sound of that. Urgh Mmm. Maybe I'll get lucky tonight. BEAUTlFUL WOMAN: Looks like your luck's run out! LOUDFlNGER: Looking for this, Mr Hunt? Loudfinger! The film and the race are mine. But at least you will have one last "hot lap". Phew! I thought I'd almost lost my helmet. Thanks! Where on earth is James? Vhat? Zis is impossible! Unbelievable! It looks like Hunt has prematurely ejected So that's why James lost the race? Well, not exactly... James! James?! What the devil are you up to now? Just doing an after-race debriefing. Utter nonsense! James Hunt was not a secret agent! Then why has this car got an ejector seat? No idea, but let's give it a whirl, shall we? Ahhhhhhhhhh!! Excellent! Intro: Member ridicule each other. Intro: Causing Web users screaming. Ky: because there is problem on his original face, But.. Mc: Do you want to find a girlfriend? Rw: A pretty one. Intro: Asia popular group airborne landing in Youku. Sending blessing in Chinese New Year. SJM: Here I wish you all a Happy New Year. Happy New Year. Mc: Hello, every Youku user. Good afternoon. Mc: Today our Star Interview's guest... Mc: The guest is Super Junior M that we haven't seen for a long time. Mc: Welcome everyone. SJM: Hello friends of Youku. SJM: We are Super Junior M. April 8 2008 Super Junior M debut in China May 2 2008 Frist Full Album [Me] Released 2009 Super Junior M participating in CCTV Spring Festival Dec 21 2009 Hangeng declared his independence. Feb 25 2011 Sungmin and Eunhyuk joined (SJ-M). Second Mini Album [The Perfection] released. Jan 7 2013 Second Full Album [Break Down] Released. Mc: We know this [Break Down] Mc: Has been met everyone, right? Mc: And we have also seen in yesterday's Conference. Mc: The entire Break Down MV Mc: Therefore Mc: Hello, you can Mc: Everyone at the scene today Mc: Got our xiao You and xiao ku Mc: Each of them has a question on its back. Mc: Related to our new album. Mc: This album like be the five-year Debut transcript Mc: Who do you think has the biggest changes? Ky: The good aspects. Ky: About the good aspects... that is Eunhyuk. Ky: because there is some problem on his original face, but Mc: What is the problem? MC: What do you mean having problem MC: Speak it out. What problem is it? Ky: The problem is... Mc: Poor Eunhyuk H: He looks pathetic Ky: But he becomes Cheerful Eh: You are funny Ky: No, I am not funny Si: Honest man Mc: Honest man Ky: But now he becomes very Ky: very very handsome Mc: Do you all agree to this? Si: Agree Mc: Ah Ky: Eunhyuk, Amazing H: I don't understand? Can you help me? To read.. MC: Do I have to read it MC: Read it out? Dh: Please sit Mc: Debut five year, many members have their own original works. . Do they have a lot of opinions and composing while producing this new album. H: There is our own composing in this album. Including my two compose songs. One is 'Go'(Track no.2). The other is 'It is you' (Track no.5). H: This is my first time to colaborate with Zhoumi in composing these two songs. H: I hope everyone love these two songs. MC: Let's listen to it Ky: Do you understand? Zm: Don't really understand Mc: You are too far Zm: What is most difficult part in choregraphy practice of Break Down? Mc: The most difficult dance step Zi: The beat of our title song is a heavy beat song. And the choregraphy is different with our previous album. Zi: There is a lot of foot steps. The movement is fast than before. So it take quite a long time for us to practice the steps and the dance movement. Eh: Zhoumi is tall so he has to squat lower. MC: What a hard work Zm: I just like have done exercise after the dance Mc: Same as Siwon Zm: Siwon and me need to squat a lot Rw: I feel difficult too Mc: Why? Ky: Ryeowook is the most relaxing one Eh: Ryeowook dance like this. Zhoumi dance like that Mc: Let's talk about this new album Mc: You held the Press Conference in Beijing and doing the promotional activities Mc: Everyone has a great progress in Chinese. Mc: We want to test everyone this Beijing dialect. Mc: Ok? Rw: Where are you? Where? MC: Where? Where? Si: Where? Where are you going? Mc: Going where. Correct. Mc: you use it in correctly. Eh: Hello Mc: We can't use it after hello Eh: Bird Mc: Your word is bird ...bird Mc: This is not 'hello' Dh: Sorry... Mc: Here are a lot of authentic Beijing dialect Mc: Even in China may... Mc: People in other provinces and cities may not understand the Beijing dialect. MC: Nian er huai, Nian er huai (appearing genuine, but actually nasty or devious) Mc: Your members who most 'Nian er huai' H: Siwon Si: Ah, right H: He is very handsome and mature when you look at him now H: For a moment then will be... Mc: Is all bad idea from him? Mc: In general, Who will propose the bad idea? Mc: Why are you always be the one? Eh: All of us Mc: Okay Mc: One more Mc: one more word Mc: Mali er (be quick) MC: Mali er, is also beijing dialect Mc: His action is the fastest Be quick Oh: the fastest Mc: really Mc: If you usually go out to work Mc: While going out to eat. who dawdle around, who is the slowest? Si: Kyuhyun Ky: Donghae These two people H: In fact, last time we have to take the plane H: We couldn't get on the plane because of these two Mc: Missed the plane! Mc: Really? Eh: It happened to them in different time. Zm: They both happened in different time Zm: It is different timing Zm: Kyuhyun arrives late before boarding. Zm: Donghae is slow in getting off the plane. Zm: Kyuhyun is not willing to get off the bed. Donghae will go to toilet. Eh: This one is going to toilet before getting off in the plane. Dh: Because we usually have a lot of activities Dh: Very busy Dh: Therefore, in order to give myself a little leisurely time Dh: So, just walk slowly when getting off the plane Mc: It is quite reasonable Interp: Eh~ Because of them Interp: Eunhyuk couldn't get on the plane Mc: I know that the Chinese New Year, the Chinese New Year is coming Mc: Right? Mc: Then we also want to be able to see you Mc: Come together to share with us Mc: To share your New Year wishes, Okay? H: New year wishes H: We, the day before yesterday... We released our new album yesterday H: And Hope this year H: Everyone love this new album H: And Hope we can have a good sales. H: For example, you go to the party and listening to our songs H: Listen to our songs when dating H: Listen to our songs even when breaking up H: Like this H: Hope to become like this Sm: My Chinese has regressed a bit MC: A little bit? Sm: All Mc: All Sm: Not understand at all Mc: Could not understand all Mc: Okay Sm: Hope to listen and understand all Mc: Your New Year Wishes is to listen and understand all the Chinese Mc: He means this? Right? Sm: Well Rw: I hope to meet a girlfriend Mc: You want a girlfriend Rw: Don't have a girlfriend Rw: Beautiful Mc: Can I be the standard to be your girlfriend? Rw: Hope having a beautiful heart Mc: Like me, also very beautiful (the heart) Rw: Wish you good health Rw: Do not get a cold. Thank you Si: We have not yet decided Si: Therefore, I can't tell you now Si: But if I have a very good chance Si: I will be shooting a movie or a drama in China Si: I have a lot of plans. Please look forward to me Si: Thank you Ky: Want to take away a Chinese girlfriend Really? Ky: Really! Need to H: Do you already have one? Ky: Already.. No Mc: Henry says you have had girlfriend Ky: No No.. He has H: I'm looking for Ky: I saw it H: No, you don't Ky: Did not see Mc: you said Kyuhyun has had girlfriend, right? H: He has. I saw it Mc: He saw it. Your secret is being revealed Ky: No, Absolutely no H: A lot Mc: So your new year wishes is to find a chinese girlfriend Mc: Right? Ky: Yes Mc: One in China, One in Korea? Ky: No No, Only one Mc: Okay Mc: I know when this program boarcasting Mc: Chinese New Year will be coming soon Mc: Therefore, we youku Mc: has prepared traditional gifts Mc: To give our Super Junior-M SJM: Thank you Mc: First, it is the chinese word Blessing. you can stick it at home Dh: Would the Host give it to her favorite member? Zm: Give it to your favorite member To the most handsome member Handsome. You think the most handsome and the favorite one Mc: He speaks so little today Mc: To pacify Dh: Give a call to me tonight Mc: Then give me your number Mc: Okay, Besides this Mc: There is spring festival couplets Mc: This... This is complete. Mc: Send a New Year blessing for all Youku netizens Zm: Here Zm: Wish you all SJM: Happy New Year SJM: We are Super Junior M CREATlNG NEXT GENERATlON PHET SlMS Narrator: We're excited to announce the first steps towards realizing our vision for next generation PhET sims. Over the past year, our software development team pushed the boundaries of HTML5 to enable our new simulations to run in any modern web browser - including tablets such as the iPad. Meanwhile, our team used new research on learning and design to increase interactivity. Whether you're using a tablet, or PC, we'd like to take a minute to highlight some of the features of the new PhET sims. HOME SCREEN Our simulations with multiple screens now begin on a home screen, offering an overview of the sim contents. You can select any thumbnail to navigate directly to that screen. NAVlGATlON BAR: Inside the sim, the new navigation bar at the bottom provides options for moving between screens, or returning to the home screen by using the home button. THE MENU BUTTON: The menu button, on either the home screen or in the sim, will provide access to additional information including credits and links to related sims, as well as specialized controls for teachers, when these are available. Simulations with just a single content screen do not include a home screen, but the menu button in the navigation bar is identical. TABLET USAGE: When using simulations on tablets, we recommend using them in landscape orientation and propping the tablet at a slight angle with a hand, a stand, or even a book. When a tablet is laid flat, users often cover up much of the screen with their hand. A slight tilt to the tablet encourages users to navigate the simulation with their index finger, giving optimal visibility. NEXT STEPS: We are actively working towards, and raising funds to realize our full vision for next generation PhET simulations. In our next phase, we plan to increase teacher support with customization options, data gathering for student assessment, and integration with common educational products. Users can also look forward to easy translation utilities and offline sim access. New HTML5 sims will be released regularly, so please stay up to date through our website, newsletter, or social media channels. For more detailed technical information about our next generation sims, please see the link on this webpage entitled "The Future of PhET". We hope you enjoy exploring the new features of our next generation sims. Thank you for being a part of the PhET community. Why does the world need universal connectivity? Because the bottom billion have been disenfranchised. They are not part of the global conversation and they need to be part of the global conversation. I'm using these technologies that will advance exponentially reducing the cost and providing more access to whatever they want to become whoever they want and to increase their potential, so that's our goal give access to the internet to everyone in the planet so they can express their full potential. It's working! :) The idea of trying to connect all people in the world I think it's a great idea. I'd just start small The Phillipines is a country of more than 100 million people and it has actually surpassed India as the world's number one destination for outsourcing. Over 40% of their population is living on less than $2 a day and over two thirds are unconnected and that means that they can't participate in this knowledge economy, so we went to The Phillipines and networked the primary school. We couldn't have asked for a better team, the volunteers were amazing they worked through the night on several nights setting up the lab, taking video, translating It was really incredible. We caught them in the middle of a big storm where there was flooding in the area and the schools were all closed and we actually worked with them and they went directly to the principal's house I want to be a policeman I want to catch criminals who are killing innocent people I am going to use this computer for discovery to work on my assingments and to work on my vocabulary for words that are difficult I have noticed that we have been left behind in some areas especially in improving the quality of the education for our children Oh behalf of the 1234 students, 26 teachers and myself from Punta Elementary School thank you very much! but networking Cavite is just the beginning we want universal internet access everywhere What do you think about our project? Well I think this is a beautiful idea whose time has come I love your project, I think your project is absolutely needed. I think it's great to trying bringing connectivity to people who are just not getting support from other parties. I think this project is fabulous and I think this is a team that is dangerous enough to actually get the job done. Ok, if you get Peter's abundance theory into the brains of six billion people because we are all connected... it's gonna be a very different world. King Palace, Coimbatore He's Raja Ravichandra Varma. A good business man. He believed in business which not only earns profits but also gives jobs to the jobless. His three sisters mean everything to him. And these three men are those who married Raja's three sisters. Raja loves his sisters whereas these three men love Raja's wealth. He is Raja's brother-in-law, an absent minded man. But he is a good man too. After Raja's death, his children became the point of attraction. Bhagat Seth, a criminal minded business man. Earlier, he was a professional killer. Now he is a business man. You start. No one has come from King constructions. After Raja's death, who's left to represent the company. Raja's elder son. Has this kid entered the business? - Yes sir. You can start. Government's minimum bid amount is Rs.10 lakhs. Rs.10 lakhs & 10 thousand. Rs.50 lakhs. Bhagat construction bid is Rs.2 crores 2 lakhs. One moment King. Business is not a ball game. But for me, it is just a game. Didn't get me? This spinning mill which isn't worth even Rs.50 lakhs, I provoked you & made you to bid for Rs.2 crores. And I made workers to earn a profit Rs.1 .5 crores. A real King not only wins but also one who makes people win. I won. Well done. Why do you congratulate your elder son when the younger one had won it? He lost to make him win. A real King not only wins but also one who makes people win. Have you lost the suitcases? Tell me. Please stop it. Tell me where have you hidden the suitcases? Why are you beating him? I should kill him. Your brother trusted him so much but he is trying to cheat us. What did he do? Tomorrow is Raja's birth anniversary. He says that the money brought in boxes to be given as bonus to the workers have gone missing. Don't get angry. lf police interrogate... Stop it, uncle. Sir, I'm innocent. Just leave this place. Do you also suspect me? I said leave this place. Just leave this place I say. When he mentioned about the police, I really got scared. I got much more scared. Where did you keep the suitcases? Don't worry. They are safe in my room. Did we steal it to be hidden in your room? Go, get it. - I will. I know about you all and Ranga Rao's honest nature. I kept my mouth shut because of my sisters. You don't have to worry about any affairs of the palace. Come with me & seek forgiveness from Ranga Rao. After his father's death, we thought we could gain control of the wealth, but he's an hurdle everything. What do we do when someone becomes a hurdle in our path? We take another path. You guys do that. What about you? We remove it from our path. Team Tolly Mother... After my elder son's birth, something inauspicious happens every 3 years. I called you here to show his horoscope. This boy will lead a royal life and will face some hurdles too. ln the 2008, a danger awaits him. Very dangerous. lf he escapes from that, he will live long. What should we do as a remedy to avoid that danger? As humans, let's do all that we can. 2008, March 26 Move... How did it happen? The contract will be ours for sure. Don't under estimate the King. What will he do? I've bribed everyone. It's Murthy... Yes Murthy, tell me. Sorry sir. A bad news. King has won again. What happened? King has won again! I'll even kill the King to win this time. It's wrong. As his bodyguard, you failed to save him. You've no right to live. My son, you wanted King to die until your death. Notjust the King, I'll wipe out his entire clan. Hello brother... Only if you come to the airport and give me a send off, I'll board the flight to London. lf you don't come, you know about me, don't you? I'll come back. My name is Kittu, Coal Kittu. This is my business. And my side business is to kill for money. Now I took money to kill you. Are you scared? Notjust me, no one in my family ever gets scared. Do you know why? Everyone believes in God, who is unseen. We believe in God we see. God you see? Who are you? - King! Let me see how King saves you now. Kill him. Team Tolly Who are you? - King The way he spoke about you made me anxious to see you. Electricity gives light. lf you try to touch it, you will die. You dared to warn me in my den, do you know my gift to you for it? Your brother's death as you watch. lf anyone of you dare touch my brother, I'll leave this place right away. Try if you can. Get up. Get up. Take this. Touch him. Touch him I say. Who gave you money? King knows to protect his people and also knows how to control men like you. I'm not here to tell you not to lock horns with me. Lock horns with me but not with my people. lf you again think about my people, I'll be forced to think about you. You can't stand before me. Why are you so dull? ls it because my brother has gone to London? No. She doesn't want you to leave. Yes. The priest had predicted this year is not good for you. You don't have to travel now. Munna called me just now, mother. There's a small problem in our factory. I've to go there to solve it. I'll be back in 2 days. After our brother's death, you're our only hope. Nothing will happen to me when I'm protected by your love. Actually... Gopi said that you're leaving. Your aunt wants a golden girdle. Gold prices have come down by Rs.1000. lf you give me Rs.5 lakhs... You'll bet on Pakistan and Australian cricket teams. I've quit betting. Tell him. You don't trust lndia. I don't trust you. He hates lies. Ask him money point blank. He won't deny us, will he? I won't. I know about you all. I spared you all because of my aunts. Go & do your work. When he has made it so clear, why stand here like dogs? Let's go. - Finish off all your work & come back. Do you need a girdle? lf I need anything I would ask you not him. He is lying. Well said. Hope you have not forgotten anything? You forgot. Forgot what? Forgot to wear your pant. Sorry. I forgot to wear my pant in hurry. Anything message to your mother? - Will you forget? Why would l? Tell my mother that I'll come back safe & sound. Okay. He told me to tell his mother that he will backsafe & sound. Hubby... Why did you shriek now? - You didn't wear you pant. Yes. What did he say? - How will I know? Yes, you're right. What did he say? He said something. King has tightened the grip. Das from whom we borrowed money is threatening us if we don't repay. What should we do now? This phone keeps on ringing. It's Das. He will live for 100 years. Yes, he will live for 100 years. lf you don't pay the loan, this is your last year. Stop scaring me. It's betting Shafi. Shafi, I'll bet on Australia this time too. Won't you answer my call, you scoundrel? Mr.Das, is it you? How did you call from this number? I'm in Delhi. I thought of meeting you in person once I reach there. So, I cut the call. Agra Peda is special sweet here, can I get it for you? lf you were in Delhi, how did you hear the gun sound? Where are you, Mr.Das? Wherever I may be, you're at my gun point. What would you get if you kill me? Give me some time. I've made a foolproof sketch. lf you miss, I won't shoot the bulb this time. It'll be your brain. What do you mean by foolproof sketch? I won't tell you. I'll put it in action. King who went to Uttaranchal will not come back. I'm hearing this from the day I got married. Will he finish the job? lf not him... Will you finish the job? Have you made any master plan? Date: March 26 Location:Dehardun Airport, Uttaranchal This phone is disturbing me. The flight landed just now. You're new to the job. Handle with care. He's very smart. Don't make me tensed. I'll handle the situation. What's the problem? Local mafia threatened the workers and are stopping from working. They want to takeover the factory. You don't need to run this factory fighting those men. We feel it's better to shutdown the factory. When 3000 families are affected because of a few men, we need to finish them off instead of shutting down the factory. They are very dangerous. A soldier can fear war but not a King. Team Tolly His walking style is rocking... His shoe sound is shaking... His speed is breath taking... He knocks down men with his powerful fists... His enemies get shivers... His punches are like bursting crackers... Even guns take a step back on seeing him... He comes like a cyclone and breaks all records... King is coming... A king with brawn and with a kind heart... Even silence blows whistles at the one & only King... Team Tolly When he enters the battlefield, he over runs everyone... When he tightens his fists, he strikes hard... He is a walking army... Everything is a cakewalk to him... When he starts to hunt the beasts, there's no stepping back... He even electrifies the electricity... He is known for his adventures... He is too hot... Team Tolly His eyes are like a cheetah, always stalking... When injustice is done, he attacks ferociously... He leads from the front, our king... He caretakes everyone single handedly... Solves any problems he faces... When such a hero is with people, they all like him... Location: Windrock Valley, King Estates Date: March 29 Time: 10.20 am Team Tolly It's getting late to the flight. I'm waiting in the hotel. Where are you? - ln graveyard. Graveyard...? A day after King's death, Victoria Hospital You had lodged a complaint about a missing man, right? Yes sir. Try to identify him. ls he the one? - No. ls he the one? - No. ls he the one? ls he the one? What? Has he gone missing? I searched everywhere. I've lodged a complaint in all police stations. But no information about him. How will you get information? What do you mean? King who went to Uttaranchal will not come back. King who went to Uttaranchal will not come back. King who went to Uttaranchal will not come back. He is finished. What is all this? An evidence to your plot. lnspector... DCP! Put him in jail and give him a police treatment. Truth will come out. Mr. Appaji, you've to come to the police station with us. I will come. I've many evidences against you. I'll show you all. Move. He may really bring. He has escaped. How far can he run with his big tummy? Search. You'll find him. I now understood the meaning of your cunning smile. You finished the King there and trapped Appaji here. Moreover a cunning smile too. Let's ask your younger son to come back. No. He can't tolerate it. My son will be fine. You don't have to worry. I gave them hope. But you are my hope. Make sure my son is back home safe. Safe...? Safe...? Sister, your son told me that he will come home safe and wanted you not to worry. I know. He will come. God will bring him back to us. Old City, Hyderabad Greetings sir. Why have you come back again? Didn't I tell you that I'll not vacate? Your lease period is over. He has to perform his daughter's marriage. lf you vacate this bar, he will sell this bar and perform his daughter's marriage. Who are you to say that? - Bottu Seenu's man. Who the hell is Bottu Seenu? Get out. Get out. Who are you? East side, Marredpalli, West side Kukatpalli, North side Kompalli, South side Upparapalli, all round Hyderabad, is there anyone who doesn't know 'Bottu' Seenu? What Bottu Seenu? Do you know Charminar? - Yes. Golconda...? - Yes. Birla Mandir...? - Yes. Don't you know Bottu Seenu? - No. I'll give you a clue. lf Bottu Seenu hits, your head reels. - I see? Do you have any doubt? It's reeling. I'm Bottu Seenu. lf someone asks me who I am, they will regret for asking so. This building owner made a deal with me to vacate this place. lf you don't vacate he'll feel bad. lf he feels bad, I'll get hurt. What if you get hurt? This will be the result. Just vacate this place. What's going on? Look, he is hitting me badly. I told you to vacate it. How dare you say that infront of the police? I'll gun you down. I'm sorry. Leave me. - Go. Let's go, boys. Let's go. Don't get scared. It was a drama.- Drama? Everything was dummy. - You're really great. Enough of praising him. Get me the money. Rs.10000. Rs.10000? It'll not even cover costumes & drinks. - Give me more. Don't be so money minded. We helped in his daughter's marriage. lf you hadn't done thatjob for free, we all would've gone to touch. Touch...? - I mean Pub. Pub is full of girls. Drink & enjoy. You forgot about my marriage but want to enjoy in pub? I'm trying my best. ls it to ruin my marriage? The profession we are in, no one is coming forward to give his daughter to you. We can't change our profession. But we can change our looks & styles. There's a right time for everything. - It has started raining. Shravani, don't get wet in rain. Come here. Don't drag us out. What happened? I saw a girl in the rain. I've gone mad. Girl...? Where? She went in the bus. Let her go. lf not her someone else. I've decided, I want that girl. It's okay that you've decided. Where can we find her? lf Bottu Seenu decides, it's done. Now take a look. How is it? I don't know what it is! What? It's really wonderful. It looks like a real dog. When I paint a dog, it will look like a dog. Will it look like you? Show that to the dog? It'll feel happy. How is your painting? You kept on moving. Else it would've been better. Master will be stunned to see this. - Yes boss. Why is it barking? It must be thinking that another dog has come here. Boss...stop it. Khairtabad is going out of our hands. You tell me. How is the painting? You tell me. - Making fun of me? It's a dog. You call this a dog? You scribbles some lines and these fellows praise you. Why should we try something that we don't know? To hell with painting of a dog, a fox! Let's talk about Khairtabad. I liked it. lnsulting art? I will crush your neck. Forgive me, boss. Leave me. I might die. I spared you because you were with me from childhood. What's your problem? Someone named Bottu Seenu is into running kangaroo courts. lf this goes on, what will happen to our reputation? How dare he runs kangaroo court in my area? Where can I find him? Boss, you be here. I will take care of him. Who is Bottu Seenu here? How dare you run kangaroo court in our area? I'll chop you into pieces. Team Tolly I heard that you run kangaroo courts. Khairtabad is mine. ls Nizam area your grand mother's property? Hello boss Gyan. You? Narasimha..? - Yes. He is my son. Let's go inside & talk. The twin cities must do what I say. I threaten them and I get protection money. How could you dare step into my business? It means competition. Just by hitting a few people doesn't mean you're a big shot. I've come across many guys like you. Police wet their pants on seeing me. Our boxer Ashok is being beaten to pulp at SR Nagar police station. Tell my name. They are beating him badly after telling your name. Our boss will talk later. What about you? lf you do business here, should I open a bangle shop for a living? You do it knowingly or unknowingly. lf you wish to be a goon, work for me. I won't work for anyone. What is he saying? He is very arrogant. He listens to no one. I've dealt with many such arrogant people. You're Narasimha's son, take Khairtabad & 100/0 commission. Have I come top you or you've come to me? I came to your place. Then the choice is mine. - Yours? You take that 100/0. How dare he talks to me like that? He is very arrogant. Never listens to anyone. What a son you've, Narasimha! I'm quiet because of you. As you say. But to the outside world, be it the other way round. Why? They don't know about our relationship. They might feel that I'm afraid of you. Tell him. Yes. - Okay. Yadi, bring that here. This is what I gave you, right? I have brought you a gift. - What gift? Open it. You will know. What is this? - A painting. You call this a painting? It's like a drunkard scribbling. Who painted this? I've never come across a worst painting than this. What are you doing? My boss painted it. Shut up. Take his comments positively. Narasimha... - Yes Our building in Khairtabad is really good. You can shift there. You too boys. What shift? That place is full of pigs & rats. lf we clean it, it will look wonderful. Bye Narasimha. - Bye. Bye Seenu. Take care. Bottu Narasimha fell on my feet and embarrassed me. I pitied him, told him to handle Khairtabad and take 100/0 commission. Why 100/0 commission? He needs something to survive, right? He does the crime and we get the commission. Did he agree for 100/0? - Good question. I've settle your account. When I was threatening them, you came & said our boys were being beaten to pulp in SR police station. I beg you. Don't beat me. I won't beat you. - Thank you. I will break your bones. You said there are pigs in that building. You must clean the entire building. From now, my boss has given powers to Seenu to take care of Khairtabad. He didn't give power. We took it from him. He is Mental Rajesh. - Greetings. He committed many crimes from childhood, made a lot of money. He set up a wine shop there. The problems start there. Women stage protests since their husbands don't give them money. ls he a fool to have invested so much money in it? Apart from your childhood crimes, you have set up a wine shop. It's him not me. You take their hard earned money before it reaches their families. You take their lives selling illicit liquor. - Where are they? Tell me. lf you listen his story, you roll on the ground & cry.- Really? His father-in-law promised to give him Rs.2 lakhs before marriage. He gave him Rs.1 lakh only. And is refusing to pay balance Rs.1 lakh. He got angry & beat his wife and smashed his wife's head to the wall. Her father wants to file a case against him. It's injustice. Do you need dowry for your dirty face? - He married her not me. Are you trying to ruin her life? Where are they? They are gone. Do you have only such cases with you? Only such things come up for settlement. Settlement is not for us to get settled in life. lf you bring such stupid cases to me, I'll kick your ass. Why is everyone so tensed? - Sir is coming. The entire city is scared of our boss. But our boss is scared of Sir. ls our boss scared of him? - Shut up. Our boss fell in love with his sister. She said her's is a family of artists. And his' family of killers. She put a condition that only if he learns to paint & satisfies her brother, she'll agree to marry him. Have you finished your home work? - You have to see it. I spent all night to paint this. You spoke like a great artist. What is this? Merciful sky. Caption of the painting. The boy in the painting is an orphan. He has no food or water. Not even clothes to wear. It's alright. Doesn't he have ears? - He is deaf. Won't the deaf have ears? I can't convey in the painting that he is deaf. So, I removed his ears. So, since you've no brains, can I remove your head? Go ahead. When he feels hungry, he looks down. When he feels thirsty, he looks at the sky. Finally, the sky feels pity on him. It releases 3 drops of water. Your creation has lot of shit in it. It's not enough if you alone understand that shit. The one who looks at it must also understand. It's very clear in the painting. What's clear? - Boss... What? Why are you disturbing us? - lmportant matter, sir. This is even more important. You illiterate! You say that this is very clear, right? Yes master. It's crystal clear. Tell me the concept of this painting. Tell me. This boy came here to shit. Forgot to bring water mug. He's looking at those leaves to wipe his shit.- That's all. Don't feel bad. You too have some shitty thoughts in your brain. When they come out, they turn even worse. What can I do? When I paint, my hands shake. - Stop drinking. How is drinking related to painting? Your hands will stop shaking and you can paint well. Try again. Will see you tomorrow. What did you say? ls he waiting to wipe the shit with those leaves? I'm sorry, boss. Tell me what's in your heart. I'll tell him exactly as you say. ls he a fool to ask you again? - Leave it. Bottu Seenu is spoiling all our business. He is conquering Khairtabad. He is taking huge sums of money. He is troubling us. People trust banks & deposit their money in banks. lf people use credit cards & refuse to pay, banks will be forced to shutdown. lnnocent people will the final losers. ln Khairtabad alone, more than Rs.15 crores is due for our bank. lf you recover that money, I will give you 100/0. More than the commission, I like yourjob. Deal okay. We will be on it from tomorrow. He gave me a wrong information that you're spoiling the business. I like your style of business. Very happy. There should be honesty in the business I do. My boss wants money notjustice. lf we do wrong things for the sake of money, the affected people will be angry with your boss. That's dangerous for you. lf we deal such cases, we get money & a good image. What do you say? - Nothing to say. We'll never interfere in your business. Do business in your style. Bye Narasimha. - Bye sir. Let's go. You convey everything wrong. There, you insulted me in front of my master. And here, you say that I'm very greedy. What shall we do with him? I beg you. Treat me as your brother. Leave me. I won't leave you. I will finish you off. Vehicle is very good. - New model, boss. Boys, have you understood? The dealing must be very smooth.- Okay boss. Don't say boss. Say okay bro. Bro means brother, corporate style. Who are you? I'm coming from the bank. - Have you brought it? What? I applied for the credit card. Have you brought it? I'm here to take not to give. - Take what? Credit card bill. - Bill. There is no outgoing only incoming here. Which means that I only take money. I never give money. I may have to take legal action against you. Legal action? I'll complain to TV9 that you brought goons to my house. I'll lodge complaint in police station that you misbehaved with women. When a lender is so smart, how smart a defaulter like would be? Do you need a credit card? Yes. I need one. My repayment record is very clean. I do prompt payment. You come here fast. I am waiting for you. Why are you taking my belongings? Why are you taking my car? Why are you hitting me? First, I'll deal very smoothly in a corporate style. lf it doesn't work, Bottu Seenu will be out. - Who is Bottu Seenu? lf Bottu Seenu hits you, your head will reel.- How? How was it? I feel the reeling. You must be Bottu Seenu.- Got it? Pay money & take your belongings. Load everything. I think I spoke a lot. Team Tolly Which floor is he in? - 3rd floor. Can't you see? - My girl friend. Girl friend for you? Give me your goggles. It'll be nice on you. Get lost. What's this noise? - Today is Valentine's day. Today, if girls accept flowers from boys, it means she has accepted his love. I don't believe all these. These stuff is for those with lot of money. Let's go. Among the shoppers who did shopping in our mall today, first prize winner is token no. 153. What are you looking at, boss? The girl I saw in the bus stop. Your name? - Shravani. Sister-in-law's name is Shravani. Nice name, right? - Yes boss. What will you do with this Rs.25000? I request you to donate it to any orphanage on my behalf.- Wow! She is too good. On this valentine's day, you're giving this money to an orphanage. What are you going to give to your boy friend? Sorry, I've no boy friend. Boss... - She has no boy friend. Can you tell us the kind of a man you're looking for? He must be kind hearted. It's okay. Must be a follower of Gandhi. - Boss. Should make his dreams come true. None of her expectations matches your. - Forget about her. She caught your balloon. She holds your flower which means your love will be a success. Shut up. He never believes in all that stuff. Now I do. - Boss, she is leaving. We thank you all for making this program a grand success. We missed her again. I didn't miss her. She is in my heart. Team Tolly I searched all over AP... I explored both Hollywood and Bollywood... I fell for an angel like you... You're my sweetheart... I'm looking for a boy friend like Brad Pitt... I need a man like Jet Li... lf you prove that you're a man with both qualities... you'll be my Emperor... O beauty! You're my love... I'm mad at you... To be my hero, my heart should believe in you... Team Tolly We are a perfect match... Like Amitabh & Jaya, a made for each other couple... We are a perfect match like Rajesh & Dimple... lf you say Yes, let's get married like Abhi & Ash... The man who Jaya loves was No: 1 ... The man Dimple fell for was a romantic hero... Ash liked the qualities of Bachchan... Do something to prove yourself as someone special... O my dear Trisha! I'm a slave of your beauty... Love is an intoxication... One should be mad like you... Team Tolly Like Ambani, I'll build a palace for you... Like Shahjahan, I'll gift you the Rose Mahal as a bonus. Like ANR, I'll build a studio in your name... lf you love me, I'll make you the next CM... Wearing a buttonless shirt, you look like mass hero... On looking at your kind heart, you proved to be a man of class... Like Majnu, you cast a spell on me... You made my heart beat to your tunes... Darling, you're my dawn... what you said is the sweetest thing of all... O my darling! O handsome! I like you... Take rest for a few minutes. We will get ready. Hello...Record it. - Okay. How is it? - As it is. I mean to say that this is the song we heard in our car. lf we give the CD, our boys will compose the tunes.- Shut up. The tempo is different. The tune is different. The language is... It was in Hindi. This is Telugu. Greetings sir. Shravani, he is Jayasurya. Greetings sir. Ask that girl in blue dress to come in. Let's give her a break. Greetings sir. - Sit down. Your name? - Shravani. There is music in your name. See Shravani, to be frank, I know nothing about music. How is that possible? By stealing other composers' tunes. I heard it. To come up in the industry, all you need is a relationship. Especially, the relationship between a singer & musician must be like that of a husband & wife. You... I mean to say that we should've a good understanding. Let's forget about music and stuff like that. Let's talk about life. Book a guest house in the evening. Send our car to her house. She will come.- Okay sir. Understood? I understood very well. I wish to beat you with slipper. But I respect your age. I trust my talent not you. Shall I book the guest house? Swaranjali Greetings. Welcome to Tata lndicom's Swaranjali. Among the selected semi-finalists, the great music director Jayasurya has come to select the finalists. Our 1st participant is Shruthi from Srikakulam. I'm going to sing the song from film 'Saagara Sangamam'. Om Nama Shivaya... Written by Veturi, music by llayaraja. Our Raja. When I worked under him, I used to call him Rajaji. He too liked me very much. He always use to say that if I was born earlier, he wouldn't have survived in this field. That's why you're copying his tunes. I heard that. Team Tolly What tune did you sing? - Hindolam raga. Hindolam means Sa Ri Ga Ma. How did you sing? Sa Ga Ma Da. - Where is Ri? There is no Ri in Hindolam. Yes, there is no Ri. But it's traces should be in the song. That's magic. Such small mistakes do happen. We too have committed such mistakes before coming up in life. Correct it in the finals. Our next contestant is Shravani from Hyderabad. I'm going to sing a song from the film 'Shankarabharanam'. Samaja Varagamana... Written by Veturi, Thyagaraja Keerthana Music by K.V. Mahadevan. My uncle's song. I've a bond with this particular song. Don't say that you composed music for this song. We stayed in golden beach to compose tunes for Shankarabharanam. You know about Vishwanath. He never accepts anything in first go. Sometimes we used to sit till 2 am. Those days, we were so dedicated. Uncle was humming like this... I said that the tune is ready. And he made the tune. He values my judgement. You must be very brave to have selected that song. Don't keep changing the channels. Give me the remote. Wait. - What happened? That's the girl whom I mentioned about. What are you singing? What is the tempo of the song you're singing? Do you know the value of that song? It's a romantic song between Chandramohan & Rajalakshmi. Where is the romance? What I mean to say is that a man who is hungry shouts differently and the man who is hurt shouts differently. Every thing has a unique tune. lnstead of concentrating on your clothes, you could've concentrated on the song. Sometimes, I fear that Telugu film songs have come to an end. Don't kill music director's creativity with your half baked knowledge. Don't disappoint us who want to give you a good break. We want to take you to greater heights. But you remain where you are. You never come there. You mean guest house. Atleast show some dedication in the finals. I'm ready to give you a break. Why did you get tensed? I thought you might die. Are you disappointed that I didn't die? You were emotional and spoke too much. Wait for the reaction. My heart is overjoyed in your thoughts. My heart has crossed the boundaries of love with your looks. Stop it. What's that language? Even I couldn't understand it. How will people understand it? People will understand. - Shut up. Making fun of me! Can we send those track singing girls? Aren't they taking money? Are they singing for free? lf they need any favour, they must ask me? Who are you in the middle? lf they ask you a favour, they know what you will ask them. Get lost. Sing something in our style. - Okay master. Sing. O girl! You opened the doors of your heart. Someone has come to see you. Let them in. - Okay sir. It must be that girl! How is the reaction? She came to me running. O girl! You opened the doors of your heart. Girl...girl... Replace girl with thatch... O thatch! You unlocked your heart. O thatch! You unlocked your heart. ls this also a settlement case? - No, a personal case. Greetings sir. Who are you guys? Your fans. - Fans? Khairtabad Jayasurya youth association. When did you start this? - Just now. A few days back, a group of people came here and promised to throw flowers when my name appears in the titles, and took Rs.25000. They didn't even clap. We aren't like them. - So, what are you then? They took but didn't clap hands. But we will clap without taking money. Then okay. Sit here. What brings you here? - I will tell you. On your birthday... Will you distribute free food? - No. Blood donation. All over Andhra Pradesh. My blessings are with you always. - We need your blood not blessings. Whose? - Yours. I will tell you. Close the doors. We have decided to donate your blood all over the state. Who are you to donate my blood? Who are you to steal other's tunes? Why are you hitting me? Why are you hitting me? Why are you hitting me? Understood? lf you raise a question, my answer will be this. So, shut up & do as I say. What should I do? - Make a tune. Write lyrics to that tune, sing that song & try to impress us. Okay. Hey, B22. We must drink & breathe Telugu. Drink & enjoy. The gardener's head should break... Trying to cheat me just like you cheat producers & directors? What did I do? Why are you in a hurry? I will tell you. Sing the original song of this tune. Do you understand now, why I slapped you? Yes, I do. Understood what? You want something new from me. Start. I didn't expect you to have such good music knowledge. Don't try to act smart. Sing your own song. By God's grace I didn't have to make my own tune till now. Now try. I can't compose a tune suddenly. What are you talking? Don't keep hitting me. I composed a beautiful tune before becoming a music director. I never gave it to anyone. No one took that tune. I'll dedicate it to you now. - Go ahead. Team Tolly What happened sir? The tempo is different. The tune is different. What are you singing? What is the tempo of the song you're singing? At times, I fear that Telugu film music is in its last days. Your fans want to take you to greater heights. But you insist to stay here. You never try to come there. I understood. You're not my fans. Her fans. You're very sharp. That's why you caught the point so late. Did you understand? - Yes sir. That girl in the finals... You don't have to tell everything. Watch the remaining part on TV. You will come up in life. Hope my life doesn't end. It depends on your behaviour. I didn't expect so much reaction. Take your bank receipt. Seenu paid your credit card due. He warned you not to take any more loans. Okay sir. Why is she here? You must be Shravani who reached the semifinal in Swaranjali. People know me. Yes. Finals will start in a few hours. Why are you still here? I'm not participating in finals. Boss, sister-in-law is not going to the program. ls it? Where is she now? Are you blind? Shravani...! Yes. Are you also my fan? Notjust an ordinary fan. A very big fan. I couldn't pay for the SMS's I sent for you. So, my outgoing got cut. The program is being shot there. Why are you still here? Go immediately. I'm fed up explaining to all my fans. I'm not participating in that program. That's all. Boss, I'm Jayasurya speaking. It's getting late for the program. That girl hasn't come. What should I do now? Postpone the program. It's nice, ah? Move...move... Why are you in a hurry? Can't you be careful enough? Shravani's program is about to start on TV, so... So, I was in a hurry. Are you also her fan just like me? - Yes sir. As her fan, what are you doing here? A bad news for all her fans. - What? She is not participating in it. I had so many dreams. lf what you're saying is true, I wish to lie on the railway tracks & die. Take me to the railway tracks. - You don't need to. She will sing. You don't worry. She will sing for fans like us. You don't worry. Go. Make sure she sings. Shravani, you shouldn't cry. You must wipe out the tears of your fans. It was you I first dreamed about. It's you who is infront of my eyes. O dreams! Tell me whether you'll come true. O heart! What is she? A silence or a beautiful song? So close yet so far. Won't you be mine, O friend! You call this a song? What lyric is that? What we gave him wasn't enough I think? It was wonderful. Fantastic. She is very different from the semi final presentation. She is like Goddess Saraswathi herself. That's all. It's not my success. It belongs to my fans who gave me courage & sent me here. Do you think it's for your song? Fans! Don't waste time. lf you want to do some good things on behalf of me, like blood donation, I request them through this program to do it. Boss, don't entertain such things. - Leave it. He is feeling shy. Uncle, did you get all the details of the person who comes now? Secretariat Gopal Rao recommended this boy. You will find fault in everyone. Just don't mind it. Don't quarrel with anyone. Deal carefully. - Okay boss. To me, marriage is like betel leaves. Life will turn colourful only if betel, nut and calcium mix in right proportions. lf not, your life will burn like your mouth. Right? - Yes. Since you're very cautious, I pit the one marrying you. You don't have to fear. A Cupid will come for her. I know. Come inside. Come in. Sit. Settle it immediately. How many more should've to come? You won't have such problem. You're being refereed by Secretariat Gopal Rao. You will be my first preference. You & the girl must meet. Both should agree. And get married. Do you think I'm here for bride seeing ceremony? Yes, I think. You? Yes, it's me. Do you know him? Yes, uncle. He is my fan. What's your name? Didn't you tell her my details? I did tell her. But she might have forgotten. His name is Sharat. What's your occupation? Haven't you told her even this? I did tell her. Software engineer. Where? Haven't you told her even this? I did tell her. Don't get angry. He is working as software engineer in Tata lndicom. Now I'll tell her everything in one shot. - Okay. As Secretariat Gopal Rao said, I'm working as Software Engineer in Tata lndicom. My name is Sharat. Let's be friends for sometime. Only then I will know your good & bad qualities. And you will know about my good & bad qualities. It looks like a big process. Really? ls it? Okay. I will take care. What happened, uncle? It's about credit card people. They will lure us with a sweet voice to take credit card. Once taken, then they threaten us. Moreover, they have hired goons for collection. ls this fair? - No. The real Sharat must have come. It must be them. Shall I deal with them? No thanks. I will handle them. I can manage them. I'll talk to them. Let me talk to them. Sharat, leave him. It's usual for him. You sit down. I'm Sharat. Who cares? It's me. I know who you are & why you're here. It will not work out. Go away. You asked me to come here. You came because I invited you. Now I'm telling you to go. Go. How could you address me without any respect? I'm like this. I won't give you any respect. What can you do? Not here. I will inquire in the secretariat. Excuse me. Do you think I will get scared on hearing the secretariat name? Secretariat Gopal is my close friend. He might be your friend. But he is my relative. Actually, Gopal Rao... Will you ask him to put this man in jail? Won't you leave him even after that? What are you talking? Actually Gopal Rao... There is no one called Gopal Rao here. You get inside. Come here. I would've died in suffocation. I should tell him that I'm the boy whom Gopal Rao has sent. You should not. - Why? Have you ever fallen in love? lf I really had, why would I come here to see this girl?- I fell in love. With whom? The girl you came to see. Does she love you? lf she loves me, why would she agree to see you? You're right. What should I do now? Sacrifice. Why should I do it and for whom should I do it? Do it for me. Who are you? They will tell you. Where is the money? What is he saying? While discussing about wedding cards, I told him we shouldn't talk about credit cards. Thanks. No formalities between us. Don't get too close. Ourjourney has just begun. I've a small doubt. ls there anyone accompanying you apart from me? No. I go one by one. That's all. Only then, I can have full concentration on him. ls this enough? It was little more. Now do you understand? Understood in detail. What did you understand? I came here to become her husband. You became my demon. What a punch! I was punched so badly. When I heard about you, I thought you will have goons and girls around you. But you look very simple. Like in your films, do you want me to kill someone all the time? Painting is my life. It's great to be both painter & goon. Tell me why you have come here. Nothing, brother. I couldn't sleep for the past 3 days. Do you want me to massage your legs? I don't have to explain you how soft an artist will be. A goon, a third class fellow, came to my studio and hurt me infront of my staff. Notjust hurt, he beat you to pulp, right? Stop staring at me. We shouldn't hide anything from doctor & goon. Tell him as it is. Have you finished talking? Shall I tell him the rest or will you tell him? This is it. This is what had happened. What should I do for you? You must show your power. No obligation because I'm the top music director. Charge as per your market rate. He should be beaten so badly that... I will tell him. You should beat him the way he beat you. How will I know the way he beat him? I know. I've never seen anyone beating like that. Like Sivamani beating Jazz. Like Zakir Hussain with Tabla. Like AR Rahman's music in Shankar's film. He beat him & then asks him to sing. ln one word... You said so many words. ln short, he beat him like a dog. I understood. He beat him to pulp. We should beat that guy to pulp, right? Yes. Who is he? Bottu Seenu. Team Tolly You look good. Like a top. Are you trying to make us go for each other's neck? I had no such ideas. My hip is paining for standing like this for the past 3 hours. Let me relax for sometime. Don't move. He might start afresh. You feel bad more than him. Just because I've a creative mind, I'm drawing your face & leaving you. lf you repeat this again... Will you draw my portrait again? I'll garland your photo. It's over. Come down & see for yourself. You will be happy. Look there not me. You look like a monkey. The entire gold shop is on you. Won't you pay the credit card bill? I don't even pay the current bill. How can I pay credit card bill? lf you do anything, I will lodge a complaint that you're threatening us. Will you lodge a complaint to the police? Take all the gold. Stop beating me. Stop it. Why are you beating him like this? Stop it. lf he hasn't paid the bill, will you hit him? Beating a fellow man is not right. I will pay his bill if you want. Return him gold. You take the gold & go inside. Shravani...you? What brings you here, Shravani? I was going to temple. I saw you. I stopped. Really? Even I was going to temple. I saw them quarelling. So, I stopped. I go to temple every Saturday. Let's go. What happened? He is beating my fans. Boss... Why is he calling you boss? ln Hyderabad, if someone needs help, they address others as boss. You be here. Sir, stop beating him. Who are you man? - I'm a fellow man. Then get lost. Stop. Your sister-in-law is watching us. We can deal with him later. Go. Please stop. You stop. Leave him. lf I see you again in this area, I will break your bones. You want me to pay the bill...? Shravani...you? Did you get hurt? When someone beats us, we do get hurt. He came & saved us at the right time. I did nothing. She pressed the brakes on seeing you suddenly. Why were you quiet when he was trying to beat you? He will feel bad by tonight. What did Gandhi say? When someone slaps you on one cheek, he told us to show the second cheek. That's something we can't do. Atleast if we don't slap the guy who beat us, Gandhi will feel happy. How dare you lay hands on Bottu Seenu! Rs.10 lakhs. Total Rs.15 lakhs. - Keep the money inside. Okay. Your men beat me all night. My boys haven't completed boxing practice. I will leave you once their practice session is over. I beg you. Stop it. It's me Shravani. Hello Shravani, tell me. I wanted to talk to you. Really? Where should I come? Why leave your office & come? You be in your office. I will come there. Thanks. Bye. You seem to be very happy. Shravani is coming. ls she coming here? To office. When did you have an office? So, she is going to Sharat's office. Hey girl, Where is Sharat? - Which Sharat? The big guy like a buffalo. ln that cabin. Hey, what are you doing? - You? Give me your coat. - For what? I said give it. Give it I say. Did someone come here for me? Why would someone come here for you? Didn't I tell you that I will use you & your name at times? Don't press as you like. They might get deleted. To hell with you. I know everything. Now, I am Sharat. Who am I then? Hi Sharat! - Hi! Sharat, he is... Guess who? Your PA. What's yourjob here? Tell her. Do you have to tell her about my job? I told you to order something for her to drink. You're very clever. You change everything to your convenience. I told you that there is virus in my laptop two days back. Clients are coming. Don't you have any sense that I've to give them a presentation. Sharat, why is he talking to your PA instead of talking to you? We don't talk to each other. He is our mediator. What's the problem? Ego problem. Whenever I come to talk, you take leave to meet prospective brides. What's this meeting? Who are they? Who are you say that? Did you say that too? I was wondering why you haven't said that till now. Come on, go ahead. Ask me who I am? Ask me why I'm sitting in this office? Ask me who this girl is? Who is this girl? lf there are any problems between us, we must solve them. How could you insult her by asking who she is? ls asking an insult? - Asking a celebrity who she is, is an insult? ls she a celebrity? What celebrity? Shravani, a great singer. I've never heard her name. Shravani, don't feel bad. He has no manners. You can become the CEO of this company. But you can never become a singer. I feel insulted to speak to cultureless creatures like you. What? Why are you shouting? You mannersless. You don't get angry. He is like that only. Shit! - Worst behaviour. Let's go. Shit...? You brought strangers to office and made them abuse me, ah? I'm in no way related to them. Why did they come to your cabin and sat in your chair? Notjust in my chair, but also in my life. Why should we quarrel with him? When he is so rude, why were you so polite? I am not interested in fights. But how could you be so soft & polite? He will feel bad later. The other day, when someone hit you, you said that he will feel bad later. But did he feel bad? Forgive me, sir. I couldn't sleep last night after hitting you. Now if you forgive me, I will sleep peacefully. lf you feel bad for you acts, it is the greatest regret. There is a change in you atleast now. That's enough for me. Never hit anyone, Go. Shravani, my family members are your fans. You must marry a good man like him. Bye. Unbelievable Sharat. Your formula is really great. I did nothing. Gandhiji laid the foundation, I followed his foot steps. You mentioned aboutjourney earlier. Can I know how far we have travelled in thatjourney? We are near the canopy. Team Tolly I'm your king, you're my queen... Shall we unite and rule over Andhra Pradesh? Team Tolly I was waiting eagerly to be yours... Have a ball with me... My heart is on rocks today... Nobody ever moved me like this till now... O girl, you're my beautiful Cinderella... By God's grace, I'm on cloud nine... You've created sensation in my heart... By God's grace, I'm on cloud nine... Up above the clouds I'm touching the peak of love... You're a star, I'm near you... Wiping out the distance between us, I'm coming closer to you... I'm getting lighter and floating in sky... As I share my love with you... I'm happy for getting you... May I save this unexpected bliss forever with me? Team Tolly Though I love you for long time... I'm angry on my lips for expressing it to you.. Though you're near, though you've called me... But I got an opportunity to meet you now... Though I'm in your thoughts and your breath... Without me your loneliness is unbearable... I've lost myself in dreams losing my sleep... May I give you as gift my bliss? It seems there was an exhibition of MF Hussain's paintings. And he got millions. Let's also have an exhibition of your paintings, boss. We too can make millions. - Shut up! Never sell art. Even if you wish to sell there are no takers. Without colouring it, why are you making noise? Am I talking, Master? My boys are doing it. lf you don't concentrate you'll also end up as fool like them. Boys! Respect master! Team Tolly I didn't like what you did. You claimed it was your fans who made you win the song competition. You didn't say a word about me, your brother. lf I had, people would come to know I'm your sister, isn't it brother? How much foresight you've regarding security? I couldn't think about it. It's a surprize if you could, what's so surprize if you couldn't. My foot! Aunty...uncle... - Yes son. Are you taking good care of her? We don't have children so we take care of her as our own daughter. That's okay, how far your painting classes have come? With master's guidance I'm now into colouring from curvings. Even young boys take just 2 weeks to reach this stage, your brother took 2 years. My sister has come and my creative work is disturbed. So, please grant me leave today from class. Did you see the Hippocratic world? They say I'm like God or their son when they come for a settlement. But nobody gave their daughter in marriage to me. They said I'm a goon's son. Now I've crossed the age of marriage. Forget about me. I sent to you to be with uncle to avoid you also becoming like me. Did you find any good man? - Yes, brother. Who is he? I found a man I dreamed about since my childhood. Moreover he's my fan, name's Sharat, he's a software engineer. Why are you delaying it? Bring him here and tie the knot. Here? He'll die in shock. ls he an heart patient? - No, he's a coward. I've kept our background secret to him. lf he comes to know, he'll ditch me.- ls it? How? You don't worry, brother, I've a plan for it. How come you're getting ready so early? Where are you going? Shravani wants to introduce me to her family. That's why! Seenu sir, I'm Sharat. - Who? The identity you're using. You?! Tell me. What am I to tell? - Then, hang up. Don't cut it sir, I used your identity as you used mine. How's the result? Sir, money.- Do you know who am l? - No. East side Marredpalli, West side Kukatpalli, North side Kompalli, South side Upparapalli, all round Hyderabad, is there anyone who doesn't know 'Bottu' Seenu? Are you Bottu Seenu? Take anything you want sir. I'll come back if I want. I used his name. I'm very happy, use my name as you like. I tried that too. Money sir. Do you know who am l? - No. East side Marredpalli, West side Kukatpalli, North side Kompalli, South side Upparapalli, all round Hyderabad, is there anyone who doesn't know 'Bottu' Seenu? Are you Bottu Seenu? Bloody! Leave my vest, who are you? Abids area Cl! How dare you threaten my brother-in-law to settle credit card due? Come! Along with favours you've to face troubles too, enjoy it. Well said, please do me a favour. - What's it? They want to come to the station everyday to sign.- Do it. They may arrest me again for forgery. What do you want me to do then? Tell Sl that you're real Bottu Seenu. No need to spend a rupee also. Line was clear till now. I can't hear it now. What can I do? How could he accept it directly? lf he's here, someday she may know you're not the real Sharat. Then, let's bump him off. Shut up! I'll tell her the truth at an opportune time. Okay brother. What's this? It's funny! Why are we still revolving here only? How do we go inside? Sir, the way in is this side. I know, you go away. Who are you man? Brother! ls it you? Got deceived, right? You look like a business man to any stranger. Even known people must feel like that. Otherwise, bones will crack up! - Shut up! Useless! lf you say anything I'll burn your mouth. Shut up! Or else our plan will fail. - Do as she says. But where is Sharat? Hey King! Who are you? Why are you getting into the vehicle? Reverse the jeep. Why should l? No questions, just follow the orders. I'm on an important mission, why are you troubling me? Don't act smart, King! King? Who is he? - Get going. Why so many guns and Sumos like in faction films? Leave me boys, my girl is waiting for me. Don't talk. Brother...got him. East side Marredpalli, West side Kukatpalli, North side Kompalli, South side Upparapalli, all around Hyderabad, I've a name 'Bottu' Seenu. Who is this King? Kill him! Why hasn't he come yet? Did he pick up any fight on the way? Fight? Sharat is scared of fights. You know this? Sharat faints on seeing blood.- Poor man! lf you make a wrong call, you waste only a call. lf you disturb a wrong man, wastage will be heavy like this. Where did he go away? Why hasn't he come yet? Why did get so late? My brother is waiting.- Brother? I don't have anyone else other than my brother. He sent me to live with my paternal uncle. What does your brother do? Come, I'll introduce you to him. Brother! Brother! She gave me the shock of my life! She made me believe she's pint size Mother Teresa with her acting prowess, but actually she's king sized Phoolan Devi. That's okay, but how did you manage to come out? I'll tell you. - Brother! Bottu Seenu, how dare you trap my sister with fake identity! Who are you talking to sir? - Why are you turning back? I'm talking to you. - Me? Yes, Bottu Seenu! Brother! What's this? His name is not Bottu Seenu. I'll make him say he's not Sharat but Bottu Seenu.- Brother! Why are you calling Bottu Seenu as Sharat who works for me? What are you saying, brother? He was referred by Secretariat Gopal Rao, uncle's friend. I selected him after many tests, you spoiled entire the show by brandishing a gun. lf people know I'm your sister, no educated man will ever marry me, so I stayed with uncle, and made up a story that I hate goons, and trapped this innocent man. you spoilt everything. You acted as singer with such a violent mob background. Spill water and wake him up! Hold it.- You said your brother is into hardware business...? What's that gun? Who is this Bottu Seenu? A dangerous goon. He's a replica of you. - Yes. Why is he carrying gun then? Brother is a big business man, he's facing a threat from him, that's why. Carries a gun for self defense. I don't understand what's all these guns and threats? You don't worry, I've an urgent meeting, you carry on with lunch. Come on boys. Brother is no ordinary man. - Always great! Greetings sir. - Greetings, where is Seenu? That is...that is... - What's it? Where is he? He's sleeping. - Yes brother. ls he any Nawab to sleep till now? Wake him up. No brother... - Get up... - Please listen, he'll beat on waking up. Are you so weak? Pull it with strength. Who is that disturbing me early morning? Partner! How come you're here? For your commission? No, we came to confirm. To confirm? - You shut up. Where were you at 10.30? Abids police station. - Police station? I threatened Cl's brother-in-law for credit card dues. He locked me up all the night. ls it? Get me Cl Ramesh on phone. Brother! - Ramesh! Did you pick up anyone by the name Bottu Seenu? Notjust picked him up but bashed him up all the night. How dare you threaten my brother-in-law! - Stop it. When did you free him? - I freed him at 10.45. Are you sure? - Sure. You say he locked you up, he says he bashed you also, won't you tell him that you're my man? Will he be there after basing me? He's boasting with you. I'm confused who should I trust and who I shouldn't. Bye, let's go. Bye Seenu. Thank God! - How can they look alike? I'll tell you brother. I saw an old Hindi film on TV recently, there's a big Nawab's family in it, they have twins after years of marriage. Twins? - Twins! Why did you say that in English? Carry on. They celebrate it grandly and children get washed away when a cyclone hits them. I got you, enough. One washed away son grows up as Bottu Seenu with Bottu Narasimha. Another reaches a good family and grows up as our Sharat Babu. That's all, isn't it? - Yes, boss. Tell me brother. - Give me Sharat's address. I behaved rough with Sharat mistaking him for Bottu Seenu. I'll say sorry to him personally. A guest at lunch time. You?! No way, go away! - Open it! Didn't you find anyone else here other than me? I beg you sir, please leave me and my identity. As if you gave your identity for free, are you not using my name? I used it without knowing your reputation, so police are playing with me. Looks like we have visitors. You've a family too? They were here before you came into my life. How to manage them? - You've a facility. My grandma is blind and my grandpa is deaf. I like your family. Your grandma is blind, your grandpa is deaf and you're brainless. You're very lucky. Who are they? - Friends. My name is Sharat. You too have same name like my foolish grandson. Why have you all come at a time? Bride's brother is coming to meet Sharat.- ls it? So you'll come here everytime they come for you. Hey idiot! - Granny, that side. You don't say yes because I'm blind and he's deaf. You're an average looking guy. They may refuse seeing so many handicaps here. Right granny. So sit straight before me when I talk to them. Otherwise, my looks will not match. I think they are here, come, let's go. - What to do now? You? What brings you here? He's Sharat. - Yes. I feel bad for what had happened. You got confused little. So I came to meet your family and say sorry to you. Who is he? Sharat? - He too is Sharat, my friend. Confusion with identical people and identical names. lntroduce me to your family. - Come. He's Gyaneshwar, Shravani's brother, he came to say sorry for the incident. Tell him to sit and say it, it'll be clear. Sharat, sit here. I'm not saying because he's my grandson, he's a thorough gentleman. Devotee of Goddess. - Yes, she's right. Uncle! Aunty! I brought a marriage proposal for Sharat, didn't l? It's cancelled, it seems they abused our Sharat, he told me unable to tell you. Let it go, I'll get better ones. Gopal Rao, you're short tempered, bride's brother is here to say sorry. Greetings Gopal Rao. - Look before you say something. What did I say now? By the way, who is he? ls he Sharat? - He's also Sharat. Voice is different, where is he now? I must manage without committing anything. You got confused with just identical names, I got shock of life with identical faces, that's why I got it wrong. Sharat, I get an idea on seeing you. lf you say yes, I'll find you another good proposal. What do you say? ls it good on your part? How can you talk about finding another proposal when we are talking here? Shouldn't we see another proposal? - You shouldn't. Why not? Come out, I'll tell you why not? - Where are you taking me? Can you bring a better proposal? - Why are you pushing me? He's handsome and smart, so I promised to get a better proposal. What's wrong in it? Do you think we are software engineers in suits? What will you do? - He's going overboard. Take him and give him a good thrashing. He mustn't be seen till marriage is over. What's happening here? Why are you sitting there instead of here? Change your positions. - He's coming. I talked and convinced Gopal uncle, he asked us to fix the marriage. What do you say, grandpa? - As you say. Do you always say it short? - Yes. Sharat, just a minute please. Bye granny. - Bye son. Why is your brother-in-law very close with your friend than you? Don't try to know everything at this age, you may die in confusion. That's right. What's this? Open it, you'll know. Who painted this? MF Hussain? Ravi Varma? Your brother-in-law. - Who is he? It's me! - You?! Unbelievable. See, he's an educated man, so he knows the value of creation. But that Bottu Seenu is an uneducated goon. You're talking a lot about Bottu Seenu, who is that man? He's not a man but manhole. Bloody, cuts throats for money. Obnoxious man! Please don't ask about that Satan at this happy hour. I must tell this to my sister, bye. - Bye, be careful! See, both brother and sister have played a trick on you, and then dare to use bad words also. They started the drama and I'll end it. Both brother & sister must go mad about identity confusion I'll create. Bloody! How dare you lodge a complaint with police against us. Stake another 25 on Pakistan also for safe side. Do you want me to settle the accounts? Accounts? Where will it go away? Brother. Call his family, and ask them to take him away. Go. Give me Rs.50000. You haven't settled old dues yet, how can I lend you money everyday? Won't you? - I won't! Why should I live then? I'll kill myself. I'll give whatever you ask. - I'm living to repay your loan. Take Rs.50000. - I know you're generous, Das. The day I find King, I'll settle my entire loan. I'm sending Rs.50000, stake 500/0 on each one. How long should we have to bear him? Can't avoid till we get back our money? What happened? - We found King! What a great news! ls my nephew in this city? Find him quickly! Das, take it as your loan is settled. Let's celebrate it. Have a party on my account. We must find him first. Where will he go? We'll surely find him. What's it, brother? You're so happy. How can I else be other than happy! I thought Bottu Seenu was fooling me with two identities. Both are different people. They are as different as sky and earth. I selected him to match our family. So, let's fix marriage before he comes to know about us. What do you say? As you wish! - Aunty, sister is feeling shy. Team Tolly Just a look is enough, O Adonis! My pulse rate is racing... Know it, O handsome! The desire of my heart... Just a look is enough, O Aphrodite! I can't hold it anymore... I know it, O beauty! The desire in your heart... Unite me into you forever... Unite with me so that we become as one... Team Tolly What's the use of my youth if it can't become yours? Shall I write my name with your lips? lf clouds of love want to shower on me... How can I say no? Shall I take this great beauty into my arms? I wish to spend my life with you... Team Tolly O beauty! I read your wishes... Mischievous desires are gushing and rushing towards you... I've given myself to you... Lost myself in you... Take everything from me, I've opened myself to you... May I explore the unexplored in you... Madam's horoscope is like Goddess Seetha. Sir's horoscope is like Lord Rama. Then, let's conduct their marriage immediately. The real problem is the auspicious time is just an hour away only. An hour only? ls marriage like going to shop and buying sweets? You asked suddenly and I checked almanac immediately, auspicious time is fixed suddenly. How can I fix marriage in an hour? Find another time. Then, fix another groom not this one. Have you gone mad? lf you say anything I'll bash you up! Please madam don't get angry, the problem is that, if you don't get engaged now, many a confusion will come, particularly to the groom and when your sister delivers the first child, it'll swallow the maternal uncle. Am I any chocolate to swallow? It's bad omen to the uncle, your life will be danger. This man is aiming barrel at me! Forget it, don't believe it. I don't want to take chances, shouldn't I be here to take care of you? What's the time now? You've already lost 5 minutes in the countdown. Already lost 5 minutes, make arrangements quickly.- Yes boss. You call Sharat here. - Will he accept it? lf you tell him the details, he'll eat away the remaining time. You call him here narrating some tale, I'll take care of the rest. Already 30 minutes over, has that doubting Thomas left his office? Why are you standing here like a wall? Get lost! Brother, Sharat is here. What's all this? He has started it, give me your hand, vow on Goddess, don't open your mouth for next 30 minutes. You've made a vow on Goddess. Shut up! Be silent, I'll tell you. Priest saw your's and my sister's horoscope, he said if you both don't get married in an hour, you both will end in forest like Lord Rama and Goddess Seetha. Who is Satan here? That Bottu Seenu. I'm arranging this to keep that bloody idiot out of our lives. You're worried about your family, right? This is just for a formality, let's invite all when we do it again. You've sworn on Goddess, you can't speak, priest, groom is here. Stop... Come...come... I've made him swear on Goddess to keep silence, let's do it quickly. Shut up! Bride and groom say do after finish the hymns. Say do, not no. ls the groom deaf? What would a deaf man do? Saying yes in heart will do. Then do it like that. - As you say. Say yes in your heart. You can exchange rings now. Give me. Wear it. Give me your hand. Put the ring. - It's over. Put this ring to her. Do it, auspicious time is elapsing. Team Tolly lf he opens the mouth, he'll kill me with his doubts. You both go out and enjoy. lsn't she a Telugu girl? Hindi girl who acts in Telugu films, forget about girls and watch the film. He thinks we are software company owners in suits. No use in giving us just a marriage feast, you must present us with silk saris also. You're ready to take silk saris as gift, but never bothered to find a girl for me in 10 years. What did I do? - That Nizamabad girl was ravishing, you said I'm a goon and marrying me is like death and she refused me. They wanted an intelligent boy, you had brawn but no brains. lf I had no brain, would I've trapped Sharat easily? Why did he come again? Have you forgotten anything to come back? Coming again? I'm coming now only. Coming now? Where's Baby? Baby? - My baby. I'm coming now after getting a call from your Baby. Who came earlier then? - It was Bottu Seenu. His look alike, he was trying to say something, you played a trick and made him shut up. Sir, if you pay my fee, I'll take leave. I beg you, you come here, you wait here.- Okay. I made a grave mistake. You must get her married to the man she's engaged now. I'll strangle your neck. He's just a henchman, should I get my sister married to him? I beg you, find a way out. - There's a way out in the almanac. What is it? When the bride is not available, her brother can do it, that means you can do it. What are you doing here then? We both must get engaged quickly. I'm not like that. - Am I like that then? According my family tradition, I must get engaged to my brother-in-law. lf we don't do it in next 3 minutes, priest says you both will go to forest like Lord Rama and Goddess Seetha. Tell him I say. - Yes...yes. Where is Shravani? - Went to watch a film. At this hour? It's a tradition that bride must watch a film while engagement is going on. You carry on. - You sing a song. Leave me, what's this injustice? It's over...over... - What's this? What's this nasty? A man putting a ring to another man? This is our tradition, you put. Okay, I'll. - Put it. Excellent! Already 20 seconds past, if I tell him I'll die. lf I don't he'll die. That's better! I'm confused what's all this nasty traditions and dancing? It has just started, you'll know it, don't worry. Brother, Bottu Seenu is very cunning. I'm worried about Baby. - Yes. Keep aside your doubts & go home, we've to meet a person. Who? - Satan! Where did you go till now? - I went out on an urgent work. Sister mustn't know this. Who are you man? You? What are you doing here? - Come out! Come out...come out... I'll come back in a minute. - Where are you going again? Come here. Shouldn't you ask what was happening there? Shouldn't you reveal your identity? Wanted to use the situation and trap my sister? You never gave any chance to speak. You didn't brother. I accept it was my mistake, I got her engaged to you instead of Sharat. Engaged to me instead of him? Are you drunk? I don't drink in day time. lsn't it? - Yes. Sharat is your photocopy, you know that? With the exchange of rings, our hearts too got exchanged, I'm in love with your sister now, can't change my heart as easily as changing the ring? I'll tell your sister that I'm Bottu Seenu, problem will be over. Don't do it, my sister is hard on surface but very delicate on sensitive issues. Her heart will break if she comes to know she's engaged to a goon. I'll find a better bride for you if you're interested. You couldn't find one for yourself, how can you find for me? You promised 100/0 in Khairtabad, I don't want that also. Brother, what's this? - You... What do you say? I'll say only one thing, engagement in Bottu family is like half marriage over, so I'll not leave your sister at any cost. lf any Sharat comes to stop me, I'll break his limbs, make a biryani of it and send it to your home. Tell your sister to accept Bottu Senu as her husband. Brother! What brings you here? He's here because... - I'll tell her. One of our aunt said newly engaged couple mustn't go out, so I came for you. What's this you've become so superstitious? We'll go out to shop and come, you carry on. No dear. Calling you. - Me? lf Sharat comes to know this, he may jump. We must make an intelligent move. No need of intelligence, boss. Let's do it ordinarily. You're straining yourself, are you composing any tune, sir? I'm planning. - What? Planning to kill Bottu Seenu and Gyaneshwar. Looks like you're not satisfied with what had happened, no need to extend it. You don't know what is revenge. Why not? We saw it here recently. - Shut up! My brain is filled with revenge, I'm not able to create anything. Why strain newly to create? Let's buy CD's as usual. I can understand your pain sir, I know the pain of revenge as a native of Rayalaseema, I know few factionists who are in the city now, they will do it for you. I don't want to waste your time with my revenge story, what's your price to kill a man? Price depends on the person. He's the person. Tell them it's my order. ls it any exhibition? What do you want? We want him. ls it Bottu Seenu or Sharat? Who is he? King! King? Where did he come from? He came from Coimbatore. Rajachandra Pratap Varma. We came in search of him. Brother. - What? Come aside for minute. - Why are you taking me aside? Brother, in Nawab's family the mother gave birth to triplets not twins. This is the third... - I got it, keep quiet. Sharat, Seenu and King. These fellows don't know there are others here just like King. Before they see Sharat, if we handover Seenu to them, my brother-in-law will be safe and Seenu will die. Come on boys. Okay, if I give him to you, yourjob is done, how would it benefit me? He says Rs.1 lakh, agree for Rs.2 lakhs, boss. I'll pay Rs.100 lakhs. Money isn't important, you've come to me for the first time, Yourjob will be done in 2 days. Call me afterjob is done. Bye. Come on boys. Are they beasts? No civic sense at all. lf you promise to take it easy, I'll tell you a shattering truth. Tell me brother. By mistake I got you engaged to Bottu Seenu who is a look alike of Sharat. Brother?! - Yes dear. What actually had happened was... Should I've to marry Bottu Seenu now? Would I allow your life to ruin, dear? It's not a serious thing also, it happened by mistake, priest says it's not counted by almanac rules. What should we do with Seenu? - I've a plan for him. You be alert, don't get drunk. Sister. - Brother. You act like moving close with him. We'll take care of the rest. Brother-in-law is coming. Come Seenu. Why did you call me? I and my sister have come to a decision. What are you looking at? Tell him. For good or bad, I got engaged to you, it's right to marry you. - What about Sharat? I don't care about anyone once my sister decides. It's our tradition to throw a feast for brother-in-law after engagement. What are you waiting for? Get it. - Get it fast. Get it. How neatly you've packed it! - What is this? Drink it, you'll know it. - You want me to? It's nectar. Drink it I say. That's it! It's a feast thrown by my brother-in-law... I came running... He gave me something to drink... I had few gulps... Just for few pegs I'm going crazy... Just for few drops, stars from the sky came down to earth... Team Tolly Charminar and Shah Alibanda are rocking... Golconda has turned topsy turvy... I wanted to enjoy but my brain has gone bonkers... What have you done to me? You've made me crazy, Yadagiri Narasimha... I'm rocking to the local beat... Team Tolly I saw you in Koti and broughtjasmine flowers... I saw you in Bhongir, I was attracted by your manliness... Your ear studs shone in Ram nagar centre... I'll shower you with kisses in Nimboliadda... Your sexy sultry body is driving me crazy... Team Tolly I'll become all yours happily... I'll unite with you and have you... It's festival time in Medaram, will you take me in a bullock cart... Let's go to Mumbai in a flight, will you come? My brother fixed this marriage floored by your valour... He did a good job! Look, they have brought him. Das, your Rs.500 millions are rolling in. What's it you shorty? Put him down. - Open it.- Stop it. I gave you information, I've an obligation. You want to open it. No, I must take revenge before he comes out. How dare you beat me! Who do you think I'm! I'll stamp you out! Enough! Why are you beating a man in sack? What are you watching? Open it. I would've died! How come you're here? I told you to get him drunk and finish, but you got drunk and tried to finish me? Who kicked me? - That music director! This short man? - Yes brother. You bloody rascal! Please leave me brother! - Nobody ever dared to touch me. How dare you beat me! - What's this drama? Where is King? Shut up! He's smart, he escaped from us. I'll personally get him, come on boys. You'll go out from here only after he comes. How dare you threaten me! Have you drawn all your guns? Are you crazy? Would he come if you kill me? Think over it using brain. What are you saying? I can't repeat it dear. I don't know how you do it, bring him here. Brother is in danger for your lousy job. When Bottu Seenu comes here, I'll engage him with my talk, one shot with this at an opportune moment. That's it! No blood or no death! - Okay madam. But the bloody idiot mustn't get up for two hours. We don't know that technic, we'll beat him, we don't mind if he lives or dies. What else do you know then? Bloody! He's coming, you all hide. Run, huge like buffaloes. Come fast...come fast. Get him out, come. - He's here! You've come at the right time. Brother, how dare they keep you as hostage. Let's settle it. Settle? Are they humans to settle? Beasts, I'll settle things with them. You clam down. Hey beard! Here's your King, do whatsoever you want to, but I'm warning you, be careful, he's very cunning and smart. Give him to them. With this ends trouble from Seenu. - Yes brother. Go, get the payment, I want highest denomination only. Miss Shravani! Who are you guys? Please leave me. What's this? Miss Shravani? Sir...where is the temple? Where is the God? Come! Brother, I think he's Sharat. Tell them to leave me, I've to go to my office. He says office, it means he's Sharat. What to do now? Hey you stop! - Miss Shravani! Come without shouting. - Stay here! Aren't you satisfied with what you gotjust now? Who are you guys? Team Tolly Come King! I beat your men for calling me like that. lf you call me King again, I'll thrash you also. I know you're not King. lf I place you in King's place since you're his look alike. All my problems will be solved. So, you must impersonate as King for few days. Why should l? I'll pay you Rs.100 millions. I must like the job also along with remuneration. I'll support only if you're on the justice side. I'm on the justice side, I'm living a dog's life amongst these wolves. My nephew's money for good cause has become noose to me now. I can understand your dilemma, what will happen to me if King returns? King's no more, he won't come. Why will he not come? - He's dead! You promised to settle the loan after finding King but now say he's dead. Leave me. Will you spare me alive if I say King is dead? That's why I didn't tell you. I got an opportunity with Seenu to settle your loans. That's why I'm telling you the truth. What's the guarantee that you're telling the truth? He saw King die. Tell him. I kept his death a secret to keep his family safe. lf you help us, I'll catch King's killers also. I liked your point as well as your payment. Why did you come to the temple? I told you I visit the temple every Saturday. As usual I came and some bloody fool hit me from behind. When I opened my eyes, I'm here. You're saying all that we know, tell us what happened inside? It seems some King who is my look alike, they promise to pay Rs.100 millions to impersonate him. I got scared. You don't get scared, Sharat. Let's tell them he's Sharat not Seenu and take him with us. Why are you also talking mad like him? Use your brain. They don't want Seenu or Sharat, they want someone who looks like King. What to do now? You act like King, I'll get Seenu at right time to save you. Then I'll go to office and apply for leave. Stop! Have we come to watch a film? They will not allows us to go. Why not? What have we done? Explain to him. - Actually, the problem is... Elderly man! Seenu is cunning man, he'll cheat you & escape. Why would he escape? He loves my sister. She's her weakness. We'll take her also. She too has a weakness. - For her too? What is it? My sister loves me very much. She'll not go anywhere without me. I'm worried about how to fit him in Kings' place, I'll give invitations and you can come with an entourage. You don't worry, I've a great idea. Team Tolly Just by offering obsequies to your dead father, your father's soul will not rest in peace who died in humiliation, Pooja. There's another thing that you've to do to make him rest in peace. Only you can do it. Deposit this Rs.20 lakhs cheque today. - Yes madam. Sister, we've searched all the states for King, only three states remain to be searched, Haryana, Gujarat and one more state with Ch... Chattisgarh. - Correct Chari. I think giving newspaper ads there will help us. But it'll cost you Rs.2 lakhs. Okay, do it. - Thank God! Chari, pay in cash to Kona. - Okay madam. I think God will be more helpful than spending on media, sister, so I've decided to offer free food in all the temples of the state. Sorry sister. - Okay, do it. It'll cost Rs.10 lakhs for doing it. Anybody would've second thoughts for such big amount. I'll not have it. Because my King is priceless diamond. Well said sister, our King will come back definitely. Appaji has come back! - Father! How dare of you to come back here! Why are you silent? How could you come after betraying sister? Are you worried about missing King or me coming back? Don't trap us with your words, we don't care if you live or die. We are worried about missing King. Don't cry, I can feel your pain. Nephew! - What happened to you son? What is this? Talk to me. Sorry madam, he can't recognise anyone, can't speak also. What happened to my son? Appaji would've done something. Don't accuse him, King met with an accident in Uttaranchal. I'm Dr. Gyaneshwar Kale, she's my sister Dr. Shravani Kale. Greetings. We were searching for herbs in the forest when we heard human cries, when we went to see, we found your son on the verge of death, we saved him with herbs and were looking after him like an infant, suddenly this man recognised him as nephew and brought us here. I was worried about missing nephew, another worry was living away from you all, I was searching in forest without food or water, there I found him. You don't look like a man fasting but a gargantuan. My body is like that. Will my son become normal, doctor? He'll definitely, but he needs Art treatment. Art treatment? What's that? Yes, using tablets is English medicine, Ayurveda is treating with natural herbs, Art treatment is treating with arts. You saved my son, stay here till he's normal. As you say madam. We'll not go from here, till your son moves. Brother. Arrange for their stay. - Okay, sister. Come sir...come. - Give way. Trying to over ride me with your Gudivada and Kakinada brains? I'll rip out your skin. Thanks Appaji, you saved Rs.12 lakhs by bringing back King. What you've seen now is nothing, the real story begins from tomorrow. Team Tolly Music has become my pulse and beating as you in me... Love is flowing out of me as music... Kiss of love is seeding life into you... Good times are upbeat with great expectations... Heart is blooming with divine music... Music is blessing of God creating sensation in heart... Team Tolly Tell me who is that? Mother! Eldest uncle! My sweet darling! Who is this? Gudivada uncle! Kakinada uncle! Team Tolly I'll make them believe Seenu is the King and settle your loans. Okay? This is your last chance. You'll say like that only. Bye. Appaji, I can't play this drama anymore. I feel I may become invalid sitting in that wheel chair I can't bear Gyaneshwar's horrible paintings, and his sister's terrible songs. No way, I'm leaving. Don't do it, I'll see that you're normal by tomorrow. The last dose of Art treatment begins today. Do as I say closing your eyes to ward off evil and any hitch in the treatment. Hail Lord Ganesha! Open your eyes now. Who are you? I'm Jayasurya, creative music director, I'm the chief of this art treatment. Am I not? Yes madam, he's my Guru. - Greetings. What have I taught you and what you're doing here? Will you come to the climax without following any order? We did follow order. Which order did you follow? Tell me. Kalyani raga must bring back legs, Keeravani raga must bring back joints. Which raga will cure diabetes? ls it so powerful? You're forgetting an important thing with your half knowledge. What is it, Guru? - Sense of touch. The last raga must be tried only when patient has lost sense of touch. lf there's any trace of it, the treatment may leave him invalid for life. I don't have any sense of touch. - I must test and decide it. Where is going? You go back little. Feel it? You go back. - Okay. Feel it? - No. No? Feel it? - No feeling at all! I feel he's taking revenge instead of treating him. You're crying! That means you can feel the touch. Not crying Guru but tears ofjoy for your attention and love for me. He says no feeling at all, let's start the last treatment. What's the time now? lnauspicious time! lf you do good things at bad time, patient will get well but doctor will become a patient. Have you forgotten it? We forgot it in tension. Art treatment will not work in tension. Let's start tomorrow at auspicious time. You must understand an artiste's anger. I'll make you understand it. I'm dead! Bloody bas... He beat me black and blue, mother f.... I must kick that son of a b... He bashed me up. Only I know it's pain. Bloody f... Stupid idiot! Why are you talking like Bottu Seenu? What can I do? I don't know any bad words, I heard it someone using these bad words. I copied it. You brother and sister watched the fun, never tried to stop him also. Look, how black it has turned. I can understand your pain, I'll tell my brother to cut that short man to his size. Just few slaps up and down and he'll go to the dogs, bloody idiot! Bloody street mongrel! Why are you speaking in local lingo? Cursing makes me lose control over language. That's better. carry on. I did re-recording for many revenge films in my career, the kick or punch we get after taking revenge is something out of the world. You got the revenge, let's go. How can l? Still Gyaneshwar is there who made me stand in hot sun to paint. Then... - Then? That singer. - Guru! Despite my busy schedule, I'm here for Shravani. What? - There! Oh Gyani! As fellow artiste I'm giving you a chance. lf you give your sister to me and fall on my feet, I'll leave this place, think it over, the choice is yours. Team Tolly How dare you think of my sister! I beg you sir, please leave me. Fold your hands, I'll spare your life. - Okay sir. Do it Guru. Fold your hands, I'll spare your life. - My hands are not moving. He beat his legs, why are you breaking his hands? You keep quiet, don't fuel to fire. He took revenge, right? Why are you shouting? Brother, break his legs. Look how he has come. You broke it simple like sugar cane, what's the technic? This is known as leg lock, must use it very carefully, or else he may become impotent for life. Brother-in-law, I'll try on this leg. - Try it, it's all yours. Thanks brother-in-law. He says he's new, please you do it. Can anyone become a doctor without killing few patients? He's very enthusiastic, let him do it. You do it... - Take rest now. Good landing. - Guru, are you still there? I'm still there. Great! You used the technic perfectly the first time. Why are you leaving me in this condition? Would I be in this condition all my life? You'll be fine when you get the shock of the life, till then enjoy it. What's my position now? You went for her and become an invalid. - You stop it. Like a snake charmer dies from snake bite, Art doctor has become a patient of art treatment, After two pegs doctor tried the last treatment on King and it backfired. It left him in this state. Who is worried about him? First see that King walks. Auspicious time is also elapsing, start the final treatment song. Don't help him, let him do it himself. Son! - Be careful! Mother, I can walk. Brother! What's this magic of losing legs and getting it back like in mythological films? I can't understand his looks. Mother... Brother... Why has he come all of a sudden? What should I do now? - Who is he? Your brother. - My brother? King's brother. You have to handle the situation carefully. - Keep watching. Mother. Why have you come here all of a sudden? I wanted to see you all. So, I've come. Where is my brother? Chinna... - Brother... How are you? - You must be very fine. Yes master. Go up. - What? Who are they? After you went to London, your brother met with an accident. They brought him home safe. - Accident? Why didn't you inform me? - I'm very fine now. Why have you landed here all of a sudden? I wanted to give you all a surprise. Pooja, she is my mother. - Greetings. My brother. - Greetings. Greetings. Who is she? I know her even before going to London. Mother, if you agree, she will be your daughter-in-law. You knew that we won't go against your wish. That's why you brought her home. Lakshmi... - Yes Give her the traditional welcome. Team Tolly Come in. We have no use of this dummy who's acting like King. We've to kill King's brother soon and move out. What can I do? He's not able to move from here. Find someone else. Hang the phone. Sai Kishore... - Yes. Call Gopi Mohan. Stop ordering me like this. Do I look like an auto driver to you? What do you have to do with him? I've got an idea to finish Gyaneshwar & his gang. Even though he broke your limbs, you haven't reformed. So what? I have my mouth to take revenge. Do you want to lose that too? You'll see whether I will lose my mouth or will make you run away from here? You said you made King vanish. How did he come back? I don't understand. I'll explain that to you. Hey Appaji! Have you replaced the King with a fake man? He has planned to usurp all his wealth I didn't tell you to memorise it. Let's go & teach him a lesson. Hey Bottu Seenu, with the help of Appaji, you became the King and fooled us. Are you drunk? I'm the King. lf you were the King, an unforgettable incident occurred between you & me when you were 10. Tell me what it is. On your thread ceremony, your father gave you a gift. Tell me what was that. Hey you guys, he is not King. Call the police and they will put them all in jail. Why are you staring at us? When I was 10 years old, you fell on my feet pleading me not to expose your theft. I still remember. You asked me what was the gift my father gave me on thread ceremony. This knife. - Slowly master. Do you know why he gave me this? To hunt down beasts like you. Why did you kill me? Tell me. Why did you kill me? Gopi Mohan, you said you did something. Tell him. I'm not a murderer. I said so to have control over him. You're looking very dull. Didn't you sleep last night? I felt like someone sitting on my chest. And since morning, I have an headache. It happens in old buildings like this. You will get used to it. Don't worry. Please come & have breakfast. No. We will eat later. - I said come. Today is the end of King's brother. Have your breakfast, uncle. It's alright if I don't eat. Das is sitting outside the gate. lf I don't give him money, he'll kill me. lf you could get me Rs.1 crore from your mother, I'll throw that on his face and keep his mouth shut. Good morning brother. - Good morning. Sit. Go inside & get me money. Slowly... Drink the juice. - Why are you refusing? Son... Leave her. - Brother, what are you doing? Why did you come here? - Tell me. Tell me. Leave her. - Hey, what are you doing? Tell me. - Son... What happened? Brother... - What happened? What happened, mother? Sometimes, the medicines take control of his body. This is just a result of that. - Doctor, what's wrong with my son? You don't have to worry. Let him take rest and everything will be fine. Take him with you. Come my son. Gyaneshwar, he pushed me down, lifted such a big table, tried to crush her neck. Has he gone mad? It wasn't him who did this. - Did you do this? I'll show you who does this tonight. I know about you, Gyani. You can't sleep without drinks. So, you're spinning some ghost story and keeping us for your company. I too feel the same. You will understand. Show me. You said something. What's in there? Don't make any noise. Just see there. Listen to what I say. The one you are seeing now is not Bottu Seenu. It's the King who has possessed him. There is no more King. He is dead. To take revenge on those who killed him, the King's spirit which roams round this palace has possessed Bottu Seenu who's his look alike. ln the afternoon, when you were busy eating on the dining table, I was concentrating on Seenu. When Swapna came, I noticed a change in Seenu's behaviour. What did you see? - I saw his eyes turning red. Why is King angry with the girl who is going to marry his brother? May be he is against inter caste marriage. There could be other reasons also. I made them believe that those were the side effects of the treatment. After referring to the books written by Sigmund Freud on ghosts, I got a clarity. What you say is like the story of the film Chandramukhi. Even movies are made based on real life stories. Look, Bottu Seenu has fully turned into King. But Seenu is not aware that he is being possessed by the spirit of King. Should he have to come on him only, that too now? I've a treatment for this problem. An amulet with blessings of Lord Hanuman after years of penance. As long as this is with him, no evil spirits can touch him. He must have this on him all the time. According to his horoscope, once he gets over his bad time, his marriage is on the cards. So, performing his marriage soon is good for him. Just tie the amulet & leave. Why talk unnecessary things? Where will he find a suitable girl all of a sudden? A suitable girl for him is in this house. Who is she? - Shravani. What do you say, doctor? I've nothing to say. It's up to her. What do you say? I'm very happy. Brother... - Yes. Find the auspicious day for the engagement.- Okay. It is an auspicious function taking place in this palace after a long time. So, invite everyone to the function. Team Tolly You're ready...l'm ready... and the music band is also ready... Date is fixed... place is ready... let's marry happily... Crazy dreams in eyes are ready... Desires in heart are ready... My love, flowers are also ready... Henna designs on hand are ready... Sparkling cheeks are ready... O moon! Place is ready for you in my heart... Team Tolly You seem to be so near... but you are far... Don't run away from me and tease me... You come after me... Asking me how long will you be away? Look around, the distance between us for few more days only... You weren't like this till yesterday... Don't become indifferent suddenly... Tie the knot and I'm all yours... Son-in-law, why are you rushing? Don't fall prey to pangs of separation... When so many are around, you can't romance in public... Team Tolly When I see you draped in sari... I'll ward off evil eye cast on you... I'll desire and wish for you and take you into my arms... Tie the knot with me and I'll shed my pride... I'll give up myself to you and enjoy life... lf you say like that I'll make every day a bliss... I'm waiting... I'll become a part of you... We'll celebrate the event and get you married in near future... Play the marriage band, ravel in festivities... The impersonator is becoming a hurdle for everything. I'll take care of the impersonator. King's brother must die tonight. Baba, we can't trust girls fully. Hey...who are you guys? He fight too well. Wow Sharat! You're beating them to pulp. Sharat is not so brave. Then, you are...- Bottu Seenu. Bottu Seenu...? What happened to my Sharat? He left once I came here. Planning to fool me & get your sister married to him. lf you don't get your sister married to me on the same day, Sharat who escaped will die. Shravani...get up. - What's it brother? Why did you disturb my good sleep? You can sleep later. But your life is about to get disturbed. What happened? Since Bottu Seenu has entered this house, Sharat has left this place. What now? We have nothing to do with this guy. All we need is Sharat. Wait for the right time & let us also escape. Pack our bags. Okay brother. My life is in danger but you're busy in your marriage arrangements. lf you don't get me money somehow, Das will kill me. What are you staring at? There is an amulet tied to your hand. Oh God! Team Tolly Why did you come here? Why did you come again? Why do you want to kill my brother? Who are you? Tell me. Who are you? Leave me. - Tell me. Leave her. Have you gone mad? Brother, she is here to ruin our family. I know that you're Bottu Seenu. - No. I am king. King died long back. I got him killed.- Why? To get rid of him. People call me as King's brother. The world doesn't know my name also. Even if I win, the credit goes to the King. King is everything. So, I wanted to be the king. So, I got him killed. Now you've come here as King and acting as king to mint money. Tell me how much you want. I will give you. Just leave this place right now. Who are you guys? Before knowing who we are, you need to know a lot of things. Many tried to kill King. None could succeed. But you killed him. You killed the faith king had in you. You killed his affection for you. But you couldn't kill the King. Killing King is notjust tough but impossible. Don't you understand. Knowing that his only brother whom he loved so much had tried to kill him, and one who is in unbearable pain is King. Rajachandra Pratap Verma. I know him very well. He is Bottu Seenu & not King. There can be men of same characteristics. But a man like him is just one. King's body guard Munna's real name is Bottu Seenu. He is my son. After knowing that a plot has been planned in his house to kill him, he made you all believe that he is dead, and came back here as Bottu Seenu to find out the killer. When he knew that it was you, he is really dead. Boss, Pooja is none other than the daughter of our ex-employee Ranga Rao. Bhagat Sait who couldn't destroy your family directly, used Pooja's revenge to demolish this family. So, Pooja trapped your younger brother. Why should I marry you? You depend on your brother for everything. What if there is no King at all? Pooja, if King hadn't come here on time, you would've killed his younger brother. He would've killed you too. Tell her. Yes, Bhagat Sait told me to kill you too. Pooja, to protect my family's honour, I couldn't say anything on that day regarding your father. By the time I came to your house to seek his forgiveness, he had committed suicide. I handed over the responsibility to your aunt to bring you up and made all the necessary arrangements. But I never let you know that. Because I knew that what I did wasn't a favour. For the injustice done to you, you've the right to kill me even now. But Ajay is no way related in this matter. Father made me King and what he gave me wasn't power. It was responsibility. I wanted to give you all that I missed in my life because of responsibility. I treated your education as mine. I treated your victory as mine. I was never your brother. I was like your father. I thought that I was giving all that you needed. But I failed to know your wishes. Ever since astrologer predicted danger for me, mother never had a peaceful sleep. lf she comes to know that you are my danger, she wouldn't bear that truth. Brother... Sorry brother. What you did wasn't a small mistake to be pardoned. Father, I've completed all my commitments. But I couldn't keep all of them happy. I've only one choice to make them all happy. I must go far away from here. Your mother has left this house. Uncle...? She told you not to look out for her. Here is the wealth, fame & everything. From now on, you're the King of this palace. She also wanted to convey something to you all. She was strict towards you all not because of any revenge. But to protect you from falling into difficulties. To look after her sisters-in-law properly, she has equally shared the wealth to you all. Surprised? I forget everything even if a small glass breaks. Are you surprised how I could remember all these things? We can forget if glass breaks. lf heart breaks, we cannot forget. Date: September 18, 2008 Location: Temple I wonder where & how my Sharat is. Make sure he comes back to us soon. Prayers are answered immediately here. Sharat... - Brother-in-law...you? Where did you go without even informing us? Bottu Seenu threatened me. I got scared & went to my grandma's place. Your cowardice saved your life. What coward? I won't spare him. I'll file a complaint with police. What complaint can you lodge on someone who is gone? Gone where? - To hell. Look, that's Bottu Seenu's father. He'll not be able to bear the news of his son's death. Be kind hearted & whenever you've time, meet him & act like Seenu. I cannot. - Why? What can I say? I saw King's mother in the train. I thought like you and acted like her son. Now you want me to act like Seenu. How many characters can a man do? I'm not a movie star. Nothing wrong in doing any number of characters for a good thing to happen. Then, I will ask Shravani. Where is she? Sharat, you went missing suddenly. I really got tensed. Shravani, I want to tell you a truth. I'm not Sharat. Then? - King. Kittu, do you know why I'm leaving you? I must know every plan of Bhagat Sait. Swapna's name, all other details are fake. How did you appoint her in our company so foolishly? On seeing your recommendation letter. I had signed these blank letter heads & kept it in a safe. Which means that there is someone in my house... The one who attacked you is Bhagat Sait's man. But I couldn't find out the details of the girl who shot you. Your day to day program details are on Bhagat Sait's table. Even your Uttaranchal Trip. I doubt that someone in your house is trying to help Bhagat Sait. Munna, listen carefully. I started this drama with the help of Munna. Get inside fast. Police are after you. I found out that my eldest uncle is not connected with this plot. I entered into this palace with his help. I also found out that other 2 uncles too are also not connected to this plot. Team Tolly To give my brother his most desired post, I made everyone believe that I am dead, and later came here. What's it Kittu? What is the matter? Bhagat Sait gave me money to plant a bomb in your brother's car. What did you do? - I planted it in his car. Kittu, is the job done? Bhagat Sait, I warned you before that if you think about my family members, I will be forced to think about you. Who are you? - King I'm coming. Since you were worried about Sharat for the past 2 days, I didn't tell you the good news. - What is it? You know that I love his sister Parijatham, don't you? Yes, I know. You also know that she put me to test, right? Yes, I know. He has passed me with full marks. Brother... - Don't be surprised. I didn't pass him because his painting was good. I couldn't see his paintings everyday. Let me talk. Let our marriages be on the same day. What do you say, Sharat? - As you say. When Gyaneshwar's sister is getting married to Bottu Seenu, how should the marriage be? - Twin cities should celebrate. He thinks you're Bottu Seenu. lnnocent guy.- Yes. Let's perform their marriage as fixed earlier. We have to buy saris & jewels for my daughter-in-law.- Okay mother. She thinks you're the King. - She is innocent. Hey Sharat... - Why did you call me like that? Not you. Him. Greetings sir. - Greetings. Why did you come here? I didn't know that you'll be here. Sharat... - Yes. He is calling me not you. Tell me. - lnvite your friend to the marriage. Heard what he said. I'll kill you if you come to the marriage. My grandfather says I'm useless. But I am of great use to you. Sharat, hereafter you have to act like 3 people & satisfy them. I wonder how you're going to do that. You're telling him as if he is very new to this. He is used to all that. Why does he say " used " ? Hi, my name is Anayat Ullah. I am one of the Rohingyan children--ethnic group of Rohingya. I have been living in New Zealand for nearly three years. My main country is Burma but I was born in Bangladesh. My mom and dad, they became refugees in 1992. The Einstein name--this name is the name of a scientist, a great scientist who was a refugee as well. And this is where our hope was, to just give a name, so that we can follow the way that he lived to his nation and our dream was to become something like him. So this is where we just get "Project Einstein" Basically Emily and Mark, they gave us cameras to share with 3 or 2 people. We just took different sorts of photos and showed it to Mark and Emily and explained to them what are their states, what are they looking for, and what are their likes and needs. I learned how to demonstrate a bit of leadership "cause it was based on a group work and we took some sort of photos and I learned also how to communicate with different sorts of people. how to deal with different sorts of people from different sorts of nations. Digital Democracy was the only group or project that we have had a chance to take photos of different sorts of people who are surviving, who are struggling from various sorts of things. In Kutupalong refugee camp, it was really really hard for us to provide a camera and to take a photo of our family and to take a photo of the people who are struggling from different sorts of things. Digital Democracy infected me and influenced me to learn something which is totally new. Although it wasn't available for us back there, but when I came here in New Zealand, I don't have any problem to use any cameras, or cell phone, or any sort of technology. Currently I am going to one of the colleges which is Sir Edmund Hillary College. I finished my last year at college so I just got one of their scholarships for Auckland University of Technology to study my Bachelor of Computer and Information Science. Technology is really growing fast. This is what I am thinking: if it is doing really well, why can't I go with it? "cause technology is one of the great things-- you can learn different sorts of things although you have never experienced it. I'm going to try to shine a historical light on our language, and tell you a story about the electric vocabulary. It all begins over 2,600 years ago. An ancient Greek, called Thales of Miletus, is thought to be the first person to observe what we would today call electrical phenomena. He discovered that a piece of amber, when rubbed with fur, could pick up small pieces of straw. In Thales's language, amber was called "electron." For a long time, that was pretty much all anybody knew about the subject. And nature had to wait around 2,200 years before any new investigations were made into amber's properties. William Gilbert, a 17th-century English scientist, discovered that with a careful experimentation, a number of other materials could display the attractive properties of amber. He also found that they could attract objects besides straw. Gilbert named these amberlike objects after the Greek for amber. He called them "electrics." About 40 years later, in nearby Norwich, Sir Thomas Browne carried out similar experiments. He didn't figure out anything different from William Gilbert, yet the way he described the experiments coined the word we use all the time. The way he saw it, when you rub, say, a crystal with a cloth, it becomes an electric object. And just as we speak of elastic objects, and say they possess the property of elasticity, electric objects possess the property of electricity. The 18th-century French physicist Charles Du Fay was the next person to make an important new discovery. He found that almost any object, except for metals and fluids, could be turned electric after subjecting them to a combination of heating and rubbing. In addition, he found that when two electrics are place near each other, they sometimes attract, and sometimes repel. With this extra knowledge, Du Fay found that there were two distinct groups of electrics. Any two objects from the same group will always repel, while a pair of one from each group will always attract. Despite these new discoveries, Du Fay's descriptions of the physics are all lost to history. Instead, it is the vocabulary of a charismatic young American that we still remember and use to this day. Benjamin Franklin heard of the work going on in Europe, and started his own playful experiments. He quickly learned how to make electric devices that would De-electrify by producing very large sparks. Keen on mischievous pranks, Franklin would often shock his friends with these machines. As he built more effective devices, he likened the act of electrifying and De-electrifying to charging and discharging weaponry. It didn't take long for Franklin and others to realize that it was possible to link these weapons of mischief together. Franklin, continuing with the metaphor, likened this grouping to cannons on a ship. The gun deck on a military vessel fired their cannons simultaneously, in a battery. Similarly, this electric battery, would discharge all at the same time, causing large sparks. This new technology raised an interesting question: Was a lightning cloud just a large electrical battery? Franklin's description of all this was as follows: he supposed that there is a substance he called the electrical fluid, that is common to all things. If, say, a person rubs a glass tube, this rubbing, or charging, causes a flow of this fluid, or an electrical current, to move from the person to the glass. Both the person and the tube become electrics as a result. Normally, if the person was standing on the ground, their electrical fluid would return to normal, with an exchange from the common stock of the Earth, as Franklin called it. Standing on something like a wax block can cut off this supply. Franklin said that an object with an excess of this fluid was positively charged, and something lacking this fluid was negatively charged. When objects touch, or are near each other, the electrical fluid can flow between them until they reach a balance. The bigger the difference in the fluid between the two objects, the larger the distance the fluid can jump, causing sparks in the air. And, it is the material of the object that determines if it gains or loses electrical fluid during charging. These are Du Fay's two groups of electrics. You might have heard the phrase: "Opposite charges attract, like charges repel." That's why. For the next 150 years, Franklin's theory was used to develop many more ideas and discoveries, all using the vocabulary he invented. This scientific inquiry brought forth technological advances and eventually, scientists were able to take a closer look at the electric fluid itself. In 1897, J.J. Thomson, working in Cambridge, England, discovered that the electrical fluid is actually made up of small particles named by the physicist George Stoney as "electrons." And so we return to the ancient Greek word for amber, where our story began. However, there's an epilogue to this tale. It was discovered that these electrons flow in the opposite direction to what Franklin supposed. Therefore, objects that are positively charged don't have an excess of electrical fluid, they actually lack electrons. Yet, instead of relabeling everything the other way around, people have decided to hold on to Franklin's vocabulary as a matter of habit and convention. While acknowledging the discovery of electrons, they kept Franklin's flow of electrical fluid, renaming it: conventional current. The electron has become the salmon of electricity, swimming upstream in a ghostly river of conventional current. This can be, understandably, confusing for many people who aren't familiar with the history of these ideas. And so I hope, with this short story about the electric vocabulary, you will be able to see through the accident and whimsy of this subject and can gain a clearer understanding of the physics of electrical phenomena. Hi Kathrine, it seems that your package was returned again. Thank the French postal service for helping us out by sending this back. Ah, so we'll figure out so way of repackaging it. I think the box is pretty much shot, having been through about four countries at this point. But everything seems to be inside. Let me see, anything else here? I think I now know which post office you could have gone to if you had been able to pick it up in Paris at the time. But, barring that, we'll have to just send it back. So, ah, yeah, this is fun. How are you doing? Justin here. In this lesson today, this is lesson 6 of the Blues Lead Guitar series, and in this lesson we're gonna be looking at position two of the minor pentatonic scale. Now, please be sure that you've got your position one down and you can use it, you can play licks and you're ready for position two before you get going on this. Much better to be able to play a solo using one position than be able to go up and down lots of positions, to not be able to actually use them. So, this lesson we're gonna talk about position two, the different fingering options you've got, where the extra little cool notes are, and just a few little tricks around this scale. So, lets start by getting into a close-up and make sure that you've got the actual scale, up and down, correctly. So here we are for position two of our A minor pentatonic scale. Now, we're gonna be starting this one here, with our first finger on the7th fret of the fourth string. And this is the lowest root note. It's really important that you practice this scale starting and finishing on the lowest root note and not the lowest note of the scale. This is because you will start to hear where the scale comes from. And you'll hear the kind of the tonal center, if you like. So, we're gonna start here, with the first finger; then we've got the fourth finger on the tenth fret; first finger, seventh fret of the third string; third finger, ninth fret, third string. Now, I'm gonna show you some other options for this later, but for now we're gonna do the first finger, eighth fret, second string; third finger, tenth fret, second string; first finger, eighth fret, first string; third finger on the tenth fret of the first string. Straight back down that again: . . . Now we continue down the scale: little finger, tenth fret; first finger, seventh fret; little finger, tenth fret; second finger, eighth fret and then back up. . . . Making sure that we're starting and finishing on the lowest root note. So now I'm just gonna play that just up and down nice and slow. . . . Now, one of the most common fingering issues for this is when we get on to the second string and the first string. Now, some people think that it's better to use the second and fourth fingers on the notes on the 1st and 2nd strings up here. Now, if you're playing in certain circumstances it is better and if you're doing technical stuff it can be useful as well. So it would be worth practicing sometimes using this fingering as I'll show you now, I'm just gonna show you the top part of it, if you like, of this scale now. It's going here: . . . Here using second finger to fourth finger. . . . Now the advantage, of course, is that your hand doesn't have to shift any, from here you don't have to go through this slide kinda getting jammed up a little bit in that section. . . . Use second and fourth . . . So why would you not wanna use 2nd and 4th when it appears easier? Well, the reason is because very often you're gonna be bending on this note here which is the tenth fret of the thinnest string. . . . This is a really, really common note to bend. We know that bending with your little finger is really hard and not very productive, so you generally wanna have your third finger on that spot. . . . It's a really, really common thing to be using those fingers. . . . So you can see that straight away you got nice vibrato here, using your third finger as well. So, occasionally (plays) you're doing little patterns you might wanna use your second and fourth fingers there, but generally you wanna be using your 1st and 3rd fingers there for this bit. . . . Now, one of the things it's really important when you're practicing your scales or learning your scales is knowing what notes you can bend and how far you shoud bend them, if you're going to. Now, position two is a little bit funny, because some of the notes in there are really ones that you kinda have to be a bit careful with your bending on. So if we look at the first two notes, we're starting of course on the 4th string here, . . . That note that we come to with the little finger is the note C and this is the minor third in the key of A And this is the note that you might remember from our earlier lessons that there you might put a curl on the note C. Now, you can bend that note but you only have to bend that a tone because it's A on the fourth string which is a bit weird at B, the fact that it's with your little finger you might find that a little bit awkward to get a bend on. So it's a quite uncommon note to bend, but a very common note to curl, to get : . . . So you might end up doing curls with little finger but a very unusual one to bend. If we look at notes on next two strings, we've got here the D and E with the first and third fingers (plays). Now, the note here, the E, if you kind of do a bend on that, you have to bend that a minor third which means three frets higher. So (plays) it's quite a big bend, quite an unusual bend as well, so even though that note could have the bend and it'd be a minor third, which is quite far, you can bend at a tone later on, if you get into Dorian mode, but it tends to be an unusual one to bend. But if you're "Greek-confused" there, "Oh no, Dorian mode, he's using his funny Greek stuff again!" so the Dorian mode in the key of A would simply mean that we're using the note F# which is a very cool and funky to use in an A blues, but not one that I wanna get into use just yet. So, possible to bend but unlikely. We get up to the second string (plays), we've got the notes G and A, A of course being the root note. Now, that note is a very, very dangerous one to bend, cos if you don't bend that enough, you're gonna get into real horrible note like the A# or B♭ which is possibly the worst note that you could play in a blues. So, if you gonna do a bend on this note, on the note A with a third finger on the second string, you have to make sure that you either bend it a tone up to the note B, which gives you a ninth (plays), but it's a little bit weird note to bend, to be honest, bending to the ninth you have to be a bit careful with, or you have to bend it the minor third up to the note C . . . which sounds cool, but it's quite a big bend. So those of you that are just starting out on your blues guitar I'd recommend again may be just not doing a bend with that note, rather than risking bending a funny one. So, possible but unlikely. Next on the thinnest string,, the last string that we gonna look a bending because we're not really gonna talk about bending on the thickest two strings, cos it's very, very rare. We've got here the notes C and D (plays). Now, if you remember, C is the note that it's very likely with put a curl on. So, you gonna be to practice here doing a first finger curl which should be the first finger on the eighth fret. . . . So just doing a little curl up there, it's like a little quarter tone bend, if you like (plays). Now, the other note on the thinnest string is the note D, with a third finger on the tenth fret, and that's a very good note to bend up a tone. . . . Now, I'm gonna go through and show you some licks in the next lesson, but to start of with, we wanna be playing that scale up and down, just straight up and down, making sure you're using your alternate picking, starting with the down pick of course and being aware that there's these other fingering options, that's really important, because lot of the licks you gonna use fingers that are kinda the "wrong" fingers, but remember when it comes to playing your actual solo the fingering doesn't really matter so much, it's just the notes that matter. And also being aware that (excuse me) that we've only got the really that big bend there on the thinnest string with a third finger, that's a good one to bend and the other ones you have to treat with a little bit of caution, you know, it's possible to bend them, but I don't recommend you start learning to bend them, because they might lead you to a bad place, bad notes. So, next stage for you, make sure you got that scale down, you know where it is, you know the different fingerings and then I'll see you for the next lesson where we'll learn some licks and actually learn how to use this scale to make up some solos. So, here we go. Alright. So like I said. I'm not going to say much about it. You're going to triangularize this domain. We'll show you how it does it in a package as we go. But assume we have, we have, we have, Assume we have a black box that does this for us, Okay? That was a good assumption to make. Alright, so now, we say, well, what I'm going to build on here, right? I've got this domain. I've got it all triangularized up. How do I approximate solutions at any point in my computational domain? So, you got to pick interpolating functions. And this starts getting to the meat of the mathematics of what we want to be working with. And so, I want to start off with a simple picture. We'll do a 1D case first, So that's 2D, and I have a couple points, let's say, And I have some function, let's say, this is and let's say, this is my exact solution. I don't, of course, Presumably I don't have an exact solution, right? So, I'm going to compute this thing. But, let's suppose I did, and that's what it looked like. How would I approximate, let's say, this function between these two points? That's really what you're asking. Well, if we go back to kindergarten, maybe even pre-kindergarten. What we did with points is you label them one, two, three, and you drew the line between them, Right? So that, you've learned linear interpolation since you were, like, little, Right? You didn't call it that, neither did any of your friends and if they did, they weren't friends for long. So, what you would do is just say, hey, the simplest thing is and just leave it to the naked eye just to sort of say why don't I approximate that by that. Simple, simple idea. And then you become sophisticated in life later, you're all mathy, you know more stuff and you might say, hey, that's just so amateur to do a line. Here's my line of that, by the way, alright? So, I can start thinking about here's my approximation, I know about parabolas, cuz I went to seventh grade. And in seventh grade, you know, they said, hey, I could do something fancier, and you could. You could make a parabola that went through this, and maybe, let's draw that with a dotted line. Maybe there's your parabola. You see it does a little bit better, it can catch some of the better. So, there are different options for how to represent the points in between here. Now, obviously, what I've done is drawn the exact solution. But, in practice, you're not going to have it. But suppose it does something, It's not going to do what your line, or your parabola does, Okay? But the shorter the distance I take between here, the better these two are going to do for you, Okay? So, in 1D these things can work. And by the way, if you do it with linear functions, here, this is called a simplex element. It's not contagious seriously, okay? This is my element, this, this line, the simplex element is basically, linear function, okay? Then, there's complex elements and it's not linear. It's, it's still, it's still polynomial. It's not non-linear. It's just it's, you know, You could use x squared. Use a parabola, Okay? Higher order polynomials, Hop. Okay. And then so I leave those two right there for now. So, you see here, I've already represented for you a simplex and a complex element for 1D. Alright. Let's go to 2D. And let's talk about how we might represent our solution in 2D. Okay, everything is going to be triangle. So, the question is, when I have a triangle and I want to represent that surface, that surface is a plane, right? Of this triangle piece, and this is the plane that connects these three points, okay? So, when you start thinking about what this plane is represented as, you could, simplest thing to do, simplest plane that go through three points is, let me just make sure I stay consistent with my notes, That right there, right? A, b, and c are determined by forcing this function to go through the three boundary points. This, is a simplex. It's still linear polynomials, Okay? This is mostly what we're going to be working with. Okay. Now, I could pick higher order polynomials. Suppose, I wanted to do the equivalent of, let's say, a, a quadratic, Right? So, something like I did over there where I said, hey, you know, a parabola might give me a better fit. So, why don't I, how, what would a parabola look like in this higher order space. Well, if I have my triangle, Then my complex elements would look like the following. I can represent the solution here, let's say, by some complex elements. What I had before, but now I put in parabolic terms, Quadratic terms of, Of x^2,2, y^2,2, and the xy. Three more coefficients, but I only have three points of constraint. So, I need more points of constraint. So, typically, for a complex element, you might need some extra points. So, let me put in three more points. So now, this is how I'd represent my triangle. I have more points on it. One might imagine that this might be more accurate, right? One thing we've learned about accuracy is if you start taking even when we started doing when we did our Taylor expansion for derivatives, right, the more terms we kept, the more neighbors we relied on, the more points constrained our stuff and we, we got accuracy out of it. So, use complex elements. The only reason you'd want to use complex elements is basically, for improving your accuracy. You could also use multiplex. Much like that giant multiplex screen that you might go to this holiday break at your local mall. If you grew up in a mall culture, You know what the multiplex is. There it is. It's like that thing in movies. Multiplex will give you something like this. Oops. A plus bx plus cy plus you get one mixing term. You have four points, Four things you got to satisfy. And you pick a, b, c, and d to satisfy them. So, this a multiplex element. Now, multiplex is interesting because it's, it's, it looks a lot like a little bit like kind of difference. And multiplex, if you are working with rectangles, It's hard to resize them as you go. Like for instance, watch this trick. If I want to go from fairly big triangles to smaller ones, Right? I just go like this. See how I did that? It's not even an optical illusion. I just made them smaller as I went. Can I do that with rectangles? No. Unless, I really do an optical illusion, okay? So, no, cuz that triangle is, I can make them, you know, once I pick this, it's kind of like everybody else has to, it's like a brick. And you're laying out a patio. Anybody done this? I think you guys don't have homes. But I have a home, okay? [laugh] Some people have homes. If you have a home one day, it's really important that you understand that bricks are hard to change size, Okay? Now, there's a thing called a hammer and a chisel, but it does feel a little amateur when, and you do this when no one is looking, like oh, damn didn't quite fit. [laugh] Not that I've ever done such a thing, ever in my life, like, three weekends ago or something. Okay This. Is what we're going to work with. These are basic structures that we're going to construct our solutions on. Yeah. So, the complex one? Yeah. You're, you're not making the derivatives of that agree in the corners and they all not agree at your added points to get the extra frames? I'm at adding points, yeah. Yeah, that's fine cuz they get the derivatives agree and that's their extra constraint, or. Yeah, so, of course, a spline. So here, we're not going to put any con, so, so, right, so the degrees of freedom you pick, here are dependent upon how many constraints you're going to put on it. The only constraint here is it has to go through the points. We're going to put a derivative constraint on it, or a second derivative constraint like with a spline, if what, what you normally do with a spline is you make it really smooth. Which means that, oh, not only you are going to force, for instance, that it goes through the points, but that when I go across here, I want these derivatives to be smooth. All of a sudden you have extra constraints. That's not what's going on there. That's not what's going on here. Ooh, I bet you're wondering how I knew 'Bout your plans to make me blue With some other guy that you knew before. Between the two of us guys You know I loved you more. It took me by surprise, I must say, When I found out yesterday. Oh, I heard it through the grapevine Not much longer would you be mine. Oh, I heard it through the grapevine, And I'm just about to lose my mind. Honey, honey, yeah. You know that a man ain't supposed to cry, But these tears I can't hold inside. Losin' you would end my life, you see, 'Cause you mean that much to me. You could have told me yourself That you found someone else. Instead... I heard it through the grapevine Not much longer would you be mine. Oh, I heard it through the grapevine, And I'm just about to lose my mind. Honey, honey, yeah. People say you "Hear from what you see, Na na not from what you hear. I can't help bein' confused If it's true, won't you tell me, dear Do you plan to let me go For the other guy that you knew before? Oh, I heard it through the grapevine Not much longer would you be mine. Oh, I heard it through the grapevine, And I'm just about to lose my mind. Honey, honey yeah. A-E-A-E-I-O-U-U I sometimes cry A-E-A-E-I-O-U-U I sometimes cry You tell me that you love me every day When we're alone I really feel in love But when we're out with friends I see a change You treat me bad, I feel like second best I want your love (I want your love) Give me your love, girl (give me your love) That's how I feel, I want it to be real I want your love (I want your love) Give me your love, girl (give me your love) I need your touch and I, I owe you so much A-E-A-E-I-O-U-U, I sometimes cry A-E-A-E-I-O-U-U, I sometimes lie Do you realize some things you say I know you do, it makes me so confused I'm sure this ain't the way that love should be Let's get it right, it's much too good to lose I want your love (I want your love) Give me your love, girl (give me your love) That's how I feel but I want it to be real I want your love (I want your love) Give me your love, girl (give me your love) I need your touch and I owe you so much A-E-A-E-I-O-U-U, I sometimes cry We were supposed to help each other He dropped out too easily Mrs. Emi Tsukino I beg you ... Please help me Yu Shinomiya Now you vote for the parent Suppose you go to a bar with 2 good friends There's only the seats at the counter If there are 3 seats, which one do you take? The middle one What's the color of that seat Pink I guess ... what do you mean? Nothing We have finished counting Now we announce the results The selected parent this time is Kei Kimura Mrs. Kimura You call the chair number to drop out No. 7 Now we start the 2nd period with the remaining 12 Let me try it again Shut up Stop your yapping Yapping? It's a fact that you dropped out What's the point of that yap-yap What do you want bastard You'll see you don't like it I'm sorry What are you doing? Let's go quick Are you OK? Picking up Those worthless medals ... Here Have one of my medals If I win it will be valuable So please ... Is that OK? Are you sure? Thank you! How could you let me down so soon? I couldn't find one chair There were many Get out Violence is a cause for elimination Just for that? You're hopeless How about you You think you can stay idle? What? The chair taken out was mine I'll find a chair Wait Professor? Is that it? To find a chair To be the last person But this is worthless Worthless? but it's a musical chairs game Nay This has nothing to do with musical chairs The essence of this game is ... The team-up game the team-up game? During Warring States Era in Japan there was battles every day The strongest is the one who lasts longer This is exactly what we're playing But they were working in teams Not any kind of team The members secure chairs they can exchange Besides, by sharing their medals everybody wins It's is an alliance of shared destinies Could we join too? Even dropouts can vote In this case you can help The parent holds a central position in the game If the parent stays in his position He eliminates the opponents seats Keeps his team in position last So, this game has nothing to do with counting chairs The team who can secure the parent builds the biggest team So it is a team-up game So we have the advantage of this understanding now I'd rather think we are at disadvantage It's impossible that they gathered more than 3 votes by chance It means that 2 teams already exist We, here present, if we don't constitute a team right now We are sure to lose Correct answer That man named Kiryu He made a team inviting Sarukawa and Inuzuka Then Takashi Harimoto the cult guru came with 3 obedient devotees Add to them Sakai, you have a rock-solid team This game will be a struggle between these 3 teams We can add a member The first team took 5 votes But there's only 5 of us Like this we can be defeated We need to invite in someone soon Please wait a moment Imagine if we invited inadvertently A person of another team So we can't add a member Not exactly There's just one The perfect person to invite Who is it? Yasukawa Would you like this chair? Wait a moment he stole my chair Why such person? Precisely because of this He had trouble finding a chair because he's not affiliated He had to steal a chair He lost his cool to look for the second chair He is not affiliated to any team He is definitely safe That's great This time I can't find a chair, I'm in a fix But you'll have to offer 1 medals To each one of the team players To each of them? Even to those 2 dropouts? This bald guy will refuse Sorry, while I appreciate your good intention ... Wait a minute Mine was not a request Your joining our team is an order Obviously, you don't see your position You stole Yu Shinomiya's chair And now we know the number of your only chair You see what I mean Turn us down if you like However From this point you're our enemy As soon as we elect a parent your chair is out We'll wipe you out And take you down You turn me down now I swear I'll take you down I get it Please accept me in your team In this way, one by one we trade our medals We teach each other where we hid the seats We'll finally be able to get a vote for our parent Now we announce the result of the second vote The parent this time Is Mai Sakamaki We did it Now Mrs. Sakamaki Has to call the seat to be taken out # 10 This is one of our chairs How do we do Kiryu? Now we're going to lose Be quiet please now the number of chairs has dropped to 13 The 12 persons left start the 3rd period . Players - chair count Akiyama 4 4 Harimoto 4 4 Kiryu 3 3 We did it We can do it now It's going well What's wrong Akagi? Are we ... Going to win this? What if the 2 opponents make an alliance They gather a total of 8 votes They crush our advantage This won't happen And why is that? If they want to team up They have to reveal the cache of their respective seats They'll end up betraying each other None of them is ready to take such a risk Makes sense That means we're invincible now We are riding the big boat "We had no reason to lose then" "this is what we thought at that moment" The parent this time is Kei Kimura How could we lose? How can Kimura get 8 votes! You're mistaken What? Something's odd The 3 votes of the Kiryu team are not included Can't be Yes, that's right We enjoy the blessing of the Lord Creator You demons will get the punishment you deserve we became one team How could such nonsense ... How did you manage that? Mrs. Kimura Please call the number of the chair to be taken By the power invested to me by the Life Force By the power invested to me by the Life Force By the power invested to me by the Life Force Number 9 One more out Repent of your sins The judgment of Heaven is sure to descend upon you The number dropped to 12 With this count opens period 4 By the power invested to me by the Life Force You said they couldn't ally forces I couldn't have guessed They don't join into one team that easily What do you mean now? What can we do now Now they'll have their parent always elected Let's buy 3 dropouts Buy them? Offering one medal [= $1M] We form an alliance just for a vote They could also inform us on the other team And of course for $1M they give their vote I'm against that He's right Who's giving out his medal I'm not paying one medal Excuse me, I pass too Are you in a position to be so choosy? If we lose someone is dropped out We have no choice but try everything now I get it We'll use my medals Use this To buy a dropout In that case it's OK For me too Professor? I'm not exchanging medal with you anymore With the medals you have left Do as you please Well ... I will help you Mrs. Emi Please vote for us Please Please help us, vote for us This medal is worth $1M Please This way We can win back our advantage You think we'll be okay? This will make our team divided The vote is over The result for the 4th period The parent this time ... is Kei Kimura Eleven 11 votes? How could you increase your votes? Mrs. Kimura will call the chair number By the power invested to me by the Life Force Why is that? No. 12 One of our chairs ... The number of chairs is 11 now 12 persons will start the 5th period What do you think happened? It 's simple They bought the dropouts But in this vote We should have had 9 votes instead of 8 What happened? Someone double-crossed us Definitely, there was no point buying dropouts Didn't I tell you I was against it? How do we do for the dropout? One among us has to fall Not me, I don't want to fall 'You guys ready to take a fall? We'll have to random select someone You're wasting your time quarreling I guess we have no choice What's this ... you're kidding? Choosing one of us at random Are you insane? Originally you compelled me to keep going You forcefully integrated me into your team You should treat me as a special guess So don't count me into the random selection What are you quibbling about, idiot I don't like your tone If anything happened, I know where the chairs are I can switch team anytime It's decided then From now on I'll take the leadership You'll do as I say, I'll also elect the dropout You sleazy bastard ... Would you like to be the dropout? Well ... Who am I going to chose? I've decided The dropout will be you Yu Shinomiya If I hear any complaint I switch team Now the whole team goes buy a dropout You said before you were opposed to it Shut up You have any other way? Why are you standing there idle? Hurry up and go 1 minute left before sitting The golden scarab is a rich bug He builds his own safe The chair is gone? Where is it? You're wasting your time looking The location we told you was erroneous What do you mean? Where is it? There's no time left tell me quick Sure I could tell you but ... ... Miss Yu is already seated on it Yu? Why? She's supposed to lose this time No Miss Yu is not dropped this time The dropout this time Is you baldy You act as the boss but you're not too smart You don't care about the team We don't need you, this is our verdict Don't try to act tough with me Now I'm switching team, are you happy? Shut up, at least die with dignity baldy Time up Any player not seated now is dropped out The players dropped out this time are Norihiro Yasukawa and Takahiro Shima Why did Yasukawa fall instead of you? I don't even know Pr. Akiyama suddenly gave me a chair I got rid of Yasukawa What do you mean, Professor? I gave you Yasukawa's chair You could have told me before There was no need for that On the contrary Had I known it was Yasukawa's chair You'd have refused it? Had you known it was Yasukawa's chair .. You'd have refused it? That is ... In any case, it's time to vote Let's go, Let's go vote It's okay I'm here I have a winning strategy Now we'll vote for the parent But before that I have an announcement We're all ears 5 players didn't come here 5 players? it's Akki What do you mean .."Don't vote"? Is that what you call a winning strategy The vote will thus proceed with only 15 persons Probably he knows he can't win the vote, he gave up It doesn't make sense What's your plan, Akiyama? Now we announce the results for the 5th period Akiyama, what do we do now? We're finished The parent this time is... Kenji Sarukawa They split their votes ... Why? What's your game, Kiryu? Why didn't you vote for us? Mr. Sarukawa Will call for the chair to fall out Number 2 What's that Why one of our chairs? Kiss my derriere Who is left without a chair Idiots What happened exactly? Kiryu betrayed Harimoto Earlier Kiryu gave 3 chair numbers to Harimoto Those guys tried to join forces in order to crush us But they couldn't afford to reveal each other's numbers They had to come up with a method to give our numbers Kiryu just passed any numbers that were not his chair's But within these was one of Harimoto's numbers And he had to call another number Without informing about his own And make sure he was targeting us Obviously they haven't blended into one team They only cooperate for votes They constituted only a partial alliance Why then did Kiryu commit his treachery I caused him to do it When we abstained from voting The voting alliance was no longer needed So his opposing attitude shifted from me to Harimoto But not knowing Harimoto's numbers He couldn't hit him So I had previously communicated to him One of Harimoto's chair numbers Previously? when? No way! Through Yasukawa I knew that if he shifted to Kiryu's team He would tell him our numbers And then knowing them Kiryu would deduct Harimoto's numbers So when we kicked out Yasukawa And abstained from voting Kiryu's betrayal was your winning strategy? Incredible So Professor, you used him For us to win? What's wrong with that? This is the Liar Game What's wrong in using people Damn .. that bastard Kiryu, I'll kill him We'll find a way, buy a dropout Go Yesss As Professor Akiyama planned Kiryu and Harimoto are against each other It's a struggle to buy the dropouts From one angle we ... What are you doing with this chair? It's a chair that no one had found yet We're on our way to success Akiyama, we buy them too, right? We refrain from buying or voting What do you mean? We're sure to lose that way to turn them against each other is not enough to win If we don't win at the vote we'll lose Professor, what kind of plan is that? Please explain yourself clearly If you don't I'll go buy dropouts In that case you're out But we don't need to buy anyone If you persist with that you can quit this team The person who dropped out this time is Yukiko Abe Assuming that we had lost we refrained from buying dropouts We were only by standers Because of a tie, it's a pass It's a tie Gimme a break A tie was the worst scenario Both teams boosted their buying struggle But the Professor remained listless Why didn't we go buying I was growing uneasy This is the announcement for the 7th period Then when the parent had to be chosen Because of the tie, it is a pass for both What? a tie again? How is that possible? Why? I see We promise you'll be elected It's OK, no more buying What? What do you mean? 2 ties in a row, ain't that funny? Indeed ... No doubt The dropouts have teamed up What? The dropouts made an alliance? Precisely And their leader ... Who is he? It's Shima Shima? That idiot with a cap? How did that happen? Shima met the dropouts one by one And he told them The medals they gave you are valueless Valueless? Murata from Kiryu's team Gave you Inuzuka's medal as if he was going to win But I was just told Sarukawa is going to win It doesn't make sense They can't win both at the same time, it's a lie The fact is Kiryu is going to win So you should ask only for Kiryu's medals All the others are worthless It means they scammed me Exactly We should team up And rise against them They pretend to vote for one side But they take many medals from both sides They use their votes to set a tie With each tie the rivals become more worried and offer more medals Thus exhausting the useless medals So that finally the top medals rain This strategy is perfect But Shima's strategy is all a lie What do you mean? Have a look No way It's Akiyama It's Akiyama who ordered Shima to build this alliance The brain behind this strategy Is not the dropouts but it's Akiyama Incredible Akiyama I got it, the leader of the dropouts Is Akiyama What? I should have guessed In that case, I will too... join forces I don't know .. what I should do anymore We can't win that way What can I do ... if I had $1M in debt I don't have ... I don't .. It's unbearable Yu-chan This way, he's here See Shima What? Hey wait a minute! You bastard What did we hear? Kiryu or Harimoto won't give any more medals It's probably a lie You said the top medals had to fall What do you say now? Now we can't pay our debts back Exactly I've got an idea What's that good idea? In short If we want the top medal of those 2 teams We need to have them cornered, right? Of course but how? It's easy We just need to make them win The Akiyama team That's it? They're playing right into Akiyama's hand You mean exposing Akiyama as the mastermind is also an instruction Akiyama gave to Shima? Sure Which means that now Akiyama team ... Akiyama Why do they come back here? They're going to vote again What does that mean? Look there The dropouts team If they vote for Akiyama he'll gather 11 votes Akiyama takes ParentHood We know announce the result for the 8th period We won Sure victory The parent this time is Yu Shinomiya Yu-chan has 8 votes How did we split our votes? What does that mean? Answer now Just before this vote ... I gave my medals To Mrs. Emi To distribute to all dropouts But why? in the first place It didn't change anything if you gave them It's not true It will help us get the top medals What do you mean? Are you dull or what? Yu-chan gave us top medals What are you talking about! How could you know? if her medals are winners? It's easy to know Ms. Shinomiya Please call the chair to fall No. 6 One of our chairs Why? Why did you do that I want to ... be independent from the Akiyama team I want to join the dropout alliance I want to win That's a lie ... You simply betrayed us I'm sorry I was ... ...scared I was scared... ... that I'd lose Enough nonsense There's nothing we could do anyway Akiyama has betrayed us long ago already Akiyama?... Betrayed us? I knew this by observing him He thinks only about himself He doesn't care about his team players He's using us for his own profit He betrays all of us That's why ... I too before Pr. Akiyama betrays me I betrayed him Damn you It was the first time of my life I realize how painful it was to betray The person who dropped out this time is Mai Sakamaki But My choice is not wrong From now I keep going with that conviction The poll will soon be closed Please wait a moment I can't stand ... the lie anymore Yu-chan too, you stop deceiving Ms. Emi ... What are you talking about? I can't win at such price Actually Yu-chan and I Are playing for Harimoto What does that mean? This is the medal Harimoto gave us We took advantage of you all Working for Harimoto's final victory Is that true? Explain yourself It's not like what ... It is true! Yu-chan is betraying the dropout team What's your goal? So please y'all Abstain from voting this time Ms. Emi, please don't make up stories Voting time will end soon Please vote quickly Please guys vote quickly Otherwise we lose It's useless Yu-chan has betrayed everybody What should we do? Who should we vote for? Quick please, trust me How can we decide now? I'm begging you, you can trust me The timing Vote please, quickly Voting time is up Please wait a moment We now announce the 9th vote result The vote is not done yet The parent elected this time ... I'm begging you please stop is Takashi Harimoto Ms. Emi ... What was it all about? Why did you tell them that story? Why do you have a Harimoto medal? Answer to me It is ... Because of you Of me? You were... betrayed by me You were such a great help Ms. Emi I'm so glad I could serve your cause Can't you just trust your eyes? Ms. Emi ... surely Exactly Ms. Emi is one of us now It can't be Ms. Emi can't ... You've been cheated all along This game is a struggle for influence You knew each other before? It was very easy to figure out your moves I just had to call Ms. Emi She was planted as a spy among you Please help me And you As expected fell into our trap Pr. Akiyama When you saw Emi drop out And refrain from voting She was only pretending not to be affiliated You fell for such simple trick You added her to your own team Am I right? Then when Akiyama took the lead of the dropout team Let's join forces Finally Emi had switched to our team This situation ... I can't stand it anymore All the better reason for you to win You withdraw from the team You'd have the dropout team recognize the value of your medals You mean betraying everyone? Actually I saw it before Akiyama was talking to a dropout Pr. Akiyama? He asked him to refuse to be bought To make sure his plan was not exposed You saw how he is? He'd do anything for a victory Of course he will betray us all We should withdraw you and me from this game In this case ... Exactly Your were only being used to defeat Akiyama's strategy How can ... But still you're such a mean person Betraying Akiyama who worked so hard for his team And then blame your betrayal on him You know what the world calls a person like you? .. a hypocrite Mr. Harimoto please call the number of the chair to fall No. 3 All this caused by your ugly heart Ms. Yu Shinomiya Fall in hell No At this point we'll call it a day The game will resume tomorrow at 9 Any person touching the chairs during the break Will have a $1M penalty You teamed up with Akiyama and cheated us Please forgive me, I'm sorry I have another inspiration All the worthless medals you gave me We sort them according to the players We have nothing here? You mean a top medal? Exactly It's Kiryu's team obviously We have almost all those of Inuzuka and Sarukawa not a single one from Kiryu Let's see about Harimoto team A small 5 from Sakai We got very little from him This way we know who are the top medals That's right All right everyone Tomorrow we squeeze them off their top medals Professor Please come back in our team But ... Don't misunderstand me There's no sympathy in my offer I just need my quota to win Professor Sincerely ... Please forgive me Indeed ... I don't want to stay in the game And what would you do? You'd give up without a fight? The Liar Game is not all about the win But how you bring it to closure What personal resource you tap into Please wait a moment It's not all about the win ... what? What is there to it apart from the win? No one else can answer for you You solve it for yourself Yu Shinomiya The Liar Game is not all about the win But how you bring it to closure What personal resource you tap into No one else can answer for you You solve it for yourself This is it I have no other choice I get it, in that case you can help Thank you Mrs. Mai ... Mr. Akagi No, really Thank you very much What's next? We have no choice but buy dropouts with top medals No Now, we come up with the last challenge Now, we proceed to the vote of the parent Please give me a while, I need to talk At first I thought The aim of the game Was to bring down the opponent to win But it was a serious misunderstanding We don't need a traitor to patronize us That's right I betrayed my team But ... That's how I understood One doesn't win on one's own It's a game where cooperation comes first That is The musical chairs is a game of mutual help We must stop quarreling and help each other No one has to be the victim as a result Everybody Isn't it the real goal You say we don't need a victim But we can't avoid it No, on the contrary Now I'm going to offer a medal to each of you So if I won the game you are all rewarded So please I'm asking you Please stop the fight now What's that nonsense Your medals are surely no winners Please believe me Mine are top medals We can't trust you anymore You're trying to deceive us You all, have a good look [17 medals: Shininchi Akiyama] Only me and Shinomiya are left in our team Of all the medals we own I just discarded all 17 of mine That means that ... In our team only Shinomiya has top medals So you believe her now? Now we are in an extreme situation Now we have no choice but to cooperate Because of this predicament we have to get along We could become one team As for me I trust you all The time is up Here's the result for the 10th vote The parent this time is ... Takashi Harimoto Why is that ... Why did you do that? It is impractical To bring such a crowd to cooperate So we have chosen to fight But if we keep this fight We keep hurting each other Please everybody ... once more So what? you pose as if you knew better But you're just scared to lose Bring everybody to cooperate You're all sweet talk It you hit him you're dropped out Since we have your medals we have a chance A chance? You're serious? You were so thought you were above us all Look here You're a common idiot Besides You too And you too Shinomiya's fellows are a gang of idiots You can insult me as much as you please But you have to respect my fellows I can't let you insult them A violent act was committed Ms. Yu Shinomiya is thus dropped out Can't be We're done with That was surprisingly easy You lose Didn't I tell you? "he'll lose" This is the end of Akiyama Harimoto So you're next With that score you still want to fight? You guys don't have 1/100th chance to win What are you saying, let the fight start You guys don't get it I'm giving each 6 dropouts 2 of my medals They offer me 12 votes in return If they switched to Kiryu's team You need at least 5 of them If offer 2 medals they don't budge You'd need to give 3 each For a win You'd have to produce 15 medals however Mr. Kiryu such large amount of medals you can't cough them up, right? What's so funny? I'm in no disposition to come up with so many medals Finally you admit your defeat Nay I didn't say that I'm not stupid enough to give them out With 6 medals Only 6 to buy 5 persons Are you going mad? They're not switching with so little Nay The dropouts will have to vote for me Interesting What card do you have up your sleeve? Please Mr. Harimoto Call the chair to be removed No. 1 Kiryu You'll be next We announce the result for the 11th period How is that going for you Mr. Kiryu? How do you feel? Time to produce your trump card The parent this time Kiryu Nobuteru How can Kiryu? Didn't I tell you? The dropouts are joining me Mr. Kiryu Please call the chair to fall No. 8 Now you have only 2 chairs left The next one you lose, you're dead Well, Harimoto What will you do? How is that? The dropouts didn't vote for me? What does that mean? Why didn't you vote for me? This is not what we agreed on Shut up Don't bother us, go away Wait ... wait Leave us be How can such a guru lose his cool It's just a matter of buying them back I'll spend all our medals And buy the dropouts back You don't have any more medals to offer Next time will be your end Please wait We haven't given our medals yet If we do now we go into debt Why should I care You want to abandon us Let me go I don't care what happens to you What's important is my win, that's all The voting time is up We announce the result of the 12th period I win, this time I win It's a win for me The parent this time ... Is Kiryu Nobuteru Why is that ... Why is that? I gave the dropouts all our medals I can't lose How is that Kiryu, how many medals did you have? You saw them earlier You saw that medal I offered Liar .. I should have won Not at all You can spit as many medals as you like You couldn't win over my medal The reason .. Your medals were losers What are you saying? Mine were genuine top medals You dropouts knew that well We don't need your medals You bought us with loser medals You didn't fool us Don't treat us like morons We dropouts ... Won't be defeated Harimoto This is my trump card How did you do that? When I noticed Akiyama was persuading the dropouts And you became a parent taking Emi At that moment I was determined to use Shima one way or another Last night as I bought Shima I suddenly realize that your medals as losers How were top medals, losers? Yes Sakai had only 5 Because we took too many of his Certainly not Sakai's medals were not used He had more than 5 left This is a lie I asked Shima to tell ... A lie? Why make up such a lie? You get it now? You said so at that moment We give 2 to each of the 6 dropouts Thus we earn 12 votes The moment you said that to the dropouts Your medals turned into losers That is strange How can Harimoto have so much more than Sakai? Simply because the winner is Sakai now As a result, the dropouts Turned to me for the top medals So the number I gave didn't matter Exactly You could spit as many medals as you wanted They had lost faith in you Too bad Harimoto Once my trump card was at work Mr. Kiryu please call the number of the falling chair No. 14 Time to say goodbye, Harimoto Which means The victory is ours now We did it Why is this loser making his appearance now? There's something you need to hear I have a winning strategy to throw you out A winning strategy? Now it's my turn To buy the dropouts What are you talking about? Nonsense Of all things .. you talking about buying them? It's impossible You don't have any more medals That's truly silly Let's see which of us is silly Yesss ... thank you The team who has secured the victory The team who has lost its chance to recover Mr. Takashi Harimoto drops out The team who is sure to lose The outcome of the fight Left no room for doubt By the way, Akiyama you were able to buy them? The 4 needed for my recovery are bought Is that right Look Akiyama You're saddening me Soon I won't hear your bluff anymore So sad Now the result for the 13th period This time Too bad Akiyama The parent is ... This is where you die ... Shinichi Akiyama What is this? I told you so I bought 4 persons Which gives me 8 votes Who is it? Who voted for Akiyama? I didn't Neither did I So it's you guys Why did you vote for Akiyama? You didn't even receive one of his medals to vote There's an advantage Akiyama gave them to us What? The medals Medals? He has much more than you do This is impossible He doesn't have even one left But he gave me one too To me too Silence imbeciles 1 more person voted ... who is he? An insider of course I bought one of your fellows Is it you? No, it's you don't make up fables I'm not lying I can prove it to you now Kiryu you have 2 chairs in your team That is, if I called your chair now You would be sure to drop out So You didn't ... Yes A traitor told me your chair number Mr. Akiyama please Call the number of the chair to drop No. 4 There are 4 chairs remaining The 4 persons remaining enter period 14 Who's silly now? ... Think of it What are we gonna do? It's over ... Silence We still have a chair There's still Sakai's chair from Harimoto's team If we use it we won't lose We have that resource Wait a minute First you have to give me all your medals Why? So we find the traitor He received a medal from Akiyama Show them all now You hypocrite We lost it all because of you Please wait You came to scorn us I came to stop you You've all been betrayed I understand how hurt you are But You judge Mr. Harimoto responsible and you are bitter How would you know how we feel Because I was in your position Now only you can help him He doesn't deserve our help Please wait Everybody Are you really okay with this? I was so scared and helpless Mr. Harimoto called me in He did it to use you It may well be Yet ... remains the fact that he helped me Didn't he do the same for you? Defeat was pronounced So we don't need anymore To hate to compete It's meaningless You all ... It was so wrong So Yasukawa it's you Darn you, Yasukawa Not at all I was in Akiyama's team at the start It's completely normal Why do you have 4 of my medals? These are left from when we started by exchanging our medals Which team are you playing for? it's you Obviously it's you It's you Forget it You all go look for Sakai One medal Not enough I want 3 Come down, you know I can't Really But Akiyama gave me 2 medals So I give you 3 Let's buy the dropouts You'll vote for us next This time we count on you All right, all right With these guys bought, you have to win It's a waste of energy What do you want guys? We have decided to help the Akiyama team How many medals did he give you? He didn't give us even one medal But we We only want to help Yu Shinomiya Now it's Yu Shinomiya What do they want? Kiryu what can we do? We need the chairs OK Hurry Hey where's the chair? Sorry I gave it to him I gave it to Akiyama For 6 medals Time up Those who are not seated are dropped out In addition This is the end of the musical chairs We announce the name of the winner Please return to the voting place I bought One of your fellows Let's go to our chairs I get it It's him Sarukawa Why aren't you on your chair? I sat on it So how did Akiyama win? You're the traitor It's not me How, Akiyama? You don't even have one medal How could you buy them Tell me how you bought them? This is it loser medals Why do you have so many? Actually these Shima gathered them for me So that I could have all the loser medals What for? So that I could buy with them Such thing is impossible These aren't worth a cent Certainly these have no value In the same way that you showed top medals to be losers I, on the contrary Could show how loser medals turn into winners What's that? First we have to announce the dropouts They are ... Kiryu Nobuteru Makoto Sakai And ... Shinichi Akiyama Akiyama why you? I dropped out on purpose As a result ... Why did you? Mr. Kenji Sarukawa takes the victory Me? Beautiful win Sarukawa Something's wrong I don't even own a medal This win is meaningless you did it You finally get it The medals I used to buy them Were Sarukawa's I distributed these I told them I was going to make Sarukawa win That's how I bought them So all the dropouts and your fellows too They all switched to my team So the traitor among us was Inuzuka And these 4 I received from Akiyama I feared you'd notice for a moment This is the way it has to be He was offering more medals than Kiryu You betrayed us you scoundrel Why? Why did you and the dropouts put value into Sarukawa's You didn't know if Akiyama ... could make Sarukawa win or not As we had lost all our medals Our only hope was in making Sarukawa win That's why they all trusted my word Don't tell me you guys ... In order to use Sarukawa's medals I had to crush all other players chances to make this only option very clear So first I had to discard all my medals Then Yu Shinomiya dropped out Because I instructed her to do so You instructed her? Sure After the results she called for cooperation I knew you would oppose her move I pretended to be affected And then she hit you No way If you hit him you're dropped out Dumb as you are You provoked Yu Shinomiya as we expected And according to our plans Shinomiya was dropped out for violence So when Yu Shinomiya did that ... I do ... believe in you all It was all a lie No, she was not lying Yu Shinomiya at that moment Sincerely had a plan to help everyone But naturally she failed So then I came up with plan B I designed a winning strategy with the loser medals The parent this (10th) time Takashi Harimoto at that moment we switched to plan B We launched the big strategy Why is that? Why is that? You were properly fooled by her act Isn't that ironic You belied the truth But you trusted the lie That is, Yu Shinomiya's plan The only way to rescue you You rejected it mercilessly Seriously ... Great move Kiryu Listen, I'll say it only once Congratulations for the win Still ... ... you lost Idiot And now We offer the prize for the winning medals Hey Shinomiya I'm glad you won How much did you win A zero Zero? I used it all on buying I gave 2 each to the dropout team To Sakai in Harimoto team, 6 medals To Inuzuka in Kiryu team, 4 medals Then each of us has one It's a total of 20 medals The exact number to distribute among us I leave it to you for the rest You'll be naive till the end No one is ready to lose to help someone Is that so? We're the dropouts If we don't help each other and share We don't survive Thank you very much Murata Thank you We did it Damn it Just when I thought I had made a killer game There Is that OK Take it as it comes We're in the same team Thank you Friggin idiots Hey Damn it I really don't like you guys But We fought all the way side by side We're fellow players So Inuzuka ... You You betrayed me, I'm not taking it Kiryu Whatever situation you ended in You fought for your team till the end Despite that ... I failed you That's why withe must play this game till the end All right It ended as you said it would All becoming one team All closely united Which shows that fellows must help each other This game is our victory Thus the curtain fell on the stage of the Liar Game We did it We did it Prepare the next game immediately We should end it there Have it your way But for me the end of a game is the beginning of the next As long as there is greed The Liar Game will keep going Professor I wanted to thank you properly Thank you so much You came to my rescue I told you I just came because I received an invitation What? I thought you'd be a better liar, Professor I found the last musical chair Eric Paroissien English Subtitles, paroissien.com [Psychological changes under extreme stress conditions] [Shunichi Akiyama] Choosing the middle chair, the pink one is the collaborative mind With a strong spirit of cooperation ... that person is easy to cheat If someone doesn't protect her ... She may easily lose herself Eric Paroissien English Subtitles, paroissien.com My name is Takeshi. I'm 30 years old, and I'm an illustrator. I've been living in New York for the past 4 years, but I'm from the city of Saint Etienne, in France. I studied management studies in University, which is the complete opposite of what I do now, but it wasn't a waste because it helped me realize that I needed to find a career that I felt passionate about, something that would be better suited to me. That's how I got into illustrating. I pretty much taught myself everything I know by playing around with Photoshop. I started out by creating flyers for friends, and making things like posters for parties and events. Those small projects played a huge part in helping me develop my skills. I've freelanced since the very beginning and have never been employed at a company. That's why my website is called "Still on the Run". I work for quite a few different agencies... At the moment, I'm doing TV advertising in New York. I create storyboards, or "frame styles" as they call it here. I count on my agents to keep me busy. I have several of them around the world who are always finding me new projects. I love working from home, but I also love working in studios from time to time. It allows me to get out and meet people, and to be part of some pretty fun teams. The culture in New York is very open-minded, which makes working in this industry even better! Freelancing allows me to continue working on personal illustrations, which is really important to me. Without personal illustrations, it's hard to have a style and to be recognized for it. American agencies hire a lot of freelancers, not only designers and illustrators, but also animators, producers and art directors. It makes for really dynamic teams of people who bring different experiences to the table, and who are very good at specific skill sets. I chose the alias "Takeshi" at the very beginning of my career because I was influenced heavily by Asian culture... Particularly by Japanese and samuraï cultures, and Hagakure literature. I'm a fan of Takeshi Kitano's "Yakuzas" movies. They really helped define the beginning of my career path. Of course, I've since been influenced by other designers, but those movies started it all. I was part of a design group where we all knew each other. Naturally, we all got a little competitive between each other, but that only allowed us to progress even more. Over time, I distanced myself from the design group and tried to develop something more personal. New York is a city full of riches... You can walk around and get lost on a regular basis, but you can also easily come upon something you've never seen before. There's a new thing to discover every day. It feeds my creativity. It may not necessarily be visible or obvious in my work, But it affects me in a much more minimalist and abstract kind of way. When I have some spare time, which doesn't happen very often, I try to explore New York, by foot, bicycle and subway, and I spend hours exploring and trying to discover hidden gems. It's hard to know in advance what my next project will look like. I often improvise throughout my creative process. I try to add elements that I think make sense, and try to achieve a balanced result. I aim for something clean that has a particular focus on details. I think that makes all the difference. I don't draw. I use only photo editing, which is a signature method I've been using since the beginning that has helped define me in the design field. Currently, I'm trying to take my photo editing in another direction. I want to use subjects that are a bit less realistic and more abstract. My theme for Fotolia's TEN Collection Was "Abstract". My goal wasn't to deliver a specific message, but to let myself be guided by various shapes and colors. I browsed Fotolia's photo library and was inspired by its very colorful elements and amazing qualities. At that point, it made perfect sense to allow the design aspects to be the essence of my creation. I started by placing the main elements into the design. I found some gems which seemed interesting to me, like the crown and this fan in the background. The second step was to add the details, while keeping the homogeneity. I built the sky by using several images of clouds, which I mixed with gradients in order to create an interesting background. After having placed the sky, and once I was satisfied by my composition, I started to work on the lights and the effects. I worked on lens flare effects, which I used to increase the contrast. I wanted to create an explosion effect so I created some particles and combined them with the addition of small details, like small wood sticks and petals. At the bottom, I created a ground on which I could place the shadow of the elements that fly in the sky. It allowed me to integrate a sense of depth to the work and to make the different elements appear more realistic. To finalize my illustration, I used adjustment layers like saturation, level and curve layers. I've been working on large commercial projects for several years, but now I want to concentrate and spend my time on more artistic and personal projects. The one piece of advice I have for young designers is to focus on your personal vision and on the originality of your work, to put in a lot of hours and perfect your style, and to develop good technical skills before starting a project. I'd like to say thanks to Fotolia and the entire Gang Corp team. I was riding shotgun With my hair undone In the front seat of his car He's got a one-hand feel On the steering wheel The other on my heart I look around, turn the radio down He says, "Baby is something wrong?" I say, "Nothing, I was just thinking How we don't have a song" And he says... Our song is the slamming screen door Sneakin' out late, tapping on your window When we're on the phone and you talk real slow 'Cause it's late and your mama don't know Our song is the way you laugh The first date "Man, I didn't kiss her and I should have" And when I got home, before I said "Amen" Asking God if He could play it again I was walking up the front porch steps After everything that day Had gone all wrong and been trampled on And lost and thrown away Got to the hallway, well on my way To my lovin' bed I almost didn't notice all the roses And the note that said Our song is the slamming screen door Sneakin' out late, tapping on your window When we're on the phone and you talk real slow 'Cause it's late and your mama don't know Our song is the way you laugh The first date "Man, I didn't kiss her and I should have" And when I got home, before I said "Amen" Asking God if He could play it again I've heard every album, listened to the radio Waited for something to come along That was as good as our song 'Cause our song is the slamming screen door Sneakin' out late, tapping on his window When we're on the phone and he talks real slow 'Cause it's late and his mama don't know Our song is the way he laughs The first date "Man, I didn't kiss him and I should have" And when I got home, before I said "Amen" Asking God if He could play it again Play it again, oh yeah Oh, oh, yeah I was riding shotgun with my hair undone In the front seat of his car I grabbed a pen and an old napkin And I wrote down... Our song So I've just told you the difference between revenue streams and pricing models, but let's take a look at an example. So imagine I have 15 sales reps and they cover 27 cities in the United States, and they are traveling all the time and they work for me. And by the way, my product, its material cost is $99 and I decided I'm going to add $30 gross margin on top of it, so I sell the product for $129. So why don't you think about this for a second and tell me, which part was the revenue stream and which part was the pricing tactic. Are the sales reps in 27 cities the revenue stream, or are the cost plus $30 the revenue stream. Was the pricing tactics the sales rep or was it the cost plus the gross margin. my daddy ! they said you are guilty but you are not guilty. my daddy why they took you away from me? When they were taking you apart from us, They didn't even let you kiss me one time and wipe my mom's drops. my mommy! I see you crying everyday, isn't it worth everything for PHlLISTlNE? I ask to the sun everyday... mommy!! will I see my daddy once more? or can't I see him until end of the day?? or my mother will cry until end of the day.. where are you DADDY? where are you my suffered childhood? oh my suffered childhood. I am the bloom of Philistine.... I could not kiss my father since sun rise... from this Eid to other one and from that celebration to another one. everyday more martyr... my father is behind the grate!!! kept him beyond the walls where slaves held in.... when is it ? when is the time all grates will brake??? oh all fathers who kiss his children every morning!!! OH ALL FATHERS WHO KlSS HlS KlDS EVERY MORNlNG!!! I am asking you now. DO I WANT TOO MANY TlNGS? DO I WANT TOO MANY THlNG? SHAME ON YOU!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! SHAME ON YOU ALL!!!!SHAME ON YOU ALL!!!!!! SHAME ON YOU ALL!!! WHlLE MY FATHER IS STlLL IN THE JAlL FOR NOTHlNG!!! I WANT MY FATHER... I WANT MY FATHER...I WANT MY FATHER So what we're going to do today is continue our discussion of modular computer software, and specifically focus on a topic we started talking about last time called Soft Modularity. And once we finish our story with regard to soft modularity and understand exactly what this means, we're going to start talking about a different kind of modularity called enforced modularity. And enforced modularity is going to actually take us through three lectures, today and the next two lectures next week. And the topic for today in terms of enforced modularity is a particular way of obtaining modularity in computer systems called client service organization. Some people call it client/server computing. And that's the plan for today. So what we saw the last time was basically a lecture describing, for the most part, how linking worked. And the idea in linking is that when you have a number of software modules, and your goal is to take all of them and get an executable program out of them that another program could load into memory and run. And that task was being done by a piece of system software called linker, and out pops an executable program. So at the end of the lecture last time, a couple of students asked me two things. One was why we were actually talking about this. And the second more important question was why it wasn't in the notes. And so let me answer the second question first. You know, the plan in lectures is to understand concepts of computer systems with examples. And oftentimes we find examples that aren't actually in the notes. And we use them, A, because if we don't use different examples, there's sort of not as much incentive to show up. But often because some of the examples that work better in lecture don't actually work out as clearly in the notes. So we do tend to use different examples. To answer the first question, why we actually looked at the linker, first of all it's a common piece of software that pretty much every program that you run today goes through a process of linking. But what it actually allowed us to do was illustrate two main concepts in naming having to do with the way in which the Name Mapping algorithm worked. And in the context of the linker, the problem was to take these symbols that you find in the program, and basically resolve them, in other words, find out where they are defined, and where the instructions corresponding to those symbols, or where the data corresponding to the symbol was actually located. And the concepts that we saw were two different concepts. The first was the name mapping using a table lookup, where within each object file there was a symbol table that maps between the symbols found in that module to the location where the symbols were defined further. And another example of doing name mapping, which was the process of search through a series of contexts. And in particular, we looked at the problem of when you are in the context of LD, which GCC uses when it finds, goes through a sequence of dot O files as well as libraries on the command line, what algorithm it actually uses to resolve its symbols. And I realize now that what I had left out on the board, there was a couple of mistakes in the algorithm, and I asked what mistakes were. And I realized I didn't show you what the actual algorithm is correctly. So I thought I'd spend a minute doing that so that if you have something wrong in your notes, you can fix that up, because I actually never said what the right thing was. So if you recall, the general problem was you have GCC running on a set of dot O files, F1 dot O all the way through FN dot O. And what we're trying to do is describe an algorithm where it when you obtain the I'th object file and you have a set of currently defined symbols, and a set of currently undefined symbols, how you can maintain three sets: the set of object files that go into the executable, the set of defined symbols that have been seen so far, and the set of undefined symbols that have been seen so far. And you want to keep updating that. So one way to easily see what's going on is with a picture. So up until now, until you've finished i minus one files, let's say you've built up a set, U, of all of the undefined symbols that have been encountered so far. And likewise, you have another set, D, of all the symbols that have been defined so far that you've encountered and have been defined so far. So, D and U dynamically change as you go from left to right through the sequence of files. Now, when you are on the I'th file, there is a set of symbols that have been defined that are going to be defined in the I'th file. And that set does not intersect with a set, D, because if it did, then you have an overlapping defined symbol and that's an error. So the interesting case is to look at this kind of an example where you have a set, Dl, of the symbols that were defined in the I'th file. And likewise, in the I'th file, there are going to be a set of undefined symbols. And clearly, that set doesn't overlap with a set, Dl, because if it's undefined, it can't be defined in the same file. So that said, in general, looks something like this. It has some symbols on defined in this object file that are also undefined previously. Some symbols that are undefined in this file that have been defined previously, and some symbols that have been undefined here that you have really never seen before. So you've got to update to things. So D gets updated pretty easily. D just becomes D [union?] Dl. And if D intersection DI is not now, then you know there's an error. And now you need to update U, and there are many ways to do it that are more efficient than what we're going to write out. But it's pretty easy to see that U needs to get updated by unioning the current set with Ul. So that kind of gives you this together with that. But now, you have to subtract out everything that's been defined already. And since we updated D first, we could do that very easily by just subtracting out the set of all defined symbols. And you run this through until the end. And if you find that in the end U is not null, then you know that there's an undefined symbol so that the linking doesn't actually work. You can produce an executable out of it with static linking, OK? OK, so when you do combined programs in this fashion to produce an executable, there are all these different modules that have been brought together to run in an interpreter. And you have to ask, what kind of properties that program ends up having. What kind of modularity do you get by combining these modules together [SOUND OFF/THEN ON]? It will turn out that modularity is, it's a form of modularity called soft modularity. And to understand why, you have to understand what the interfaces between the different modules look like. Basically when you look at a C program, and you saw an example last time of how these modules hook together, the different modules track with one another through procedures. And procedures between modules have something that I'll call a procedure contract. And really, to understand the property of the modularity that you get from procedural contract, we need to understand a little bit about what happens underneath the callers when a caller of a procedure invokes a callee (sic) of a procedure. And this is actually material from 004. So if you have forgotten, I'll refresh your memory a little bit about it. So, very abstractly, if you look at a computer, it's got a processor in it that actually executes instructions, and it has a chunk of memory. And in that memory, there is a portion of memory that corresponds to the stack which is really where procedures, the interesting stuff with procedures gets implemented. And you also have a bunch of registers, so, inside the processor. And you have a special variable here called the stack pointer, which keeps track of where the current head of the stack is that you can then start pulling elements off. The general plan, the caller and the callee interact with one another by means of [SOUND OFF/THEN ON]. So when a caller wants to invoke the callee, what it does is it takes arguments of the procedure, and pushes them on to the stack one after another. Then the last thing it does is to tell the callee where it should return control after the procedure function has actually been executed. And that's the last thing that pushed on top of the stack is the [UNlNTELLlGIBLE]. So then, after it does that, the caller then jumps to a location where the callee's modular is located, and then control passes to the callee. What the callee then does is it finds out what the return address is, pops the arguments one after the other, and then goes ahead and runs the function. And then at the end of that, it looks at the return address and passes control back. And before it does that, it actually puts the answer. Let's assume that it puts the answer in a special register. And that's part of the contract as well. And once the caller gets the control back from the callee, it can proceed as before. Now, the important thing about this way of interacting between caller and callee with procedure stack is this contract has to obey an invariant or discipline called the stack discipline. And the essence of the stack discipline is that the callee should leave the stack exactly the way the caller left it when it invoked the callee, which means the caller had set up a bunch of arguments on it, and it but the return address on it. The callee should leave things as is. And in fact, the callee is not allowed to touch anything. It should leave everything as is this pretty much except for the register that has the answer. And as long as this discipline is maintained, and that invariant is maintained across procedure implications, this model of using stacks is extremely powerful. You could implement all sorts of procedures, nested procedure, I mean, recursive procedure [SOUND OFF/THEN ON] so on because each of these implications of the procedure has a certain portion of the stack that corresponds to an activation frame. And as long as this discipline is maintained, you can do quite complicated and interesting combinations of modules. But the problem is that that modularity depends crucially on the stack discipline being maintained. And any violation of [SOUND OFF/THEN ON] callee can disrupt the caller and bring it down. And there are many ways in which this discipline could be violated. And the easiest one is that there is some error or bug in the callee, and the callee corrupts the stack. Or the callee corrupts the stack pointer, so it actually [SOUND OFF/THEN ON] control, but the stack pointer points somewhere else and some bad instruction runs, or you have a problem. Now, another problem is that the callee crashes. For instance, there is a divide by zero, or there is some other violation that causes of the callee to crash. And then the caller comes crashing down as well. And there's a bunch of other reasons, but all of them have to do with the stack discipline being violated, or with the callee crashing and control never returning to the caller, which means that the caller and the callee share fate. If something bad happens to the person who has called, sorry, the callee, then the caller struggles as well and isn't able to continue. So colloquially this is referred to as fate sharing. And the resulting modularity is soft because any fault or error [SOUND OFF/THEN ON] affects the caller. The caller, there isn't any kind of a firewall where errors in the callee are insulated from errors in the caller. There's no shielding between the caller and callee. And, where is this thing going? Like, all right, so there's no insulation between caller and callee. And the resulting modularity is not as hard as we would like it to be. So this is the problem we'd like to solve today. And the first solution we're going to discuss is a way of organizing callers and callees into an organization called client service organization. And the main idea is going to actually involve a different abstraction by which callers and callees communicate with one another from the abstractions we've seen already. We've already seen the memory abstraction where you could write values to a name, and another person could read from it. And we've already seen the interpreter abstraction. It could turn out we are going to use a different abstraction [SOUND OFF/THEN ON] path abstraction to implement the client service organization. And the idea is the following. The program is going to be decomposed into clients and services. And you might have many clients and many services, and you could have a client which is a client of one service and [SOUND OFF/THEN ON] is a client of yet another [SOUND OFF/THEN ON] things like that. But any [pair-wise?] interaction is going to be between a client and a service. And think of mapping that example onto here. Think of the callee, for example, being the [SOUND OFF/THEN ON] and the caller being the client. The caller wants some work done, so it's the client. And it invokes the service, the callee, to get that work done. And the plan is going to be that the client and the service are going to run on different computers, physically different computers, and we are going to connect the computers up with wire. And the idea is the moment you do that, the crash of a callee doesn't actually bring the caller coming down because it's running on a completely different processor. The stack is not shared. The memory is not shared. The stack point is not shared. There's really no problem with regard to the callee crashing, bringing the caller down. Of course, we now need a way by which the client can communicate its arguments to the service, and the service can communicate its arguments back to the client. Previously, we did the first one. The arguments were communicated by putting them using memory on the stack, and the answers were coming back to us from register. And we don't have that shared state anymore. So, we're going to have to implement that using messages. And we're going to take these messages, use the communication path abstraction, and send messages from the client to the service. So imagine that time flows downwards starting from when the client invokes the service. A message is sent from [SOUND OFF/THEN ON] to the service saying here's all the arguments, and here's the procedure that I want you to run. And it takes that information up, somehow packages it up into a message, and calls send. OK, and the assumption is that the client somehow already knows something about the name of the service or the location of the service. That's outside of the scope of the current discussion. Let's pretend somebody tells you that here's where the service is running that can run this function for you. So it takes the arguments in the name of the procedure, packages it up the message, and send it across. Well, the service gets the message. It validates the message to make sure that it's the right sizes, and it's not too big, and so on. And then, it takes this message and then does some processing on that message. The technical term for it is going to be called un-marshaling because when we took these arguments and put into a message, that process is called marshaling. The service is going to un-marshal this message and obtain the actual arguments and the name of the procedure, and then it's going to run it. I don't know if it's one L or two L's. And then it's going to run the procedure that's named here. And it's going to find the answer. And then when it gets the answer, it does the same thing back. It puts it back into the message and sends it across the client. And now the client is waiting for this message because it sends off the message to the service to run this thing. It gets this answer back. It does the same thing. It takes the message in that it recovers the answer from it, and then it runs continuously. So this is the basic idea in client/server organization. And the way in which we solve this problem is that these two problems are solved because the callee can't really corrupt the stack or the stack point or anything else that in this model would have affected the caller. And because we have put them [SOUND OFF/THEN ON] physically different computers and hooked them up with, let's say, a wire, the service crashing does not actually bring the client, if the service decides that it crashes, then the client actually doesn't come crashing down. Of course, the client has to somehow have a plan by which it knows that the service is still, for example, the client has to know whether the service has crashed or whether the service is just taking a long time to run something. That's something we have to address, and we will in a bit. But as long as the client is able to do that, a service going away or crashing is not really going to bring the caller or the client down with it. So, some properties of this organization are, first of all, that it's modular. It has essentially the same modularity as we had with procedures because if you had enough computers, you could [UNlNTELLlGIBLE] the different procedures on different computers, all of the caller/callee relationships, and you can preserve, essentially, the same modularity that you had before. Moreover, this modularity has a different adjective in front of it different from soft. This modularity is enforced. What that means is not only is it a modular organization, it's one where errors of, for example, things were one module fails or crashes does not bring the other one come crashing down. So, modularity is more enforced than when they were both running on the same computer using the procedure interface. And the third property of this kind of modularity is something already mentioned. It lies on the message abstraction, actually the communication path abstraction. The client and service communicate with each other through messages. And these aren't [SOUND OFF/THEN ON] messages. You can't just sort of take a random string of bytes and send it to the service. It's actually messages that correspond to a particular format. And these are really [SOUND OFF/THEN ON]. So, that way the service isn't surprised and the client isn't surprised when messages that don't conform to that pattern arrive. I mean, you know exactly what kind of message is going to arrive. And anything that doesn't conform to what is agreed upon in advance is rejected. But you basically make it so that you explicitly declare the nature of these messages much like you did the nature of procedural interface. But now, because you've physically separated it, you have a more enforced modularity than in the previous model. Of course, nothing comes for free. It's not like you got this enforced modularity, and you have all of these nice properties that you did before. Here, you had a nice property that the callee could, has the property that either when it runs and it returns to you, you know exactly what happened. And if it doesn't return, you know that you usually come crashing down. If the callee doesn't return, it means that control never comes back to the caller. So it's not like the caller is left wondering what really happened because the caller doesn't get control again. Here, you have a problem. If the callee, the service doesn't return back to the client, the client actually doesn't know what's going on. When you have two machines, two computers connected over a wire or over a network, it's extremely hard to distinguish between a service running really, really slow, and a service that's gone away. And we'll revisit this a few different times in the course. But it's going to be impossible for us to tell for sure, although [SOUND OFF/THEN ON] very hard. It's going to be really hard for us to tell for sure whether there is something exactly happened. And if the service didn't return, we don't really know for sure without much more machinery whether it was just that the service is still running, or whether it's crashed, and we are just waiting. And so, this organization requires a timer at the client, and there are many names given to this timer. I mean, people call them [people?] eyes, or people call them with various names. I'm going to call it a watchdog timer, where the client has to keep track using some kind of a timer [SOUND OFF/THEN ON] of the service. And if the service doesn't return within a certain period of time, the client has to time out and say, well, the service didn't return, and I'm not quite sure what happened. It might be that the procedure I wanted to execute had ran, but I didn't get the answer. Or it might be that the procedure didn't get executed at all, and I have to deal with it. And you might be able to, by retrying the procedure, or you might contact another service which provides the same functionality, but the client has to deal with all of that. So fundamental to this client's organization is the notion of a time out. And we didn't have that here because here, if the callee decides that it's just going to continue on and not return, the caller never gets [SOUND OFF/THEN ON]. So, it doesn't have this decision to make. There is no such notion of a watchdog that we have to worry about in this other organization. So another nice property of this client service organization is that so far we've presented it in the context of the client and the service being modularized from each other, and we've enforced modularity to the client and the service. But in fact, there is another nice property to it, which is that a client service organization allows us to design modules and design systems where clients get modularized from each other. We can achieve soft modularity by protecting clients from [SOUND OFF/THEN ON]. The idea here is that if you have many clients all of which want to use a given service, for example, there's a service that's, let's say, implemented by a bank and what it does is it's the service that deals with managing your accounts, and you can move money between accounts, and it will tell you your account balance and so on. You can implement that as one service, and many, many clients can share the same service. Now, all of the clients trust the service because, I mean, if you are a customer of a bank, and you are using your [SOUND OFF/THEN ON] to look for your account balance, that means you sort of trust the bank. And all the clients trust the service. But the clients sure don't trust each other. And the nice thing about this organization is that you can use the service in the form of an intermediary that allows the clients to be separated from each other, each of which can use the service. But the clients don't have to trust each other, and clients don't really have to know about each other's information. And this idea of using a service to modularize clients from each other is called a trusted intermediary. There is many examples of trusted intermediaries that we'll see in this course. In fact, tomorrow's recitation on the [X?] Windows system has a system where your computer [SOUND OFF/THEN ON] is going to be managed by a service called by the X Windows system. And there are many clients that are going to use that service. And the clients don't actually trust each other. They want to get modularized away from each other. And the X Windows system as a trusted intermediary deals with that. [SOUND OFF/THEN ON] display, and it arranges for the clients to be designed each independent from the other. And in general, we are going to see in the next few lectures, many examples of the operating system being a trusted intermediary, arranging for many different clients to use some resource on your computer like the processor or the memory of the disk. And our architecture for the operating is going to end up being in the form of these trusted intermediaries. So, so far we've seen what client service organization means. It means you have a client and the service, and they communicate with messages using the communication path abstraction of send and receive. And we've seen some properties of client service organization. But I haven't actually told you how to implement any of this stuff. And so that's what we're going to do the rest of today. And in fact, we are going to continue with different ways of implementing various forms of client service many times in the course. So there are many ways to implement client service organization. And all of them have to do with, all of them involved different ways in which messages are sent between client and service. A common way, and a pretty standard way, of implementing it is something called a remote procedure call. There are many examples of remote procedure called systems. I mean, one of the most common ones is something called the [Sun?] Remote Procedure Call system, or Sun RPC. That's one example. There are many other examples as well. A more modern example which some of you may have heard of is a relatively new system, about five years old, called XML RPC. So if you've heard of buzzwords like Web services in business-to-business interactions, or business-to-business applications, these things use something called XML RPC. And, there is a lot of different three letter acronyms and four letter acronyms. This has led to something called SOAP, which stands for the Simple Object Access Protocol. So there are many different ways of implementing RPC systems. And until last year or a couple of years ago, we used to talk about Sun RPC as an example in this class. But I decided that so 20th century. So we're going to talk about XML RPC today. It has a property that's much more inefficient, but that's [SOUND OFF/THEN ON] the fact that computers have become faster. We don't have to worry in many cases about efficiency. So we are going to talk a little bit about how XML RPC works. So let me first show you [UNlNTELLlGIBLE] what a client written what this kind of RPC looks like. [SOUND OFF/THEN ON] going to show you [SOUND OFF/THEN ON]. All right, I had to [SOUND OFF/THEN ON] to make sure it would fit on this. OK, all right, the way this thing works is actually very, very simple. This uses something called XML RPC Library for Java that was written by the Apache people. And once you incorporate that library, your program completely easy. So let me just walk you through this. The high level idea here is that it's transferring [UNlNTELLlGIBLE] account to the other [SOUND OFF/THEN ON] that's run by the back. So, the first line of this thing here creates an XML RPC object, an XML RPC client object. And what you give it is actually the name of the service. So somebody has to tell you the name of the service. And I don't want to get into the details of everything here, but the basic idea is your backname.com colon 8080 is the name, the DNS name at which the service runs and [the port?]. The thing about XML RPC is that it runs [SOUND OFF/THEN ON] which is what you use to transfer objects on the Web. And underneath, we talk about how it's implemented; underneath this is implemented using a standard [SOUND OFF/THEN ON] in HTTP called a post which allows, normally HTTP has a [get?] where you retrieve stuff. But it also has a post that many of you are familiar with where the client can push some stuff to the server. And it just uses post [SOUND OFF/THEN ON]. What's going on [SOUND OFF/THEN ON]? You create a vector of parameters, and you fill that vector in with, in this case, your account number. And let's say here the idea is this sort of thing is very popular in big companies like Ford or Cisco, which have thousands of suppliers. And, they never actually maintain a lot of inventory of their own. They're always trying to figure out the latest cost of any of their supplies. And they are using this Web service like interface. In fact, this is also called a Web service interface to communicate with their suppliers to always have [SOUND OFF/THEN ON] whether their suppliers have any given item in stock, and how much it costs [SOUND OFF/THEN ON]. So, let's pretend you have done that in your company, and you are trying to pay off, you are taking your suppliers' account number and pay some money to him, OK? So in this case, whatever, dollars is that argument. So you create parameters. And all you do at the end is you use these XML RPC client objects, and [SOUND OFF/THEN ON] it presents to you called execute. And you give it two arguments. The second argument is the parameters. And the first argument is the name of the procedure that you wish to run on the service. OK, that's in this case called money transfer. So, corresponding to this, somewhat longer is a piece of code running on the service which implements the service side of it, which basically obtains [SOUND OFF/THEN ON] calls an object that un-marshaled arguments, and then it will execute money transfer, both of which [SOUND OFF/THEN ON] little that actually has to run on the service. It's just a little bit longer than this. Now, this line here is important. That's the line on which you get your result. And this gives the result as a string. If I tell you that I finished transferring X dollars from this account to that account, or if I tell you I couldn't transfer, and there was some kind of an error, or you might actually not get any answer, in which case the underlying library that implements this [UNlNTELLlGIBLE PHRASE] your code has to deal with. And how you deal with it is a little tricky because you don't, and you'll see this in a moment, you don't quite know what happened when you didn't get an answer back from the service. You don't know if this actually got your transfer request and crashed after that. And, it got the request. It actually implemented the transfer and then crashed. It just couldn't send your response back. So, you're not quite sure whether you need to retry the request or not. You will actually see how to deal with [UNlNTELLlGIBLE] in a few minutes. Now, there's one thing that's really important about this line of code. This XML RPC dot execute money transfer block, that line of code actually is not something that runs on the service. OK, it's a local procedure. XML RPC dot execute is a local procedure [UNlNTELLlGIBLE]. OK, and that procedure is an example of something called a stop because what it is, is a stop that to this caller [fakes out?] the fact that there's a service somewhere else. I mean, it prevents the caller from having to deal with [15?] arguments and putting it in the message and sending it to the other side. The caller just calls it [over?] the procedure, giving it suitable arguments that [UNlNTELLlGIBLE] for this function now to do the work of sending a message across the network. But this is a local [call?]. So, what happens underneath? Underneath in the library, once you call XML RPC dot execute in this example, somebody does work. That library does the work of taking the different arguments that have been presented to it and converting them into a message, marshaling all of the stuff into a message, and then shipping that message off to the [UNlNTELLlGIBLE]. That has to be going to some kind of a format on the [UNlNTELLlGIBLE], right? Ultimately on this [wire?] connecting the client to the service, there's [forming?]. And I already mentioned that this runs on top of HTTP. And so we can actually look at what that looks like. OK, so post here is the method that you use in HTTP. The slash RPC2 is actually the same thing that was used in, if you remember in the previous screenshot, when we [did the new caller?] to get a new XML RPC [try?], we gave it a server name and a port number. But we also gave it something called RPC2. Now, that's just like a file on the other side. It says there are many different RPC programs running on your service. And I want RPC2 to run. I mean, I could have named it anything I wanted. And that's a lot like giving a file name on a URL. And then, you go on. You give it the host name. This is a lot like an HTTP header. The interesting new stuff here is in the XML arguments. But those were not [familiar?] to XML. It's just a method, a way of sending things that have attributes and values associated with them. So, every method has the format that its attributes and values, and they can be nested within each other. The only interesting thing that's here, this particular XML RPC system supports a few different data formats. You can do integers, and characters, and strings, and doubles, and floats, and a few different things like that. And I thought it just means [that the?] 32 bit integer, and you can take numbers that sum up your account number, your supplier's account number, and the amount of money that you want to transfer. The good thing is that all this stuff has gone underneath the callers, and you don't actually have to deal with it if you are [writing?] the client or you are writing [the sets?]. All this work happens underneath. So, it greatly simplifies your ability to take, implement [fine?] service programs with [UNlNTELLlGIBLE] and services being separated from one another. OK. So, so far, we've made it [UNlNTELLlGIBLE] a lot except for this little timer that you have to maintain. We've made it look a lot like a remote procedure called, it's like a procedure [call?]. In fact, the code here, the only difference is you replace what was previously what would have been [UNlNTELLlGIBLE] transfer with arguments we replace with a [UNlNTELLlGIBLE], taking the name of the procedure we want to run on the service [UNlNTELLlGIBLE]. So, it looks a lot like a procedure [calling?]. That actually is a pretty deceptive thing. And in fact, a [hint?] at that is you can get at the bottom of this thing up there, there is a light that says you have to deal with XML RPC exception. And that's the kind of exception you get when online RPC library, the size that it hasn't heard an answer from the service in a while, it [does?] an exception. And your code has to deal with it. You are never going to get that kind of exception from a regular procedure call. I didn't hear back from the caller or from the callee to do something. See, that's a new exception that you didn't previously have to deal with. I mean, you have to deal with other kinds of exceptions but not this one. So, an RPC is not the same as a procedure call. And in fact, it's a little unfortunate that, [UNlNTELLlGIBLE] reasons, we are stuck a little with a [SOUND OFF/THEN ON] procedure call. In fact, increasingly more and more RPC systems don't look like procedure calls at all in terms of the semantics. But we were so stuck with the name that people continue to have various kinds of procedure calls, and they used the same name for it. And the first main difference arises from the fact that there is no fate sharing between client and service. If the service crashes, the client doesn't crash. Already you have a big difference between a regular procedure call. And previously I presented this as an advantage because if you have fate sharing, then this caller is always at the mercy of the callee. But because you have no fate sharing, you have other problems to deal with. And in particular, all of these stem from the fact that it's extremely hard to distinguish between a failure versus extremely slow. And it will turn out that we revisit this over and over again. We'll talk about networks and reliable [concentration?] over networks and deal with it, and then we're going to talk about [fall?] tolerance, and we're going to talk about an idea for [UNlNTELLlGIBLE], and then we're going to talk about something called [UNlNTELLlGIBLE]. And they're all going to deal with this problem that it's going to be very hard for us to tell, when you ask somebody to do a piece of work, whether they did fully or did nothing. OK, and this is going to be a repeated theme, a team that is going to repeat in the course. But to complicate why this is hard, let me say three possible things that could happen when you have [UNlNTELLlGIBLE PHRASE] service and what kind of semantics you want from a client service interaction. They all stem from the fact that this is extremely hard to determine. The first semantics that you might want is the idea semantic. The client talks to the service, and either the service answers with a response or it doesn't. OK, and that's something called exactly-once semantics. So in this example here, underneath the library, it may time out. And it may wish to retransmit. Or it may wish to throw an exception at the caller. The client may want to send [this?] again. But in an ideal case, you want exactly once this amount of money to be moved from bank account one to bank account two, right? You certainly don't want your amount of money to be moved twice to your supplier. The [term?] of this is ideal, and it's going to be pretty difficult, and extremely hard, to achieve exactly-once semantics. And, we're going to talk about different methods in the course. This is not an easy problem at all. It stems from the fact that it is very hard to know. So, you might give up a little bit and say, OK, I can't really get exactly-once semantics very easily. But let me try for at least once. So what this means is the client will keep retrying or the [UNlNTELLlGIBLE] will keep retrying. And you can decompose it in either way until it is sure that this [UNlNTELLlGIBLE PHRASE] at least once. Now, it might have succeeded more than once because the service is very slow. And then it times out. You try it again, the service says, oh, OK, I see it; I must not do it again. But, it's at least once, OK? Now, at least once is not nice semantics that you're using at least one semantics in your code here, right, because your supplier might end up with $7 million instead of $1 million. But at least once is OK if the service has some kind of semantic called idem-potent semantics. What that means is that when you do an operation more than once, the answers are the same as at-least-once. A simple example of this was the transfer of money, but you checking your bank account balance. It doesn't really matter that you do it a hundred times. As long as one of them succeeds and you get your bank balance, you are fine. I mean, doing it seven times does not really change anything; it does not move extra money anywhere else. So that's an example of an idem-potent action, which works out well with at-least-once semantics. And at-least-once semantics is much easier to obtain than exactly-once semantics. And the third kind of semantics is something converses: most-once semantics. That means zero or more times. And here, the challenge is really figuring out if it really worked at least once around. I mean, I [pushed?] once around. So, if you don't get a response back, then you time out. And it might be that it didn't succeed at all. And you say that's fine. I'll deal with it separately. And if you get a response back, then you know that worked. It turns out, even that is going to be a little bit tricky to implement. But these kinds of semantics you could expect from your RPC system. Now, actually the first R in most RPC systems like XML RPC don't really deal with any of this in a particular, I mean, they don't really provide any well-defined semantics. It's usually for the client sitting on top, and the service is still, they don't know what kind of semantics they need, and implement that at a higher [layer?] at least with most of these standard protocols. But many of them are well equipped to deal with at-least-once semantics. OK, and through the course, there are different ways in which we'll accomplish these different goals, these different semantics that we want from our different RPC systems. Now, there's another difference between regular procedure calls and remote procedure calls, or more generally from client service. Remember in the second lecture, I told you that you can always get more bandwidth, and you can always get more processing past [UNlNTELLlGIBLE], but one thing you can't actually change is the legacy between two computers connected by a wire connected by a network. The speed of light doesn't change. What that means is that with time, the number of constructions that you can run, when you have two computers separated by a wire, there is a certain delay between that no matter what you do. So there is a certain delay that you do a procedure call that's a remote procedure call. It takes a certain delay to send a message and to get a response back. Even as computers get faster and faster and faster, that isn't changing at all. But the problem is that the number of instructions you can run but within that duration is increasing with time because it's a fixed amount of time, and the number of constructions you could run locally on the computer increases with time. So that has led people to be more aggressive about what they do in a remote procedure call. What people said it is, wait, it doesn't make sense for a client to issue a procedure call, relocate to a service, and then just sit and wait like in a regular procedure call, the answer. I mean, I'm just sitting there twiddling my thumbs, and this thing is that way, and I'm waiting for it to respond. I could be doing work. So, that's led people to changing the synchronous model of RPC, of a procedure call interface to do something called asynchronous procedure call interface. And all the things like XML RPC and its [follow-on?], and the difference between SOAP and XML RPC is that I can understand this, and builds on XML RPC. It seems like very few people understand SOAP. There is a lot of people who have given up on trying to understand the specification. But XML RPC turns out to be a really simple seven or ten page document that's very easy to understand. A lot of people use it. But anyway, all these systems support asynchronous RPC. The idea here is that the client sends a procedure [UNlNTELLlGIBLE] remote request to the service. And then it goes about doing its work. When the service responds with an answer, it responds with not just the answer, but also something that tells the client which service request, which procedure caller request it's responding to. And when the response comes back, the client can't handle it. Now, the way in which you have to implement this, or the way you have to design this is that associated with every procedure [called?] request, you also have to associated what's called a handler because you're going to issue this request to the service and then go about doing your work. When the answer comes back, the RPC library, the communication library has to know: who gets this answer? Because you might have to shield many such service requests. So who gets this answer? So you associate with every request a callback, a handler, which then is called back. And that handler runs, dealing with the answer that comes back. And so, that actually allows you to be a little more decoupled than we were with the [UNlNTELLlGIBLE] even more decoupled. The private services are even more decoupled because [UNlNTELLlGIBLE] waiting for the service to turn an answer to. So that's the first way which people have extended. The second way in which people have extended is using this intermediary idea that we talked about before where the services [cross the?] intermediary. To use this intermediary idea to actually make design remote message based communication systems where the client and service don't actually have to be up and running at the same time. So actually, the client could send a request out to the service. But the service is actually not up and running. So, the idea is there is an intermediary that acts as a broker on behalf of the service, and buffers the message. And then, when the service comes out, the service knows to pull the message from this intermediary. That's buffered messages [UNlNTELLlGIBLE]. And then it passes the message, and then pushes the answer back to the intermediary, which then stores the message to some other intermediary perhaps. And then the client knows to get the answer from that intermediary. So now, we can actually have clients and services that interact with each other without actually having to be up and running at the same time. There are many examples of this, and the notes talk about various examples of intermediary communication. So just [UNlNTELLlGIBLE] what we've talked about so far is that we looked at different ways of attaining modularity, talked about soft modularity last time, and today about a particular way of enforcing modularity using client service organization. And the next few lectures, we are going to solve a big weakness of the current system which is that you need many different computers. So we are going to take these ideas, and implement them all on one computer. See you next week Tuesday. "As she came plowing through the water, she looked like a huge, half-submerged crocodile." "At her prow, I could see the iron ram projecting straight forward." The confederacy had begun the war with no navy whatsoever. But by the fall of 1861, Confederate engineers were bolting iron plates to the hull of the steam frigate Merrimac. Building a warship more powerful than anything the Union had. News of the monster quickly reached the North. Secretary of War Stanton feared she would steam up the Potomac and shell the White House. There was probably only one man in America who could stop the Merrimack. And he was mad at the Navy. The Swedish-born inventor John Ericsson was proud, vain and cranky. And felt he had been cheated out of payment for services to the government years before. But when Secretary of the Navy Gideon Wells begged him to do something to stop the Merrimack, Ericsson came up with an extraordinary design. His ship would have only two guns to the Merrimack's ten. But they would be mounted on a revolving turret, and though his vessel would be made entirely of iron, Ericsson assured everybody that "the sea shall ride over her and she shall live in it like a duck." Professional Navy men dismissed the plan, but Lincoln overruled them. And just 100 days later, on January 30, 1862, Ericsson's ship slid into Manhattan's East River. He called her the 'Monitor,' and there had never been anything like her. The single vessel contained 47 patentable inventions. "We ran first to the New York side, and then to Brooklyn, and so back and forth across the River," "like a drunken man on a sidewalk. We found she would not answer her rudder at all." Once at sea, water spilled in. Ventilators failed. The ship filled with gas. Her crew began to faint. But the Monitor kept limping south. 400 miles away, off the coast of Virginia, the Merrimack was waiting. Saturday, March 8 was wash day for the Union fleet in Hampton Roads, Virginia. Laundry was drying on the rigging of the Union warships, when the Confederate Merrimack headed straight for the USS Cumberland. (cannon fire) The Cumberland opened fire, but the shots bounced harmlessly off the Merrimack's side. The Confederate ship rammed the Cumberland, then stood in so close their muzzles almost touched. (cannon fire) The Cumberland sank in shallow water. The Merrimack went on to set the USS Congress afire, drove the USS Minnesota aground, then drew back for the night. For one day, the Confederate Navy ruled the sea. At 1 o'clock that morning, the crew of the battered Minnesota saw a strange looking ship draw up alongside them in the darkness. "Close alongside the Minnesota, there was a craft such as the eyes of a seaman never looked upon before." "An immense shingle floating on the water, with a gigantic cheesebox rising from its center." "No sails, no wheels, no smokestack, no guns. What could it be?" The Monitor had arrived. (cannon fire) The next morning, the epic battle of ironclads began. (cannon fire) Hull to hull, the two ships hammered away at each other, so close they collided five times as the men inside, half-blind with smoke, loaded and fired. (constant, loud cannon fire) After four and a half hours, the Merrimack drew off. It was her only fight. Two months later, rather than surrender their ship, the Confederates blew her up when they were forced out of Norfolk. Both sides set to work building more ironclads, while Europe watched in worried fascination. From the moment the two ships opened fire that Sunday morning, every other navy on Earth was obsolete. In 1974, Portugal was freed from 48 years of dictatorship, become known as "carnation flower revolution". Then, they come from an illiteracy rate of 33%, to equals European Union's average rate! They've reduced the infant mortality rate from 55,5% to 3,1%! (4 deaths for each 1,000 live births!) One of the lowest, in all Europe. They increased compulsory schooling by 50%. All Portuguese urban slums were extinct, and increased life expectancy from 67,1 to 79,5 years old. They achieved all this in less than a generation, and without any sort of marshall plan! And yes, it's true, they haven't done everything well. Sometimes, Portuguese people, wasted money on unnecessary things: They have lots of the Europe's best automobiles... 41,3% come from ...German! they installed the largest electric car supply networks in europe all supplied by ...German companies! And They're still waiting for the electric cars ...from Germany. They also spent billions of euros in state-of-the-art submarines. ...German submarines! In 2004, to accommodate the Euro 2004 (2004 UEFA European Football Championship) they invested 675 million euros in stadiums, mostly constructed by ...German enterprises. Every year, all the trades between the two countries, results in a profit of more than 3.3 million of euros, ...To Germany. Besides all that, in the past year, they reduced salaries, pensions, social benefits, public services removed all christmas and holiday bonuses, health, education and reduced social security expenses... they've highly raised the prices of all public services, increased the retirement age, taxes highly raised on consumption, transportation, housing... Well, in fact... almost in everything that exists! 2 records were broken! The biggest spending-cuts and the highest increasing taxes in history! Still, it seems to be not enough, since some people think... They don't work hard enough... they do not pay enough taxes... they are always in parties... SO, LET'S CLARlFY THlS!... They work 38,9 hours per week. ...more than the Germans! They work until 67 years old. ... Much, much more than the Germans! But the Germans should know all this already... If they take a look at the 150.000 Portuguese hard workers, in German country. Portuguese have 22 days of vacation per year. ...Less than the Germans! They only have 9 holidays per year. ...Less than the Germans! On average, the Portuguese worker earn 1.171 euros per month. Only half as the German worker! And even so... They pay more taxes... Much more taxes! There are only 2 countries in Europe, that taxes more than 50%, their rich people. ...Germany and Portugal!... What they have, is a slightly different concept of rich people.... Even so, Portuguese, always saw the European project, as a project of solidarity. In last 10 years, German exports have more than duplicated. In last 10 years, Portuguese unemployment have more than triplicated. Even so, when they protest, they protest ...in the Portuguese way. In 1990 Germany, unilaterally, declared that his own old debt had expired. No protests, at all, from the Portuguese. In 2005 Germany violated the accorded deficit limits. They were forgived by Europe Union. The Portuguese not only didn't protested, but, they supported that decision. They knowed that was not fair to demand to the German people to work even more, pay more taxes, get lower wages, or even have cuts in their pensions. The Portuguese have always seen the European project, as a solidarity project... "Tear down this wall!" - Ronald Reagan to Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, about the Berlin Wall And, for sure, Germans see the European project that way, too. In Europe, all "Berlin walls" don't exist anymore since 1989! The superior man honors his virtuous nature... and maintains constant inquiry and study... seeking to carry it out to its breadth and greatness... and omit none of the exquisite and minute points it embraces The superior man honors his virtuous nature and maintains constant inquiry... To be fond of learning is to be near to knowledge, to practice with vigor... Sir. Can you remember it like that? Sir, what are you doing here this late? I heard someone memorizing verses and here you are. Come ON. Listen, that outfit suits you. - You think? - Definitely. First time in this outfit, too, and I look good... Huh? What is this place? The 2nd library of the Royal Secretariat. The wind's cold. Study here. Huh? Isn't that trespassing or something? Relax. I'm on night duty. No one will bother you. Even so... Wait, since when do administrative officers pull night duty in the palace? Well, I, um... actually... I pull this shift almost every night. Oh, is that right? But don't officers..? Hush, hush, hush, there's not time. Get to studying. Sit. I heard about your appointment as an inspector. The court lady outfit suits you. Court lady? I'm still a novice. I have to pass the exam. So I was told. Can you do it? I've heard the test is pretty tough. Probably not. What? I'm studying, but I need someone to teach me what it means. The test is coming up and my mind's gone blank, I'm that worried. Really? We can't have that. The King is certain you'll pass. Wha..? The King? You didn't know? He expects great things from you. - Really? He's really... really? - Really. Imagine his disappointment if he knew you were so worried... Who are you? The little bulldog that never lets go, right? This won't do. Let's have a look. Sir. Where should we..? Right. 'Sincerity is that whereby self-completion is effected.' - Which means? - Sir, please... No time. Finish it. 'Its way is that by which man must direct himself.' Right? 'Thus it is that Heaven, in the production of things...' 'is sure to be bountiful to them, according to their qualities.' Look at the scholar. You've gone from bulldog to schoolhouse dog. Schoolhouse... tee-hee... It's hard to learn Doctrine of the Mean in just three days. I'll teach you the highlights. Oh, no, I don't want to be a bother... You've been a bother every time we've met. How's this different? Si-i-ir... Pay special attention to the verses I assign. Understand? Sir? Who knows? They may be on the test. I understand, sir. I'll DO it. Good! Now... what will probably be on the test..? Here. Hand... come on, your hand... Next... Ah-ha, this is the one... Sir, there's something I've been meaning to ask you. I don't think that's on the test. How can you be sure? Ah, another one. Eungeum, begin. Some are born with the knowledge of duty; some know it by study... and some acquire the knowledge after a painful feeling of their ignorance. Finish the verse. Whether by knowledge, study or experience... it comes to the same thing. Now for Dong Yi. My lady. This is the one he had me memorize. Well, can you do it? Yes, my lady. All things are nourished together without injuring one another. Their courses are pursued without any collision among them. Smaller energies are like rivers; greater energies are transformations. This is what makes heaven and earth so great. Correct. Continue. Sir, what happened? How'd she do? F-.. fa-.. fa..! Failed? She failed? No, fantastic! She was fantastic! Dong Yi passed! For really real? Yeah, she was a thousand, no, TEN thousand times better than the other girl. You shoulda heard, she recited it like was nothin'! - Sir! - Yungdal! Dong Yi, pass. Well done. My lady. Very well done, indeed. We're pleased with how quickly you learned Doctrine of the Mean. This is just the beginning. You must apply yourself. I will, my lady. - You'd better get along. - My lady? They're training now. Huh? Yes, my lady! this is a Mechanical Translation. it may include errors. Some of them are funny and some are embarrassing. If you want to help us to translate, please contact us. viewing is Cost 10 Shekel. Helpful and Pleasant View. tore the sky in prayer How were the holidays? What a horror, the truth all the holidays you complain, quite Basel with it now ended it the miss Like Moshe Kahlon. Better. We learn about the nature of time, this routine There is nothing more sad and depressing than seeing decomposed Sukkah how we worked on it, how it looks now Messy No more depression seeing four of these amazing species dismantled etrog we jam, the prairie became a battered No more depressing seeing the pounds added after the holidays, repulsive, fat when you download them? And now put winter clothes What to do with time, with the routine? With this daily? If there is something that God (kiss) brother. Which Mika, yo, I do not believe, welcome If there is something that God hates the world, it is an escape from reality. Gray day here today, dealing Enter our parasha, Parashat Noah, Noah leaves the ark See the routine, the day waiting for him and says, yo alas, he plants a vineyard and gets drunk and Issachar, and he was uncovered. Is lying on the floor and out drunk his dress, his cloak rises, and it is revealed Says God, because that's comfortable earning all of Israel went into exile and Issachar, and he was uncovered, the language of exile. Why? Says God, man, you want to escape from reality? Common male trait,'il talk about men and women You want to escape from reality? Okay You do not want to be here? Right will find out, you really will not be here escapism icky, deal. But escape is allowed Escape fun, pool skimmer makes you such a good makes you pleasant this flight call, once a week, one hour Rate story week This week girls affair retirement from the world 're Going to hear all kinds of stories old Noah Who is interested? Abraham, Sarah trained, some escape from reality What retirement? This retirement be surprised to see how she interprets Bull of the week you have Time alleged escape completely to another and suddenly you'll see how this week you will flood How to Deal this week just with the issues of the case girls, there is nothing like affair did not interpret you the week The only escape This helps you later return to your day with new vigor written, how God created the world? Looked at the Torah and created the world looked at the Torah and created the world He can also see this everyday world is running Torah and she gives him instructions daily session of the world. You will see how Bah"h this year we begin to scratch the Pentateuchs How they give you the ability to handle real-time with a problem that appeared just this week how many times I was told, Jemima, give a lesson on the education of children, moi Let the parity rate, give a lesson on, do not know what, faith, Leave it. Provision you always interpret these issues in real time ONLlNE Today we are approaching a comfortable affair tonight we Rosh Chodesh Cheshvan Cheshvan is a month good or bad? Cheshvan is as comfortable There requiring him praise, requiring him to censure has What does it mean? Have months they openly bad, like Tammuz and as a father months they have expressly amazing, Kislev, Maple There are months that they or either way This one Cheshvan, and why not sure it was a good month or a bad month? This month that comparing it It comes after Elul and Tishrei So would he fall? Whiz bang! ? Or are the lights of Elul and Tishrei? The Nov. The Nov Sages say that letters are silent. Shhhh. Great peace after the storm What noise was September, the shofar Totadttadtto. Our cries locking, do not like this. Invent us forgiveness when the lock. Sounds of hammers of the Sukkah great shouts on Friday. Hosea Hosea Please Please Songs of Simchat Torah. Shhh. Shhhhh Heshvan silent. The Nov. Quiet. Enormous quiet after the storm and this silence you should hear one voice the woman's voice hovers over a month Cheshvan call matriarch Rachel Voice is heard wailing, bitter weeping Rachel weeping for her children to be comforted for her children Mane What say you mother Rachel? Listen Sweet If you want to keep all the treasures earned Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur You must continue to pray for the month of Cheshvan evil power of Cheshvan is the power that comes and tells you the holidays are over, the New Year is over, Yom Kippur ends for what to pray now? Force stops you pray, how to read? Scorpion Heshvan luck Scorpio Gemara, when one prays the prayer 18 even a snake coiled around his leg to stop the prayer is forbidden Scorpio comes next leg, you have to stop praying Scorpio This power stops you pray, say you leave then leave, for what? We did everything Tishrei, we all September? Not true early years says Rabbi Levin There are people who buy a calendar, there are people who buy a diary. What's the difference? Calendar This first full-filled pages and tearing tearing tearing tearing until there was nothing left diary, every day you write more and more and more and more Every day is a supplement You have no idea how prevalent in Tishrei in your prayers Who only heard the shofar, who only had a closing prayer who just blew a kiss to the book of the Torah on Simchat Torah, You do not know what year you will have But to get all this potential light must have the Power of Prayer Everyday, everyday, even those who did not take arrangement Iminal hand doorpost, to have a happy day today pray every day just on that day, do not ask what will be, how will Right hand on the jamb. Help me through the day today with joy, smiling brightly knowing Htoov I will explain. On Wednesday, creation, Hkb"b created the seeds of trees and plants but they did not come from the earth, why? And human no work on the land had not been born a man, says Rashi, recognize the good of the rain not that guy say: Oh God, you're so huge, you download rain, then the name Not realizing the seed beneath the estimation You do not understand what you sow month of Tishrei seems you run out of holidays, Fss Boom! What fall Not at all. The name is only now beginning to pay you in 12 post-dated checks all profits earned in this giant Genesis is alleged affair, which is depressing this paradise was amazing, they were chased away first couple of creation, Adam and Eve, what love, they created together glued together back male and female created, End of Parshas Bereishis he divorces her, says the Almighty Who needs it The woman whom you gave to be with me, she looks at him and says boring old me with and I do Shns with snake So what we did, what for? The first fraternity history, Cain and Abel, twins one kills the other, her mother So God, what for? Why did you give me holidays? If now all over What you showed me paradise, if I was expelled? What showed me a model of an amazing relationship when it's all over? What I have created a sister, when I hate her and she hates me? God says you do not understand Once you were in heaven once the carrier of this gene in your DNA Burn you have a small paradise underground and I'll teach you to get him Once Adam and Eve were created attached to the back, connected You have the potential to double without Separated you can find your partner , the world's most amazing You can get along with your spouse, the most amazing world the carrier of parity non Separated the carrier of paradise, the carrier of brotherhood the carrier of locking. The carrier of the shofar The carrier of the sukkah, it is you, it is not realized yet that position and gratitude world is so good you just do not know it grateful is to recognize your reality and say Hugh, how it was in my favor Some girls tell me, Jemima, how I want it, how do I this and that Now he's going to marry someone else, how are you crying After a few years you see him with her and says Thank God for ever, saving me a curve, what would I do with it, how it looks, what a miracle you did to me you saved me from, You have no idea how good the reality is always better And God saw all that he did and it was very good When you see it? Knowing tuba Cheshvan in the morning, if you want to grow all the seeds you sow September Put ​​your right hand on the jamb and tell God, what a beautiful world I had a grandmother, grandmother Mshaolda Could not write and could read Every morning she was up, she would say this verse she knew, so at the mezuzah And it was evening and it was morning and it was very good What had another night? Thank God Another morning I Wow, what a miracle and it was very good this verse from Genesis how the world better, how good your husband, your children how good, how good will in-law one day everything will be good to just need to know This is so true how many of the hottest first suddenly you know where so many good points, it is good actually true, just have to be thankful girls, we very rare week Week say half a prayer, half Reply wind and rain off just despise Cheshvan week, we also say give dew and rain blessing Sages tell us that prayer is not handed them jackal rain dew and rain blessing It responds wind Yo, how you a breath of wind How you download Rain When you say thank you, you get fulfillment of desires thousand times than you say Give dew and rain blessing This is worth a lot less prayer girls if you want to learn gratitude day for that is Saturday Those who gripe and complain on Saturday is guaranteed to have a week of paradise Protect your Paradise Lost materialize before your eyes what was written on Saturday? And luxuriate in the name and give you the desires of your heart not say ask him and he'll give you Glorying and you will receive. Every Saturday to say, what a treat, you poured the wine on the floor? Pleasure He brought 25 guests from the synagogue? Beautiful Isbth name savoring name and give you the desires of your heart I said it's like the Ministry of the Interior Interior Ministry sits looks like third world and say what a pleasure, oh how diverse people, so much, great and this line, how he draws, and the clerk sees you say what a pleasure, and wanted you with passport This Saturday. What a pleasure and the name gives you a passport next week, you replace WAC gives you a bigger replaces your last name and brings you an amazing winner gives you focus in life, confused Gives you a visa for a week in this world Just to say thanks Art Hnadrth it, so make every day for incredible the art of gratitude that we learn today Do it today hopefully at the end of the lesson in silence, each say thanks for what she had and see what would be so overwhelming Month Just do not cease to pray prayers of Cheshvan fulfilling everything we Tishrei Today rainfall hopefully learn to download How to do this great big miracle? Cain says I listened to a rate of Jemima, should be grateful Cain is the first in history thanks sacrifices to God and God says to him, I do not, thank you very much Abel sacrificed total after copying it name receives the offering of Abel, Cain and his offering to No Time Jemima, what do you want me to say thank you, my life is screwed Every good deed I made her God ignores me and things like that do exactly what I do, imitate me, get some good life so lucky, why my life is fucked up? Says the Holy Light of Life Cain There was a radiant face Everything he did, even gratitude, it was the name Thank you, thank you for what you gave me and probably what you did not give me you understand why it is not good and it is holy life light means when you thank God in the face drooping, like Cain did your day go curve Up this month Heshvan sizzle prayer, prayers lips sizzled MarCheshvan Do not stop praying, it's wonderful huge testament Mother Rachel I want to talk about Rachel and Noah to compare a lot of people uncomfortable Compare him to Abraham How Abraham brought so many people back and you conveniently did not return even one reply compare him to Moses, Noah Are not you ashamed? Moses was in, you were in Moses saved other that saved him You used the box and saving no one else, not you prayed for your generation What's the difference what happens to rest? I compare the ease with Mama Rachel prayers of Rosh Hashana Supplement kingdoms have Shofarot Remembering mention two people and lovingly remembered Noah and God remembered Noah name How did you remember Noah and the flood rescue and another, and God remembered Rachel and opened her womb Girls, what a miracle more Great? Name Tsunami brings huge saving the world and a convenient box? What a miracle box may some barren trees or a woman who had no children for many years and suddenly gets her offspring between us, what a story is bigger? Convenient Convenient. Anyone excited convenient affair? Oh, maybe the little kids in When I teach the story of Noah I find all kinds of innovations but the story itself, well, Mother Rachel Every year when I faced the death of the matriarch Rachel Bea Cheshvan, is less than two weeks to 11 days, and says to myself, Jemima, do not tell one more time how she gave her sister the night of her wedding and gave her husband. Who cares? I tell you this, I feel the tears crawling up my throat everyone in the minds tear, what is it? This story of the matriarch Rachel, this small impacts for generations for years, not just us, also to The name says Rachel, Rachel, Dee Dee, your crying Because of you I will reply sons have returned, I'll get a husband, and I'll bring her livelihood, and I'll get a new apartment what force was Rachel affect so many people In other words, how to influence public Noah did exactly what Bibi Netanyahu did two weeks ago, the UN General Assembly He built a box in front of everyone and told them, guys, this is the red line, You should know that if you keep your sins and the sins, come flood, notice this box it did not affect anyone, it's them worthless matriarch Rachel, everything she did, after all, everyone wants to please it. How's that? Saturday heard Rabbi Benjamin Benjamin Levin, grandson of Rav Aryeh Levin and he told us that he went with his grandfather, Rabbi Aryeh Levin alleys Nahlaot any moment someone came and kissed his hand, and Rabbi, Told him, Grandpa, tell me, how do you get everyone, everyone, Ashkenazi and Sephardi intellectuals, secular zoot how they all die you Grandpa? Tell him, let me tell you a story old father had had a son, winter came they had one coat Father said, give me your coat, cold Jr. said, no, I need the coat, cold father said, okay, let's go to the rabbi of the city they arrive the city's rabbi = = says the father, I'm a old, cold, I might get sick I want your coat Says Rabbi child, he's right, what's wrong with you? Says to the rabbi does not tell you everything Every day I go out to support him and me to bring bread home I have the coat, who would feed him? Rabbi said, it's very difficult issue Come back tomorrow, but, when you come back tomorrow, everyone will claim the claim of the other, swing positions Okay they say, without understanding, and leave. Next day they return. Says son, my father's old, he has the coat, I can manage, I'm warming up will work fine old man says no, poor is out to get me bread, will give him the coat Rabbi said, wait a second, going to the closet takes a fur coat and said, Take, now you have two coats Hugh, great thanks, why do not you give us this coat yesterday? Rabbi said, listen. Yesterday said the coat is mine I need it And you said coat is mine, I need it so I said, this coat in my closet and I need it As soon as I hear from others that everyone cares I want to give Long Aryeh Levin said, these people are so want to do my will because I love them so much and want to do the will The most famous story is told of Rabbi Aryeh Levin He visited prisoners in jail Once he arrived, and one of the prisoners smoked a cigarette he saw Rabbi Levin and swallowed the cigarette burns, so that he did not want to upset the Rabbi How to get it? Sometimes women ask him, Jemima, what will I do for my children listen to me, they do not listen to me so that the charmless Bless your heart letters like this education, you're a little daisy, ridiculous them, Do really out of concern to them and to them, they do not want to do what you say? Sure they want It was the difference between Noah and Rachel I save myself first of all and my kids and other animals If the way, more people will repent, well He did not think, he did not give his heart for others matriarch Rachel, when she asked Ben, she asked for you all to this day, Rachel weeping for her children, Anna regret the building that is not, that grammar error CL says Anna regret the building that are not, or that her son is gone, Shaw Hada the building? Because we say the sages " for, to the last women people of Israel will not be happy She keeps pestering God in heaven, rather, look how hard life she had, how the holidays magnifying glass increased her loneliness Master of the Universe and how it lacks money, and how it's not happy with himself And how she was sick, and how that upset a woman thought to everyone, for everyone? Because people think with all my heart for other people has World for these people it's raining Mother Rachel is the mother of rain Sages say no to rain, but for people of faith, rains down when people are loyal to each other, caring each other's sorrow I'm telling you for the umpteenth time the Midrash no rain falling, but for people of faith What I'm talking about the rain, which, we were Aztec dancing was raining? Rain is no longer relevant. Oh. How it is relevant. It's always funny to me how agenda driven rain Arab Sukkot, we sit in the sukkah fancy and combed beautiful table disposable tools, supplies water invited guests, what I did, what a fancy table Now Tic Tac rain starts, we ignored it, nonsense, what is that all and growing and growing and growing We had a visitor who had a magnificent Penn hair but he was not nice to say So he said, perhaps my wife's face goes bad, you should probably coming home and my house was messy shocking, so I was happy to host the gazebo, so I said, why not, We went all the plates on the head, we saved what was already possible to save Course sitting in and looked at the books Is it a good sign or a bad sign that it was raining in the sukkah, a bad sign The name tells us, come on, ugh, come back home, you and your sukkah, nothing to do, Not really loved us this Friday evening, how? No rain? Not treating you all God So then, is another shows us how he, the Jerusalemites Good rain, rain, I say relevant, "alive and kicking" Give me your agenda soon Rachel is the mother of rain, no rain falls but for people of faith, people faithful to each other Girls, I'm telling the Midrash on it and you, I ask you at the end of Question Who is the trustee of the story I am telling no rain falling, but for people of faith says the Maharal, as a girl out for a walk and fell into deep pit, boom And she shouted saved saved saved suddenly goes guy hears shouting, tell her who you are says I'm a girl I went to walk and fell into the pit he tells her, tell me, if I'll let you marry me? Exploiter She tells him, yes get me already Then he takes it, and he tells her, marry me here, and she says you can not, this is not respected, I am Cohen come to my father, I live in this city and this and seek by He tells her no problem, so I want you she says to him, who will witness promised me marry me? He looks around and says this rat hole that passes here and you fell him she tells him wrong Are separate, and he forgets it altogether is married to someone who then tell us the Rat met He married another woman, born to him two children and that now remains faithful to his oath All the guys her father offers her, she makes herself not normal, garden, acting strange, weird Everyone says, yo, what's crazy, we leave it is waiting for her partner loyalty Man living with another woman, born to him two children One night a rat eats it and he died and the other, falling into a pit and died wife calls him and tells him, come on, say, you did something once a girl not exist? Tell her, and Milica, yes. Now I remember, because the rat and the pit once promised. He says the woman, Go to the portion God has given you. EBay. Is going and then goes to her father and says I want to marry your daughter And says the father leaves, she's crazy, is not normal, you should not, says the man, I get a mummy, I want her as she is with her stunned is coming to her and she makes her performances, Ganon, And he tells her it's me, rat hole, and happily married to this day Who is the trustee of the story? Girl, why did no one say the man? Very nice, I heard nothing, shut. Trustee This story's second wife, the first, second, I'm after birth says, I do not live with a man when someone so sad my joy when I'm happy and someone sad because this joy luck could be in the world? It was Rachel's mother is waiting for her husband seven years, sews wedding dress, waiting to get married, go into the wedding, and then she sees her sister Leah also wearing a wedding dress, bride evening sure she And Rachel says, What I need it, something good came out of me when my joy was sorry to my sister? Lowers the wedding dress and says her sister, my sister, the bride evening This is what brings rain to the world Name says, you want all your wishes come true? Be sensitive to the chagrin of others, why was murdered Abel Sages say? Because he was a bad brother What happens? Cain's Sacrifice, God does not look at him. Cain and his offering to not love you nor your sacrifices Abel makes sacrifices, how God loves him and get him Then Cain has two responses, and Cain was very angry, he is angry, and his face falls, is depressed Cain says two things God Why are you angry, why are you angry and why has your countenance fallen? Sages say whole world, the whole street, sees Cain shy, mama What a shame, sight of all he makes sacrifices and God tells him not Abel, his brother you are, you can not go to him and tell him enough, my brother , try that again, God loves you too What you ignore your brother? Sages say that after that experiencing a killer has murdered son she goes to her husband divorced her, Adam say, I want to come back, I want another baby And he tells her what? I want a child under Cain, instead of my son Kane, not where my son Abel says the Midrash. Why? Hear a poignant commentary than two trees standing side by side, next to a big tree and a small tree Wind came and broke the big tree, big tree fell on a little tree and broke it Cain was the older brother. Spirit broken. God did not heed well received a large tree fall is broken and what do we do? Taking a small tree and attaching it Small wooden and holding it stand Abel, you little tree next to it, where were you when your brother hurt? Sages say you want Cheshvan material blessing? Name you will realize what you begged me time lock, time Hsfor? Cheshvan letters determined. Come feel the others, the sorrow of others Let's be sensitive to someone else's grief, when? When you're happy, when you secure your box do you think of others? Convenient did not pray on his contemporaries, he made sure his little family like that. So what was his luck? Why did God save him? Sages wrote that even Noah had to die flood, but he liked the name convenient not worth it, but liked Light means life Holy Shit, it's like saving lives. This person had to die because he was like he is not dead Let's find out what the world's beauty secrets, I want to like, the name gives me even when I deserve free Life means light, listen, there are three commandments Men used makes them has a face like and nothing will happen to him bad What three these commandments? I can not tell you If I tell you to do only the third team and leave the rest So every year when I read that I died with frustration, but I'm looking for what the three commandments that make you such grace on face name says, honey, you do not deserve, but let's The first gem makes you a mole on the face and the name says Come take a free, bad, that have lead this world, in this generation written and easy liked the name, this is the end of Parashat Bereshit immediately after the beginning of Parshat Noah , which conveniently History Comfortable boy children and there is nothing more difficult World It is true that they are becoming much more expensive the more My governor ninth son, unable to release it First I would give the conductors Bedouin, come on, just take, I'm going to work This little I'm not ready, I interview like Mary Poppins thousands of nannies, no, no no no Not to tell him, I would not give up on him, yes, that's over How my husband says, just that you like, right, how can love you at this grace, how sweet. How told me what someone, someday, I'll tell you the difference between the first and those of the past beginning I felt that my pursuits bother me Smaller ones I feel my pursuits which bother me, but really force Completely really does not take over, what to do Saturday Shabbat Bar Mitzvah was the son of my sister and she invited us to a fancy hotel, Inbal Hotel in Jerusalem And all about the baby, what a sweet, what a gorgeous cute and loved my little 4 year or so, has designed an price tag.'s Not possible that everyone is paying attention only to him or her So what did she do? She got into the elevator Saturday warned that 200 thousand times not to get myself and went alone to the ninth floor floor 9 have this balcony dining room and then she started throwing her things on people sitting down She threw a shoe, and then she threw a skirt, and then she threw and I looked and I said, Iuelli, Jemima, these items sell for you. I lift my eyes up and see my daughter does answer the wind and rain off Everyone looked at me, how someone asked me what then, tell me, how after this birth? Great, what? Say you get along with everyone? Yes, of course. You have not noticed it up half an hour ago in the elevator Saturday? Sure, I told her to do Happy the truth, who can really control them? Those who can not be, can not it true language say the truth, woman, as you have less power these children were more successful I always talk with you about the tragedy of the oldest, gets 99 and wish to die, why why, what Goldstein retarded got a hundred and I'm just 99 seniors will take us to the heart, the heart, until we die, they always draw us all, all their hard All, socially, their appearance, their school, Mom, how hard small, all all alone, alone in my little dress, go to sleep at night with a backpack on my back, searching for their match online, buy a furniture IKEA, Some successful, some confidence, why? That their mother finished And the big secret language say the truth, the real gem is when you bring these children into the world and say but what did God's sake? Who will care for them? God says The man knows it tongue in real language, no power to make history, these are history so partnering of Western scholars Friday evening Shabbat The most successful children pairings out on Saturday night, why? That those who have power... True language say, those of the finest when you're already so tired, all you no longer have healthy air that is not the When a large family, says God, you are full of grace, sweet iz you, come on over What else gives a person like you, when God says, it is exploiting. Like it to feed other people. 5 people saw a new world. Were to die and are born again because they fed others Midrash gives an example to rest, gives an example of Job, Joseph and Moses Mordecai. 5 people fed other People who feed, give food, cook large amounts of people the grace it gives them and grace this great jeep to go to the box, this box letters home who marries, has a certain charm in the eyes of God, why? That there is nothing more difficult in the generation of the messiah, it's our generation, being married and raising children and I'll explain. Terrible frustration and difficult relationship pronounced the curse of God cursing Eve Do Testicle passion and he shall rule over you Says Harmven in a woman's relationships matter of passion, never enough for her Let's go, let's change something in the launcher, let's work on being together, let'll muffle lights for a man and he shall rule over you. Home is a matter of government and order Whereas romantic and all you want is to go out of order, your husband: I call you to arrange the first time Thing that infuriates the world's tardiness, it Lhmrh. Well, how long it takes you to prepare Saturday, has been a little Saturday and finished the Hmtbohh how it annoys him when he came to take the kids to school and not ready When you yourself do not order. Order Order and everything you want, romance, get some order. How God created two entities that collide? He wants as little excitement, what is man? I always explain, Nature situation situation. Like all similar similar similar similar experienced like all the time experiences. See it as aging. When aging is to say, let's invite the children. Says, leave, children's mess. He wants to sit in his chair, with his defected glass, arrange the Hvendg' around his leg with veins today look like yesterday like yesterday and like tomorrow And looking for experiences and emotions, a charged encounter, a meeting is not just what God made us upside down? Why are we not the same head? Name says, all the fun of a relationship that you are completely reversed you learn from him, he learns from you Note name always brings together two completely opposite couple, totally. The dead on the guests, he Sotziumt the polite, quiet meal, he wont play radio, read newspapers, inviting his family every day Digdn Digdn You do Mofltot living room, her mother, where it landed me? God says, you know, it completes you what you need, it complements what you are missing a not see it for ourselves, what days, we really match Sure, look back a step, your parents, they fit? Did you? Who made this joke where Daddy Where is Mommy? Right? So why the name jokes like that on us? Because he wants a perfect couple, incomplete. Perfect Each complete himself than that after If you were the same thing, ugh. Write the name created Adam and Eve are connected to each other on the back, male and female created then what he says? Not good for man to be alone what alone? He stuck to it. He alone He will helpmate. He takes a saw, a secret Nasir called reception sawing them both and she faces him against says God, only you have the power of resistance, something contrary to his opinion, And something contrary to his opinion, just like you will not be alone There's a word, her name in Aramaic, Hebrew, plywood, online As you like, everything he says you say okay, glued it back, My wife do that, okay, he says I do. Children see how mom is doing what Dad says how I did not say a word, how I do not say name nemesis, nemesis appeared, the name already bring him a lesson, Poor you alone and he alone How to write recognized first person she's his wife? How he identified? How experienced is he recognized his wife? Write it comes to all animals, not reassured, he was a hippo, he was with the cow, he was with dropped He was a giraffe, oh, why? Says the Maharal had humility of animals, what they want they made Suddenly, he saw it. This time, bone of my bones What did he see? Warping. Them know what it warping? Like Governor Bank of Israel Gawd, here it is with much resistance, she does not think exactly what I think not say exactly what I say There is some kind of nobility, which she Kingdom, I will make him a helpmate Some guy wanted to have your own character, the real gem is not to be so dependent on him how deluding yourself without which you can not Fact, when he travels, how the bomb the house when he Baumann, as he reserves, as is, I do not know where, sorry How it all works out, the kids sleep in the seventh, the house is ticked, the dryer turns, what was I to do? Psalm of the day begins to pray, knowing he had to get dirty house children spend together the lashes with tweezers And with eyes depend on the clock, come on, come on, you have reason can not anymore, what happened? Because suddenly you say I can not alone, you can own excellent. You should know that this generation did parity Goddesses When will he come? Without him I'm half man, the perfect everything is fine and built God the woman, What is built? The building itself So why should marry? Sages say a woman really came into being revised and complete No one comes to the world and needs repair You fix it. Sales men cry a correction? Right? The patch so its true prayer mating Ramkhal says Rabbi Moshe Chaim Luzzatto says Why does your partner do not deserve? That all the time, it's hard, I'm alone, I need a partner No, okay, you do not need anything, you're perfect, you have to say Lord, Poor I do not know who he is, but when he turned in a punctured, without correction help him, not that I needed it, but I want to shower grace on someone else help me find it, it that way. You know women by acceptance, not repeated incarnation,'re already perfect, that is. It's our last incarnation Girls men, back roll, because they may not finish the repair And why it is so so important to pray for your spouse find you You are doing great and stop entering that head you're still single, how you passed the holidays alone, great, great Everything is fine, no need to do it, what it is, kids. It's really great and holy purpose and happy and talk about it a lot how difficult raising children the generation of the flood, the generation of confused. Notice how children called flood generation Lamech had three children, Yuval and Tuval Vibel, confused, full of problems Sages say that one of them was addicted to music, he invented the violin and the organ second was addicted to violence, he invented the sword and weapons, the first in history The third was hooked into the business and money, the father of all sheep and cattle, all the time I buy and I buy, hand 2 Online It really we have generation, generation terribly confused how, what to do with children in this confused generation Wants to teach you than they me very, very excited convenient, sends the dove and tell her, go and proclaim me if there has been redemption, if the water was gone, if the flood is over dove out and find rest for the sole of her leg. All the world torrent She comes home and then have such a verse: and the dove found no rest for the sole leg and return it to the box and put forth his hand and took him, and brought her to him into the ark Well, a few words? She entered the box and is Torah does not waste words, Commissioner says: mind you, this generation, our children send them to school and tell them to bring us a line Tell them, bring us salvation, and the world is so hard, we as children did not grow up in the competitive world of this terrifying some children are there in this generation, life is not simple Then they come home, after they failed, did not find rest for the sole foot Do not prove them, reach out your hand to them, bring them with you to the box tell them never mind, tomorrow perhaps facilitated in the water, you might be easier, Children can not prove this generation, it's broken broken Tools This past souls going down to the world before the coming of the messiah so sensitive, it is not the generation we had when we were screaming and punching us in the ear This day delicate delicate delicate children not just Torah opens the Bible stories for children who listened to God, This first story you have to tell the Bible? Children, you give them a command to eat from this tree They do not listen to you, this teach us at the opening of the Torah, you have kids, they will not obey you, they will hide you, dumbbells, What are you hiding, what, God does not see you hiding in the garden? To do what he did to God, where are you? Where are you, why has your countenance fallen? For if their list will better you are, if you're good I'll forgive you So, nothing happened, let's Eve, are you embarrassed you naked? I sew clothes for you now Oz and splendor dressed, Sages say no shame, Dee Dee Do not be shy. You can always start over. Mothers of this generation that mothers of tenderness and compassion, mercy and tenderness. They do not find rest for the sole foot The world is a flood confusing, take them to bring them to you, be good, be nice Why should occupy when Mom, what it says? Peru and multiply, and fill the earth and subdue it One last story before I give them the virtues of Cheshvan We told Rabbi Benjamin Benjamin Levin, grandson of Rabbi Aryeh Levin Rabbi told him Haran, Director of Studio Hearn he studied the Talmud Torah tree of life and once full head month brought chocolate pudding for children Hugh, chocolate pudding! Most he loved chocolate he stole one, Rabbi Haran, and ate it. See this man divided the pudding and slapped him terribly child so pissed he gave a kick to the tray of puddings and they spilled on the floor And they said to him, went you went. Tomorrow comes the manager, multi Aryeh Levin, this is your end. He shakes with fear, but the manager, multi Aryeh Levin calls him room, Come here and says to him, say, Haran, you have made the tray of pudding? And he says yes. You promise not to do it again? Tell him yes. Then he says, Rabbi Aryeh Levin went to his closet, taking out two chocolate pudding and tell him, I'm also sick of chocolate pudding, let's eat together. Say, at that moment my heart made the decision that I want to be a great educator. Patience, tenderness, pity, like a mother Rachel, just no one around us will not regret it rains secret want to give you the virtues of the month of Cheshvan Even those who pray for life life life say tonight or tomorrow or the next day that the head of the Month wonderful prayer to rise up and come and see the memories, why? Vilna Gaon says, cost and import of Rosh Chodesh Cheshvan is the highest prayer every year, why? That what you want to rise up? Remembering the name of this month it better When God has the most amazing memories of you? First day of Cheshvan. What he remembers you? The month of Tishrei how to braid frost, how fainted locking, how dancing on Simchat Torah were just good, then what good memories he has of you remembering it better , I remember what it was, Fokdno a blessing I role checks Look how good I was last month and rise up a huge huge two. Even those who pray for life life life tomorrow and the day after tomorrow morning, has added a new month, the added Chananel connected Mama Rachel Moons your people, this acronym Rachel Moons gave your people, what Thiele stunning Lord our God and God of our ancestors new to us this month for good and blessing, joy and happiness, salvation and consolation Atonement of sin, all have it, how like my mother's mother Rachel to be Rosh Chodesh that is bogged down in its own moon so that her sister could grow All Chananel name Rachel tells her forgiveness forgiveness, atonement brought me having diminished the moon Sorry you had to give up, sorry you should be ashamed this evening is women's evening Hmmoatot women may feel they want to grow and shine like a harvest moon, do not be a minute and a measly banana and dark This your evening, a huge dinner. So on. Added virtue. Request in Cheshvan, when the first rain falls all you want only rain of Cheshvan call fire rains of Kislev Tevet No rains of Cheshvan has tremendous strength and virtue. Says Rabbi Chaim Flg'i What a fool who does not wish requests during the first rain falls Write Slkb"h have keys together, call it holy Seal developments to God. Carvings = keys. Seal acronym: H - a husband, and animal, this animal that gives birth to the son's key and your partner of your birth, and your fertility, and peace to your home The second key seal. Z = resurrection, salvation and all kinds of things died quite suddenly you can be revived O = sign. M = m is m. This income you have each year. When it rains it is a sign that God holds the keys of three of these rooms is now open room of the first rain, then what is for him, he's been holding the keys Open you the room called parity and birth and education of children What is it for him to open the room called Resurrection? Those who ask when the first rain applications, says Rabbi Chaim Flg'i does not have that in mind Open treasures. What does it say? Rainmaker Spirit responds, multi save. When the rain falls It is not only one salvation, this great salvation. What a salvation that you want You can ask rain is two words. Go there. You can now go there. Unfulfilled places you still you so wish come true already. Pray for rain during the first Girls, we Chananel evening a huge huge huge month of prayers. Carry it on Prayers matriarch Rachel tells you over the holidays, but, even after the holidays, usually around When you came out of nowhere and goes nowhere, what will save you is the power of prayer. Not give children the morning to go without praying, do not give yourself a morning out without prayer. May God renews this month for anyone sitting here for the better, blessed joy joy, comfort Medicine, all salvations you want and Medicine is dedicated lesson Nachshon ben Solomon method and mating success Jun Dina year, Michal Ben Dina, pairing Sarah daughter Mary, thanks daughter Miriam, Miriam, daughter Meira, Ariel Simon son of Mary Health. Memory of life helps a blessing. Thanks charming. Good month. Kienhoc.vn This is the concluding lecture for " Financial Markets. " And in this lecture, I want -- oh, I titled this lecture, Finding Your Purpose in a World of Financial Capitalism -- but I just want to give a lot of summary thoughts about the course and about your place in the world of business and finance. Kienhoc.vn So, we had two -- well, the major textbook for this course was by Fabozzi et al., and it gave you a lot of detailed information about financial markets and institutions. Did you like it? I'm getting approval, I guess. I put you through something, because I thought you have to know that material. Finance is like a language. Well, it is a language. There's a lot of jargon, and behind the jargon are concepts, and I wanted you to immerse yourself in that. I also assigned my manuscripts for my new book, which is tentatively entitled Finance and the Good Society. I'm still not sure, that that will be the final title. Some of you have been offering me suggested titles, and I appreciate that. You can never know what the title of a book will be, before you publish it, because someone else can always grab the title, and then you've got to change it. But that book was about -- see, Fabozzi et al. is more about all of the language of finance, and all of the technical details. I wanted to supplement it with something about the purpose of all this, and how it fits into our lives. So, it's not done yet, as you may be well aware in reading it. My apologies. But I benefit from interacting with you about it. It's a dynamic thing. I have a number of themes. They're all just kind of random thoughts about the major things in this course. But I mean, I'm really thinking this time about the kind of tools we've learned about, tools that are particularly useful for people who specialize in finance. But I think, this almost should be a required course for everyone. Maybe, I'm just too enthusiastic about it, but the way things get done in our society is through financial arrangements. And too many people talk in vague terms, not, how are we going to make something happen? And finance is about that, so, that's why I think this course should be -- there should be more students taking it than are. I also said, that I think that finance is not a purpose in itself, it's a tool. And that you should be building your life around some kind of purpose. There's a million different purposes, so that's something for you to create in your own mind. But that's, where the meaning of life comes from. So, another thing I've emphasized in this course is, that finance is like engineering, so you have to design it. And once something is designed and it works, it gets copied all over the world. You all have learned how to drive a car. Is there anyone here who hasn't driven a car? I won't ask for -- no one raised their hand. So, you have to know a little bit about mechanics to drive a car. Maybe not too much. But ultimately, what I wanted to do in this course is, maybe not teach you how to build a car, but how to drive a truck, something big and powerful, and get you beyond the simple things. So, finance, what does it do? It does really important things. It helps allocate scarce resources, it incentivizes people to do good work, and it manages risks. And this is, what makes for the developed world that we have now. Another theme of this course is about information technology, which is something that's rapidly expanding. I don't have to tell you that. But I think that it will change the world of finance. The last 50 years have shown tremendous changes, the next 50 years will show even more dramatic changes. Or anyway, more specifically, I have seven themes that I want to cover in today's lecture. The first one is just about the morality of finance. I've been talking about this here and again, but let me say a little bit more about that in concluding. My second theme is hopelessness. There's a tendency for people to think, that, at some level, because of the world's problems, it's all hopeless, anyway. I don't think it is. Well, I've come to -- I'll have to tell you what I mean by that. Then thirdly, I just want say something about financial theory. Then to come fourth, to come back to another theme, which is wealth and poverty, which I've talked about a lot. Then, the world of the next century. And I think, one trend we'll see is the democratization of finance, that finance will become much more of an integral part of our lives in a new information-technology-enriched world. And then lastly, I'll say something about your career, whether it's in finance or in something completely different. But I'm thinking, that there is a good chance it has something to do with finance. Let me start, though, with the first thing, which is about morality. I have -- actually, the two optional readings I have on this part of the reading list are both about morality. And one is the book by Unger called Living High and Letting Die. I think, it's a dramatically well-written book, but on the first page of the book, he refers you to UNlCEF, which -- actually, his book was written before the web got popular. The book is 1994, I think. 1996. He could have referred to the web, but he gave the address. UNlCEF is the United Nations -- what does the I stand for? Children Educational Fund, but what's the I? Can someone tell me? They don't actually emphasize, what it's spelled out. It's the United Nations fund for children of the world, and that's their website. So, he opens the book by saying, why don't you get out your checkbook right now and mail in $100 to unicef.org, because the estimate, as of 1996, is, that UNlCEF can save a child's life for $3. So, you will save the lives of 33 children for your $100 check. How can they do that? How can they save a life? I think, maybe he's referring to things like vaccination programs, things that are really cheap, that some children are not getting. And so, statistically, you can save a child's life for $3. So, he says, write out a check, but of course, I can tell you what to do, and that is, just log on to that and get out your credit card. And I don't know, if you can save 33 lives with $100, but maybe you can. So, when I first read the book, I thought about that, and then I turned the page -- because most of us do -- and I realized later, a month later, that I never had written out $100 check. So, I finally did. I went on to unicef.org and I gave exactly $100, as he called for. Then, I started -- that was thought-provoking to think about that, because why did I stop at $100? Why is it that most of us don't do that? There are intellectual defenses we have -- we think of ourselves as good people -- but if you were to see a dying child, you would emotionally be driven to do something, if there was something you could do. But somehow, when they're not visible to us, we don't take action to make them visible. What the book consists of, Unger's book consists of is an analysis of all the excuses we give for not doing it, for not doing that sort of thing. So, living our comfortable lives and letting other people die. And I think, it's really an interesting book, because it is referring to a paradox of human behavior. I think of this as at the juncture of philosophy and psychology. And now, those two departments are starting to -- I understand, I'm not in either one of them -- they are starting to come together, because they're realizing that philosophical issues are related to psychological issues. So somehow, the human spirit is very empathetic and sympathetic in certain dimensions, but not so in others. When you read his book, you get a sense of meaninglessness or loss of purpose. It's not entirely comfortable to read it. He has a lot of examples of moral dilemmas. I don't mean to find fault with his book, but when I think further about it, it seems, that maybe the book is a bit circumscribed by the kind of moral dilemmas that he poses. In some sense, moral dilemmas are -- it's almost like there's a moral imperative for us to take action to do things. That's sort of what he's getting at. But there's almost a moral imperative to be entrepreneurial to do things. I mentioned before, Paul Allen, who was one of the top people in Microsoft, who made so much money and squandered some of it, apparently, on conspicuous consumption, but on the other hand, gives a billion dollars to charity. So, it seems to me that -- let's not conclude that people who don't write the $100 check are evil, and let's think of the many, many dimensionalities of morality. The other book I had on this part of the course was by William Graham Sumner, and it was written over 100 years earlier -- 1883 -- called What the Social Classes Owe Each Other. And Sumner was actually Yale's first real economist. Interesting person. He graduated Yale College in 1863, and he was hired by Yale as a tutor in mathematics in 1866, and became interested in economics and sociology. He has the distinction of being the first American professor to teach a course called Sociology, and in those days, there wasn't the distinction between the social sciences that there is now. So, he could teach both sociology and economics. So, in his book, I think, he started a Yale tradition of conservative economics that lasted until the 1940s. And then, Yale kind of drifted more toward the liberal end. But he writes, anyway, in 1883, "Is it wicked to be rich? Is it mean to be a capitalist?" And he says, first of all, it seems, if capitalists are just richer than other people -- he asks, where's the dividing line, when someone is rich? So, is it wicked to be above that line? But where do you draw the line? And you learn from Unger, maybe we're all wicked, because anyone who doesn't write a $100 check every day to UNlCEF, when children are dying around the world, is wicked. What Sumner is saying, and it seems to be a theme that survives the centuries, in favor of capitalists. I'll quote Sumner. "The great gains of a great capitalist in a modern state must be put under the head of wages of superintendents. Anyone who believes that any great enterprise of an industrial character can be started without labor must have little experience of life. Let anyone try to get a railroad built or to start a factory and win reputation for its products, and he will find what obstacles must be overcome, what risks must be taken, what perseverance and courage are necessary." I don't know, that I entirely agree with Sumner, but he has a point, that part of our morality is to do good for the world by doing things like set up railroads, or Microsoft. And the kind of activities, that that entails, will create opportunities for conspicuous consumption, but not necessarily make that the defining characteristic of someone who does it. Nobody is perfect, and it's hard to judge people ultimately, but it seems to me that there's almost a moral imperative to entrepreneurship. Let me go on to the second theme that I said I would talk about, and that is hopelessness. A lot of people, from their education, get the idea that ultimately there's nothing we can really do. This is one of Unger's -- Unger talks about rationalizations we give for not being moral, and he calls it futility as a rationalization. Ultimately, there's always going to be starving people in the world, and I can try to help this child, but something's going to get him later, and so there's no point. If you have that kind sense of futility, it can justify any amount of hedonism. But I think, that the classic article that lends most people to that sense of futility, and I assume you know about this already, but it's Malthus, 1798, his essay on -- well, the title of it is Essay on the Principle of Population. So, Thomas Malthus wrote about the population problem. It was such a celebrated essay, that he went through six editions of it, but I'm going to quote from the first edition, just to remind you. He said, in 1798, "Population, when unchecked, increased in a geometrical ratio and subsistence for man in an arithmetical ratio." So, the population growth follows an exponential growth curve. He says geometric, but it goes like that. Whereas he said, at best, the increase of our ability to produce is linear. He calls that arithmetical. And so, the population will run off with all of our resources. There's nothing we can do, population will continue to put pressure on our resources. He says and I'm quoting again from his 1798 essay, "Population, when unchecked, goes on doubling itself every 25 years. If you go through two 25 periods where there was no check on population growth, it is impossible " -- I'm quoting him -- "to suppose that the produce could be quadrupled. It would be contrary to all our knowledge of the qualities of land." And he comes now to his dismal law of economics. He didn't call it that, but I will quote him. "No possible form of society could prevent the almost constant action of misery upon a great part of mankind if in a state of inequality and upon all if all were equal." So, the natural state of humankind is bordering on starvation and dying. The force of his argument was quite profound, because it was hard to argue against him, that there's nothing you can do about it. That's just it. And all the theorizing of people can only result in a world, where more people are suffering and dying. If you want to think more about this, I suggest you might go to Robert Wyman, who is a professor here at Yale on Open Yale, which means it's another of these courses open on the internet. Has of course called " Global Problems of Population Growth, " where he spends a whole semester thinking about the Malthusian problem. One thing that he talks about in that course is, that there's a popular sense that the population problem is not so bad anymore, because many countries have introduced birth control policies. Notably, China has a one-child policy, supposedly. It's not really a one-child policy -- it's not enforced that well. It's more like a two-child policy, or people have even more than that. But other countries -- India, certain regions of India have made great progress, we're told, on birth control. But still, despite that, Wyman estimates that the world adds a billion people every twelve years. So, that's a problem, and our resources are limited. So, the problem is, that people are crowding into the cities, because there's no room for them on the land. They're trying to get an education to push themselves ahead, but the sheer numbers of people make it impossible for them all to get ahead. So, I suggest that you might take his course. It's a problem that people don't want to face up to. So, I'm sounding very dismal here, but actually, I think that the problem is not as bad as it may seem. This is my take on it. I tend to be a realist about these things. We have a population problem, it's going to be with it us, but, hey, it's been with us forever, going all the way back in history. So, it's a tough world that we live in, because the human race is naturally procreating, and naturally creating population pressures and conflicts that lead to wars and famines. We've been going through a good run in the last few centuries, but I don't know when the end -- it's not an end -- when we're going to see more severe problems, but that just seems to be right and inevitable. I think, that the weakest part of Malthus' argument is the last step, saying that it's necessarily a dismal world that results. I wanted to put the bright side on Malthus' dismal law, and that is, most of the time, everyone's fine in the world. Most people -- it's famines and wars are intermittent events that reduce population. Between those big events, pretty much everyone is doing all right. So I mean, maybe it's not as bad as you think. You know, you might get killed in a war someday, but you enjoy life until that happens. I mean, that's very basic, but I think it's true. Moreover, I think that there's a lot that we can do to make life better, even in the context of the dismal law, even accepting the dismal law. And I think that civilization is improving, so that life is better, even though there are population pressures. And that's why I think there is -- maybe I'm saying the obvious here, but I want to say it anyway -- that there are plenty of purposes and goals that people can fulfill, even taking as given Malthus' dismal law. I talked last period about nonprofit and charity, and government as well. There are a lot of people, who are doing specific things to make the world respond better to the dismal law of Malthus'. And I wanted to mention certain examples, just to make this clear. I think, that there's work being done by governments of the world, there's also work being done by individuals who don't need government, they set up their own organizations. Specifically talking about the environment. This is what's being threatened by population growth. And so, there are many foundations that deal with the environment. I'll just mention a few. The Nature Conservancy, the Worldwide Wildlife Fund, the Wildlife Conservation Society. And there are specialized ones, like African Wildlife Foundation, the Jane Goodall Institute, the Diane Fossey Gorilla Fund. You know, you think the gorillas out there are wild, but there's finance and support. They've collected money. Someone is managing an endowment for the gorillas. This is creative finance. A part of the problem with -- you think about, what's happening with the population pressures of the world, and is it bad or not? Well, in some sense, it's good. Having 10 billion people out in the world would just make for a more interesting place. There'd be more arts and sciences, and fun things to do. Eventually, we're going to colonize the Moon and Mars, and there's going to be fun trips to do, so, I don't know, if it's a bad world we're coming into, even if there are conflicts. But I think there are specific problems with that world, and one of them is the extinction of species. You think about that, we're destroying habitat for species, and they're going to be gone forever. But the thing is, that those kinds of problems are problems that have sort of business solutions. I wanted to talk about one particular foundation. It's a nonprofit. I'll just give this as an example, the Nature Conservancy. It was founded in 1951 in the United States, but it now operates in 30 countries. Its total assets are $5.6 billion, which makes it the third largest charity in the United States. And they have a principle of " conservation by design. " The idea is, our purpose is to prevent extinction of species. Because extinction is forever. You know, these species have taken hundreds of millions of years to evolve, they get wiped out, they're gone. As far as we know, they're gone forever. So, what they do is, they get scientists who specialize in environment and biology, and they say, which species are endangered, and what can we really do to prevent their extinction? And one thing that the scientists have been telling them is, that you have to preserve habitat for species, and you have to do it with purpose and clarity. What do these animals need? Some of them are migratory, for example, and they migrate over long distances, so you have to preserve a migratory route and stopping places along the way for them. So, it has to be done well. So, the Nature Conservancy believes, also, that the way to protect habitat is to buy land, and put up fences around that to keep people out, and then have a forest manager run it, so that the species will have it, will have that land. They say, that they have 500,000 square kilometers of land that they've bought around the world. I calculated, that there's 150 million square kilometers of land on the earth, so they have 1/3 of 1% of the world's land protected by their charity. That might seem small, but you know, that's a big difference. Because, if it's the last habitat, that might be enough to keep a lot of species' diversity going. So, that's an example of what -- this is really finance. We have portfolio managers managing portfolios and properties of land with a good purpose. That's, where I say, the moral dilemmas are not so simple. You could take a job managing a portfolio for one of these foundations. Peter Unger, in his book, is talking always about, would you save a child who fell in the water or something like that? But that's not the kind of moral dilemmas that we really face, that an energetic intellect would find. The moral dilemma is to prevent big, bad things from happening, and that takes a sort of entrepreneurship and big thinking to manage. Another thought I had in this context is about wars. I was saying that population pressures are a fact of life, and I'm skeptical that anyone will change the basic nature of the situation. But I wanted, in this context, to emphasize that financial arrangements are capable of enduring and surviving wars and catastrophes. I wanted particularly to make it clear, that there's a tendency for people to think, that finance is something that the government runs. You can easily get that impression, because, when you go into finance, the first thing you have to do is get licensed, and you have to file some papers with either the government or a government-approved organization. And then, you will find, there's a whole list of laws and regulations that you have to memorize, and forms that have to be filed with government agencies, and permissions to be granted. So, it sounds like this is just the government. But I think, that's the wrong view. I think that you should think of finance as people making arrangements with other people, and governments are helpful, and they enforce a contract, but they don't determine them. And in particular, I wanted to give you a few examples that clarify this. What do you think happened after World War I with financial arrangements? Germany lost the war. People were really angry with Germany. In the Versailles Conference after World War I, Germany was made to pay huge reparation payments, payments that some people thought were so heavy, that the country will never be able to do it. So, what do you think they did to financial contracts? Germany was at its knees, people thought they were evil, or many people thought they were evil. Well, there was talk about taking away -- people who own stocks or bonds, let's just confiscate them, and tell them, you were in the wrong country at the wrong time -- tough on you. Well, they talked about doing it, but they didn't do it. The reparations were obligations of the German government, and they were paid by taxing people. And they taxed people in an equitable -- they didn't actually pay them, by the way. The skeptics were right. Germany never was able to pay the reparations, but it tried to pay them by taxing people, not by confiscating. Because ultimately, when it came down to it, they thought, well, Germans are all different, and some of them supported the war, and some of them didn't, and some of them saved all their lives, and they've got a big amount of money, so let's not confiscate their shares. So, they didn't. That's my first example. Second example. Iran. Remember, it was ruled by the Shah of Iran, who was a secular ruler, hereditary ruler of Iran. Overthrown by a people's Islamic revolution, and the Ayatollah Khomeini became the spiritual authority for the new country, it became much more Islamic. All right. So, what do you think happened to financial contracts in Iran? In particular, the Iranian government under the Shah had a social security system, and they were paying to government employees' pensions. So, what do you think the Ayatollah did? A guy is working all his life for the Shah, we've overthrown the Shah -- do you still get your pension? What do you think? They did. They didn't cancel. I think, it's like common sense. You come in, you are a totally different government, now you're a radical Islamic government. Now, I don't say, that they won't do some things that you don't like, but they see the basic financial contracts and they preserve them. The other example I'll give is South Africa. And that is, in 1994, the white apartheid government was replaced by a government that was elected by the black majority in South Africa. So, what do you think happened to their pensions or their insurance? Where they confiscated? No. So, I think that this is a principle in history. Now, I can give other examples, of course, where things went badly. Vladimir Lenin wasn't so kind to stockholders in Russia after this Russian Revolution. Lazaro Cardenas in Mexico nationalized the oil industry. Mao Zedong -- you know who he is, in China -- not kind to capitalists. Mohammad Mosaddegh in Iran nationalized the oil industry. Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt nationalized a wide range of industries. Even in India, Indira Gandhi did widespread nationalizations that were effectively confiscations. Even the United States has in some sense been involved in those sorts of things. After World War Il, the United States was not going to confiscate wealth of wealthy people in general, but in Japan, there were these wealthy families that maintained industries, called Zaibatsu. These were the family-owned businesses that dominated Japan before World War Il. The big four, Mitsubishi, Yasuda -- who else? Mitsui -- and what am I thinking of? It's not in my notes. But these big, wealthy families were thought to have supported the war and made Japan into more radical than it would have been. So, there was a lot of U.S. thinking that we had to break up the Zaibatsu. So, what the United States did was, force these families to convert their holdings of industry in Japan into yen-denominated government bonds. And then, the Japanese government had a huge hyperinflation and wiped them out. So, it wasn't actually a confiscation. The U.S. government didn't deliberately confiscate the wealth of the Zaibatsu, but they effectively did that. By the way, we still have Zaibatsu in Japan, but they're not owned by those families anymore. The same industrial conglomerates still survive. Third topic, I was saying I would talk about is -- maybe I'll be brief about this -- the importance of financial theory. I'm an advocate of two seemingly disparate things, and you know this from this course. One of them is Mathematical Finance. We spent some time on it, but not very much, because there's another course -- it's also on Open Yale -- that John Geanakoplos has on Mathematical Finance. But the other side of it is Behavioral Finance, which is a particular passion of mine. And Behavioral Finance is the application of psychology and other social sciences to finance. And I think, that the two actually work together symbiotically, and that we should consider them together. Some people in Mathematical Finance are very opposed to Behavioral Finance, because it kind of muddles their world, but in fact, I think, they should consider it their salvation, because without Behavioral Finance, they're kind of bordering on irrelevant. You have to consider things in a broader context and think of the interruptions and problems that are caused. I said, the next topic I would talk about today is -- I've already been talking about it a bit -- is about welfare and poverty. It seems to me, it's fundamentally connected with our thoughts about finance, because -- I've referred to this problem before, that people think, that people who go into finance are money grubbers. They want to make money, they don't have human feelings or something like that. And there's also the sense, that we're living in a world that's increasingly plutocratic, that the wealthy people are controlling the world. That was a theme that took a lot of impetus in the 19th century with Karl Marx, who said exactly that. And in some sense, it's coming back -- maybe in not such an extreme form. So, Jacob Hacker, who's in our political science department, and Paul Pearson, who's at Stanford University, have a new book that just came out called Winner-Take-All Politics. And that book is about -- they have a claim in that book, that the world is getting more polarized by the political power of financial institutions. Basically, they have something, they call the " 30 years war. " What's the 30 years war? You might think, it's something that happened in the 17th century. Not for them. The 30 years war is the war against the people of the world, fought by the financial community in the halls of Congress and Parliament, by lobbying. So, they argue that the companies have gotten more and more sophisticated in lobbying governments to fulfill their ambitions, and so, the income inequality that we're seeing increasing, particularly in the United States, but also elsewhere in the world, is a consequence of this. So, Hacker and Pearson say -- much of the literature on income inequality says, it has something to do with the information revolution, which is eliminating jobs for low income people, and the increasing importance of education, which rewards college graduates at the expense of uneducated people -- but they say, that the real increase in inequality has not been between high school graduates and college graduates, it's between the whole population and the top tenth of a percent. There is this small community of super rich people, that is developing, who are very adept at lobbying governments. This is a trend that's developing. Well, I think to some extent, they are probably right. I think, maybe they overstate that, but I think, it's a concern, but I think, that we do have democratic institutions, and we can respond to that. So that I think, maybe, they overstate it, because I think that -- I've met billionaires in my life -- I have a sense, that they are not -- I haven't met enough of them to make generalities about billionaires -- but maybe, they have a little bit of a self-serving mentality, but in some sense they seem not to care. They don't want to be viewed as evil, they want to be -- a lot of what drove them to become billionaires was a sense, that they would be a benefactor of some sort, and so they're ready to give it away. Anyway, that may be a casual impression. But one thing that angers people about wealth is the tendency of wealthy people to build monuments to themselves. So, I was thinking of that, when I was at the J.P. Morgan Library in New York, and also there's something called the Metropolitan Club, which is another building that he built to himself, this huge mansion in Manhattan that he built. And I was thinking, is J.P. Morgan evil? I mean, people are starving in the world, and he's building a mansion for himself. But then, I reflected further -- here, I am having dinner in his mansion. He's gone. And is it really so bad in the scheme of things? I guess, you can view it in different ways. You can view J.P. Morgan as a great success, who ended up helping the world, or you can view him as a selfish monument builder. His life overlapped with Karl Marx, that I told you about. But one of Karl Marx's themes was, that the system is unfair. That some people have capital -- that was a theme of his book, Das Kapital -- some people have capital, and they are wealthy as a result, and they will continue to be wealthy, and they'll make their children wealthy as a result. I actually have a quote from Karl Marx. "It is not, because he is a leader of industry that a man in is a capitalist. On the contrary, he is a leader of industry, because he is a capitalist. The leadership of industry is an attribute of capital, just as in feudal times the functions of general and judge were attributes of landed property." That comes from his book, Das Kapital, in the 19th century. So, Marx thought, that ownership of capital was like a key to the good life, and that the population was excluded from that. But I'm going to come back to the democratization of finance, but it seems like capitalism -- it isn't essentials to capitalism that some social class dominates capital. We can have a capitalism that is divided up among -- that is more people's, it belongs to people, and there's not a privileged class. So, I another thing I wanted to talk about is my concern -- Marx was impressive -- I think I may have said this before -- he was impressive, because he read emerging sociology. And the sociology of his day was beginning to recognize, that people do form themselves into social classes, and have a sense of loyalty to others in their social class. But I think, that anything he said is of limited relevance today -- was always of limited relevance. Interesting, but wrong in many ways. I'm thinking of the works of another important thinker, Robert K. Merton, who was a sociologist at Columbia. He was the father of Robert Merton, the economist, who helped develop option theory. But Robert K. Merton referred to, what he called the " cosmopolitan class. " He was looking at social classes. He picked a small town in the United States, and interviewed a lot of people, and was trying to understand their class structure. You know, who do you identify with? Who are you loyal with? He was a deep thinker, I think, and looked at what really seemed to separate people. And he decided, that, in this little town, that there were really two classes of people. He called them cosmopolitans and locals. So, the cosmopolitans had a very different worldview. They tended to not care about what's going on in their town. They would talk about national or international things. He'd listen to what they say. They were focused outside, they thought the town was irrelevant, and they tended to have maybe higher-level positions. The locals were people, though, who would talk all about their town, and they would talk about people they know. They seemed to value their connections within the town. And when you asked for opinions about the local town, the locals would tend to give almost loving expressions. This is a great town, we have a great people here. And the cosmopolitans would act totally indifferent, and they don't know anybody. They don't know, who's the head of the fire department, or who holds the -- maybe they know the principal the school, because they may have their kid in the school, but beyond that, they don't know anything about their town. So, Merton wrote that over 50 years ago. I have a sense, that it's developing further, this split between cosmopolitans and locals. And it's developing on a world scale. There's now a world cosmopolitan class, and with increased communications we're kind of split that way. So, people around the world who are learning to speak English well, that's the world language, people who travel around the world, and people who are finance savvy, they are developing into a social class. And I think, that there are animosities and conflicts, but it's a little bit harder, because the cosmopolitans are so scattered and they're relatives of us, so it's not as intense a social contrast. But you know, I think, that the animosities that we are feeling now have to do with the fact, that cosmopolitans know and understand finance, and they have lawyers and advisors. The rest of the population feels excluded from that. So, that brings us to what I said was the democratization of finance. And this is a theme of my own that I've been emphasizing. So, the democratization of finance is sort of trying to make it move beyond the cosmopolitan class. So, cosmopolitans know how to get things done, how to raise capital, and they know how to manage their risks, so they don't get into trouble. Inequality is substantially due to a failure to manage risks. Right? I mean, some inequality is due to fundamental things, like someone is talented and can make more money. But it's also due to random things that are not controlled. Notably, in the current financial crisis, we saw a huge drop in home values. And we saw people, who bought homes at the top of the market, and then they find, that their mortgages are worth more than their homes are, and so they have a negative net worth. They're in trouble, they would be bankrupt -- maybe they're not bankrupt yet, but they're verging on that -- they're very unhappy. This was a failure, I think, of bringing finance to the people. So, it's not democratizing finance -- we haven't finished democratizing finance. So, it's kind of chaotic, the way things work for most people. Most people who, a, do not have a lawyer, b, do not have a financial adviser, c, do not have an accountant. Or maybe they go to some storefront tax-paying service, but that's as far as they go. And these people make a mess of their lives. So for example, we have laws that allow people to go bankrupt and wipe off their debts. All you have to do, if you are in trouble, financial trouble, is go to a lawyer and say, can you help me file for Chapter 7 bankruptcy? I'd like to wipe out all my debts. But usually, you have to have $1,000 to pay the lawyer to help you do this, and these people can't get it together to do that. So, what happens? What happens to this typical person, who is uneducated, has gotten deeply in debt? What do you think happens? Do they ever declare bankruptcy? No. What do they do? They stop answering the phone, because they're getting these dunning calls from creditors. And so, the creditors then -- it's called informal bankruptcy. They will go to court, and ask the judge to allow them to garnish the wages of the person who won't pay and won't answer the phone. So, they'll take another deduction from the person's paycheck, eventually. The person never figures it out. His paycheck just went down, he is paying off his debt. What a mess. But that's because of the failure of financial institutions to handle things well. So, Elizabeth Warren, who is at -- I mentioned her before -- at the Harvard Law School has written a couple of books about these problems that people face. And it's a testimony to the success of our democratic government, that she managed to persuade Dodd and Frank to put it in their bill, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, which would create a government agency that would try to limit the abuse of lower income, less educated people. We were hoping, that she would be made head of her bureau, but it turns out, that she's only acting -- I forget what her exact title is -- transitioning into finding a head for the bureau. Because the lobbyists that I told you about, representing credit card or the mortgage industry, are adamantly opposed seeing her put on as head of the bureau. So, it looks like it's politically impossible to put her in charge of it, but she's at least involved in helping pick the person who would make that happen. So, I think these are nice steps forward, but I wrote a book -- let me just mention my own book -- in 2008, called The Subprime Solution. And so, I was trying to think of the future. Again, I'm trying to think creatively and expansively without thinking punitively, as Elizabeth Warren seems often to do. Her view tends to be, that there are exploiters who need to be regulated. But I'm thinking, that maybe there's something positive we can do. So, I have various ideas. Also, I had -- this was 2008 -- I also had another book, The New Financial Order, in 2003. I'm getting on toward 10 books now in my life, and I'm having trouble remembering which one is which. I was just commenting to my wife, it's a little bit of a problem. But somewhere in these books, one of the ideas I had -- actually, it's in The New Financial Order -- is for livelihood insurance that would help protect -- this is a financial institution that would protect people's livelihoods. I viewed it as an expansion of something that we've got already, called disability insurance. In fact, it's been offered by the government in the United States as part of the social security system, but it handles certain insurance against certain specific kinds of risks to livelihoods, namely health risks. If you become paralyzed, if you become mentally ill, any of those things that a doctor can attest to, is insured already. Very important, because things like that happen to people and they can't earn a living anymore, and it happens to young people. And so, we have private insurance, the government has taken over part of disability insurance, but there's also private disability insurance. But none of this covers the biggest threats to people's livelihoods. Most threats to livelihoods are not due to medical events. It's economic events that make you -- you know, you're 40 years old, you've trained for, let's say, nuclear engineering, and then we have the Fukushima or the Sendai disasters, and then suddenly no government of the world wants to build nuclear plants anymore. So, here you are, you're 40 years old, you're reaching your prime, you would normally be making a good, high income, but now it's useless. No fault of your own. This is a risk that you cannot now insure, and it's part of the thing that contributes to inequality. And so, I think that we can insure those things, and in the future, as finance develops, these are some of the missions that we have to do. Another thing is home equity insurance. I mentioned before, that the crisis was caused by failure to insure against home price risk. I've been working on trying to get home equity insurance started. Some of my colleagues at Yale, Will Goetzmann and Barry Nalebuff particularly, have actually created an insurance policy that would insure homes against price declines in the city of Syracuse, New York. Didn't really take off, so this is still not happening yet. But here's the idea -- you can buy insurance against your home burning down. That goes back 300 years. But how often do homes burn down? Not very often. What's the real risk that you face? It's the loss of economic value of a home. And so, that is not insured anywhere in the world. Why not? We could insure it. I think, these are things that would -- developing home equity insurance or livelihood insurance would be positive steps. I have one more example from this book The Subprime Solution, something that I call a continuous workout mortgage. In the financial crisis today, right now, there are 2.5 million households that are on the verge of defaulting on their mortgages -- haven't yet, but they are at risk of defaulting and being thrown out of their houses. So, that's something like close to 10 million people. Big time event. Why is it that they're being thrown out? Well, because their home value has dropped, maybe they're unemployed, their income has dropped -- we still have 8.8% unemployment -- and they can't pay their mortgage. And maybe, they think it's futile, because they're paying a debt that is bigger than their wealth. So maybe, they don't feel in a very good mood about it. They go back to the mortgage lender and ask for a workout, and the mortgage lender typically says no. The government has done a sequence of programs to try to encourage the servicers of mortgages to do workouts, that means lower their payments or somehow worth make it easier. But it's been disappointing. They haven't succeeded in getting cooperation on these programs. It's one of the big tragedies of the financial crisis. So, what I proposed is, that we should think forward. I don't know, how we can solve this mess right now, but think about in the future, having mortgages that have a pre-planned workout. And the workout would lower the cost of -- lower the payment on the mortgage. Continuously, not just -- the other problem with workouts is, even when people get a workout on their mortgage, they default anyway, because things get even worse later. And you've got one workout, you go back and say, I'd like another workout. They say, you have got to be kidding. And anyway, the government, like the HAMP program, that the Obama administration has promoted, has only one workout for each family. So, I think they should be continuous and automatic. And they don't require anyone to apply for a workout. So, how much time do I have? I think I'll move to my last subject, which is your career. Because you are young people and you may be wondering what you want to do. I think, I maybe have reflected on this before. You probably feel, that you want to do something important, and you want a sort of perfect career, something that tells a story, makes a story of your life and ultimately serves for good causes. But when you read Unger, you don't get an inspiration like that, right? You get -- he says, write a check right now to UNlCEF. Well, I can do that, but it seems unrewarding just to give to charity. I can just live like a monk, right? I could take a job at a hamburger joint, and then give all my money away to UNlCEF. Somehow that doesn't feel -- I think, that you know, that you have abilities, and you want to see them flourish, and you want to -- that's why I think, you shouldn't be flipping hamburgers and giving the money away. That's not what you should be doing now. And instead, it would be learning things that make it possible to do good works. What is the perfect career? I mentioned Paul Allen or Bill Gates. Bill Gates -- I shouldn't give you an example of dropping out of college, but he dropped out of college. And by the way, you should do that, if you have a Microsoft-size idea, but I think I've said this before. I don't know. What is the perfect career? I'll give you another example. Mohammad Yunus. You've heard of him. He went to a Ph.D. program at Vanderbilt University, got his Ph.D. in 1969, became an assistant professor of economics at Middle Tennessee State University. But then, the big thing that he did is, he went back to Bangladesh and founded the Grameen Bank. The Grameen Bank, which specialized in making microfinance loans in Bangladesh, and that was in '76. [clarification: Mohammad Yunus started making microfinance loans in Bangladesh in 1976, but the institution of the Grameen Bank was not established until 1983.] Grameen apparently means " of the village " in Bengali. But what he did is, he conceived of a new way of making loans to very low-income people. Banks before Yunus didn't have much interest in lending to low-income people, because the costs of administering the loan seemed to be too high, relative to what you could get back. But he had a scheme for getting people to pay back the loans. Often, they would make loans to women in groups -- impoverished women, but he would lend to the whole group and say, that the whole group is jointly liable to the debt, that's the only way we'll make it. And it's for business, for starting a business, like getting a wheeled cart, where you could sell food on the street. Some simple, low business like that. You can't do it, unless you get a little bit of capital, enough to buy the cart and buy the first food to start selling. And these women can't get that capital, but when he makes it available to them as a group, they then interact with each other and enforce the good behavior of each other. And it's a system that worked. So, he won the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006. It was not the prize in economics, it was the prize in peace. So, that's an example of the kind of careers that, I think, some of you might think about. So, I think that in looking forward to your own careers, you have to think about the next five decades. You're going to be working -- I said this before, I think -- but you're going to be working for another 50 years, right? More, if you enjoy it. With modern health care, you might live to 100, but you won't be working at 100, probably. You'll probably retire by then. Maybe not. Maybe, you've got a century ahead of you. And I think, that the world will change a lot over this interval of time. I think that, by the way, information technology will be changing so many things that we do in ways that we can't see. And financial markets will be everywhere. So, I may be presumptuous to think, that some of these ideas here are likely to come about, but I've come to start to think, that they're all inevitable, because we've already seen the past. We've seen, how financial markets have captured more and more risks. And we have such an advance in our technology, that there really ought to be big changes that will come. So, I guess, what you have to do is, maintain a century-long personal outlook. I mean, just think about how much happened in the last century. We had two world wars, we had the whole communism came and -- extreme communism came and disappeared. Things like that are going to happen in the next century, and so, I think you have to reflect on your role as an agent, not to think of it as something that a remote government is handling. This is something that you have responsibility for helping develop, how the world will turn out in the next century. I was just saying that governments come and go, but financial contracts and institutions and the people who manage them continue. I think, that you face great career risks in this new environment. I mentioned before, the 40 year-old, who finds that his career is suddenly eliminated because of some random change. There's evidence that, what happens to you in life, depends on random events. It's really so much unforecastable. I'm thinking of myself, for example. What did I think I would be doing? I'm still -- I just stayed in the same place. I've lived in New Haven for almost 30 years and I've been a college professor. But when I was your age, I never thought that I would be doing public speaking the way I have been. I get -- I'm all over the -- I don't mean to exaggerate, but I didn't have the confidence. You know, I was on my high school debate team, and I didn't particularly do well. I think you just develop -- careers develop and random things happen, and you discover things about yourself. I was going to point out studies, that show how random events affect where you go. So Joshua Angrist, who's an economist, did a study of the effect of the draft lottery on success of people in life. In 1969, during the Vietnam War, the U.S. government decided to use a lottery, based on birthdates, to decide, who gets drafted into the U.S. Army and sent to Vietnam. And so, Angrist thought, that was a good controlled experiment. Let's compare the lifetime income of people who -- they way they did it is, they drew out of an urn all birthdays -- there's 366 days, birthdays -- they drew them out of an urn, and the first one who was drawn was the first one to go to Vietnam. And then, as it went down, the higher the number, the less likely it is that you would ever be asked to go. And so Angrist -- by the way, I got 362. I couldn't believe it. What great luck. We were listening on the radio -- I was a graduate student -- we were listening on the radio for the lottery numbers, and we were drinking beer, and people were all excited, wondering who was going to get drafted. And I thought, you know, when it got into the 350s, 350, 351, 352, I thought, I must have missed my birthday. I can't be this far down, but I got 362. And that's part of my success story, because according to Angrist, people who were drafted, who got the low number on the lottery, ended up with lower lifetime earnings. That kind of random event affects your whole life. You know, the word career goes back to the sense, that there are random things that happen, opportunities that come, and lack of opportunities that hurt your life. So, I think that you have to accept the fact, that it's a risky world, that you have to try to position yourself, maintain -- I think -- one important piece of advice I like to think of is, maintain an orientation toward history in the making. That there's a tendency for people to orient themselves in terms of their own life cycle. They think, what's going on now? Well, I'm a junior at Yale, and I'm going to be applying to graduate school next year. You should be thinking, well, this is a time in history, when the Middle East is changing rapidly, that the emerging countries are developing new technologies, and thinking about the opportunities that are happening in the world. That's kind of what we got from Hank Greenberg in his lecture. Remember, that he said, that the founder of his company decided to move to China at the beginning of the 20th century, and founded a business because of what he saw was happening in Shanghai, which was an international city at the time. So, I'm going to go there, and I'm going to make a business. That's kind of positioning yourself with history. And then, he moved out of China before Mao Zedong took over, and then moved back in. I mean, this is history awareness, and I think that it matters enormously. But you still can't completely eliminate the role of chance in your life, this is a time-honored principle. I was actually going to quote the Bible. Ecclesiastes was a book of the Bible written in--when was that written--around 500 BC or 600 BC. And this is, you probably already heard this, "I returned and saw under the sun that the race is not to the swift, nor the battle of the strong, neither yet bread to the wise, nor yet riches to men of understanding, nor yet favor to men of skill, but time and chance happeneth to them all." So, that's a time-honored truth, that randomness-- I actually had this "time and chance happeneth to them all," I actually had that inscribed in Latin when I had my office redone. It's over my desk in my office at home, "tempus casumque in omnibus." Chance plays a huge role in our lives and this risky world plays a sequence of events over your lifetime that we have to try to manage. So, what I hoped to do in this course. This was really a course about managing risks as well as enterprise and creating a cooperative spirit. I wanted to try to convey to you that we have a technology for that, that should be a part of your life. All right, thank you. [APPLAUSE] -(announcer) Hello, Orange fans. Unfortunately, there's no new episode of Annoying Orange this week. Hold tight, because a whole slew of new episodes start again next Friday. But, to tie you over until then, we are giving you something that you've been begging for! A full version of the Kitchen Intruder song with free MP3 download! -Well... obviously, we have a knife in the kitchen. [Auto-Tuned]: ♪ He's climbin' in your windows ♪ ♪ Choppin' your people up ♪ ♪ Choppin'-choppin' ♪ ♪ So you better hide yo' kids, hide yo' wife ♪ ♪ Hide yo' kids, hide yo' wife ♪ ♪ Hide yo' kids, hide yo' wife ♪ ♪ And hide yo' husbands, 'cause he's slicin' ever'body out there ♪ ♪ You don't have to come and confess ♪ ♪ We're lookin' for you ♪ ♪ We're gonna find you, we're gonna find you ♪ ♪ So you can run and tell that ♪ ♪ Run and tell that, run and tell that ♪ ♪ Knife, knife-knife-knife-knife ♪ -♪ I guess that's just one more good reason ♪ ♪ Why you should lock your doors at night ♪ [shrieking] -♪ The knife got away, leaving behind evidence ♪ -♪ I was attacked by some idiot in the kitchen ♪ -♪ You're an apple, you're an apple, you're an apple ♪ ♪ Knife ♪ ♪ He's climbin' in your windows ♪ ♪ Choppin' your people up ♪ ♪ Choppin'-choppin' ♪ ♪ So you better hide yo' kids, hide yo' wife ♪ ♪ Hide yo' kids, hide yo' wife ♪ ♪ Hide yo' kids, hide yo' wife ♪ ♪ And hide yo' husbands, 'cause he's slicin' ever'body out there ♪ ♪ You don't have to come and confess ♪ ♪ We're lookin' for you ♪ ♪ We're gonna find you, we're gonna find you ♪ ♪ So you can run and tell that ♪ ♪ Run and tell that, run and tell that ♪ ♪ Knife, knife-knife-knife-knife ♪ Captioned by SpongeSebastian Hey Carley, What do you have? I have a pumkin bag What do yu have in your pumkin bag? oh...I have a game! oh! you have a game! Let's play! Ok Ok, Pippy. You go first. Ok. Carley do you have a pencil? Aha! Go fish, Pippy! Ok, Pippy. Do you have an eraser? Yes Carley. I have an eraser. Thank you. Do you have a CD? Yes Carley. I have a CD. Ok, Pippy. Do you have color pens? Yes, Carley. I have color pens Yes! I am the winner! Your fifth question, at least, the one that I, I saw highly rated with up votes, concerned whether reform could be approached top down, or bottom up, or both. And I think the, the person's question really had to do with how to manage and whether it was better to adopt one move or the other or both. And, whether organizations could apply both. And, I think that the clear answer is that you know, Or different theories are going to propose a top down or a bottom up strategy and in some cases, like a natural system, they may even advocate both. So it's really not going to be a silver bullet here in any of the answers you're looking for in terms of managerial practice, but I think it's clear that a purely top down reform. It's gonna get, res, kind of a resistant response from people further down in the hierarchy, Than if you impose a particular solution on a populous or an organization that the members may not have buy-in. Conversely, a, a purely bottom-up or emergent, reform, May lead an organization in, in strange directions that are not consistent across units or across organizations that aren't standardized and comparable. And I think you'll see some of that in this week's case about Chicago public school reforms, where in one of version of the reform, it's a bottom up local school council effort, and in the other case, it's a top down centralized effort that the mayor is kind of in charge of. In, in many instances, I think what you're really going to want as a manager is a re-coupling across units of administration, and the, and the bottom, or the, the workers in particular. So that you don't have this kind of mismatch, or this lack of coordination, Or the lack of buy-in. So I do think a mixture is typically what you want, albeit I can see for certain reasons where an organization's having problems, where it's not standardized, or it has all these different solutions that you'd want top-down. Or vice versa, that you'd have no buy-ins, so you'd want to establish more of a bottom up kind of reform. So depending on the context and the situation that your experiencing within your organization, you may want a different kind of reform effort. Albeit you, you always want to keep in mind that lack of coordination or coupling across the administrative units and the workers' units would be problematic This is the University of Rochester. When presented with the opportunity to ask a question about Robin Hood, the first question is almost always: Was he real? Historians--local, amateur, professional-- have made a kind of obsession out of finding the real Robin Hood, proving, apparently, that he's real, to justify their attraction to the outlaw hero. In October, October 22-25, the University of Rochester in concert with the International Association for Robin Hood Studies will sponsor a conference that addresses the whole range of media that Robin Hood has appeared in, and that tries to examine what the sources of that appeal were, why it is that Robin Hood keeps coming back. In particular, there will be a program of operattas, arias and songs, there'll be a screening of the earliest "Robin Hood" to survive on film, in a newly restored copy, and finally, the screening of the just restored 1922 Douglas Fairbanks "Robin Hood" made through a collaboration of the Museum of Modern Art and the George Eastman House. The entire event should have the widest possible appeal, and should go a long way towards demonstrating not just how academics find Robin Hood interesting, but how Robin Hood brought pleasure to the generations who went before us. [♪♪♪] [HEARTBEAT THUMPlNG] One-twenty-nine. Normal. GURVEER: Are we ready? Yes, we are. So we'll take you up to 70 percent. If you can handle it, we'll take it up five more. Okay? Peters? PETERS: Okay. So let's start. MANTA: It's connecting. Okay, we're ready. Take it up to 10 percent. Do you feel anything unusual? PETERS: No. Twenty percent. Twenty percent. PETERS: No. Thirty percent. MANTA: Thirty percent. Now? PETERS: Well, you're looking rather sexy, Gurveer. [MANTA CHUCKLES] Forty percent. PETERS: Okay. Yeah? PETERS: Definitely. Fifty percent. PETERS: Wow. What? PETERS: Uh, I'm noticing a lot of detail that wasn't-- Well, it was, but I'm noticing it now. Sixty percent. [PETERS GRUNTS] GURVEER: Are you okay? PETERS: Unh. Yeah. Yeah, I just wasn't ready for that. It's fine. Go. Sixty-five percent. PETERS: Seventy. Seventy. PETERS: I'm all right. Keep going. You're sure? PETERS: I'm sure. Seventy-five percent. PETERS: I don't want to stop. Manta? Adrenaline levels are at 80 percent. PETERS: More. MANTA: Eighty-five percent. GURVEER [VOlCE DlSTORTED]: Francis, let's hold there. PETERS: No, no. I can control more. I'm sure, but I'm not comfortable-- PETERS: Gurveer! Bring it down. [PETERS YELLlNG] MANTA: How is he? GURVEER: He's resting. His hand? A lot of broken bones. Next time, the steps should come from me. He should never have gone over 75 percent. I got flustered. Do you have any idea how such an accident could compromise our work? Our funding? Do you wanna be living on the streets again? I-- I'm sorry. That was ugly. I'm sorry. Just get things ready for another run. -Tonight? -Yeah, when he wakes up, I want to try to accelerate the healing. Do you really think after what just--? You're a hacker, Manta. That's your role in this. That's your chip tune. But when it comes to the technical aspects of the body, you listen to me. You don't listen to him. He's a genius in his area of expertise. But the only way this project will succeed, the only way we won't be beaten to this by some other random group at MlT or Stanford, is if we all stay individual parts in a larger machine. Okay? We are so close. [GURVEER SPEAKS IN JAPANESE] [♪♪♪] [♪♪♪] PROBLEM: "Write a mathematical expression which corresponds to x time y minus a times b times c." So let's just think this through: "x times y." Well I could write that - I could either write that as x × y, or I could just write that as xy. And from that, I'm going to subtract a times b times c. So: minus a times ... And I could write it a [asterisk] b [asterisk] c. I could write it like that. Or I could just write -abc. And you can see how it's being interpreted by the computer right over here. It understands that I'm saying x times y minus a times b times c (or xy - abc). And I'm done. Professor Donald Kagan: Peisistratus died in 527 with all his power, insofar as we know peacefully, and was succeeded in the tyranny over Athens by his sons, by first wife, Hippeis who was the elder and Hipparchus. I think it's proper to think of Hippeis as the man in charge, but Hipparchus shared considerable amount of his power and responsibility. At first it appears that they ruled in the same way that their father had, which was to say one that was moderate and didn't cause a great deal of opposition in Athens, and, of course, there always was a certain amount of opposition. We should not forger that. Aristocratic families always vying for their own power and their own position were uncomfortable very often under Peisistratus and different ones, different families got into trouble and were driven out, and our old friends the Alcmaeonidae got into trouble again, were banished in the time of the sons of Peisistratus, and it was necessary to have a battle against them, in which they were defeated and driven out. That will play a significant role in the future of Athens quite soon. But I think it's in the year 514 that a very important event changes the course of things. There is a personal quarrel between the tyrants, one of the tyrants actually, and one of the noble young men, which results in a plot to kill both Hippeis and Hipparchus, led by two young men who will become known in Athenian lore as the tyrannicides, because in their plot they succeed in killing the younger brother Hipparchus, although they don't get Hippeis. They themselves are killed and the plot fails, but its significance, I think, comes in the fact that it made Hippeis thereafter very nervous, very concerned about his safety and about the future of his regime, and the nature of the regime according to tradition changes and it becomes very harsh, and there are persecutions of people, who are suspected of perhaps plotting or hoping to plot against the tyranny, and that's significant. It's a characteristic event, as I told you early on as I spoke about tyranny in general; usually in the second and sometimes if they made it to the third, there would be opposition. The opposition would make the rulers nervous, the nervous rulers would then misbehave and create further opposition and that's the story as it happens in Athens. One wrinkle in the Athenian story is that the Alcmaeonidae, who had been expelled from the city, always active, always thinking, got into a position of a special favor to the Delphic Oracle, when there was an earthquake that badly damaged the temple of Apollo at Delphi. The Alcmaeonidae bid for the contract to rebuild the temple, and in the doing of that, they spent some of their own money to make the temple even more beautiful than the contract required, which put them in great favor with the priests of Delphi, and they immediately cashed this favor in, in the form of seeking their own political advantage.The story, as Herodotus tells it, is that their goal was to drive out Hippeis from Athens and the way to do it this time--you remember they've tried every trick in the world, and it hasn't really worked. The idea now was to turn to the most powerful military state in Greece and use it for their purposes. I'm talking of course about Sparta. The tale is that whenever the Spartans sent a message to the Delphic Oracle asking for the opportunity to consult the Oracle, the answer that came back was: first free the Athenians. Well, whether that was the reason or he had reasons of his own, the very ambitious King of Sparta, King Cleomenes was to undertake the job of removing Hippeis from power in Athens quite soon. It's in the year 511-10 that the Spartans under Cleomenes will invade Attica, gain control of the state, and remove Hippeis and withdraw. But I'll come back to that story in just a moment. Let me conclude our consideration of the Athenian tyranny by looking at what were the achievements and consequences of the years of tyrannical rule--many positive elements, as was so often the case with tyranny. From the economic side this was a period of great expansion of Athenian commerce, trade, very strong to the east through the Hellespont and to the Black Sea, but also in this period Athens trades very strongly with the West. I mean to say chiefly Sicily and Italy, and in fact up to that point, up to those years roughly speaking, Corinthian pottery, fine Corinthian pottery, is dominant in the western areas and this is no surprise. That's always been the case for Corinth. But by the end of the sixth century, Athenian pottery has actually outstripped it in the western markets, which show you how much this combination of trade and industry was changing the character of Athens and making it wealthier and bringing along various elements of change in their way of life. Another consequence of the tyrannical experience in Athens was a diminution in the power of the aristocracy, and this again is the general story wherever we see tyranny in the Greek world. It never erases aristocracy; you never see the disappearance of the distinction between nobles and commoners, and claims to the aristocracy of birth and descent from the gods. It is always there. Even in the most democratic of Greeks states, like Athens for instance, aristocracy doesn't go away. It's not abolished; it lives side by side with a democratic constitution. But the domination by the aristocracy, the monopoly of all the powers and influence that they used to have, it's not there and that is a tremendously important consequence. So, when the tyranny goes away and it's necessary to reconstruct a new Athenian constitution, the answer will not simply be to return to the old days before the tyrants. Solon had intervened in an important way and the tyrants had made their contribution too, to changes that turned out to be permanent. It's also true that under the tyrants, the local power of the noblemen had been reduced and the power of the government in Athens, which was not dominated by the aristocracy, but by the tyrants--that was a trend and one of the issues that would have to be worked out would be what would be the relationship between the localities outside of Athens and the city itself. Localism has been damaged but not abolished. If there are going to be new forms of government that take place, one of the consequences, one of the precursors of that will be to further strengthen the center and weaken the periphery, and to continue to strip as best one could the influence and power of the aristocracy, which was mainly to be felt in the countryside and to increase the power of some other form of government, which center would be in Athens. On the other hand, because of the reforms of Solon, which I remind you Peisistratus and his sons allowed to stay in place, at least in the formal sense--therefore every year, think about it, people were elected archon, people where chosen for a council, law courts operated, all of these things not dominated by the aristocracy, but really, in the case of the magistracies, wealth was the criterion. Remember ever since Solon that people who were not aristocrats, but were wealthy also participated in those jobs, and the council which was open to three out of the four Athenian classes under Solon, meant that people actually went to the council chamber, participated in decisions about what was going on. To be sure they weren't going to do anything that the tyrants didn't want, but ninety to ninety five percent of the time, maybe more, the tyrant didn't care, so that they were getting--this is the point I really want to stress. They were getting experience in the business of self government. When you do that, I think the history of the world shows that once people have risen to that state, where they do participate in their own self government, it's very hard to get them back into a state when they don't anymore. That's going to be very difficult to make stick. Athens has been moved down the road to self government as a consequence, strangely enough, of the tyranny. Just in passing, I might point out that's not a unique phenomenon. It's very interesting to look back at the early post-colonial age in the twentieth century and to see that there were real differences between colonies that had been ruled in a--I don't want to say tyrannical, but in an absolute way, such as the Congo or other places like that, as opposed to places that had achieved some degree of self government, even while they were ruled by European power, the difference was very great. The same experience that I am talking about now that lead to the capacity and a determination to govern oneself was more likely in places where there had been some such thing. India, of course, is a striking example. Where the Indians had managed to achieve some degree of participation in the government of their own state under the British, who in spite of all the troubles they had, have actually produced a functioning relatively democratic government in that great subcontinent. Well, that's the sort of thing I'm talking about. So, knowing what we now know, looking backward, it's possible to say that it looks like the tyranny played a very important role in the transition from aristocratic government to democracy. That's not what the tyrants intended. They intended to rule for as long as they could, but it was one of the consequences as we will see. Well, let's turn once again to those Alcmaeonidae who had, as you remember a checkered past in Athens and even under the tyranny, because they had been driven out. Remember Megacles had his deal with Peisistratus, and how Peisistratus had broken that deal, so he went into opposition. He and the Alcmaeonidae were driven out, but they came back, because we find Cleisthenes name on the list of archons, but then they had been driven out again. In the year 511-10, Cleisthenes who was leader of the Alcmaeonidae family, and political faction was in exile and was working to get the Spartans to do the job that was done. So Cleomenes takes his Spartan army in 510, he drives out the tyrants, and then he goes home. Now, the question that confronts the Athenians is what form of government should we have? Again, there's a whole range of possibilities. Not a whole range, there are a few possibilities. One would be reactionary. Let's go back to the days before Solon when the aristocracy was everything. There's certainly, as we will see where people who wanted to do something very much like that. On the other hand, what are you going to do about all these people of consequence who are wealthy and who have made it to the top, but who were not aristocrats? Then what are you going to do about all of these family farmers of whom there must be more now than ever because of my suggestion that Peisistratus had taken away land from some exiled aristocrats and distributed among families, some of whom were successful on farms and became hoplite soldiers and independent farmers. They're not going to enjoy being put back to a position which was worse than they had under the tyranny. Because under the tyranny they were sitting on councils, and participating in these things, sitting in courts and now all this was going to be taken away, if the reactionary aristocracy had its way. That was really what the contest was, I think. Should we continue with the Solonian Constitution only without tyrants or should we go back to an aristocracy? The contest for how to decide that was done in the usual old fashioned way. That is to say, in the contest for the archonship. The candidates of holding one view ran against candidates holding the other view and that's where the matter would be decided. But they went at it in the old way that is the decisions were being made in the political clubs that belonged to the aristocracy. In other words, how we're going to do this was being fought out among the aristocrats, not among the public at large. In that contest Cleisthenes who stood for the more moderate, for the Solonian, let us say, approach as his family had always done, lost. The winner was a man called Isagoras, an aristocrat. They were all aristocrats, of course, and he engages--I should say that this election takes place after preliminary pushing back and forth in the year 508-7 and his victory means a victory for the reactionary program. One of his first actions is to establish still another council, not the council of four hundred that Solon had established, but a new council of three hundred, and it was only made up only of aristocrats. Second, very interesting and it turns out to be a very important change--introduced by Isagoras was to scrutinize the citizen's lists and then to remove from that list lots and lots of people who were deemed to be, I guess those who were illegally enrolled in the citizen list. They were now going to impose retroactively the traditional criterion for Athenian citizenship. Is your father an Athenian citizen? But we know that Solon had already broken through that by permitting people to come to Athens and to acquire citizenship, if they had the necessary skills and there surely had been a fair number of those, and we are told, that the Peisistratids had done the same thing for pretty much the same reason. So, over a couple of generations you had foreigners coming to Athens and acquiring Athenian citizenship and undoubtedly using it, who are now going to be disenfranchised and driven from the citizen lists. Now, that made for quite a few discontented people in Athens. If you picked a moment after which Isagoras has accomplished these two things, that is establishing the council of 300, which is obviously going to be the governing body in Athens, an aristocratic council, and driven "X" number of people from the citizen lists, then all of those people are going to be very unhappy, and very likely they have friends who are also going to be unhappy. So, you have a situation which is by now means calm and settled, but it might have settled down as people, as they usually do when things are unavoidable, when there is no real option. Nobody's making a different case; they would have just gotten used to things, I suppose. But now Cleisthenes decides to do things different. He does not accept his defeat as he would have had to do in the old days, having been defeated in the aristocratic contest. Instead, in the words of Herodotus, prohetaerizetai ton demon, he brought the people into his political faction. The root of that first word, prosetaerizetai, is hetaera, which means a club, a political club, a collection of companions. That's the name for these aristocratic societies and Cleisthenes broke the rules. He went out there beyond the aristocratic circle and he recruited people. You become part of my political faction. Well, why should they? Because he had a program that was contrary to the one pursued by Isagoras. It's one that will result, when it is successful in the establishment of what everybody pretty much agrees was the first Athenian democracy. The reforms that he proposed then--we have to imagine he actually went around and electioneered. That was not done before that, and persuaded people to support him in his programs, and then he put his programs through. Well, where did he put these programs through? He surely couldn't have done that in a council of 300; it would never have passed, and I'm sure he didn't try. Instead, he acted, I think, as though there was no council of three hundred. He did what you would have done, if you wanted to propose a bill prior to that. You would go to the assembly, whichwas the Solonian assembly, which had the right to pass laws. No doubt, it only passed laws that the Peisistratids wanted, but it was not something new. It was something people were accustomed to and he went to the assembly, and he proposed his laws and they were passed. Well, Isagoras still had the whip hand and he wasn't going to sit still, while that took place, and so using the force at his disposal he drove, which was that of King Cleomenes and the Spartans, who came back again when called back. No doubt, what Cleomenes had in mind when he did what he had done originally, that is, driving out the Peisistratids, was the establishment of an aristocratic republic in Athens with his friends being in charge. That's what the Spartans typically would do if they could. So, he was shocked and annoyed, I'm certain, when he hears his friends have been somehow pushed out of power and some new fangled kind of a government that lets ordinary people participate has been instituted. So, Cleomenes comes back with his forces and drives Cleisthenes, and we are told--this is interesting figure and I can't promise that it's right, but it does show up in Herodotus. Cleisthenes and seven hundred families, who must have been in his faction, are driven out of Attica. But the people are not ready to take that; they resist, and they have numbers on their side, and they end up shutting up Cleomenes and his forces, which are not many. We're talking about probably hundreds of soldiers, no more than that, and we must imagine that there are thousands of Athenians out there who are discontent, and so they shut Cleomenes up on the Acropolis where he had run for safety with Isagoras at his side, and finally they cut a deal and they go home. And Cleisthenes and his supporters, whom I think it fair to start calling democrats, have taken over the city by this coup and are ready to go forward. Now, this requires that they establish a new constitution, because they're going to have a regime the like of which no one had ever seen before. But in trying to understand this constitution and it's not easy--the ancient sources tell us a lot about it, but it's not perfectly clear what's in everybody's mind as they do what they do. Motives and purposes are not clear as you'll see in a moment. But anyway, what I want you to fix on is this. Don't imagine that what's taking place here is even anything like the American Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, where a bunch of delegates have been selected from here and there, and they all sit and argue with each other over the hot summer and finally come up with various plans. It's better, I think, to think, if we're using historical analogies to help us, as of course there is nothing better than that to help us. Think of the French Revolution, think of the convention where the sort of the mass of the people have gained control of the situation, after driving the king from his throne, and after really putting aside a more aristocratic council that came before it, and they sit down with radical people running around, ready to kill people. This is the outfit that's going to end up killing the king and his queen, and all the aristocrats they're going to lay their hands on. In other words, we are in a revolutionary situation, and there is force and terror are in the air, and everybody is fully aware of the danger of this, that, and the other thing, and of some dangers that probably don't even exist. We are in a situation that resembles civil war, that could be on the brink of a serious civil war, and added to that--in other words, the Athenians, who will be sitting in the assembly passing the laws that produce the constitution that Cleisthenes favors, are first of all already afraid that the local aristocrats will use force or guile against them. But on top of that there's been two Spartan invasions of Attica in the last couple of years and there's nothing to stop King Cleomenes from coming back again, because he doesn't like the way he's been treated. In fact, I'd go further; I'd say there's every reason to fear that that's going to happen. Again, that's where the analogy to the French Revolution works again, because nothing that happens in that most radical period of the French Revolution is understandable. If you don't know that, the French regularly expect that the kings and emperors of Europe will be marching against them with professional armies very soon, and their fear is absolutely justified, and so is the Athenian fear that the Spartans will be coming. So it's in that hot environment, where fear is all over the place, that this new democratic constitution will be shaped. There's no question that, I think, the place where it's happening is in the assembly. The assembly sits as you, I hope you know, on a hillside in the middle of Athens, on a hill called the pynx and there in the open air all adult male citizens are eligible to participate in what takes place. One little point, I'd also suggest to you, is what about the people who have been thrown off the citizen lists? Are they there? This is just my reasoning; we don't have any hard evidence. My answer is absolutely they are. Who is going to tell them not to? You show up on the hill, who's going to kick you off? Does Cleisthenes want you kicked out? Hell no, because as we will see, one of his main planks is enrolling those people as citizens. So, in fact, I will bet a lot of money that in all the electioneering that went on about all these different things, they were a group he must have targeted and said you've been unfairly treated by these aristocrats. If I get in power, I will see to it that you are enrolled again as citizens. So, all of that is happening, and people are very excited about what is going on. That's the background for these rather dry and puzzling details I'm about to lay on you to try to describe what these new laws were that amounted to some kind of a democracy. The center of them, apparently, was reforms of the tribes, and they are in some ways very radical indeed. As you know, these tribes go back before the birth of history. Think of any primitive society you want to; it's likely to be divided up into tribes. The tribes typically are alleged to come from some very ancient times when gods or heroes founded them. That's certainly true of the Greek tribes, where each tribe is named after some heroic figure, some semi-divine figure in the past. So, there are four, the four traditional Ionian tribes, and that's why this is even more radical than anything else. Cleisthenes' law changes the tribal system in Athens from four tribes to ten tribes, absolutely brand new things that have no tradition behind them, nothing, no history or anything. Then he has to give names to these tribes, and according to the Greek practice, these tribes have to have some founding hero to be named after. So, he picks out, I think I'm right in thinking, hundred names of heroes and he assigns them to the ten tribes by lot, and now you suddenly have ten new tribes. Now, I mean, if you can try to think yourself back to a tribal society and think about what a disruptive thing this is. All my life I've been a member of the tribe named after, Ion, and so have my ancestors, and so my other ancestors. No more. He's not around anymore; there's a new tribe that was invented that I'm a member of. So, that's a very surprising thing. But that's not the end of the story; each tribe now is divided up into three parts. The word for a third is trittys and the plural is trittyes, and here's the point. Each of the tribes has one of its trittys in and around the city of Athens. It has another one in the middle of Athens and it--I'm sorry, in the middle of Attica and the third will be in the region called the coast, the Peralia. So every tribe is geographically distributed across all of Attica, in this way that is something quite new. In the old days we have to believe that the tribes were geographically separated for regions for tribes. The city region, the coast region, and the midland region, each one of these regions has ten trittyes, one for each of the ten tribes. Now, let's take it a step further, the trittyes themselves are formed of units that are called demes. The Greek word for it, and it's very confusing, is demos. Now, the demos is this deme, this political unit. It also means a village, it also means the whole Athenian people, and it also means only the poor Athenian people. So, there you are. But in the context that we're dealing with it here, we mean these units that are geographical and have a constitutional function. There is, however, even here a certain amount of confusion, because some of the demes are actually made up of an original village. They don't mess with that. A deme is the equivalent of a--in other words, a deme is a deme. The two different meanings of the word deme; other demes for the constitutional purpose are made up of a number of villages. So, there would be a lot of these old demes placed into the new constitutional deme. The idea, however, is that every trittys must be of the same size in terms of population, because the whole idea is to get each tribe to be numerically equal and one reason for that is, because the tribes will be the regiments of the Athenian army. You line up and fight in your--when you're called to fight in the army in accordance with your deme, which is located in the certain trittys, which becomes a regiment. Your tribe is a regiment of the army. Now, get this straight, now the demes are unequal in population but the trittyes have to be equal, so that tells you you have to have multiple demes in some and just one or two or a few in another. It is also true that the trittyes are assigned to the tribes by lot, and the thing I want you to remember, and I want to avoid as much complication as I can, is that it doesn't really matter to the people who invented the constitution, how the demes are assigned to the trittyes, except one scholar has suggested one motive that strikes most of us as very plausible. He made a careful study of how the demes had been distributed to the trittyes and compared them with where we know there were important religious sites. Greek religion has many gods and deities and they have local characteristics, because there are legends about their having lived on this earth, at a certain place, or done a deed at another place. So, you have a cave of Pan in eastern Attica, and you have a place where Athena did this, that, and the other thing, and the point I'm getting at is these became shrines, places where the religion was exercised in ancient Attica, aristocratic Attica. The aristocrats owned a piece of land on which the shrine was, which meant you had to have their permission to come onto it to worship, which meant that they would have predominance, power, and influence in these areas. Well, what this scholar, David Lewis was his name, concluded was that there are quite a few times when the thing is laid out in such a way as to divide the religious site on the aristocrats land from his main dwelling on that land, so the aristocrat is separated from the place where he has religious clout as a way of dividing up his political influence and power. He reads this as one of the ways in which Cleisthenes attempted to diminish the power of the aristocracy through its local influence. Now, this new deme is very, very important. It is the basic unit in the whole system. It was meant, I should say, to take the place of the phratry; you remember the brotherhood that was kernel of the old tribal system. It was meant that the deme should be the basic thing. For instance, one of the most important things was that your citizenship, according to the laws of Cleisthenes, was no longer to be ascertained by going to your phratry, but each deme would keep an official roll of the citizens in that deme. So, when an Athenian boy is born, when he reaches a certain age, you have to take him to the deme and register him, and now he can be an Athenian citizen. Well, this was one of several things that we see in Cleisthenes' constitution in which the intention could not be carried out. That is, the phratry, and the notion of the phratry as the core of such things, was never abolished; it would have been out of the question to abolish it. It had too many religious associations, and it never really lost its place in the Athenian mind. Yes, your official enrollment as a citizen was in the deme, but there was still a tremendous allegiance to the phratry, and the phratry was still run by aristocrats. So, it didn't have its full effect. The deme elected an official called a demarche. We might call them mayor or whatever the local official is called, select men we say sometimes still in Connecticut, holding to our colonial traditions. The deme is also given religious functions and religious rights, because everybody knows that religion still is potent, even if you're engaged in a revolution in Athens at the beginning of the fifth century. Here's another thing that they tried to do. Cleisthenes tried with the law, to change the way in which an Athenian was officially designated. It used to be, before Cleisthenes came along, you ask a man who are you. He would say I am Cleisthenes, the son of Megacles. Just the patronymic, just like you bear the name of your father, unless you chose to bear the name of your mother, which is evidence of how un-Athenian you really are. So, that's the way it was, but under the laws of Cleisthenes, henceforth, citizens were to be designated not as Cleisthenes, son of Megacles, but as Cleisthenes from Alopeke, which is to say his deme. He was to be the citizen's name and his deme name. People have argued about what the point of all this was, but I think one limited point, before we get to the full story, is simply another way of cutting down the influence of birth in the society. It's a way of damaging the aristocratic principle and asserting in its place--look what's really happening here, that there is something which is the polis that has nothing to do with birth that is the part of the legal structure which is a polis. It's a whole new concept that's really creeping in here, replacing the old traditional way of organizing society with one that is the work of citizens coming together and determining how they themselves will be governed. Let that be the story of the tribes for a moment. Now, here we go with another council, you've heard about the council of four hundred, you've heard about the council of three hundred. We can do better than that; we're going to have the council of five hundred. It will be the council that is the democratic council for the remainder of the history of the Athenian democracy, with the exception of short periods of oligarchic rebellion that remove it, but it comes back when the democracy does. That council--let me simply describe it very briefly. It is open to all Athenian adult male citizens. Membership on the council comes through some combination of allotment and election--the point of it is that an assembly of thousands is not well equipped to conduct all kinds of business that has to be conducted for the state, and even its own business. You need a smaller group to prepare the agenda for a full assembly meeting, and so that was the function of the five hundred. It is, and this is very important, one of those very democratic elements, the assembly of course was totally democratic, because adult male citizens participate if they wish. But you can easily get around that in some degree if you have a council or little group that actually determines what's going to happen. From the first it wasn't so. The members of the council had to be--I'm sorry, the council itself was as democratic as the assembly. So, we'll come back to that council later on, but there it is in place. Another thing that happened, not in 508-7, but a few years down the road, but still in the same period, was that by now the army of Athens, which originally had been led simply by the polemarch, the archon who was chosen for the military leadership had given way to generals who commanded the different tribes. It used to be that each tribe elected its own general, but in the new system now, the entire people elected the generals for each of the tribes. In other words, the ten tribes still had a general a piece, but the entire population elected him. Usually, he came from the tribe that he was asked to command, but not always. Again, you can see what the point of this is; it has the same characteristic as so much of what we are describing. It is going to reduce particularism, localism, and make the whole people, the whole demos and their represented institutions be the decisive element in the state. And that is one of the things we'll be getting to right next to ask ourselves what's going on here and why is it happening. Here, I will tell you what our sources say and at the end of the day we have to make some judgments. Of course, generally and I think properly, the source who gets the most credence from scholars today is Herodotus, who is closer to it in time than, although he's--I should point out Herodotus is writing his history sometime, and at least he's writing it as late as the 420s, but he himself, goes back to an earlier part of the fifth century. Therefore, he is in a position to hear stories from people who go back even into the sixth century, which makes him theoretically a more credible source than people like Aristotle, who I'll be quoting at you, who lives in the fourth century and he's a good whole century later than Herodotus. But Herodotus is not, of course, himself a witness to any of the facts that he adduces.Anyway, he asks why did Cleisthenes of Athens do what he did. And his answer is a pretty stale one. He was trying to copy his ancestor Cleisthenes of Sicyon, who also changed the tribes, you may remember in Sicyon, from the old Dorian tribes to new tribes that designated the wrong people like--I mean to say the Dorians as swine men and ass men, and so on. That's why Cleisthenes did it, and he thought it would be a nice thing to do because his ancestor, his namesake, did the same thing. Well, I don't think we can buy that. We move into a more persuasive territory I think when we get to Aristotle, who writes in his Politics as follows: "perhaps a question rather arises," he's dealing with the whole question of citizenship, "about those who had been admitted to citizenship after a revolution had taken place. For instance such a creation of citizens as that carried out at Athens by Cleisthenes, after the expulsion of the tyrants, when he enrolled in his tribes many resident aliens, metics, who had been foreigners and slaves." So, here's a new story that we have to add to the picture, I mentioned it in passing, but it's very important. One of the things Cleisthenes does, and he has to do it through measures passed through the assembly, is to enfranchise the people who had been thrown off the citizen lists. One thing that you want to do, and you couldn't have done that, given the nature of the old constitution. If you hadn't broken up the old system of tribes, phratres, and so on, and come up with a new one which would not have the old prejudices against it. So, that's part of the story. Again, Aristotle or one of his pupils--there's some dispute about the document that is called the Constitution of Athens, as to whether Aristotle was the composer of that piece or one of his students. Anyway, here's what it says, "with the aim of mixing up the population, so that a great number would share ii the citizenship, they came up with this phrase, me phylokrinein, do not judge according to tribe." But it goes beyond tribe, it really means, do not judge on the basis of birth. Aristotle says it was directed against those who wanted to check on family background. He goes on to say this new nomenclature, that's what I just mentioned to you before about your name, that is, you are not the son of so and so, but rather you are of the deme so and so. He says, "so that they would not by addressing one another by their father's names and expose the newly enrolled citizens, but would call them by the families of the demes." This passage caused a great deal of puzzle and confusion among scholars who couldn't understand what this was all about, and that's I think, because the topic was mostly treated by the British. But Americans can see this right away. The best way to put it is this way--of course you wouldn't know about this. You live in a country that is absolutely pure and without prejudice, according to race or color, or ethnic origins or religion; so you won't know what I'm talking about. But let me pass on from an earlier generation, a darker time in which I grew.Suppose you're a man who came from the Abruzzi in Italy, and your name was Giovanni DeStefano. That was fine in the Abruzzi, but in America there were people that didn't have a high opinion of people with such a name and were likely not to be opening their doors or homes to people like that. So, your son instead of calling himself Giovanni DeStefano changed his name to John Stevens, and thereupon, everything was okay. That' the way things were meant to be in Athens. That is to say, the idea was if you had a foreign sounding name, and your father would have a foreign sounding name, if he came from a foreign place when he settled in Attica. You would be branded in that way and people who wanted, and here it was more specific, to throw you off the citizen lists would know who you were, but if you took a good solid Anglo Athenian name, why, you'd be all right. So, I think that is the explanation and it's all part of the same picture. Taking away the traditional influences that would be anti-democratic and replacing them with things that shattered that, and taking away the local powers, anything that smacked of the past, you try to erase as best you can. The procedure, we all agree, is by the device that the Greeks called psephisma. It was a motion passed by the assembly, and it comes to be the standard form of legislation in the Athenian democracy, the plural of psephisma is psephismata. Now, the scholar who I was eluding to a few moments ago Lewis, he's got the general picture right. He says we have to understand all of this was passed on the assembly in a mood of great excitement and fear, and anger, a revolutionary situation in which he imagined alluding to the revolution in St. Petersburg in 1917, that they are getting up and shouting, "all power to the ten tribes." To those of you who are not in St. Petersburg, they were shouting, "all power to the Soviets," but I think he's wrong. It wasn't about the ten tribes. The ten tribes weren't the issue. I think if they were shouting and I guess they were, they were shouting all power to the ecclesia, to the assembly. That's where decisions were going to be made in the future. But I do want you to take seriously the notion that the making of such a claim and doing so in heated circumstances was revolutionary, because without that, it's inconceivable that what happened would have happened. Now, let me go back to the boule; it was elected by a lot from proportional representation in the demes, all Athenians. The Greek word for preparing legislation for an assembly is probouleusis and such a group is probouleutic, that is, it prepares legislation. The chances are that this council was more powerful and had more independence when it was invented, than it would later on. That's just a guess, but you know you're at the beginning of something. You're still living in a society in which class distinctions are very clear and very sharp, in which the idea of the ordinary citizen taking things into his own hands is new and scary. I think there would have been a lot of deference paid to the individuals who came from the higher classes, and I would guess that they would have been on the preliminary list that was elected before allotment selected among them, and that when they proposed something to the assembly, it would be given greater influence on what happened subsequently than would be true. When we get down to the full scale of Athenian democracy in the time of Pericles forget about it. The boule is the servant of the assembly, without question. If the council sends in a proposed law in certain language, the assembly can vote it down or they can send it back to the boule and say, no we don't like those words; change the words into this direction, and then send it back to us. That's the way it was in the full democracy. My guess is it wasn't that way in the year 505. I think it probably was meant by Cleisthenes to be a bit more conservative without being, of course in any way, reactionary. Now, what is this all about in the larger sense? Lewis suggests that there's something here that is personal and political and I think he's right. One of the elements that he suggests is these demes were not assigned to trittyes accidentally, as I've suggested already, but were carefully laid out not only to deprive noblemen of their undue influence but he thinks probably to help Cleisthenes and his Alcmaeonidae to have a powerful voice in as much of Attica as he possibly could. Why in the world would anybody doubt that? That strikes me as being--that's what people do when they have the power to help themselves politically they do. I would guess, in other words, Cleisthenes was thinking of his own political position in part. Again, we don't have hard evidence for this, but just a reasonable suggestion. Now, the other thing is, we have to, I think, believe, that this whole program of reform was supported by what we have been referring to all along, the hoplite class, these independent farmers. They are the ones who are most numerous. They are among those who will be politically active. Also, they are of course the defense of Athens now, they have to be taken very seriously and they are not about to allow themselves to be cut out or to have their own influence diminished by things that are hanging over from the days of aristocracy. So, I think we should think of this and I think just about everybody does. They like to designate this Cleisthenic democracy, this first democracy, as a hoplite democracy, and saying that the hoplites were in means that to some considerable degree, the poor are out. The chances are very great; I would say pretty certain, that the majority of citizens, the majority of Athenian citizens, were not hoplites. They were thetes. There probably never was a time when the hoplites were a majority even in Athens. So, excluding them certainly is a limit on what you want to call democracy, and here's where we get into sort of the debates these days. Many, many a scholar--now that the academy is essentially a branch of the Politburo will want to denigrate ancient Athenian democracy and to suggest it really wasn't democratic. Well, there are twenty million ways you can do that. You can talk about the fact that it excluded women, you can talk about the fact that it--who else does it exclude? That it had slaves, excluded slaves, it excluded resident aliens, and all those things and then you can finally point to the fact that probably the majority of the adult male citizens were excluded from some important elements in the democracy, although as time passes that last disappears, and you have pretty much complete participation by the poor, but in Cleisthenes case that's not so. But I think that's to be deliberately blind to what's really happening. What you have is a miracle. Nothing in the world that we know of anywhere, ever like this has ever been seen before. The reaction of the other Greeks as best we can figure out was horror. This is wild and crazy, the stuff that the Athenians are doing, it is radical, it is dangerous. We must contain ourselves and avoid being in touch with them, or we should try to finish those guys off. Certainly that was the attitude the Spartans typically had towards it, and undoubtedly the normal Greek government, which was an oligarchy, certainly took the same point of view. So, I think you can look at it from either direction, probably should look at it from both, but don't miss the point that what's happening here is of this very special character. What did they call this constitution? Well, we don't know. But the chances are great that they did not call it democracy. The word democracy, our word democracy comes from the Greek demokratia, which I guess you would want to translate as something like power for the masses, for the people at large, or the people as a whole. But it was a name that was given to the Athenian constitution by a people who didn't like it. What did they think of themselves? Well, Herodotus refers to this regime as one of eisonomia, equality of law, and I think the thing that's most important about it is, equality before the law. That is, something that wipes out distinctions among classes of people on the basis when it comes to the law. Every man who comes before the law is equal to every other man. Well, that's a very big change that no place else in the world had, and I think that's not a bad way to think of it. Now, of the principles that belonged from the first to this democracy, and was maybe as crucial as anything in characterizing it was what they called isegoria, equality of speech really. It meant equality of the opportunity to address the political body, meaning the assembly. Every Athenian male from the first adult regardless of what his money rating was, of his class, whether he was a thete or higher, everyone had the right to speak in the assembly. Now, this had been a right that was limited of course to aristocrats in many cities, or to the wealthy in other cities. But we know from some of the poems in the sixth century, it was prized as the evidence that an individual was a free man as opposed to a slave. He could get up in the center, that was the term they used, of the town, meaning wherever the meeting place was, and then speak his mind and also try to persuade his fellow citizens to do as he thought best. We should not take this lightly. In our world, where we never imagine ourselves in such a situation, it's hard to grasp but actually to think. If I want to I can get out there during the debate that's going to decide what happens. I can say what I have to say. So, freedom of speech is very, very central to the Athenian idea of self government. The role of the boule in place of aristocratic councils enhances the democracy. On the other hand, things did not happen that you might think would happen. Nothing was done in the sphere of the economy. There was no change in Solonian classes or privileges. You still had to have a certain amount of money to be elected to the top things in the state. The Areopagus was left untouched, remaining a collection of former magistrates, all of whom had been aristocrats. The phratres, the homes of aristocracy were left intact. You had this hoplite democracy, which was indeed democracy, but we must imagine, I think all the evidence would support this imagination, that it was a deferential democracy in which the lower classes still looked up to the upper classes for leadership and guidance, and they themselves did not hold leading positions in the state. I think that's the picture we have. Well, let me turn at last to one of the most interesting features of the constitution introduced by Cleisthenes; gives us a picture of how things worked that we wouldn't get any other way. I'm talking abut the law that was passed on ostracism. Our word ostracism derives from it, but it's something quite different. If somebody says we're going to ostracize this guy today, it means we're not going to invite him for a drink; we're not going to go to his parties, things like that. No this was something far different and was a central part of the political system. Let me begin by simply describing how it worked. Every year, let us say in the month of January, that's the way the Athenian calendar would have made it come out more or less typically, a question came up in the assembly automatically. Nobody had to move it; it was an automatic thing. The question was, "Shall we have an ostracism this year?" Now, they could debate that question, but what they were not debating was who should we ostracize. That was not at issue. The only question was, should we have one this year? If a majority said yes, then they would go on. If they majority said no, that was it, no ostracism that year. But supposing a majority had voted for an ostracism, now we go to roughly the month of March and let's go down to the center of town, the agora, which is the marketplace, which is the political center which is where people go to talk and all those things. That's where the action is, and for that day and that day alone, the agora is fenced off, and there are ten gates in the fences, one for each tribe, and every citizen who wishes, goes with a piece of broken pottery. Someone has described it as the scrap paper of antiquity, and with whatever you could get, piece of glass, crayon, or whatever, you would simply write the name of a man that you would like to see ostracized that year. You would go to the gate. There would be some people at the gate, who would identify are you really a citizen, where are you coming from and all that. You, then, handed in your ostraka and you went inside the agora, where you stayed until the voting was over so that you couldn't come back and vote again. Now, they were cleverer than the people of Florida are today. So, now it's over, the time has come, and what they do is they divide up all the ostraka that have been cast. They don't divide them up I'm sorry. They put them in a big pile and count them. If there are fewer than 6,000 ballots, nobody gets ostracized. If there are 6,000 or more, now they divide them up into piles, and the one who gets the most votes, not majority, just the highest number of votes plurality, he wins. He gets ostracized.What does that mean? It means that he must leave Attica, at a certain distance from Attica, for ten years. That's all. He has been accused of no crime; therefore, he has been convicted of no crime. Nothing is done to his property; nothing is done to his family. At the end of ten years, he may come back and it's as though he never left. The next day, if he wants to, he can run for public office. That's all; that is ostracism. What's this all about? What are the purposes of this thing? Well, I think the best way to come at this is to tell you a couple of stories and some facts. The story I guess comes from Plutarch's Life of Aristides, who is one of the leading Athenian figures at the early part of the fifth century, and who in fact was a man who was ultimately ostracized. The story goes like this. It's ostracism day in Athens, and some country bumpkin, some rube comes walking up, and he spots Aristides chatting with some folks and he goes up to Aristides and he says, "excuse me sir I don't know how to write, would you please write a name on this potsherd for me?" Aristides, of course, a gentleman he says, "certainly sir, what name would you like?" He said, "Aristides please." "Oh," he says, and he writes down Aristides, and by the way he said, "what is it that you have against Aristides?" I should have told you that Aristides had earned this sobriquet, the just Aristides, Aristides the just. So, the guy says, "what have you got against Aristides? I have nothing against Aristides, I've never seen the man, don't know him. I'm just so damn tired of hearing him called the just." The point of that story is to illustrate Plutarch's point is that the system of ostracism was just a piece of silly foolishness that you would associate with democracy, which just allowed the jealousy of the ordinary man for superior people to determine what's going on. That's the message that Plutarch gets from that tale. Here's another piece of information; that's not a tale. I think it was about 1937,1938 an American archaeologist was working up on the north slope of the Acropolis and he came upon a well, he dug into the well, and out came 191 inscribed potsherds, ostraka with but one name written on all of them, and that name was Themistocles, who we know was a participant in a batch of ostraka in the 480s, and careful analysis of the handwriting indicated that these 191 ostraka were inscribed by 14 hands writing them. Is it beginning to sound familiar to you guys, I suppose. The best guess of everybody who studies these things is that we do not have here the remains of a collection of voters, who voted and had their votes counted and then these came, but rather that these were votes that never were cast actually. So what's going on here? Now, I turn from my attempt at a factual account of what happened in the past to fiction. The rest of this is my imagination. We find ourselves down the middle of Athens, the day before the ostracism. We are in the home of John the potter who is a charter member of the Aristides political club, and what they are doing is sitting about chatting as they incise or paint the name onto a ostrakon, the name is Themistocles. Next day, down there outside the Agora, various country bumpkins and others are wandering into town. You step up to one of them and say; perhaps you would like to vote in the ostracism today sir? I can save you the trouble of inscribing your ballot, here's one right now. I think this is pretty good evidence that they're talking about organized political activities, which in fact I think totally squares with what we know about the purpose of ostracism. I should tell you one other thing, that Thucydides himself says something very important about this. He says, ostracism was brought about, because of the fear and the insecurity that the Athenians felt about their democracy, that it was in constant danger, and that they needed something to help them. That's the context in which he used it. Plutarch, as I say, has a more general story, the envy and jealousy natural to democracy. You must realize that hardly anybody who ever wrote anything in antiquity had a kind word to say for democracy; it's a bad thing from the standpoint of most of the authors of antiquity. But Thucydides was there, while ostracism was a reality, as opposed to Plutarch, and I'm sure he is right. Let's look, first of all, at the moment when ostracism was invented in the time of Cleisthenes, before we move beyond that. What's the situation? Cleisthenes and company have just brought about this unique, amazing, and to the rest of the world dangerous coup d'état, and invented this new wild crazy kind of government. They know that the Spartans are furious and they expect they're going to come down anytime. They also know that in Athens, there are people who don't like this new government. Some of them are the heirs to the old aristocracy. Some of them are aristocrats themselves. Others were very happy in the days of the tyranny. In fact, there are still relatives of the tyrants, eminent ones, who are still in Athens. In other words, they have to fear betrayal, they have to fear internal hostility, and they have to fear people who might start a civil war. At the same time as they have to be afraid of the Spartans coming up the road, and we know, because in a few years this is going to happen, they have enemies of other neighboring states. Corinthians, the Eretrians, Boeotians, Thebes, and others within the next five years--they will have invasions by those people as well. That's their situation, what are they afraid of? They are afraid that there will be treason inside the city, which will help invaders or simply turn the city over to them. Well then, why don't they just lock these guys up? Well, in the first place, they probably haven't done anything yet, and you couldn't make a case against them. On top of which, you really don't, if you're Cleisthenes, you don't want to treat all of these people as though they are the enemies of the new regime. They are, in fact, natural opponents, the friends of the tyrants and the old aristocrats; they're on opposite sides of the argument. Why would you want to put them together by assaulting their leaders? A smarter thing would be to try to win over one faction to support your side at the expense of the other. That is my guess as to what is another explanation of what's happening here. So, here's another piece of fiction I want to throw at you. I imagine that Cleisthenes stops by at the house of Hipparchus, the son of Karmas, who is a relative of the Peisistratids and who would be looked to as the leading figure in that faction, and he stops by to see Hipparchus, and Hipparchus says, "hello Cleisthenes, say what is this routine, what is this crazy new law that you and your boys just put through, this ostracism law? I hear in the streets that it's aimed at me, as the leader of the old tyranny faction, what is that?" Cleisthenes I imagine would say, "Now, where did you get a crazy idea like that? I mean, you're a swell fellow, I'm only against these terrible aristos out there, and their Spartan lackeys, who are going to take away all the people's rights and I know you wouldn't want that to happen, that's not like you. So, of course I can see your point, I can see you are alarmed, I can see that people might say, gee those old Peisistratids might be trying to overthrow this new democracy, and bring themselves back in. I know Hippeis is over there in Persia, supported by the king and maybe people would think you're for bringing him back as a tyrant. I knew that would never be in your mind, but I tell you what you ought to do, why don't you come over to my side and I'll see to it--you know I have friends, I got a lot of friends. I could do you a favor. You do me a favor; I can do you a favor. I can see to it that I would just kill that rumor, and everything would be very happy." The next day all is well. I think there's considerable evidence. I don't have time for it now--not certain, but evidence suggesting that Hipparchus came on board and became part of a coalition that ruled Athens for decades after that time. And so, that year there was no ostracism, because there didn't have to be an ostracism. I think that is very important. Most years there was no ostracism, only once in a while, and every single person that we hear ostracized was a leading political figure. Ostracism, in short, was meant to be a constitutional device to work in the political realm as a way of deterring a coup d'état, treason or other forms of unrest. You could only use it as a politician if you were the popular favorite. If you were confident that the ostracism would go your way, if you held an ostracism and that wasn't true, you might find yourself traveling a long way from home pretty soon, and so that's the essence of ostracism and we'll have a look at it again because it crops up and is used but not for twenty years after it's invented. Okay. Fuel cells have the power to change our world. At Ballard, we are dedicated to making fuel cell technology a reality. To replace the internal combustion engine In your car with a clean, quiet pollution free fuel cell engine. Fuel cell powered cars look just like other cars on the road today. But they are cleaner, quieter, more efficent And work very differently. When you turn the key Hydrogen and compressed air flow to the fuel cell module Which contains the fuel cell stack. A fuel cell engine consists of the proton exchange membrane Or PEM fuel cell module Coupled with the systems required in a typical automotive engine. The electricity produced by the fuel cell Is delivered to the electric drive system in the vehicle. The drive system converts electrical power Into the mechanical energy that drives the wheels of the car. The fuel cell generates electricity that can be used To power a car, truck, bus or other vehicle For as long as fuel is supplied. The fuel cell is two to three times more efficient Than your gasoline engine and does not create pollution. Additional benefits include increased performance and onboard power Higher reliability, and greater flexibility in vehicle design And engine layout. But how does the fuel cell work? A single PEM fuel cell is made up of two plates Two electrodes, and two thin layers of platinum based catalysts Separated by a plastic membrane Which when fed with the fuel Reacts electrochemically to create electricity. Hydrogen from an onboard storage tank And oxygen from air are fed through channels in the plates. Hydrogen flows on one side of the membrane Air on the other. The catalyst splits the hydrogen molecule into protons and electrons. The protons can pass through the membrane. The electrons cannot. And have to pass through an external circuit Creating useful electricity. On the oxygen side of the membrane The protons and electrons react with oxygen from the air In the presence of a second catalyst layer Generating water and heat. By stacking together single cells Like slices in a loaf of bread You make a fuel cell stack To produce the required amount of power. Just like your car, fuel cells need fuel to operate. The Ballard fuel cell uses hydrogen as a fuel Which can be produced in many different ways. And once produced, can be stored as a compressed gas or liquid. Or in a chemical or metal compound. Different areas of the world will create hydrogen in different ways Depending on economics and available resources. Hydrogen can be delivered to fueling stations by road Barge Rail Or pipeline. Or can be made on site at gas stations. People may one day be able to produce Their own hydrogen at home. You can see there are many options available To enable the hydrogen infrastructure to grow. Fueling the vehicle is very similar to the way you refuel your vehicle today. But requires a special sealed connection Before the hydrogen can be pumped into the vehicles storage tanks. It only takes a few minutes to refuel a fuel cell car And when fueled by hydrogen A fuel cell emmits water and heat And no pollution. Think what this means to the air around us. Now that you understand how the technology works In a fuel cell vehicle. You could look for them on our roads And ask yourself whether the vehicle you see Is powered by Ballard. Immortality. In movies, kings are always searching for the secret to immortality. But is immortality really a good thing? To a ten-year-old boy, one year is the same as 10% of his life. To his forty-year-old mother, one year is merely 2.5% of her life. The same year, 365 days, can feel differently to different people. If we live until we're 82, that's about 30,000 days. If this boy lives for 30,000 years, a year to him could feel like a day. And if this boy's emotions sustain through the potential boredom of living for millions of years, he might become extremely lonely and sad, knowing he has and always will outlive everyone he has ever loved. But what if everyone were immortal? Well, first off, Earth is only so big. So, where would we all live? (Grunts) "Excuse me!" "That's my face!" "Stop it!" "Pardon me." "Tight in here!" Do you remember what you did last year or when you were five? How much of your past have you forgotten? If you have trouble remembering what you did when you were five, how will you remember what happened if you were alive a thousand years ago? A million years ago? We don't remember every single detail of our past because our brains have a limited capacity and we replace useless memories, like middle school locker combinations, with relevant information. If this immortal boy finds a companion to fall in love with once every hundred years, he would have ten thousand girlfriends in a million years. And how many of those ten thousand girls' names will he be able to remember? This changes what a meaningful relationship means, doesn't it? Another tricky thing about immortality: Human beings have not always looked the same. This can be explained by Darwin's theory of evolution. For instance, if women find taller men more attractive, then more tall men would mate and have children, putting more tall genes in the gene pool. That means, in the next generation, more children will have the genes to be taller. Repeat that process for a million years and the average height will be a lot taller than the average height today, assuming there's no natural disaster that wipes out all the tall people. Our ancestors were short, hairy apes. We still have body hair, but we don't look like apes any more. If you're the only person who is immortal, while everyone else keeps evolving, generation after generation, you will eventually look quite different than the people who surround you. "Hi, how you doing?" If one of our ancestors, apes, is still alive today, how many people will make friends with it instead of calling the Museum of Natural History? And one more physical consideration for immortality: Scars. After all, immortality doesn't automatically translate to invincibility, it just means you cannot die. But it doesn't guarantee what condition you'll be alive in. Look at your body and count how many scars you have. If you have made this many permanent scars within your life, imagine how much damage you would have if you were one thousand years old! Now, there are approximately 185,000 amputation-related hospital discharges every year in the U.S. These injuries are due to accidents or illnesses. Certainly the percentage is low comparing to the total population if you only live for a hundred years. However, if you've been alive for over one million years, the odds of still having all your limbs are pretty slim. What about little accessories, like your eyes, your nose, your ears, fingers or toes? What about your teeth? What are the odds of you keeping your dental health for a hundred years? A thousand years? One million years? You might end up looking like a horribly scuffed-up Mr. Potato Head with missing pieces and dentures. So, are you sure you want to live forever? Now, which superpower physics lesson will you explore next? Shifting body size and content, super speed, flight, super strength, immortality, and -- invisibility. Today October 31st Goedele Goethals, wife of Jean-Claude Delcorps Okay, that's perfect. Come on, little monsters, hurry up or we'll be late. My lady. It's twenty to ten. You and the kids go on your own. Birgit, it's your brother-in-law. Your sister's going to need you there. Sister-in-law, Birgit 'Bibi' Goethals Xander. Hey, stop your crying. You can't go to Uncle Jean-Claude's funeral in your cowboy costume. No, Ben, it's way too risky for you to come. We'll see each other when it's all blown over. Bol, we're going to be late! Noor, Emily, come on! Sister-in-law, Veerle Goethals Sister-in-law, Eva Goethals husband to Goedele Goethals-Delcorps father to Bloeme Delcorps brother-in-law to Eva Goethals, Veerle Goethals-Cox, Birgit Goethals-Engelen, Rebekka Goethals son to Hermin Delcorps Clan subtitles: Larissa Should I put away that dartboard? I think it would give a bad impression if we ever had a surprise inspection. That board won't make a difference, little brother. If that inspector doesn't like the look of our books then Dewitt & Sons Insurance won't be here, we'll have to pack it in. Ow, goddamn it! You're going to ask, right? You're the one who got Dad's pokerface. The inspector. Why the sudden interest in a small insurance company like ours, Mr. Custermans? Your company's being audited at the request of the Insurance Association. As you're undoubtedly aware, you've cost them quite a bit of money recently. We close out the policies, the Association pays them out. That's the procedure. The Association is now paying double what it was while your client base keeps shrinking. Do you have an explanation for that, Mr. Dewitt? Look, I know how that must look but you should know that since our father died we've lost a huge amount of our client base. That's it. You're in bad shape, gentlemen. If we just have the next quarter-- Two weeks. If, at that point, your company's solvent, then you can keep your license. If that's not the case, then you'll have your license taken away. Happy now, old man? Godmother Eva Sweetheart Where's your mommy? Okay Goele, stop. You're not going to clean toilets when you have to bury your husband. He was the only one who used this toilet. Have you been smoking? Just one cigarette. I'm not starting again. Get your things. Where are we going to get that many new clients? That's the least of our worries. Look. We have yet another payout. If we pay out Mr. Delcorps' life insurance, we're finished. Jesus, they can retire from this. In this situation, we need to make sure that nobody will be retiring. Fatty, that won't work. That only happens... with suicide or where there's foul play involved. That's the only way there'd be no payout. Check the police report. It's an accident. Yeah? But it's a pretty strange way to go, don't you think? Fuck, man. You can't be serious. Jean-Claude Delcorps I personally conducted the examination myself, Mr. Dewitt... and I can assure you that all that evidence presented supports my conclusion. With all due respect, Dr. Stevens, but... isn't it common procedure to have follow-up examinations and a forensic autopsy? Mr. Witse, Mr. Delcorps had 1.6 parts per thousand in his blood He ought to have been paying better attention to the label. If we had to second-guess every accident that comes in here, we'd need more hours in the day. Further investigation only occurs where there's evidence of something suspicious... or when the family questions the circumstances themselves. That's not the case here. If insurance-- Why are you calling this into question, for God's sake? Did you know that the victim's mother, Hermin Delcorps has been missing for a several weeks now? So what? We'd still like to request a few postmortem tests, Dr. Stevens. There have been cases where a test like that gives you certainty where there were doubts. For that you would need written permission from the widow Delcorps And an official request from the crown prosecutor. If you have all that, then it will be my pleasure But then I think you'd better hurry because, as you both no-doubt know, Delcorps' funeral is today, yes? Yeah! Yeah, yeah. I'm on my way now. Rebekka, the panties have to stay here, they're sample. Sister-in-law, Rebekka Gotehals God damnit, what a speed. Do you think there's a reason Delcorps is being buried in such a hurry? We have to take a left for Buitengracht, you know. Maybe we'll find out more at the funeral. Come on, that's for family. You also wouldn't have thought it was okay if at Dad's funeral-- Little Brother, we're running out of time here. Or do you want the company our father worked so hard to set up to go bust? Brothers and sisters, Goedele and Bloeme... the abrupt exit of Jean-Claude... leaves us struck by bewilderment and disbelief. God gave Jean-Claude the gift of being a simply unforgettable person. A person of peace, in heart and soul. Dear friends, let us be thankful... that throughout his life he was a sower of joy Fucking Jean-Claude I have him under control. Jean-Claude, goodness was the stick you measured your life by. In you, we recognize a loving, faithful husband The caring daddy, the cheerful, uplifting brother-in-law. It's yours. Brothers and sisters, let us pray for Hermin and Gaston Delcorps... Jean-Claude's parents, who should have been amongst us today. Lord, hear our prayer. Come on, you don't need to put on that good a show. Do you realize how many times Dewitt & Sons Insurance... have paid out the Delcorps this year? What are you thinking? Fraud or something? Something's not adding up and we need to find out what it is, and fast. But you think there's foul play at hand? I'm not saying that there's someone behind it. But if there was, they'd definitely come to the funeral. I think you've played too many games of Clue, fatty. Brothers and sisters, before you go in peace... let us pray once more for Goedele and Bloeme. That they can find the strength to see the future as hopeful once again. I love you...only you I can't live in a world without you Rock, paper, scissors... Episode 1: A Blood Bond Rock, paper, scissors One for who? For me. Okay, sorry This coffee's running right through me. I told you not to come! I wanted to be here for you, darling. Even today. It's becoming too complicated, Ben. Come on, we have to get back. I'll call you when it's over. Okay? Promise? Promise. I don't know why you did it, but I know it was you How? Because it is always you It's not always me Who the hell put tiny wheels on my shoes Well that's his fault**, he took a nap in the longue Why would you ruin this for## me I mean, I didn't even ask you to be there Imagine that, I been working 30 years I guess I don't rate## as part of the family Did you want to be in the picture? No, it's just.. I gotta go Actually I love this Miss Brooks your blood work looks fine, but I'd like to take one more sample, just for me. You know you taste a little anemic, get that down to the lab, bubby Right away, Dr. Acula. That's what they call me, how are you doing The end So, Dr Acula, is the doctor and a vampire He is both, and at the very end, I'm gonna put Dr Acula across this screen, take that period, get it out of there, squish it together, it will say Dracula This is an awesome ending Thank you for telling me what I already know Turk Frick! It's Mrs. Peele! One of us has to talk to her! the first one to chug their slushy is off the hook.* Come on, here we go Brain freeze Why is my husband being## discharged? It's so cool Mrs Peele, even though Dr Turk is currently incapacitated by his cherry flavor beverage, he is a fantastic surgeon. And he didn't find anything And I'm a great doctor. And I didn't either Don't you think that maybe the pain could all be in his head last week, we were all watching TV, and he was in too much pain to get up and used the bathroom, so he soiled himself on the crouch, right in front of our son, how do you explain that? Maybe there was a really good game on television Probably not My screenplay Hey, sport You just lit your pipe on my title page I heard Mrs. Wilk gave you the axe. She said I've led a great life. And every doctor in the world knows that's code### for I'm already to die How old do you think I am Dr Dorian? Okay, there's no way to answer that and not get in trouble. Change the subject Sir, I would be honored if you and Enid would join me at my place on Sunday for some homemade jambalaya. It would be good for Enid to get out of my house Oh my god, he is actually thinking about it. Change the subject back You're 78 sir You think I am that old? Jambalaya## 57 numb nuts And I know they say 57 is the new 40 Who? But lately it seems all people see when they are looking in my direction is some old guy Hell, just last week, I was in the mall, hanging out## at Brookstone, some kids asked me if I was lost Brookstone? Were you looking for gadgets, sir? If that's what you call trolling for mall ass, then yeah.* the point is, you think Mrs Wilk is old enough to die. I'm betting she doesn't agree How am I supposed to know that the janitor has feelings We should've just believed Mr Peele, I mean,it's not like somebody just poos the pants for no reason Turk did that in college on a bed Carla did not know that story, thank you SOmetimes, when you are feeling guilty it's like a storm cloud over your head I knew there was only one way to make the guilt storm go away mrs Wilk, I'm sorry Mrs Wilks, I just wanted## to say I was wrong to think you wouldn't## want to try every possible treatment there is to avoid, you know, the place... there's clouds...and the...Space Needle.... Seattle. Yes you were But thank you You're welcome You got a lot of pluck## for an older gal How old do you think I'm? Jambalaya There is a lot of ways to make amends## It can be as simple as including someone Hey, I want you to be in the picture I thought you were trying to kill me I fought** the urge or as complicated as committing to a difficult journey.* Mr Peele, we believe your pain is real And you are not going anywhere until we figure out The important thing is to regain the respect of your peers I gotta hand it to you. You took the heart of a lion## to apologize to Mrs Wilk like that Of course, it took the incompetence of a bewildered jackass** to make that error** to begin with. Never make assumptions based on your own perceptions. Just...never do it. Really? You've been spending a lot of time treating my guy Mr Jenkins ,right? he's a Vietnam veteran, he deserves as## much. Actually, he's just a homeless guy. I made up the war veteran story to motive my boys, what are you gonna do? Oh come on, you got me like a hundred times, I finally got you once. t was bound to happen, right? I see your point. Kindly blow it out your ass. How did you got this people come** down here Fear Okay, everybody, 1..2..3 I've been a journalist now since I was about 17, and it's an interesting industry to be in at the moment, because as you all know, there's a huge amount of upheaval going on in media, and most of you probably know this from the business angle, which is that the business model is pretty screwed, and as my grandfather would say, the profits have all been gobbled up by Google. So it's a really interesting time to be a journalist, but the upheaval that I'm interested in is not on the output side. It's on the input side. It's concern with how we get information and how we gather the news. And that's changed, because we've had a huge shift in the balance of power from the news organizations to the audience. And the audience for such a long time was in a position where they didn't have any way of affecting news or making any change. They couldn't really connect. And that's changed irrevocably. My first connection with the news media was in 1984, the BBC had a one-day strike. I wasn't happy. I was angry. I couldn't see my cartoons. So I wrote a letter. And it's a very effective way of ending your hate mail: "Love Markham, Aged 4." Still works. I'm not sure if I had any impact on the one-day strike, but what I do know is that it took them three weeks to get back to me. And that was the round journey. It took that long for anyone to have any impact and get some feedback. And that's changed now because, as journalists, we interact in real time. We're not in a position where the audience is reacting to news. We're reacting to the audience, and we're actually relying on them. They're helping us find the news. They're helping us figure out what is the best angle to take and what is the stuff that they want to hear. So it's a real-time thing. It's much quicker. It's happening on a constant basis, and the journalist is always playing catch up. To give an example of how we rely on the audience, on the 5th of September in Costa Rica, an earthquake hit. It was a 7.6 magnitude. It was fairly big. And 60 seconds is the amount of time it took for it to travel 250 kilometers to Managua. So the ground shook in Managua 60 seconds after it hit the epicenter. Thirty seconds later, the first message went onto Twitter, and this was someone saying "temblor," which means earthquake. So 60 seconds was how long it took for the physical earthquake to travel. Thirty seconds later news of that earthquake had traveled all around the world, instantly. Everyone in the world, hypothetically, had the potential to know that an earthquake was happening in Managua. And that happened because this one person had a documentary instinct, which was to post a status update, which is what we all do now, so if something happens, we put our status update, or we post a photo, we post a video, and it all goes up into the cloud in a constant stream. And what that means is just constant, huge volumes of data going up. It's actually staggering. When you look at the numbers, every minute there are 72 more hours of video on YouTube. So that's, every second, more than an hour of video gets uploaded. And in photos, Instagram, 58 photos are uploaded to Instagram a second. More than three and a half thousand photos go up onto Facebook. So by the time I'm finished talking here, there'll be 864 more hours of video on Youtube than there were when I started, and two and a half million more photos on Facebook and Instagram than when I started. So it's an interesting position to be in as a journalist, because we should have access to everything. Any event that happens anywhere in the world, I should be able to know about it pretty much instantaneously, as it happens, for free. And that goes for every single person in this room. The only problem is, when you have that much information, you have to find the good stuff, and that can be incredibly difficult when you're dealing with those volumes. And nowhere was this brought home more than during Hurricane Sandy. So what you had in Hurricane Sandy was a superstorm, the likes of which we hadn't seen for a long time, hitting the iPhone capital of the universe -- (Laughter) -- and you got volumes of media like we'd never seen before. And that meant that journalists had to deal with fakes, so we had to deal with old photos that were being reposted. We had to deal with composite images that were merging photos from previous storms. We had to deal with images from films like "The Day After Tomorrow." (Laughter) And we had to deal with images that were so realistic it was nearly difficult to tell if they were real at all. (Laughter) But joking aside, there were images like this one from Instagram which was subjected to a grilling by journalists. They weren't really sure. It was filtered in Instagram. The lighting was questioned. Everything was questioned about it. And it turned out to be true. It was from Avenue C in downtown Manhattan, which was flooded. And the reason that they could tell that it was real was because they could get to the source, and in this case, these guys were New York food bloggers. They were well respected. They were known. So this one wasn't a debunk, it was actually something that they could prove. And that was the job of the journalist. It was filtering all this stuff. And you were, instead of going and finding the information and bringing it back to the reader, you were holding back the stuff that was potentially damaging. And finding the source becomes more and more important -- finding the good source -- and Twitter is where most journalists now go. It's like the de facto real-time newswire, if you know how to use it, because there is so much on Twitter. And a good example of how useful it can be but also how difficult was the Egyptian revolution in 2011. As a non-Arabic speaker, as someone who was looking from the outside, from Dublin, Twitter lists, and lists of good sources, people we could establish were credible, were really important. And how do you build a list like that from scratch? Well, it can be quite difficult, but you have to know what to look for. This visualization was done by an Italian academic. He's called André Pannison, and he basically took the Twitter conversation in Tahrir Square on the day that Hosni Mubarak would eventually resign, and the dots you can see are retweets, so when someone retweets a message, a connection is made between two dots, and the more times that message is retweeted by other people, the more you get to see these nodes, these connections being made. And it's an amazing way of visualizing the conversation, but what you get is hints at who is more interesting and who is worth investigating. And as the conversation grew and grew, it became more and more lively, and eventually you were left with this huge, big, rhythmic pointer of this conversation. You could find the nodes, though, and then you went, and you go, "Right, I've got to investigate these people. These are the ones that are obviously making sense. Let's see who they are." Now in the deluge of information, this is where the real-time web gets really interesting for a journalist like myself, because we have more tools than ever to do that kind of investigation. And when you start digging into the sources, you can go further and further than you ever could before. Sometimes you come across a piece of content that is so compelling, you want to use it, you're dying to use it, but you're not 100 percent sure if you can because you don't know if the source is credible. You don't know if it's a scrape. You don't know if it's a re-upload. And you have to do that investigative work. And this video, which I'm going to let run through, was one we discovered a couple of weeks ago. Video: Getting real windy in just a second. (Rain and wind sounds) (Explosion) Oh, shit! Markham Nolan: Okay, so now if you're a news producer, this is something you'd love to run with, because obviously, this is gold. You know? This is a fantastic reaction from someone, very genuine video that they've shot in their back garden. But how do you find if this person, if it's true, if it's faked, or if it's something that's old and that's been reposted? So we set about going to work on this video, and the only thing that we had to go on was the username on the YouTube account. There was only one video posted to that account, and the username was Rita Krill. And we didn't know if Rita existed or if it was a fake name. But we started looking, and we used free Internet tools to do so. The first one was called Spokeo, which allowed us to look for Rita Krills. So we looked all over the U.S. We found them in New York, we found them in Pennsylvania, Nevada and Florida. So we went and we looked for a second free Internet tool called Wolfram Alpha, and we checked the weather reports for the day in which this video had been uploaded, and when we went through all those various cities, we found that in Florida, there were thunderstorms and rain on the day. So we went to the white pages, and we found, we looked through the Rita Krills in the phonebook, and we looked through a couple of different addresses, and that took us to Google Maps, where we found a house. And we found a house with a swimming pool that looked remarkably like Rita's. So we went back to the video, and we had to look for clues that we could cross-reference. So if you look in the video, there's the big umbrella, there's a white lilo in the pool, there are some unusually rounded edges in the swimming pool, and there's two trees in the background. And we went back to Google Maps, and we looked a little bit closer, and sure enough, there's the white lilo, there are the two trees, there's the umbrella. It's actually folded in this photo. Little bit of trickery. And there are the rounded edges on the swimming pool. So we were able to call Rita, clear the video, make sure that it had been shot, and then our clients were delighted because they were able to run it without being worried. Sometimes the search for truth, though, is a little bit less flippant, and it has much greater consequences. Syria has been really interesting for us, because obviously a lot of the time you're trying to debunk stuff that can be potentially war crime evidence, so this is where YouTube actually becomes the most important repository of information about what's going on in the world. So this video, I'm not going to show you the whole thing, because it's quite gruesome, but you'll hear some of the sounds. This is from Hama. Video: (Shouting) And what this video shows, when you watch the whole thing through, is bloody bodies being taken out of a pickup truck and thrown off a bridge. The allegations were that these guys were Muslim Brotherhood and they were throwing Syrian Army officers' bodies off the bridge, and they were cursing and using blasphemous language, and there were lots of counterclaims about who they were, and whether or not they were what the video said it was. So we talked to some sources in Hama who we had been back and forth with on Twitter, and we asked them about this, and the bridge was interesting to us because it was something we could identify. Three different sources said three different things about the bridge. They said, one, the bridge doesn't exist. Another one said the bridge does exist, but it's not in Hama. It's somewhere else. And the third one said, "I think the bridge does exist, but the dam upstream of the bridge was closed, so the river should actually have been dry, so this doesn't make sense." So that was the only one that gave us a clue. We looked through the video for other clues. We saw the distinctive railings, which we could use. We looked at the curbs. The curbs were throwing shadows south, so we could tell the bridge was running east-west across the river. It had black-and-white curbs. As we looked at the river itself, you could see there's a concrete stone on the west side. There's a cloud of blood. That's blood in the river. So the river is flowing south to north. That's what that tells me. And also, as you look away from the bridge, there's a divot on the left-hand side of the bank, and the river narrows. So onto Google Maps we go, and we start looking through literally every single bridge. We go to the dam that we talked about, we start just literally going through every time that road crosses the river, crossing off the bridges that don't match. We're looking for one that crosses east-west. And we get to Hama. We get all the way from the dam to Hama and there's no bridge. So we go a bit further. We switch to the satellite view, and we find another bridge, and everything starts to line up. The bridge looks like it's crossing the river east to west. So this could be our bridge. And we zoom right in. We start to see that it's got a median, so it's a two-lane bridge. And it's got the black-and-white curbs that we saw in the video, and as we click through it, you can see someone's uploaded photos to go with the map, which is very handy, so we click into the photos. And the photos start showing us more detail that we can cross-reference with the video. The first thing that we see is we see black-and-white curbing, which is handy because we've seen that before. We see the distinctive railing that we saw the guys throwing the bodies over. And we keep going through it until we're certain that this is our bridge. So what does that tell me? I've got to go back now to my three sources and look at what they told me: the one who said the bridge didn't exist, the one who said the bridge wasn't in Hama, and the one guy who said, "Yes, the bridge does exist, but I'm not sure about the water levels." Number three is looking like the most truthful all of a sudden, and we've been able to find that out using some free Internet tools sitting in a cubicle in an office in Dublin in the space of 20 minutes. And that's part of the joy of this. Although the web is running like a torrent, there's so much information there that it's incredibly hard to sift and getting harder every day, if you use them intelligently, you can find out incredible information. Given a couple of clues, I could probably find out a lot of things about most of you in the audience that you might not like me finding out. But what it tells me is that, at a time when there's more -- there's a greater abundance of information than there ever has been, it's harder to filter, we have greater tools. We have free Internet tools that allow us, help us do this kind of investigation. We have algorithms that are smarter than ever before, and computers that are quicker than ever before. But here's the thing. Algorithms are rules. They're binary. They're yes or no, they're black or white. Truth is never binary. Truth is a value. Truth is emotional, it's fluid, and above all, it's human. No matter how quick we get with computers, no matter how much information we have, you'll never be able to remove the human from the truth-seeking exercise, because in the end, it is a uniquely human trait. Thanks very much. (Applause) Welcome to you. Bayram Mubarak Inshallah To everyone. Arafah day is holy and blessed, and may Allah grant higher stations, Strong life, and healthy life to our Grand Sheykh. Higher stations, And more help and more support from our Sheykh. And, we are asking Allah (SWT) To bless and raise the station of his father higher and higher. Seyyid Haji Fuat Rabbani (QS) And that he will send us his support for these days for everyone who is looking for it Inshallah. Alhamdulillahi Rabbil Alamin. Astaghfirullah al azeem wa atubu ilaihi This is the Mevlid, we just finished the Mevlid. Of Seyh Efendi's father. Seyyid Haji Fuat Rabbani. And, we are very happy, we are very honored, and we are very fortunate to have Seyh Efendi's father supporting us. He is a very high level, one of the highest level Saints, Evliya In this world that has ever been created. Time to time, Seyh Efendi opens the secret up to us but not too much because we're going to get dizzy and we are asking Allah to raise his station to send more Light to him, and and for that Light to be reflected to us, insha'Allah. Seyyid Haji Fuat Rabbani (QS) Seyh Efendi Hz., Sahib el-Sayf Sheykh Abdul Kerim el-Kibrisi el-Rabbani is saying how with the help of his father, when he went to see Sheykh Abdullah Dagestani (QS) and Seyh Mevlana saying that he's going to open a very strong way for this Naksibendi Tarikat in America. At that time, years ago, over 40 years ago, it was impossible to think that this Tarikat is going to be strong, is going to exist here in this country holding on strictly to the Shariatullah. And for the Kalima, for the Tawhid, to be said in the streets of America. And for the zikir to be remembered, for the zikir to be had in front of the White House. It is impossible to think at that time, but with his support and with Seyh Efendi's life and his passing that he has given- Sit down somewhere! Hasbin'Allah wa ni'mal wakil. It is a sign of a munafiq when the Sohbet is happening that you're getting up and you're walking and you're sitting, you're getting up and you're distracting, it is a sign of a munafiq that time renew your Shahadat. Because the sheytan has just tricked you there sheytan is saying to you, don't be comfortable distract the people. Kids, it's okay, we don't mind so much. Kids, it's alright, if possible try to hold them quiet for five or ten minutes while we speak Zikir, they can do, they can run, they can speak, they can scream, they can shout, it's okay- watch them that they are safe, but when the Sohbet is going on, be quiet five, ten minutes, it's better. Now adults, not adults, 60 year old man distracting. Sign of a munafiq. So where is the discipline- not there. If there is no discipline where is the Islam? If there is no Islam where are you? Then what are you doing here? Why have we taken beyat with Seyh Efendi? Why have we taken beyat in this way if we are going to continue with our jahil life and jahil attitudes and jahil practices? In a holy night like this more awake we have to be more aware we have to be. Not more heedless and more headless and more making confusion non-stop. Day and night making a fitna Stop all this. It is enough. These are the last days, last days. And we should be sitting down and collecting not to be wasting. You're getting up, you're disturbing, you're distracting, you're wasting. You think that time the zikir you've done, something? The namaz you've done, something? It's all cancelled. How do I get out of it? You got yourself into it. Ask yourself, don't ask anyone else, how you're going to get out of it. But everyone is wide awake when it comes for eating and drinking. Wide awake, never I've seen anyone at the table when they're about to eat falling asleep, or you're bored, or you're not interested in the food. Everyone is very awake- why is that? Because of the ego. Ego is telling you what to do Ego is saying, be awake now, because they're serving food. Sleep now because they're making zikir. Make a distraction now because they're giving Sohbet and they're listening. I don't make Sohbet. We are trying to listen, you and me, what Seyh Efendi's trying to send to us He is here, he is with us, he is amongst us. How many signs do we have to see, how many dreams do we have to hear? That he is here with us. Are we conducting ourselves like he is here with us? Ask yourself that. But don't be fools and don't fool yourself. Insha'Allahur-Rahman we will learn before it gets too late because the final calls they have already been sounded and if we are not fixing ourselves now we are going to be in a lot of trouble. And a lot, a lot, a lot of trouble, and we are going to say, what I spent 10 years in Tarikat, I spent 20 years- it doesn't matter. You can spend your whole life. But if at the end you're going to betray, what good is that? If at the end you're going to turn, what is the benefit to that? Whole life you've been serving, but sheytan just trick you right at the end to say, no we don't accept we must break away we must be independent we must do something we will not listen. We want to make new things we want to change the direction It is not going to be like that because Seyh Efendi is not going to make it like that He didn't say it's going to change it will stay as he says insha'Allah we live for that, we die for that. So in these holy days and holy nights if we are holding ourselves tight a little bit then the blessings, yes that time the Mubarek, it will be a Mubarek time. Night of Arafah we're not supposed to sleep anyway, we're supposed to be awake. If during the day time you are sleeping what hope do we have for the night time that you're going to do? And it's not just to be awake, the eyes is awake but the heart is sleeping, it's dead. No, it is not that. It is to be aware. The believer must be aware, the believer must have a vision, the believer must have an aim, the believer must have a purpose- what is the purpose of tonight? What is it I hope to gain tonight? We just did the Mevlid of one of the highest Saints ever that Allah (SWT) has created. One of His most Beloved Friends, ever in history, what do we hope? What did we prepare? What do we want? Or are we just going day and night like a robot? Or like an animal. Not carrying, not having purpose. May Allah forgive us insha'Allahur-Rahman And may Allah send more blessings to Seyyid Haji Fuat Rabbani on this night and may they witness that we have done as much as we can remembering our Beloved Sheykh's Beloved Father that maybe in the face of this world maybe only a handful they are remembering him and they are giving a Mevlid to him and we are asking him to support us to continue the work of our Sheykh until we give up our last breath Not for us to deviate not for us to make ourselves to be independent not ourselves to break away but to hold on tightly to him as he says, as Seyh Mevlana has ordered, as Prophet (AS) has decreed as Allah has given His Command. Our happiness and our safety here and hereafter lies with that. We are asking that he continue to support us insha'Allah and blessings to those ones and our Selams to those ones who are remembering and making Mevlid for him. To Germany, Mustafa Hoja and to Duzce, Ahmed Can Abi, and to Malaysia, and to wherever else, wherever else, to Peru, to whoever else that they are making this to keep this alive and insha'Allah next year there will be more people who will be remembering this if Allah gives us the life to continue if the world has not crushed yet. But we make plans and we make intentions for the sake of Allah for good insha'Allah Wa min-Allahu Tawfiq May Allah forgive me and bless all of you All of you who are here watching from everywhere, from Turkey, getting up in the middle of the night just to watch, may Seyh Efendi bless you and give you more Bereket, and give you more Rahmet, to open your way to make you stronger in this way for you and your family insha'Allah Translate that right now, Mustafa, say- and we are all together, and pray for us as we are praying for you Get ready. Keep ourselves clean and be ready. This is an order of our Seyh. Selam Aleykum ve Rahmatullah Allah Emanat Ol. Maybe it's his concern for the fans that have made him the most selling artist in Norway. Wow, that's cool, and behind there you have some inputs, so if I have an Xbox360... It is certainly that Alexander has become a millionaire because of his career. Now he moving into his new apartment purchased at the luxurious Aker Brygge. Yes, thank you for the wonderful and long job you do here. Now it's so nice here. You've done a fantastic job. - You can live well here? - Not here. No, but you should not be longer than necessary in the bathroom maybe? If you only had known. I think that everything is fairly modern. It's not like superman house with lots of crystals and stuff. But I would not have that either. What's the point of buying such a huge villa, when you do not need it. This is more than enough luxury for me. - Look here. Tough, tough! It is a... - Is it for wine? Yes, and it's so funny, because I do not drink wine. Look here, you can just pull here - I will buy a TV soon, you just pull and drag the TV to where ever you want. But I will certainly not use it. I'll just sit right here all day long, cut out all the jobs and just watch TV. And this I got with the purchase. If you look here it's a bed, and it can be folded out. This here is very cozy. Think how it is will be during Eurovision. And people can say, "it is that he Didrik Solli or the other one?" Then can I say, "Yes, it is" Are you going to stand here and wave? A bit like royalty? No, I do not. Don't say that. People are trying to keep me down on the ground, and you need to help. And I will not begin to wave. - What does it mean for you to buy... - If people waves, I wave back. Sorry! What does this mean for you to buy a flat at Aker Brygge? You have said that it was your dream. Yes, it was very nice of you reminding me of that. WOW! Then exactly the dream is fulfilled. It's very nice to live next to mom. Next and next. There is only one boat trip, right, I call that next to. - What was it to watch him tonight? - Yes, how was it? I can not describe it. It was both - we were nervous at first, but then it was completely out of mind, and we were not nervous at all. Good! I was very much together with my parents when I was a child. Very attached to them. Now it's more that I can... now I'm in the independent phase of life. But I'm sure that in a few years, I am very, very dependent on them again. - Were you lonely as a child? - No. Here are my boy rooms. It feels nice. It's crowded with movies. I look forward to move to Aker Brygge. Then it becomes a little less clutter. It is not difficult to see who was my role model when I was young. I have not bothered to take it down. You were interested in basketball? And then again, It's amazing. Okay, it's not him, but Denis Rodman. His wife, girlfriend or something, was Russian, and he was at my concert in America. The one next to Obama, that one. I think this is even cooler. I got a card from Will Smith and Jade. I think that is fantastic. - Look here, they really do effort to... - You save everything? Yes, of course. Yes, yes, it's for me. It's gifts to me from them. Alexander Rybak is both high and low in his stage show, and it's tiring to be a fiddler. Hi, when do you close today? At 17.30 yes, then we have time. And he tries to work out as often as possible. Right, that's what people have seen me do. I go down like this, and then people think- Oih! And he does it while playing. But when I look at it, I think, "my God Alex, why are you doing that?" It has nothing to do with... it does not have a shit to do with music. It is important to have a good attitude when you're on stage. It is stupid if I come in like this - "hey." I went to school, sports college, in three weeks to be a coach. I had a cool uniform, like many in here. Like her, the one in red, I was in red too. Yes, it feels very good at the end of a workout, to be finished, but I'm so sick disagree with those who say that training is fun. Nonsense. Are you concerned about appearance? No, I'm just concerned about the appearance of others, even when it is spring. Now you have to kiss me on the cheek. Yes, That's good! From the very first concert I had, I miss having a... oh, now I start again, but I really miss... I miss having a girlfriend who knows when I have a concert and wish me "Good luck!" Was he also crazy about girls when he was younger? Good question. Yes, I think he really was, when I think about it. But I did not notice as much then, as I notice it now. I was in the sobering-up center. They gave you this over there? I told you, this is Yevdokimov's jacket. - He bought it. - May I? Sure. This way! Daddy! What a guest! Lena, how you're clad in such a cold weather. I'd catch cold. Mama did her best on choosing the curtains. And you? Why should I hang those things up that I don't like. 'Cos you shouldn't be such an egoist. You shouldn't just take, you should to give as well! So I do give. Take it. Lena, stop playing the fool. Hang up the curtains and go back to your institute. Ain't you sorry for mom? - Look what you're doing to her. - Maybe it's not me? - Who else? - You. - Yermakova. - Yes. This is for you. - Alla! - Yes, my dear! I won't be able to come to you. Why? Well, such things... Come to me after these things. It'll be too late. OK then, they're knocking already. I'll call you back. - Andrey! - What? One, two, in, one, two, out. - Hello Nina. - Hello Bill. A little mess. I decided to change wallpaper. It's dark here. Nice. Very nice. Why are you so sadly and reproachfully looking at me, baby? You think it was so easy to treat you so cowardly... "Hey buddy." he said to Smith and was running from him and then ran away. Well, Lifanov... Excuse me, but I suppose that this is word-for-word, - not a translation. - I'm looking for new forms. I'm afraid that this is not new forms but just a simply laxity. Here you wrote: "was running" and then: "ran away". Couldn't you think of something else? Please, I'm asking you to think of words close to "run away". Rush. - Escape! - Flee! - Scram! - Scram... Good. How exactly to scram? Now you, Lifanov. - Quick... - Quick! - What else? - Well... quick. Quick. Kovalyov? Nip and tuck, in full sail, at full speed. - Selyanina? - Full fling. - Ilyinskaya? - No looking back! - C'mon, Natasha. - Head over heels! Alla. Hello! Hello! Andrey, have you deserted me? You see, I am so snowed under... My job, institute, Hansen. But you could call me up. Because I'm sitting around a phone for a whole week and waiting for your call. Andrey Pavlovich, I can give you a lift. No, thanks! - Hello. - Hello. Is she our student? Not yours. Well. Good luck! Thanks, goodbye! Alla! - Alla, well... - Well, Andrey. - Let's talk. - Andrey, well, you're... You're like that owner that was so sorry for his dog and cut its tail piece by piece. It was very painfully. Don't... Alla... Alla, you got it all wrong way. Wait, let me explain after all. Andrey, don't, please. Give my best regards to Nina! Are you blind or what? Don't you see I'm driving? Forgive me please! I didn't see. What if I'd run you over? Would I go to jail? - It's my bad. Forgive me. - Andrey! What did he do to you? - Oh my gosh, ran over? - It was me who ran into him. - Shake your head! Feel sick? - You see... No... I was thinking all the time. - Hey you, come here! - What's up? - Come here! - Where? - You don't interfere. - Why not? - Wait, Andrey, take it easy. - Here is a dent. What do we do? - To planish, to dye. 10 rubles. - What to do? - Give me 10 rubles! - No! How could he get here by head? Like a deer! That's how he got in! You know what, deer? Run away before I call the police. You ran a person over and raise a fuss?! You, go away, coquette, or I'll kick you so... What are you doing? What are you doing?! He did it! It means you punched me first?! That's good. - Please don't. - Girl, go away, I beg you! - He won't anymore. - Alla, don't . I'll myself. - Don't! - What are you doing?! Somebody, help! - Alla, I'll myself. - He ran a man over and beats now. - Hey, men! - Yes, m'am! Not this one! Why are you breaking hands? He's hurt! - This one got into. - But that one ran over. This on! I saw! They drive like mad. - Let him go! - Idiot! - Hey, are you crazy? - This one? Call the police. - Yes? - Buzykin, don't be surprised, I guessed where you were. - Everything's right? Reconciled? - Yes. You'll be laughing but they didn't take. They said: it doesn't correspond with stylistics. I can't consider anything. Come, Buzykin, I'm so bad. Sorry, but now I can't. - Then later. - And later I can't either... Then that's all, I'm dead. She hung up. What did she want from you, this Thumbelina? - She wanted me to help her. - So what did you say? - I said I couldn't. - That's right! You can't sweat her guts out all your life. She's not that bad. Just odd. She was fired from the institute all the times. Odd like you? - How do you like it? - Nice! What is nice? This... What an observant you are. I did sew a new skirt! - She sews. - Yes! - And cooks. - Yes! - And types. - Yes. - And washes. - Yes! And saves. And tortures... and loves. Where else would you find the same like me! Nowhere! That's all! My time has come. No, I had to go to house office. They wanted me to give them a lecture. - What's up to you? - Nothing. I'll go to nowhere and I'm not even intending. Andrey! Can I ask you to give me a favour? It's not about a baby. Don't worry. Can you present me this damn watch? Be my guest. And from now on no one will never hear its damned churr anymore. Zhenya! - Why don't you say hello? - I didn't see you. I saw. You took a look right in my eyes. Andrey, meet. - This is Ptashuk. - Nice to meet you. I'm Buzykin. This Andrey Pavlovich. I read his poetry at Valya's cottage. - It's not my poetry, but translation. - What a difference? Words are yours. We've just been at a cafe. Really? - So I've gotta go. - Go, go. - Goodbye. - Goodbye. Andrey! - What's? - Why don't you wear my jacket? I would wear it out upon wearing it at my job. Such a wonderful thing. Just wear it out. You'll think about me more often. - Wear it tomorrow. - I will. You know why he didn't say hello to me? - Why? - 'Cos he's in love with me. - Really? - Yes. He called me a couple of times and invited to a theater. - And you? - I didn't go. - Why? - 'Cos I'm one-man woman. Unfortunately. What does she live for? I don't understand. Who? - Varya. - Who is Varya? Varvara Nikitichna. The only one her story was published his year. Hardly. Due to your help. She'd better go working at travel agency as a guide. Andrey! You'd better go and help her instead of to rack yourself. - Will I leave you here all alone? - What's the problem, I'm not a child. - No. - Go, go. OK, let's do the following: you go the movie and I go to Varvara and translate a few phrases for her. And after the movie I'll be waiting for you around the poster. Agree? Is it so bad? Why? No. you did cut everything out. Just some small things. For example, "she-goat shouted in inhuman voice". I couldn't leave it. In what voice then? In no voice She just shouted. Tell me, Buzykin, Maybe I'm untalented? - Am I? - No. Whose translations are better - mine or Shitova's? - Of course yours! - Why the... - Hello! - Varvara Nikitichna? Just a second. Damn. Salute! No, he's gone home. Not at all, my dear. Buzykin, want a shot? Nope. I like it when I'm working. A shot in the arm. Buzykin, are you crazy? You started all over? Why? - This good for nothing. - For you nothing, for me all. Sweety, the time is half after 12 but we've got tons of work. - How could it be half after 12? - Just like this. Just 20 mins to 1. That's all! I'm dead. - Alla's waiting for me. - She's not. She called. I said that you went home long ago. - Why? - Because! I'm sorry for this little fool. You'll fool her around until she's 40 and leave, like my Volodya left me. Alla! It's me. When you called up here she said that I was not here, but I was here and I'm still here now, I gave my watch to you... She hung up. - Hello. - Nina, it's me. Listen, I've been at Varvara's, but now, while I've been running they opened drawbridges... You ready? Ready! Andrey! Tempo, tempo. Damn you. - Andrey? - Yes? One little question. How's better to translate it? Here, chapter 12. Sorry, Bill. It's Thursday. Hello Vasily Ignatievich! Ventured refurbishment? A little mess. This is Vasily Ignatievich, this is Mr. Hansen, professor from Denamrk. - Kharitonov. - Bill. - Does he understand Russian? - He does. I understand but not that much. Came into the Soviet Union? - Yes, I did. - For how long? For a long time, but will leave in a while. I've got day off today as well. We work on Saturday. And have day off on Thursday. Well, Vasiliy Ignatievich, we're working. OK then. We should celebrate the meeting. We pass, we're working. It won't prevent you from working. Russian vodka! Vodka! They like it. We'd better take off the papers from the table. So let's take it! Put it down... Vasily Ignatievich, where did you buy this jacket? I found it! It was on the yard. Are these foreign jackets being thrown out away? No. This is pure cotton. It's expensive. But here it was thrown away. The sleeve was torn a little and they thrown it away. Vasily Ignatievich, sell me it - it's too small for you anyway. Andrey, I can't. Sorry - I can't. I'd give to you for nothing but my wife saw it she'd think that I ruined through drinking. Sit down. Vasily Ignatievich, let's postpone. - But, Andrey... - We've got no time, really. Andrey, you're wasting the time yourself. Andrey, sit down please. Professor, sit down you too. Sit down, Bill. Well? For professor! - For your health. - Thank you. Andrey, why he's not drinking? Wine is bad in the morning. Just per 150, just a formality. Drink it Bill, he'll force anyway. Just try a little. For your health! No, you can't. The person for whom they said the toast should drink it down. I don't understand. I drank for you. It means that you're the person. I drank it down and you... drink it down. This is our custom. - Vasily Ignatievich... - Thanks, I won't. Vasily Ignatievich, leave him! Don't push at him. You see he doesn't use to. Did I drink? No, all people all over the world should drink with him. Professor, I'll be hurt... That's good then. Stop! I won't drink anymore. - I've gotta work. - Pour out back, Andrey? What does he think about us? OK, just know this is the last. - For our health! - For our health! - For our health! - For your health! That one who said a toast drinks it down. - Bill, I'm gone, I've gotta work. - Wait. What are you doing? It's not a kinda of our custom, Andrey, you have to sit now. It's ok. It's good to be sitting this way! I've picked up a full basket of mushrooms in the morning. And you Andrey, was sleeping, lazybones. You should go for mushrooms. You'd buy half a liter, fill out a shot and a mushroom... Just one! And your wife doesn't go for mushrooms. I'm telling you: this is bad... He teaches his wife bad way. I tell you, Andrey... Do you have mushrooms forests abroad? Abroad there are no mushroom forests. Mushroom forests are everywhere. This is... - It doesn't go. - OK then, you shouldn't rush, we'll get something instead of. But I don't know what we should do with Scofield? We'll have all the same. No, Georgy Nikolaevich, Scofield is up to me. I'm begging you... - on my knees. - OK, I'll think about it. Yes! Buzykin, I re-typed and now everything's fine. Listen. "The Sad Life of Cheater. The ground was disorderly covered with litter, ugly. Canned food, scraps of newspapers, bundles were scattered over the ground. Ropes were hanging between black lopsided posts. The gray washing was hanging on them. An old man in white clothes... Stop twaddle! Do you have rubber boots? I'll give them to Bill. - What boots? What for? - We're going to mushrooms forest. - What are the mushrooms? - He lived and didn't see it! He'll have a lot to tell upon coming back. No, c'mon, brers, you may do what ever you want but I can't. There and back, that's it. That's it... How do you like our nature? Yes, very much! Would you like to rest for a couple of days at the fresh air? I'd like, yes! - I can organize it. - Thank you. I've got a friend in sanatorium. He's head doctor. Sanatorium for consumptives, but it's not dangerous. The doctors work there and it's ok. Tell me when. Thanks. I'm so busy right now. If it's possible during my next arrival. It's possible. Then you'll let me know - through Andrey. - All right. Andrey, if you you to, I can organize it for you too. - No... - Bad for you. It's not that forest, it's not. The schmendriks came here in their cars. and picked up all the mushrooms. Professor, do you have a car? Yes, I do. I told you Andrey. You should buy a car. We'd come here in your car now. But with what money? That's it. The forest is over Let's go home! There is a grove over there! There must be a lot of orange-cap boletuses. - First go there and then go home. - No, you can do whatever, I go home. - Professor, you wanna go home? - No, I don't Me either. We don't let you go. - Let's go! - Wait! What does it mean "don't let you go"? You wanna pick up mushrooms. Right? So pick 'em up! But I don't want to. Don't wanna pick 'em up - don't, just walk then. Let's go. Vasily Ignatievich, I told you that I don't want to pick 'em up. But you don't respond. Like I'm not here. Andrey, you came here along with us? You'll leave along with us. Let's go Bill, let's go! Wait! Vasily Ignatievich, you're a strong-willed man. You Bill, are also a strong-willed. But I am a strong-willed man as well and no one can push at me. I ask you to be used to this thought. Good luck and enjoy! It was too fast, I didn't get him. - A key! - What key? From my apartment! Here. Thanks. Thank you very much. Why? 'Cos I told him everything. Why? I was tired of lie. Alla... - I really was at Varvara's. - Andrey, you know what? You'd lie in some only place. 'Cos you lie there and here... It's very difficult. Stop typing at least when I'm talking to you. Andrey Pavlovich, excuse me. I'm working and get paid for that. Alla, you know I can also be offended. So then what? Then? Then you'll live at ease with your Nina. I'll get married as well. Whom to? To Ptashuk, for instance. Well... If you'll be happy I'd be glad. Would you? Then I'll do my best for your sake... Andrey, you'd better go away right now. Go away please. I can't see you anymore, go away. Or I'll throw myself out the window, really. See you. To the contrary, Alla, let's don't make a decision in a rush. I'm so tired now and my head's all screwed up. Tomorrow at 7 I'll be at your place. I'll think all about and we'll make the final decision. Stop! Have a rest. I'll be right back. I'll be right back. Here's the householder. Daddy, where have you been? - Hello, Andrey Pavlovich. - Hello. I played chess in the boulevard. Hello, Victor. - Is he gonna sit the way for 40 mins? - No, Gans should come. They depart. Where to? To the island of Zhokhov, 8th station. - Where is this island of Zhokhov? - Not far from the North Pole. Are they kidding? No, they are not. Their hydrologist fell ill. - So they offered his job to me. - We've a flight for tomorrow. Do you let them go? No, I don't let you go. Daddy. We've got the tickets already and we signed the contract. Just for 2 years. When we come back you'll finish the refurbishment. - Just for 2 years. - Lena, you asked - here, Gans. They're going to crack safe. Hold on with your Gans. Now we're gonna record you. OK. Sit next to each other. Dad, sit closer to mom. Sing. - Maybe to dance of joy? - This is to remember, Nina. We record everybody and will listen it there. Start, please. Why're you standing swinging... Stop, stop! You're like at a funeral. Sing something more jolly. I don't know... We ride, ride , ride To the distant lands... We've got jolly neighbours, We've got jolly friends. Tra-ta-ta, tra-ta-ta, We're carrying our cat... - Hello! - Alla, did I wake you up? No. You see, the thing is that Lena and Victor will fly away tomorrow. For 2 years. So that I won't be able to come to you. - Can you hear me. - Yes. And you've just known about it? You know, all turned out so odd. - I'll lead them and call you then. - No, You won't call me anymore. Andrey! Andrey... - What? - I forgot a juicer. - It's in the cupboard in the kitchen. - Why do they need a juicer? Why do they need a juicer there? They'll squeeze juice. Vitamins... All right! May I? Hello, Andrey Pavlovich! I'm up to you. - Come in. - I'm just for a second. Here, they asked to give it to you. And one more thing... - Excuse me. - Sure. Yes? Mr. Buzykin, this is from house office. Just wanted to remind you that today you give a lecture at 19:00. - What's the lecture? - Overall review, you promised. Yes, indeed. - I'll be there. - See you then. Excuse me please but I should to pack up things. Andrey Pavlovich, Alla asked to tell you That you wouldn't come to her anymore. An odd mission. I'm sorry. Hello! May I? - Goodbye. - Goodbye. - Who's that? - Ptashuk. Form the police? No. - She's home? - She's gone. Andrey, a trouble... They picked up Bill to the sobering-up center. Why? Yesterday after mushrooms we had a dinner - it wasn't enough, To liquor store - it wasn't enough. We rode one more time and there was the police. I told them that this was a professor from Denmark. They roared with laughter. He was dressed in quilted jacket, I gave him my quilted jacket. Where is he now? At "5th". Here, around the maternity consulting center. Andrey, run. - It works until 9. - No, I can't now. Nina went to her job - to take a day off. - Andrey! - I should pack up all... - Andrey! - Andrey! - I'll go after coming back. I'm telling: at 9 they'll re-register him. He'll get 15 days and they'll send a paper to my working place. - Who made him drunk - Kharitonov! - All right then. - And you, Andrey! - OK, I'm going. If they'd ask something about me, say that... you know. Andreay, I've gotta go, they brought tubes... You'd better change your clothes, they could think you're the same. - Last name? - Hansen. - First name? - Bill. 2 "L's" Middle name? I don't know... Don't you know you middle name? This is not mine, but his. - I'm asking yours. - Why mine? He's got no certificate. Who should pay the penalty? Buzykin, Andrey Pavlovich was born in 1933. Lieutenant, could you please faster. My daughter has a flight at 11. Name? He's not here. He didn't sleep last night. - It's him. - It's me. Me. Please faster, the taxi is waiting for me downstairs. - I can't recognize him! - Thanks. - Let's go. - There were a lot of new words... - Yes, probably. - I remembered. - This could be interesting. - Yes, sure. Please. Andrey, am I alchy? Alchy, alchy. - Andrey, are you a triper? - Triper, triper. Well, Bill, Now you should take a bath and go to bed. I've gotta run. - Andrey! - What? It's good to be sitting this way! May I ask? - Has the flight to Anderma flew away? - I don't know, the boarding is over. - Where do I go? - Over there, the lounge No 1. Well now we're all alone. Not we, but me. And me. Don't Andrey. Probably it seems to you that Lena left and I'm so lonesome, unhappy now. And you should look after me, to be around. But everything is vice versa. I groveled and fought for you all the time 'cos didn't want to hurt Lena. Now you're absolutely free and can live the way you want to. Honestly it'd be better for me if you quit. You know I began to be afraid of you, I'm thinking all the time: "He'll lie again now". I can go crazy about it. After all I would also be free. I've got everything there in past... But now it's all over. Nina. Well, forgive me please Nina I'm so sorry... At last today you could come in time, she was waiting for you so, all the time she asked "where's father?" I was held in the sobering-up center - where was I born, when - as if it might have any meaning. - Stop the bus please. - No, please don't. Wait - I'm not talking that it's me who was in the sobering-up center. - What are you talking then? - This is Hansen who was there. Please stop the bus, I need to go out. Nina! - Don't touch me. - I really was in sobering-up center. - I swear by Lena. - You swear by Lena when they're there in the air. To the city please. Buzykin, why do you lame? What has happened? Nevermind. Listen, I understanding that this is an idiocy, - you know, what Verigin told me? - What? He told that my translations are better than yours. - This is hilariou . - My congrats. - You know why did I come? - Why? Have you been assigned for Scofield in the plan? Yes. Well... he gave it to me. I wanna know what you think about all that. I'm very glad. I knew it! Buzykin, do you have conscience? The first time in my life I got something important. Should I go and reject it? What do you want from me? He gave - you translate. I don't wanna you to think that this is rudeness. Buzykin, it's very important for me. OK, it's not rudeness. Buzykin, have you already started? Maybe you have some drafts? Maybe you could give them to me, Buzykin? Don't you wanna me to wash your floor? I will, just whistle! - Good day, Andrey. - Hello! - ...and without any complications. - I got it. Hi Buzykin. I don't give you a hand. - Hello! - Hello! - Are you crazy or what? Why? - Because. It doesn't go to you. Remember it. I'm telling you, Shershavnikov, for future - don't put yourself in the stupid position. - Have a good day! - Have a good day! - What's up with him? - I don't understand. Andrey Pavlovich! Would you give me a pass, or they don't give me a grant. I'll pass, just get free a little and pass. The charter of translators, Lifanov, says that translation should help people to understand each other in the present time. But you with your bubbling will be just prevent. And at all... All, take into consideration: from now on nobody'll get any indulgence. Andrey! Maybe you'll change your mind? You lived together 20 years. No. I'll be right back. - Can I help you? - What's there - only 2 shirts? Andrey! I'm gone. I save you from parting with lovely words. Farewell! Evdokimov! - What? - I'm not coming. - You're lucky. She's gone. - What? She's gone herself. - Live alone! See you! - All right. Damn! Andrey, what are you doing? Have a rest. And the door is opened. - Yes? - Andrey, the house where I slept - how it's called? - Sobbing... erring-up center? - Sobering-up center. - Sobering-up center? - Yes, sobering-up center. - Thanks you. - You're welcome. I'm listening to you. - Did you go? - I did! Did they release him? They did. Didn't they say anything about me? They did. What did they say? They said that you mix port and vodka. So what? - Why do they care? - I dunno. They said. It was just less then half a bottle... - Grandpa. - What? Go home, grandma's calling you, right now! You see, they informed her already... You told him, but he: "cocktail, cocktail"... Shaggy hippie. Yes? Hello, it's me. Did you call me? Yes! Did you decide anything? Yes. Well? Yes. Our phone was broken... But now I've got own at my room. Listen! Andrey... Is it true that... it's all over there? Yes. Hey, hello! Where are you there? I'm here. Well? When will we meet? I'm noting. Tomorrow, meeting at 7. Andrey! You ready? Ready. Cast: Oleg Basilashvili Natalia Gundareva Marina Neyolova Evgeny Leonov Norbert Kukhinke Nikolay Kryuchkov Galina Volchek Translated by Sivtsev Vrazhek With a well-planned social media marketing strategy, businesses can build powerful communities, full of people that are interested in engaging with their brand. The true power of social media is that it will increase traffic, promote and reinforce the brand, create invaluable brand advocates , all while engaging your brands fans and growing sales. 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For more information on how Vayu Meidas" Social Media Marketing Solutions can help your business grow and better engage new consumer segments, contact us at 1-800-456-1563, or find us on the web at www.VayuMedia.com Lets talk about money now Unfortunately, not about how to make money, I cannot tell you, but I can tell you some psychological findings about money and whether it makes us good or evil. Associations with money are money fold and mainly negatiive. Already the bible states: "For the love of money is the root of all evil" Rich people are often considered as greedy some prominent examples or as stingy, also one figure you may know And also in history we have many prominent examples that we connected bad associations here's a picture of Marie Antoinette, of the movie wife of Louis XVl. and their luxury lifestyle, provoking lifestyle actually lead to the French revolution, or was one of the reasons However the fascination of money starts at very early age and I want to give you a short demonstration of that. Just a second. Quite fascinating that child prefers these quite boring money coins over cherries, especially this child, as I know it. And, well, but the question now, which is interesting for the psychologists and I'm an economic psychologist so intereting question for me is which impact now does money really have on people. "Two souls alas in my breast" as Goethe put it and other scholars and writers already behind in a plurality of human beings Putting a situation into a certain context is called framing and also in terms of money we can either be framed towards a materialistic system then we are in the materialistic modus In this modus we are actually focusing on our cost and benefit analysis We are rather egoistic or we are what economists call homoeconomicals whereas we can also be oriented towards a social modus. In the social modus we are actually behaving in an altruistic way we are helping, we are focusing on social norms and values we could observe that now during the floods when people were not asking for money they were just helping as all the other people were doing and so either we are in one or the other system and if these two systems interfere it may actually come to a clash And Ariely, famous social psychologist gives the good example with the mother in law again, we had her already today Imagine you go with your mother in law to a restaurant, you have a nice evening it's completely fine if you ask afterwards for the bill as this is actually a materialistic setting but however imagine that your mother in law cooks for you and she invites you to a homeplace. She would be probably quite insulted if you asked for the bill afterwards so if you ask her what you can charge her for that. So how can we actually, experimentally, that's what psychologists like to do - conducting experiments How can we put people in this much realistic setting, in this much realistic modus and one technique is priming In order to tell you what priming is I like to tell an old joke. I ask you what does a deaf, a mute person do when she wants to buy a scissors, what does she do? Right. And what does a blind person do, when she wants to buy a dog? Barks? Woof. No, she just says I want to buy a dog. (laughs) Thank you for.. to the ones who barked. That's always a little bit risky to do that. And this basically is priming what happened here. The idea of replacing a certain behaviour was activated in our brain before. It was unconsciously carried over to the next situation and so we actually made this not used suggestion, or wrong suggestion and this is called priming Activating a certain concept or a certain activity and that is then carried over to the next situation. A fascinating series of experiments was conducted by a colleague Margaret Foss and published in Science and she showed when people were primed towards money they became actually more self sufficient They helped less, they asked less for help and they chose a bigger distance to a communication partner than participants in a control group. Money has also been investigated in neuroeconomics and it has found that stimulus of money actually activates a reward area in the limbic system and reduces pain similar to other rewarding things like sex and food. So money is really something very specific and changes our behaviour. So, in order not to stay pesimistic about the stimulus of money I ask myself So how actually can people get more social if we still have to consider these materialistic frames very often Should we use a social priming to make people more social? And what happens if we combine social and money priming? What happens then to the people? And I want to introduce you to one of our experiments that we conducted with more than 300 participants We used a cover story. This is what psychologists often do we play a cheat on people or tell them something else and then we measure another thing. We told them that we are actually planning to set up a new poster for our university and put people randomly in one of the conditions. In one condition they had to decide or had to evaluate two money pictures. In the second condition they had to evaluate two social pictures. And in the third condition they had to evaluate one social and one money picture. And then we measured egoism called machiavellianism called after Niccolo Machiavelli who was philosopher who defined egoism as one of the dominant traits that you have to have in order to fulfill your goals. We measured social responsibility and we asked people how much they would donate to charity. What do you think in which condition became people most social? In this social condition or in the combined condition? Or in the money condition? You don't know. I tell you. In this pure social condition, actually, we found that people became less machiavellian so this pure social priming actually helped to change this personality trait a bit. However, only in this combined condition, when we combined a social picture and a money picture we found that people show higher social responsibility and, I also have a graph now, we found that people actually became more generous, they suggested to donate on average around 180 euros a year compared to the pure money condition where the average was only around 100 euros, so how can we explain this result? We explain it that these pure conditions, pure money or pure social stimuli actually were only a conceptual priming. A certain concept was activated and unconsciously carried over to the next situation and this is actually known only or mainly to influence traits, however, in this combined condition we activated a certain ability, we activated the ability to reflect. People unconsciously compared these pictures and were thinking well, should our university stand for money, should it stand for materialistic values, should it stand for social values And this ability to reflect was carried over to the next task and when they were asked how socially responsible one person should be they actually became more socially responsible and were also willing to donate more money. Coming to the conclusion already, so if we expose to pure money stimuli this may have a negative influence on prosocial behaviour on our social responsibility If money and social values are combined, then this may increase our ability to reflect and reflection should lead to more social responsibility in general and to apply it to some practical context So if you want to run a charity campaign it would actually be good not only to show them social pictures of suffering people but even combine it with some money stimulus because then people may start to reflect and even act in a more prosocial way afterwards.. Another field of application are the bussines or curriculum of bussines studies. I am very happy to hear that actually the discussion about ethics and social values is getting more and more common and so that bussines students are not only focused on making a lot of money but also comparing it or balancing it out with social values. My professor for my times used to tell me that he could differentiate between psychologist students and bussines students by just the noise they made when knocking on door whereas psychologist students only knocked like this and bussines students were very self confident and knocked like this. So this may be advantegeous but just in general it's good if you are aware of actually both sides. And last on a macro level we should not only focus on economic growth if we are just in this materialistic setting then we may become greedy we may just neglect everything else that is possible but if we wisely balance out materialistic values and social values then we may become better people. Thank you very much This ostrich runs on the grass Hi, in this set of lectures we are going to talk about problem solving. We're going to talk about individuals and teams go about solving problems. and we're going to focus on a couple of things — We're going to talk about the role that diversity plays in problem solving, and we're also going to talk about how ideas can get recombined, and how a lot of innovation actually comes from somebody having an idea in one place and it being applied someplace else. So, those are going to be the two main themes: The role of diversity, and the power of recombination. So to get there, think about how we model problem solving: We got to start off by making it more formal, constructing a somewhat formal model. So here is how we are going to do it: We are going to assume that you take some sort of action (a), where you have some sort of solution we'll represent by (a), and there's a payout function (F), that gives you the value of that particular action. So that action could be a particular string of code if you are writing computer code, and (F) might be how fast that code runs. Alternatively, (a) could be a health care policy and (F) would be how efficient that health care policy is. So, (a) is the solution that you propose and F(a) (F of a) is how good the solution is. What we want to do is to have some kind of an understanding [of] how people come up with better solutions — where innovation comes from. So to do that we are going to invoke a metaphor. And we are going to use this 'metaphor of a landscape' as a lens through which to interpret our models. Okay, so, think about it in the following way: You are trying to come up with some solution to a problem, and each solution has a value. So the altitude here is the value of it. So, B is the best possible solution. Now, along here on the X-axis, these are all the different solutions. So I might start out by having some Idea (I) (Let's just put it right here, and here's my idea.) And it's an okay idea; but we'd like to think about "How do we find better ideas?" So one think we might do is [we] might "try things to the left and the right," and realize that "climb uphill" here and we get to some point (C); and (C) might be where I get stuck, because if I go to the left I'm lower, and if I go to the right I'm lower, so I could say "Wait, (C) is the best thing I can come up with." What we want to see is how people come up with these ideas, how teams of people come up with better ideas, and how we can avoid getting stuck on (C), and possibly getting ourselve[s] up to (B). How are we going to do it? Well, here's what the model is going to look like: We are going to start out by talking about something I am going to call "perspectives". What is a perspective? Perspective is how you represent a problem. So if someone poses some problem to you— again, whether it is code, health care policy, designing a bycicle, or designing an addition to you house— you have some way of representing that problem in your head. That's going to be a perspective — it's literally how you encode the problem. Once you have encoded the problem, what you do is you create—again, this is metaphorically—a "landscape". as if you can think of your encoding is like that horizontal axis, and that there is a value for each possible solution, and that creates a landscape. So we are going to talk about how different perspectives give different landscapes. That is the first part. [The] second part is something I'm going to call "heuristics". Heuristics are how you move on the landscape. So, remember when I drew that landscape, I talked about climbing up the 'hill'. Well, 'Hill Climbing' is one heuristic. 'Random Search' would be another heuristic — if you just randomly pick some points and then find which one is where the highest value is, that is another heuristic. So we will talk about how different perspectives and different heruistics allow people to find a better or improving solutions to problems. So that is going to be the focus of our model of problem solving: People have perspectives, and people have heuristics. Once we finish talking about individuals, then we will talk about teams. One of the interesting things here is if you have groups of people or [a] team of people solving a problem. You actually can show that they will be better than the individuals in it. And the reason why is because they have more tools, and those tools tend to be diverse. So they have different perspectives and different heuristics, and all that diversity makes them better coming up with new solutions and better solutions to problems. So, teams are going to be important. After we have talked about teams, and after we have talked about the role of how one person can improve upon the solution of another, we are going to extend our model a little bit and talk about recombination. So here is sort of the big idea. The big idea is this: I have some solution from one problem, you have a solution from a different problem, and sometimes I can take your solution and combine it with my solution, and come up with something even better. So, the thing about sophisticated products— like a house, an automobile, or even a computer— that consists of all sorts of solutions to sub-problems. And we are going to see how by recombining solutions to sub-problems we get ever better solutions, and that is really a big driver of innovation. So let us think back for a second — Remember in our previous lecture, we talked about how without sustained innovation we no longer get growth, that growth depends on sustained innovation. What we're going to talk about here is how diversity leads to innovations, and how recombinations of innovations can lead to even more Innovations. So that is the big theme — So that is where we are headed: We are going to start by talking about perspectives. Then we will talk about heuristics. Then we will talk about how teams of people can leverage their diverse perspectives in heuristics. And then we'll talk about recombining ideas can really drive a lot of growth. All right, let's get started. Thank you! Hello there, here's the Crash Course H20 we would like to start out each day with a nice healthy dose of water and all it's three form. It is the only substance on all of our planet that occur naturally in solid,liquid and gas form. And to celebrate this magical bond between two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom, here today we are going to be celebrating the wonderful life sustaing properties of water. But we are going to do it slightly more clothed. Much Better.. We left off here at the Biology Crash Course,we were talking about life. And rather important fact that all life as we know it is dependent upon there being water around. Scientists and astronomers always looking out into the universe trying to figure out whether there is life elsewhere,because you know, that is kind of the most important question that we have right now. Now is getting really excited when they find water some place,particularly liquid water And this one reason why I and so many other people gigged out so hard last December when Mars's seven year old Rover Opportunity found a 20 inch long vein of gypsum that was almost certainly deposited by like long term liquid water on the surface of Mars. And this was probably billion of years ago and so it's going to be.. hard to tell whether or not the water that was there resulted in some life. But maybe we can figure that out and that would be really exciting. But why?Why do we think that water is necessary for life,why does water on-- other planets get us freaking excited. So,let's start out by investigating some of the amazing properties of water. In order to do that,we are gonna have to start out with this. The world's most popular molecule or at least the world's most memorized molecule. We all know about it,good old H20. 2 hydrogens,1 oxygen,the hydrogens each sharing an elctron with oxygen and what we call-- a covalent bond. So as we can see I have drawn my water molecule, in a particular way and this is actually the way it appears. It is V shaped. Because this big O oxygen atom is little more greedy for electrons it has slight negative charge, where as this area,here with the hydrogen atoms has a slight positive charge. Thanks to this polarity all water molecules are attracted to one another, So much so that they actually stick together and this are called hydrogen bonds, and we talked about them last time but essentially what happens is that the positive pole around those hydrogen atoms bond to the negative pole around the oxygen atoms of different molecule, so if the weak bond-- but look they are bonding,seriously I cannot overstate the importance of this hydrogen bonds. So,when your teacher asks you what's important about water? Start out with the hydrogen bonds and you should put it in all gaps and maybe some sparkles around it. One of the cool properties that result from this hydrogen bonds is a high cohesion for water which results in high surface tension. Cohesion is the attraction between two like things, like attraction between one molecule of water and another molecule of water Water has the highest cohesion of non metallic liquid and you can see this, if you put some water on some wax paper or some Teflon or something where the water beads up,like this,some leaves of plants do it really well,it's quite cool. Since water adheres to the wax paper or to the plant but strongly to itself. The water molecules are holding those droplets together, in a configuration that creates the least amount of surface area. It is this high surface tension that allows some bugs even I think one lizard and also one Jesus to be able to walk on water. The quiz of force of water does have limits of course, there are other substances that water quite likes to stick to. Take glass for example,this is called adhesion and the water is spreading out here, instead of beading up,because the adhesive forces between water and glass is It's called DPC. It was invented in early 90s, 92, 93-ish, by a silver group. Including one in Balhas. This is an algorithm. It is a distributed algorithm. It is an iterative algorithm. Now, what is an algorithm? Roughly speaking, it is a sequence of computational steps that is finite. And when it stopped, it accomplished certain tasks. In this case, solving this power control problem. It is distributed. This actually is a very fussy word. It's hard to exactly pin down its definition. We are going to see a very distributed solution. Today and later in the course we'll see many other variance of sort of distributed solutions. But roughly speaking distributed means that the network elements in this case the transmitter and the receivers do not need to talk to each other to much with explicit message passing. This is also an iterative algorithm. So the near far solution, for example, is not iterative. You just estimate a channel and then you tell the receiver what to do. It's a one shot. But most of the algorithm we'll be see, looking at will be iterative algorithm. That means there's a certain time index. We usually use k or t to index the time. Sometimes it's discreet, sometimes it's continuous. Most likely to be discrete for what we'll be looking at. Okay. So I have to index this. And we hope that as times goes on this index krt becomes very large something good will happen. For example, the algorithm actually stops. It converges. It converges at a pretty good point, solving some optimizational gain problem. Alright, so there is enough background of this just one line theorem Iterated Distributed Algorithm. So what is the algorithm. Let me write down algorithm first. It's so simple to write down just one single line and then let's intuitively look at it before moving on to mathematical analysis of it. So what's the algorithm? Pretend that you are the transmitter of pair I, okay? You've got many logical pairs. This is you, and your intended recipient. And the intended recipient will measure the SlR all the time. It's a discrete time at time t. And then it will feed this back to you. And then this feedback received as a transmitter will provide all the hint that you need to know. You do not need to know anything else about this whole network because what you'll be doing is to say alright I got a target. Sir gamma. And this fits. It doesn't vary over time. In it I got my current received SlR, which varies over time. Because I changed my power and others changed their powers. And look at the ratio. Okay. Gamma I divided by SlR, at time T. And I say, this is my gain parameter. I'm going to multiply my current transmit power time t by this ratio, and that will be my. Transmit power at the next discrete time. T+1. And this is true for all the pairs Is. And we use this notation. All I. That's it. This is DPC. Say wow, that's pretty simple. Well, it's actually very simple, okay. How simple is it? Well, let's take a look. A symbol, first, in communication. [inaudible] You don't need to know anything about the network, except your own target SlR, which presumably you know and it does seem to vary over time, and the current SlR that your intended receiver is getting. That's all you need to know. Second, this is very simple in computation, where there is only one multiplication or division, right? And then there is very simple in configuration. What do you mean by configuration? A lot of times, in algorithm I have a lot of parameters. Game parameter is a typical example. Step size, it's a special case of that. We'll see many parameterized algorithm throughout the course. But this one, actually has no parameters. Right. The ratio between gamma and SlR, itself, is the game. You don't have to tune any algorithmic parameters, and we'll see that simplicity in configuration is often the hallmark of a successful technology transfer from research to adoption. Any one of our algorithms, not used, because there are too many parameters to turn, and people don't know what to do with those parameters. They aren't sure if the parameters today, will still be robust and good tomorrow. But this E P C is very simple. In communication, in computation, in configuration. But is it trying to do the right thing? Well intuitively it is. I'm going to look at both. The equilibrium behavior and the convergence behavior intuitively. Equilibrium looks actually very good, all right. What is equilibrium here? Equilibrium is, in this case, we're going to look at, at least two more definitions of equilibrium, but in this case, just means that nobody changes from one time to another anymore. In other words, there's certain time, T, beyond which, no one's transmit power is moving anymore. Well, whenever that is the case, clearly, that means that this ratio is one. That means, everybody's SlR, is exactly, the target SlR, alright. So the question is will you ever get to equilibrium. Will you ever stop? Let's think about that. That's actually not trivial, right? You think, oh well, if my current SlR is lower than my target, this gain parameter is bigger than one, that means my next transmit power will be bigger. Well, that'll help me presumably to lift my SlR next time closer to gamma. On the other hand, if my current SlR is already bigger than the target gamma. Then I'll rather make my trans pat power smaller, because, remember, we're talking about a 2G voice call. So, if I get my target gamma, I don't care if it's bigger than that or not. So I'd rather conserve power. I want a transmit power minimal way to achieve the target Gammas, and this is doing the right thing. So intuitively, the direction, is correct. It is sending basically a negative feedback that says too much SlR, lower your power, too little SlR, increase your power. Too little, too small relative to the target. This is all well and good, except you're not the only one in the room, or in this case, you're not the only one in the network. There are many other transmit/receiver pairs going around here, 'kay? And they all think the same way, so while you are moving, they are moving too, their transmit powers that is. So it's not at all clear that this ensemble, this network, this corral of transmit receiver peers will collectively converge and stop moving together. But at least it sounds plausible, because the directions are somewhat correct. Now proving that convergence will happen is not easy. In fact, convergence may not happen. You can run this algorithm and it doesn't stop at all. And that's because if everybody requires a very big gamma, gamma 1's big, gamma two is big, and maybe there's no way to achieve these gammas. You can run the simple example right? I want P1 G1 one over P2 G1 two plus N1 to be really big. I also want P2 G2 two. Divided by P1 and G to one, plus N2, this is received as R for user two, to be really big. And for certain G's and S, you see that I can not find any P1 and P2 to numbers that can make both ratios very, very big. There is intrinsic competition or trade off among these users. So, for sufficiently large Gammas, all of them being big, you can't even get convergence anyway. So, you can't prove because that's not true. But it turns out that we can show, whenever the gammas are reasonable that is, they are actually achievable. That is a vector of Ps to achieve them for the given Gs and Ns. Then we can prove that this DPC algorithm will converge to this desirable equilibrium. That's provably true. But to show that would take us to advanced material. And we'll come back to that after the normal period of this lecture. So, intuitively you can see why this algorithm have worked, and this is such a beautiful equation here, okay? We can just see many distribute algorithm later on but this is going to be one of the simplest and most often used. The third round of Pantasla's customary newcomers" battle has begun. Kazuma was facing off against the mysterious masked baker, Koala. All right! Azuma. I won't lose. Amazing! It's a dragon whichever way you look at it. This is what Koala-chan's true skill is... Give up on being the successor, okay, onee-san? To fight the dragon bread created by the man that Matsushiro believes to be Japan's #1 braided bread artisan, the bread that Kazuma made was... a turtle! It's done! Ma... It's magic! The baked bread is... It's all green. There's English bread, German bread, and French bread, but Japan's bread, <i>Japan</i>, does not exist. In that case, there's no choice but to create it. This story is a serious, biographical ballad of a boy who possesses Solar Hands, Azuma Kazuma, who will create a Japanese bread made by and for the Japanese people, which can be presented to the world proudly. dokoka tooku de mimi wo sumashiteru hito ga iru Somewhere far away, there are people listening carefully. Translated by: Anime-Empire Yakitate!! Japan dokoka tooku de mimi wo sumashiteru hito ga iru Somewhere far away, there are people listening carefully. Yakitate!! Japan Translated by: Anime-Empire arayuru basho de sora wo miageteru hito ga iru In every place, there are people looking up at the sky. Yakitate!! Japan Translated by: Anime-Empire In every place, there are people looking up at the sky. arayuru basho de sora wo miageteru hito ga iru yozora no shita de kuchibue fuiteru bokutachi wa Under the night sky, we, who are whistling... kotoba mo nai mama yubi de tada seiza wo nazotteru without words, are just tracing constellations with our fingers. samugariya no yume tsumetai kimi no te The dreams of the cold-sensitive... Your cold hands... atatameru mahou wa hitotsu no michi wo shinjiru koto The warming magic is to believe in one path. houkigumo no mukou ni mitsuketa hitotsubu no hoshi wa The single star found on the other side of the comet cloud... kagayaku hoshi demo kasukana hoshi demo whether it be a shining or a faint star... kimi dake no hikari is the light of only you. mune no kumo no mukou ni mienai mama no michishirube On the other side of the cloud in your heart, is a sign post that remains unseen. mune no kumo no mukou ni mienai mama no michishirube saa kono te wo hiraite ima nani wo shinjimasuka? Now, opening these hands, what will you believe in today? Koala's dragon vs. Kazuma's turtle! The great decisive battle!! The great decisive battle!! Koala's dragon vs. Kazuma's turtle! The great decisive battle!! Koala's dragon vs. Kazuma's turtle! Koala's dragon vs. Kazuma's turtle! The great decisive battle!! Koala's dragon vs. Kazuma's turtle! The great decisive battle!! What's going on here? If it was the dough inside, I'd understand... But once you bake bread, the surface just has to become brown. And to be able to bake it so that it's so very green... I can't think of anything except that Azuma really used magic. You want to know the trick behind Azuma's magic? That is... Calcination Ultra-Long Time Super-Low Temperature Super-Low Temperature A technique known as Super-Low Temperature, Ultra-Long Time Calcination!! Calcination Ultra-Long Time Super-Low Temperature Super-Low Temperature Calcination: to heat (a substance) to a high temperature but below the melting or fusing point, causing loss of moisture and reduction or oxidation. A technique known as Super-Low Temperature, Ultra-Long Time Calcination!! Calcination Ultra-Long Time Super-Low Temperature Super-Low Temperature Super-Low Temperature Super-Low Temperature A technique known as Super-Low Temperature, Ultra-Long Time Calcination!! Calcination: to heat (a substance) to a high temperature but below the melting or fusing point, causing loss of moisture and reduction or oxidation. Calcination: to heat (a substance) to a high temperature but below the melting or fusing point, causing loss of moisture and reduction or oxidation. Super-Low Temperature Super-Low Temperature Super-Low Temperature, Ultra-Long Time Calcination?! Calcination: to heat (a substance) to a high temperature but below the melting or fusing point, causing loss of moisture and reduction or oxidation. Super-Low Temperature Super-Low Temperature Normally, such sweet breads are baked at 200°C to 220°C. And it goes without saying that the surface burns until it's brown. Super-Low Temperature, Ultra-Long Time Calcination And it goes without saying that the surface burns until it's brown. Super-Low Temperature, Ultra-Long Time Calcination But... Super-Low Temperature, Ultra-Long Time Calcination If you set the temperature of the oven to the Super-Low value of below 150°C, Super-Low Temperature, Ultra-Long Time Calcination Below 150°C If you set the temperature of the oven to the Super-Low value of below 150°C, Super-Low Temperature, Ultra-Long Time Calcination the bread does not char. Super-Low Temperature, Ultra-Long Time Calcination Below 150°C The dark green dough will not turn brown and will not change dimensions after being baked. But then, in exchange for baking at low temperatures, you have to bake it for a longer time. Is that so? That's why Azuma had... Not yet. Some more. More. Some more. ...baked the bread for so long. What's this moody breeze? Hearts? Oh my. That Dave, who would only say, "Aaah, so busy, so busy," is... And on top of that he's turned bright red. Dave is in love. What? The only emotion Dave has left, other than an appetite, is... It is... It is...?! A love for... food!! Love?! Note: In Japanese, there is "ai" (<b>愛), which means "love," and "koi" (恋), which refers to "romantic love". Here they use "koi."</b> Love, he says!! Note: In Japanese, there is "ai" (<b>愛), which means "love," and "koi" (恋), which refers to "romantic love". Here they use "koi."</b> Koala's dragon bread and Azuma's turtle bread. It's proof that he's come across two brand-new, delicious looking beauties. Is that so? I... I don't quite understand, but... either way, a life where your lover is a piece of bread... is one that I really don't want. Yes. This is wonderful! As a baker, I've seen many different breads in the past, but... the molding of the dragon is a marvel. And the addition of color to the turtle is amazing. I've been presented with high-level skills and techniques. You both receive full marks, that is, 10 points, on artistic presentation. They drew on the artistic presentation, huh? The hard part begins now, Azuma. You appear to have prolonged your life here for a little longer, but... now comes the taste test. Koala-chan will definitely not lose. Kazu-kun... Well then. We'll now begin judging the taste, so... Everyone within the kitchen, please take care of your ears. Huh? Ears? Here you go, Assistant Haijima. Dave. It's time for lunch. Okay, we start with the dragon. She's a meshi-stant rather than an assistant, isn't she? Note: Meshi (<b>飯) = food. Play on the similarity in sound of "assistant" and "meshi-stant."</b> If we keep it within our industry... That fatso... He can't even eat on his own? What the...? There seems to be a lot of activity there. What in the...? Umm... 225 points! Yes! A new record! What?! This is the... Devil Horn War Cry. Devil Horn War Cry Devil Horn War Cry. It's a variety of war cry!! Devil Horn War Cry It's a variety of war cry!! Ting... It's a variety of war cry!! Dave expresses the deliciousness of an item by screaming. Ting... Tiny differences in deliciousness can be measured by war cry points... This is the reason he's considered a more discerning judge than Kuroyanagi. It's a fearsome judgement. My eardrums almost burst. And by the way, the best record of last year's winner was... 180 points. In other words, the dragon bread scored surprisingly high. What? Then, aren't we in some real trouble here? Wh-What?! Tha... That is... The star of Kung-fu movies... Dragon! Don't tell me... Kuro-yan is having a "dragon reaction" after eating the dragon bread...! But... Why on the ceiling...? The orange marmalade poured on the surface has been just faintly singed, leaving a fleeting astringency and a combination of a rich sweet and tart taste. And on top of that the spaces in between the netted scales have little bits of chocolate saying hello to you! The orange and chocolate complement each other perfectly! Chocolate Orange The orange and chocolate complement each other perfectly! This can definitely be called an animal bread that even adults can enjoy! Orange Chocolate This can definitely be called an animal bread that even adults can enjoy! Without doubt, a taste that can transport you to the heavens. Amazing. You may say heaven. But that's just the ceiling... Note: Ten (<b>天) = heaven. Tenjou (天井) = ceiling.</b> There... I may be talking puns here, but... Kuroyanagi's reaction from Koala's bread is tremendous. This is bad... You're all right, aren't you, Azuma...? Your Super-Low temperature, Ultra-Long time calcination thing... Come to think of it, Manager... Even if the appearance of something made by Super-Low temperature, Ultra-Long time calcination is fantastic... how does it taste? Without doubt, it's outrageously delicious, right? It's disgusting. What? Bread typically made by Super-Low temperature, Ultra-Long time calcination is disgusting. The longer it's baked, the lower the water content gets, making it dry. That's why nobody does it, normally. What? If you knew that then why didn't you stop him? He can't possibly be awarded any points for a bad bread even if it looks good on the outside. Who said that Azuma's bread is disgusting? What? I just said that bread typically made by Super-Low temperature, Ultra-Long time calcination is disgusting. What's he talking about? What could he mean? And to proceed, we will now judge Azuma Kazuma's bread. All right! Haijima-san! Please do the honors. Azuma! Give me the bread as well. Huh? Sure, but how? Please... Almost there... All right, stop. Just as I thought. This has been prepared by Super-Low temperature, Ultra-Long time calcination, which is the reason that the brilliant color has remained. If you make use of this technique, the bread definitely loses some taste due to loss of water content. Did you try to win points for just artistic presentation in spite of knowing that? What? It's your decision as to what you do, but... there will be nothing further to talk about should it taste bad! Exactly, Kazu-kun. There's no meaning to it if it tastes bad. Are you prepared?! Yeah! Here you go, Dave. 225 points! It's exactly the same as Koala's dragon-bread. A draw? No, wait! It depends on Kuro-yan's reaction. Wh-What's this sound? What is it...? This sound was made by... Kuro-yan?! What the...? Oh, Jesus! He's spinning like crazy! But, what's this?! Can't you see it?! I can see it. Right now, he's truly become... the monster from outer space... He's Gamera! Note: Gamera - classic sci-fi movie (post-Godzilla) starring Gamera, a fire-breathing, saber-tusked turtle signaling the end of the world. Note: Gamera - classic sci-fi movie (post-Godzilla) starring Gamera, a fire-breathing, saber-tusked turtle signaling the end of the world. Gamera Note: Gamera - classic sci-fi movie (post-Godzilla) starring Gamera, a fire-breathing, saber-tusked turtle signaling the end of the world. The emperor of all turtles! Space monster Gamera! Gamera It's an indigenous Kadokawa film! Gamera Kuroyanagi's midair decisive battle It's an indigenous Kadokawa film! Gamera Gamera Kuroyanagi's midair decisive battle I wonder if it's okay with copyright to do such things. Gamera Kuroyanagi's midair decisive battle I wonder if it's okay with copyright to do such things. If you do Super-Low temperature, Ultra-Long time calcination, you can create a bread that doesn't turn brown and remains the color of the original dough! Yeah... exactly. But, in exchange for that, due to being baked for a long time, the dough loses water content and ends up having a dry texture to it! However! This bread is almost overflowing with moisture. It deserves to be called the emperor of all turtle breads! Note: She makes a bad attempt at a Dr. Seuss style of speaking here. Kame = turtle. And when you add "ka" at the end of a sentence, it makes it a question. It's powerful stuff, the turtle bread. Is it powerful stuff, the turtle bread? It's delicious! This turtle bread! Kazuma! You've used starch syrup here, haven't you? Yeah... Congratulations on having come up with such a concept! That was... Is it okay, old man with a scary face? Yeah. At a stall, during a neighborhood festival, I was given a candied apple that remained unsold. It's really good... It was pretty old, yet... The apple inside was still really moist. So, learning that apples surrounded by starch syrup didn't dry out, I applied it to bread. Victor: Azuma Kazuma! Is what I'd like to say, but... the wonder of Koala's bread can't be denied either. This is further proved by Dave-sensei's phonetic points. Therefore... It's a draw! We will have another battle. This way, I get to eat yet another delicious bread. That won't do. The Koala speaks! Wh-What?! You're discontent with the draw?! That's right. It's my loss. There can't possibly be a draw. Ko... Koala-chan! Mr. Judge. While I may be a newcomer at Pantasia, my career as a baker is far from that of a newcomer. I'm a person who's even worked as the manager of a certain famous bakery. In other words... I'm a person who shouldn't really even be at such a competition. That's why I threw away the appearance of a human and took on the Boss's beloved... A koala, huh? But, truth be told, the newcomers" battle should be between newcomers. I'm tired of pretending to be something I'm not. Therefore... I wish to forfeit. Koala... Mokoyama... Your identity has been taken into account from the very start. But! As long as you've been acknowledged as a newcomer by Pantasia, anybody has the right to participate. Whether you be an animal, or a talking animal. And, this goes without saying, you too, Koala! Is that so...? That's why it was okay with Katsuo as well. Thank you, Mr. Judge. But, for now, as a member of Pantasia, if I was to really think about Pantasia's interests... Rather than a person like me with no future, I believe that this wonderful young man here should be the one to proceed to the semifinals. Do as you please. I won't say any more. I give you leave to do as you will. And I thought that I'd be able to eat yet another delicious bread, but... In that case... Victor: Azuma Kazuma! No way... You've become even stronger, haven't you? To think that I lost at the subject I'm strongest at... It's your complete victory. Don't make such a face. In truth, I bore a grudge against you. When we drew in the challenge on television, I was really frustrated. 10 points... 10 points... 10 points! A perfect score! This is mortifying! Thanks to that, I got fired... I became Koala... But, you know... Thanks to that frustration, I was able to bring back my old self that I'd forgotten. I stopped going to beauty and nail salons and... I remembered the person within who took his bread seriously. I remembered how I'd get excited over making bread and over trying to beat my rival. Just like a newcomer... Koala... No, old man Mokoyama. It's all right. Leaving that aside, I have a request for you all. If may just be the selfish wish of a koala, but... In truth the match was a draw, so... can't the bet with Boss be ignored? What? No, that's... Of course. Huh? Tsukino... At that time... She's scary, Kazu-kun. Kazu-kun? By doing something like that, my employee will again be... You thieving cat. Thieving cat? Isn't that your mother? Stop, Tsukino! That hurt! No way! I-I'm sorry. I... Tsukino, you idiot! Siblings should get along well together. I regret not being very mature myself at that time. We're sisters, and should not be competing against each other, or quarreling with each other. I don't think that Grandfather wishes for such a thing, either. And, no matter how much she hates me, Mizuno is my one and only little sister. SHUT UP!! Shut up, shut up, shut up!!! Everyone, stop saying whatever you please. You no longer have the right to be my pet. You're fired! I understand, Boss. It's just that... I'll leave you with just one warning. At this rate, Pantasia will be crushed by St. Pierre. There's no end to the ambition of St. Pierre's owner. He's just waiting for a chance to take it all over. If Pantasia is having internal strife, then... someday, you will lose it all. Just keep that in mind. Boss... Thank you for employing trash like me. It was fun. Like I had a daughter of my own. Is it okay, Mizuno? He's going away. Mokoyama-san. If may not be my place to say this, but... You may never again find a replacement for that man in this lifetime. Tsukino, in that case, why don't we employ him for cheap at our place? He's a newcomer after all... We can pay him a lower salary than Azuma and the rest. Let's see... How about this much? You're going to pay Koala that much? But... This level should be just fine, just fine... Kawachi-san, that's pushing it too far. He's going to be sleeping and staying on the 2nd floor of the store. It should be just fine with this. I really don't want to be living under the same roof as that old man. I'm also completely against it. Shut UP! Just watch. We won't lose next time. Onee-chan. And St. Pierre is no challenge either. Mama! Don't look. It's a koala! A koala. Let's go. It's a koala! A koala. It's a lovely day. It's been a while since I felt like this. It's like being fashion-conscious is a thing of the distant past. Losing to that boy, and losing my job... But, once my eyes were opened, I was able to start my training again. It was then that... Boss found me. You were abandoned? Want to come over to us? There it is! Here you go! Meeting Boss... Spending time together with her... It really felt like I had a daughter. I was happy. But... even that is now over. It can't be helped. You reap as you sow. Koala-chan! Koala-chan! Where are you? Boss! Okay, so I take back firing you! I won't forgive you if you go off anywhere on your own. You're to work at our store! Thank you, Boss. She's really a kid with no consistency. It's good this way. You've met with a good boss, haven't you, Mokoyama? Mizuno, let's work hard, shall we? You really, really better not go anywhere, okay, Koala-chan? It's an order, okay? Now everybody move Can you get a little somethin' Got to do So better believe in Better believe in Better believe in yourself C'mon! "D-r-e-a-m" "Dream" On this chest, big and strong Kono mune ni dekkaku tsuyoku A look that glitters and doesn't lose. Hikari kagayaite makenai manazashi That's what I searched for, fumbling in the wind. Tesaguri de sagashita kaze n naka The answer for now is... Kotae nanka mada Un... For now, I'll watch the situation and wait for a chance. I got the patience to wait at a distance. ima wa mada Chance ukagatte matsu I got shitatakasa A prisoner who just screams is no good. Sakenderu dake no Prisoner ja dame da Just Follow Me! I'll lend you my shoulder occasionally. Just Follow Me! toki ni kata kasu kara Yo got "D-i-g-g-y" "Step into tha game" It ain't nothin' nobody can say 'Cuz I neva can let my dream get away un It's by no means a fleeting dream. Kesshite hakanai yume ja nai Let this sentiment reach you. Heart to Heart, Soul to Soul. kono omoi todokeyou Heart to Heart, Soul to Soul The seasons turn. Splendid as a spring storm. meguru kisetsu Spring Storm no you ni goukai Win Big is the motto. Win Big ga motto Win Big ga motto Some say, "Nothin' lasts forever" Does a thing like eternity really exist? eien no mono wa hatashite aru no darouka? Some say, "Nothin' lasts forever" eien no mono wa hatashite aru no darouka? Does a thing like eternity really exist? And so we... C'mon. Dakara oretachi wa C'mon Yeah, yeah, we live to touch the one shining moment. Sou sa oretachi wa kirameku shunkan wo furu ni ikiteitainda With all tha love 1-2 S.O. Cru With all tha love 1-2 S.O. Cru Stay true to you So, what you gonna do? C'mon! Now everybody move Can you get a little somethin' Got to do So better believe in Better believe in Better believe in yourself To all the soldiers fighting today using the tail wind... oikaze riyoushite kyou to tatakae ALL THA SOLDlERS Better believe in Better believe in yourself Next Episode Next, it's my turn! Next Episode I'll prepare an even more extravagant bread than the turtle-shaped monster from outer space. Next Episode Wait and watch, Azuma! Next Episode Manager! Next Episode And Tsukino! Next Episode Eh? Tsukino's not here. Next Episode Where did she go? Next Episode Next time, on Yakitate!! Japan, Next Episode Next time, on Yakitate!! Japan, An oath on the grave! With a little prayer!! Next time, on Yakitate!! Japan, With a little prayer!! An oath on the grave! With a little prayer!! An oath on the grave! Be sure to see it! With a little prayer!! An oath on the grave! Yakitate!! Seed of knowledge. Note: Mizuame (<b>水あめ) = starch syrup. The "ame" comes from the word "amai" (あまい), which means sweet.</b> Kazuma used starch syrup! Starch syrup Note: Mizuame (<b>水あめ) = starch syrup. The "ame" comes from the word "amai" (あまい), which means sweet.</b> Kazuma used starch syrup! The history of starch syrup dates back to Japan's very earliest days. Note: Mizuame (<b>水あめ) = starch syrup. The "ame" comes from the word "amai" (あまい), which means sweet.</b> Starch syrup Ame The history of starch syrup dates back to Japan's very earliest days. Note: Mizuame (<b>水あめ) = starch syrup. The "ame" comes from the word "amai" (あまい), which means sweet.</b> Starch syrup Note: Mizuame (<b>水あめ) = starch syrup. The "ame" comes from the word "amai" (あまい), which means sweet.</b> The history of starch syrup dates back to Japan's very earliest days. Ame Sweet Note: Mizuame (<b>水あめ) = starch syrup. The "ame" comes from the word "amai" (あまい), which means sweet.</b> The history of starch syrup dates back to Japan's very earliest days. Ame Note: the word "umai" (<b>うまい), which means "delicious," also comes from the word "amai." Ame (雨) can also mean "rain," and "umai" can also mean "good." This gives us the pun: Rain is good.</b> The root of the word "ame" is "sweet." Ame Sweet The root of the word for "delicious" is also "sweet." Ame Sweet Note: the word "umai" (<b>うまい), which means "delicious," also comes from the word "amai." Ame (雨) can also mean "rain," and "umai" can also mean "good." This gives us the pun: Rain is good.</b> Delicious The root of the word for "delicious" is also "sweet." Ame Sweet Note: the word "umai" (<b>うまい), which means "delicious," also comes from the word "amai." Ame (雨) can also mean "rain," and "umai" can also mean "good." This gives us the pun: Rain is good.</b> Therefore, rain is delicious! Ame Sweet Note: the word "umai" (<b>うまい), which means "delicious," also comes from the word "amai." Ame (雨) can also mean "rain," and "umai" can also mean "good." This gives us the pun: Rain is good.</b> Delicious Really?! Good afternoon. I am not a farmer. I'm not. I'm a parent, I'm a resident and I'm a teacher and this is my world. And along the way I've started noticing, I'm on my third generation of kids that they're getting bigger. They're getting sicker. In addition to these complexities, I just learned that 70% of the kids that I see who were labeled learning disabled would not have been had they had proper prenatal nutrition. The realities of my community are simple. They look like this. Kids should not have to grow up and look like this, to look at things like this. As jobs continue to leave my community, and energy continues to come in, be exported in, it's no wonder that really some people refer to the South Bronx as a desert. But I'm the oldest sixth grader you'll ever meet. I get up every day with this tremendous amount of enthusiasm that I'm hoping to share with you all today. (Applause) (Cheers) On that, on that. No, I don't want to run out of time. I don't want to run out of time. So, please, sh, shh, shhh. OK? And with that note, I come to you with this belief that kids should not have to leave their community to live, learn and earn in a better one. So I'm here to tell you a story about me and this wall that I met outside, which I'm now bringing inside and I'd love to give it to you with some veterans, and it starts with three people. The crazy teacher. That's me on the left. I dressed up pretty. Thank you, my wife. I love you for getting a good suit. My passionate Borough President and George Irwin from Green Living Technologies who helped me with my class and helped me get involved with this patented technology. But it all starts with seeds in classrooms and my place which looks like this. And I'm here today hoping that my reach will exceed my grasp. And that's really what this is all about. And it starts with incredible kids like this who come early and stay late. All of my kids are either IEP or ELL learners. Most come with a lot of handicaps. Most are homeless and many are in foster care. Almost all of my kids live below poverty. But, with those seeds, from day one, we are growing in my classroom. This is what it looks like in my classroom. And you see how attentive these kids are to these seeds. And then you notice that those seeds become farms across the Bronx that look like this. But again, I am not a farmer. I'm a teacher and some days I'm the statue and some days I'm the pigeon. But I've really come to despise pigeons, I don't want to be around statues, I don't like weeding, and I don't like backbreaking labor. So I wanted to figure out how to get this kind of success into something small like this and bring it into my classroom so that handicapped kids can do it. Kids who didn't want to be outside could do it and everyone could have access. So I called George Irwin, he came to my class and we built an indoor edible wall. And what we do is we partnered it with authentic learning experiences, private based learning. And lo and behold, we gave birth to the first edible wall in New York City. So if you're hungry, get up and eat. You can do it right now. My kids play cow all the time. (Laughter) But we were just getting started, the kids loved the technology. So we called up George and we said, "We got to learn more!" With this technology now Mayor Bloomberg, thank you very much, we no longer need work permits with licensed and bonded contractors. We're available for you. We decided to go to Boston. And my kids, from the poorest congressional district in America, became the first to install a green wall, designed by computer, with real life learning skills, 21 stories up. Well, I met people from Boston, where are you today? So you can go visit it, it's on top of the John Hancock building. But closer to home, we started installing these walls in schools that look like this, with lighting like that, real LED stuff, 21st century technology. And what do you know? We made 21st century money. And that was groundbreaking. Wow! (Laughter) This is my harvest, people. (Applause) And what do you do with this food? You cook it! Those are my heirloom students making heirloom sauce, with plastic forks, since I work in a scanning school. And we get it into the cafeteria, we grow stuff, and we feed our teachers. And that is the youngest nationally certified workforce in America with our Bronx Borough President. And what'd we do then? Well, I met nice people like you. And they invited us to the Hamptons. So I called this "From South Bronx to Southampton." And we started putting in roofs that look like this. And we came in from destitute neighborhoods to start building landscape like this. Wow! People noticed. We got invited back this past summer, we actually moved into the Hamptons. Paying 3,500 dollars a week for a house, and we learned how to surf. And when you can do stuff like this - (Laughter) These are my kids putting in this technology. And when you can build a roof that looks like that, on a house that looks like that, with sedum that looks like this, this is the new green graffiti. So, you may wonder what does a wall like this really do for kids, besides changing landscapes and mindsets? OK, I'm going to tell you what it does. It gets me to meet incredible contractors like this, Jim Ellenberger from Ellenberger Services. And this is where it becomes true triple bottom line. Because Jim realized that these kids, my future farmers, really had the skills he needed to build affordable housing for New Yorkers, right in their own neighborhood. And this is what my kids are doing, making living wage. Now, if you're like me live in a building, there're seven guys out of work looking to manage a million dollars. I don't have it. But if you need a toilet fixed or, you know, some shelving, I got to wait six months for an appointment with someone who drives a much nicer car than me. That's the beauty of this economy. But my kids are now licensed and bonded in trade. And that's my first student to open up, the first in his family to have a bank account. This immigrant student, the first one in his family to use an ATM. And this is the true triple bottom line, because we can take neighborhoods that were abandoned and destitute and turn them into something like this with interiors like this. Wow! People noticed. And notice they did. So CNN called. And we were delighted to have them come to our farmer's market. And then when Rockefeller Center said, "NBC could you put us some edible walls?" We were delighted. But this, I show you, when kids from the poorest congressional district in America can build a 30-foot by 15-foot wall, design it, plant it and install it in the heart of New York City, that's a true "sí se puede" moment. Really, scholastic, if you ask me. But this is not a Getty image. That's a picture I took of my Bronx Borough President, addressing my kids in his house, not the jailhouse, making them feel a part of. That's our State Senator Gustavo Rivera and Bob Bieder, coming to my classroom to make my kids feel important. And when the Bronx Borough President shows up and the State Senator comes to our class, believe you me, the Bronx can change attitudes now. We are poised, ready, willing and able to explore our talent diversity in ways we've never even imagined. And when the local senator gets on the scale in public and says he's got to lose weight, so do I! And I tell you what, I'm doing it and so are the kids. OK? And then celebrities start visiting. Produce Pete can't believe what we grow. Lorna Sass came and donated books. OK? We're feeding seniors. And when we realized we were growing for food justice in the South Bronx, so did the international community. And my kids in the South Bronx were reppin the first International Green Roof conference. But that's just great. Except what about locally? Well, we met this woman, Avis Richards, with the Ground Up Campaign. Unbelievable! Through her, my kids, the most disenfranchised and marginalized, were able to roll out 100 gardens to New York City public schools. That's triple bottom line! OK? A year ago today, I was invited to the New York Academy of Medicine. I thought this concept of designing a strong and healthy New York made sense, especially when the resources were free. So thank you all and I love them. They introduced me to the NY City Strategic Alliance for Health. Again, free resources, don't waste them. And what do you know? Six months later, my school and my kids were awarded the first ever High School Award of Excellence for creating a healthy school environment, the greenest class in New York City. But more importantly as my kids learned to get, they learned to give. And we took the money we made from our food market and our farmer's market, and started buying gifts for the homeless and for needy around the world. So we started giving back. And that's when I realized that the greening of America starts first with the pockets, then with the heart and then with the mind. So we were on to something, and we're still on to something. And thank God Trinity Wall Street noticed, because they gave us the birth of Green Bronx Machine. We're 3,000 strong right now. And what does it really do? It teaches kids to revision their communities, so when they grow up in places like this, they can imagine it like this. And my kids, trained and certified, mind you, get the tax abatement, thank you, Mayor Bloomberg, can take communities that look like this and convert them into things that look like that. And that to me, people, is another true "sí se puede" moment. Now, how does it start? It starts in schools. No more little Knicks and little Nets. Group by broccoli, group by your favorite vegetable, something you can aspire to. And these are my future farmers of America, growing up in Brook Park on 141st Street, the most migrant community in America. When tenacious little ones learn how to garden like this, it's no wonder we get fruit like that. And I love it! And so do they. And we're building teepees in neighborhoods that were burning down. And that's a true "sí se puede" moment. And again, Brook Park feeds hundreds of people without a food stamp or a fingerprint. The poorest congressional district in America, the most migratory community in America, we can do this. (Applause) Bissel Gardens is cranking out food in epic proportions. Moving kids into an economy they never imagined. Now, somewhere over the rainbow, my friends, is the South Bronx of America. And we're doing it. How does it start? Well, look at Jose's attention to detail. Thank God, Omar knows that carrots come from the ground, and not aisle 9 in the supermarket or through a bullet-proof window or a piece of Styrofoam. And when Henry knows that green is good, so do I. And when you expand their palates, you expand their vocabulary. And most importantly, when you put big kids together with little kids, you get the big fat white guy out of the middle, which is cool. And you create this kind of accountability amongst peers, which is incredible. I'm going to run out of time, so I've got to keep it moving. This is my weekly paycheck for kids; that's our green graffiti. This is what we're doing. And behold the glory and bounty that is Bronx County. Nothing thrills me more than to see kids pollinating plants instead of each other. I got to tell you, I'm a protective parent. And when the Spanish teacher comes and says 'delicioso!' That's a great way to celebrate Cinco de Mayo. Those are my kids. But those kids are now putting pumpkin patches on top of trains. We're also designing Koi ponds for the rich and affluent. We're also becoming children of the corn, creating farms in the middle of Fordham Road for awareness and window bottles out of garbage. Now I don't expect every kid to be a farmer, but I expect to read, write, blog about it, offer outstanding customer service. I expect them to be engaged, and man, are they! So that's my incredible classroom, that's the food. Where does it go? Zero miles to plate, right down into the cafeteria. Or more importantly, to local shelters, where most of our kids are getting one to two meals a day. And we're stepping it up. No Air Jordan's were ever ruined on my farm. And to this day, a million dollar gardens and incredible installations. Let me tell you something, people. This is a beautiful moment. Black field, brown field, toxic waste field, battlefield -- we're proving in the Bronx that you can grow anywhere, on cement. And we take orders for flowers. I'm putting the big sale to shame. We take orders now. I'm booking for the spring. And these were all grown from seeds. We're learning everything. And again, when you can take kids from backgrounds as diverse as this to do something as special as this, we're really creating a moment. Now, you may ask about these kids. 40% attendance to 93% attendance. All start overage and under-credit. We're out of time. I'm going to run out of time. They are now, my first cohort is all in college, earning living wage. The rest is scheduled to graduate this June. Happy kids, happy families, happy colleagues, amazed people. "The glory and bounty that is Bronx County!" Let's talk about mint. Where is my mint? There it is. I grow seven kinds of mint in my class. Mojitos, anybody? I'll be at Telepan later. But, understand, this is my intellectual Viagra. Ladies and gentlemen, I got to move quick, but understand this: This is what we're doing now. The borough that gave us baggy pants and funky fresh beats is becoming a home to the organic ones. My green brethren, 25,000 pounds of vegetables, I'm growing organic citizens, engaged kids. So, help us go from this to this. Self-sustaining entities, 18 months return on investment, plus we're paying people living wage and health benefits, while feeding people for pennies on the dollar. Martin Luther King said that people need to be uplifted with dignity. So here in New York, I urge you, my fellow Americans, to help us make America great again. It's simple. Share your passion. It's real easy. Go see these two videos, please. One got us invited to the White House, one's a recent incarnation. And most importantly, get the biggest bully out of schools. This has got to go tomorrow. People, you can all do that. Keep kids out of stores that look like this. Make them a healthy plate, especially if you can pick it off the wall in your own classroom -- delicioso! Model good behavior. Get them to a green cart. Big kids love strawberries and bananas. Teach them entrepreneurship. Thank God for GrowNYC. Let them cook. Great lunch today. Let them do culinary things. But most importantly, just love them. Nothing works like unconditional love. So, my good friend Kermit said it's not easy being green. It's not. I come from a place where kids can buy 35 flavors of blunt wrap at any day of the moment, where ice cream freezers are filled with slushy malt liquor. OK? My dear friend Majora Carter once told me, "We have everything to gain and nothing to lose." So here, and at a time when we've gone from the audacity to hope to hope for some audacity, I urge you to do something. I urge you to do something. Right now, we're all tadpoles, but I urge you to become a big frog and take that big, green leap. I don't care if you're on the left, on the right, up the middle, wherever. Join me. I've got a lot of energy. Help me use it. We can do something here. And along the way, please take time to smell the flowers, especially if you and your students grew them. I'm Steve Ritz, this is Green Bronx Machine. I've got to say thank you to my wife and family, for my kids, thank you for coming every day, and for my colleagues, believing and supporting me. God bless you all. People when I learn to use technology we're ferocious. We are growing our way into a new economy. Thank you, God bless you and enjoy the day. I'm Steve Ritz. Sí se puede! (Cheers) (Applause) Thank you. (Applause) Thank you. I came to Rice almost on a dare. The challenge was could I get in. I was not from Texas. The odds weren't good. And when I got accepted, it seemed like a good idea. I guess the thing that I always think of first is I met my husband. And 49 years later, he's still my husband, and I'm still glad I met him at Rice. The Class of 1962 will celebrate their golden reunion right in the middle of the Centennial Celebration. What did we do to deserve this honor? Accident of birth I guess. But it's going to be amazing, it's going to be fun, and it's going to be exciting. What time does the movie start? It begins at 8. What time is it? It is ten until 8. We have ten minutes more of music. Good. I need to go to the bathroom. My dinner of steak, brocoli and rice is not agreeing with me. I have a stomach ache. How disgusting! Too much information! Photovoltaic electricity is one of the most promising fields to supply safe, clean and sustainable energy to the planet. However, the current cost of silicon-based technology is still fairly high with respect to fossil sources. ClDETEC researchers and the Group of Photovoltaic and Optoelectronic Devices at the Universitat Jaume I have discovered a new family of ionic liquids which enable to produce electrolytes that improve performance, stability and durability of electrochemical and electronic devices. -In this patent, we protect both the synthesis and the application in various electrochemical devices of ionic liquids containing sulphides and polysulphides. This is a new type of materials and the peculiarity that they have with respect to conventional ionic liquids is the presence of sulphide-polysulphide as anion. Ionic liquids are characterized by being liquids [Ramon Tena, ClDETEC] with negligible vapour pressure, that is, they are not volatile. In contrast to more common solvents, like water, that evaporates from 100º, you can use an ionic liquid at much higher temperatures. In addition, for this kind of devices, they also have a high ionic conductivity. -One of the main advantages of new electrolytes is that they extend the useful life of solar cells and the batteries in which they are integrated. -In the case of batteries, the technology that we have selected is lithium-sulphur technology. It is a technology that is still being researched, but it is already close to industrial development, and as a great feature with respect to other technologies with more developed batteries such as lithium-ion batteries, they have a high energy density. To give a concrete example, in its application to cars, which is one of the applications in which more efforts are being invested at present, an automobile powered by a lithium-ion battery has an approximate autonomy of 150 km, in the best of cases. However, if we use a lithium-sulphur battery, we could get autonomies up to 400 km or more. -The new liquids used in the manufacture of dye solar cells or quantum dots, have moderate viscosities and they offer the possibility of dissolving sulphur to create redox pairs sulphide-polisulphide directly. These cells arise as an attractive alternative to reduce costs, improving aspects such as stability and durability to make them more profitable. -This is a type of solar cells in which we have a nanostructured material to increase the absorption of light, but since they have this so complicated structure in the nanometric order, to have a good contact in the entire structure, [Ivan Mora, Group of Photovoltaic and Optoelectronic Devices] what we need is a liquid that penetrates in this structure so that the entire surface is soaked in this liquid that will serve as electrical contact through which we will extract loads. In fact, we have tested these liquids in solar cells sensitized with quantum dots and we have obtained that it improves remarkably the stability of these devices in comparison with the state of the art today. -The areas of application for this invention fall in the field of materials technology and chemistry, in particular, in electrochemical solar cells, lithium-sulphur batteries, electrochromic devices, electrochemical biosensors or electrodeposition of materials for coatings. Scientific Culture and Innovation Unit Universitat Jaume I Communication and Publications Service On the 28th, the Day of Rage. Me, my daughter and my son. We would come down to Tahrir, But we wouldn't spend nights here. We would leave everyday after the curfew began. So... I want to tell you, for the first time I feel depressed, and I regret that we did that. We are a kind and humble people, by nature, How could we bear all of this? No other people on the planet could bear the same. And despite that, we still thank God and are grateful for His generosity. So... when he was taken from me 61 days ago, And he was all I had, I felt... I felt like I was living dead, or dead alive. I don't know how to express it to you, What I can tell you is... the revolution is lost. The revolution, until now, is lost - and it hasn't been completed. And God only knows if it will be seen through. But as long as there are youth - God bless them - it won't be lost. We are 85 million people. If we can turn out just one million solid youth, Then this revolution won't be lost. God Almighty says, "How many times the few have overcome the many with the blessings of Allah,". No matter what. They tell you that when an Egyptian fights and kills a fellow Egyptian, or a Muslim, then it's not martyrdom. No. Martyrdom is for God almighty to know. These young people are out in revolt, in rage, Outraged, because they've been dealt injustice. Because they didn't get their rights. They are not out here for the hell of it. They do not revolt out of nowhere. They are not out here as thugs, the way the state has painted them. No! They are not thugs. Thuggery is putting someone in the street and squeezing money out of them. Like what's happening now. That's a thug. The thug attacks homes and steals. Just like the army and the government we have are robbing us. They talk about giving the martyrs' families... give us what?! That's our money in the first place! The compensation they offered is ridiculous, and this is our money, this is the people's money to begin with! Their attitude is to keep pushing us, daring us. You see? What's happening to us is simply unjust. It's injustice, when an old man like this one, in his 60s, is scraping to eat. That's not a thug. That's a man who wants to live with dignity. This is criminal. He's supposed to have a pension, and a dignified life. And that's what these young people took to the streets for. This is sinful. What we're suffering is absolutely sinful. Tantawi says this, Ganzoury says that... what about my son, who's all I ever had? Is Tantawi ready to give up his son to me? I don't want the compensation they're talking about. I'll give them 30,000 pounds for the murderer of my son. When I kill the one who murdered my son, I'll give them 30,000 pounds. That's it. That's all I want. The blood of my son's murderer. The one who killed Ahmed, on the 19th, the first martyr in the second revolution, I'll give him 30,000 pounds, and then kill him. Just like he killed my son. Even if I have to beg for the 30,000 from 30,000 people. If I have to take one pound from 30,000 people. I'll pass by 30,000 Egyptians and ask them to give me a pound each, so I can compensate the man who murdered my son. I'll kill him, and give the money to his family. Just as a young man like this one, a business graduate, died. His birthday is on 2nd March. Turning 23. He didn't make it to 23. My son was my entire world. He was a son of obedience, not shame. May God have mercy on him. He never upset me, not one day. He was my pillar of strength in the world. How can I find someone like him again? These people demanding the impossible, while Tantawi lounges on his throne... he should bring back my son! Isn't he playing God and saying - God forgive me - "If I say it will be so, it will be so" as he appoints Ganzoury? Here, I'm saying bring me my son. They should dig my son up from his grave, give him life again, and then I'll forgive. The ones inside our rotten government, that removed one file and kept the rest, the ones operating like puppets in the hand of Hosni (Mubarak), Hosni is ruling us till now, but we keep kidding ourselves. He's just ruling at a distance. If these people can bring back Ahmed, out of his grave, my only son, my pillar in the world, The one who will carry me after I die... they should bring him to me. I will take no compensation, nothing, less than that. And I want nothing else. And I will go down to the streets on the 25th. And I will go out every single time I sense injustice in this country. For every martyr's mother. And we don't want any single political wing - not the Muslim Brotherhood, not the Salafis, no one! - ...to speak in the name of a martyr's mother. Not even the father of the martyr! The father just provided a living. The mother is the one who raised and carried him, Until one day she saw a man before her, take to the streets and say "I demand my rights," We don't want anyone to speak in our name, We don't want to hear the Muslim Brotherhood in the media asking for Tantawi to apologize! Apologize for what - a dead chicken?! They're sorry?! We don't want anyone to apologize to us. We want just as God decreed. A soul for a soul. Blood for blood. That's it. That's the last thing I have to say. We're now on problem number 4 from the Normal Distribution chapter from ck12.org's FlexBook on AP Statistics. You can go to their site to download it. It's all for free. So problem number 4, and it's, at least in my mind, pretty good practice. For normal or a standard normal distribution, for a standard normal distribution, place the following in order from the smallest to largest. So let's see, percentage of data below 1, negative 1. OK, let's draw our standard normal distribution. So a standard normal distribution is one where the mean is-- sorry, I drew the standard deviation-- is one where the mean, mu for mean, is where the mean is equal to 0, and the standard deviation is equal to 1. So let me draw that standard normal distribution. So let me draw the axis right like that. Let me see if I can draw a nice-looking bell curve. There's a bell curve right there. You get the idea. And this is a standard normal distribution, so the mean, or you can kind of do the center point right here. It's not skewed. The mean is going to be 0 right there, and the standard deviation is 1. So if we go one standard deviation to the right, that is going to be 1. If you go two standard deviations, it's going to be 2, three standard deviations 3, just like that. One standard deviation to the left is going to be minus 1. Two standard deviations to the left will be minus 2, and so on and so forth. Minus 3 will be three standard deviations to the left because the standard deviation is 1. So let's see if we can answer this question. So what's the percentage of data below 1? So the percentage-- Part a, that's this stuff right here, so everything below 1. So it's all of-- well, not just that little center portion. It keeps going. Everything below 1, right? Percentage data below 1. So this is another situation where we should use the empirical rule. It never hurts to get more practice. Empirical rule. Or maybe the better way to remember the empirical rule is just the 68, 95, 99.7 rule. And I call that a better way because it essentially gives you the rule. These are just the numbers that you have to essentially memorize. If you have a calculator or a normal distribution table, you don't have to do this. But sometimes in class, people want you to estimate percentages, and so it's good to do. You know, you can impress people if you can do this in your head. So let's see if we can use the empirical rule to answer this question. The area under the bell curve all the way up to 1, or everything to the left of 1. So the empirical rule tells us that this middle area between one standard deviation to the left and one standard deviation to the right, that right there is 68%. We saw that in the previous video as well. That's what the empirical rule tells us. Now of that 68%, we saw in the last video that everything else combined, it all has that up to 1 or to 100%, that this left-hand tail-- let me draw it a little bit-- this part right here, plus this part right here, has to add up-- when you add it to 68-- has to add up to 1 or to 100%. So those two combined are 32%. 32 plus 68 is 100. Now, this is symmetrical. These two things are the exact same, so if they add up to 32, this right here is 16% and this right here is 16%. Now the question, they want us to know the area of everything-- let me do it in a new color-- everything less than 1, right? The percentage of data below 1, so everything to the left of this point. So it's the 68%, it's right there, so it's 68%, which is this middle area within one standard deviation, plus this left branch right there. So it's 68 plus 16%, which is what? That's equal to 84%. So this Part a is 84%. They're going to want us to put this in order eventually, but it's good to just solve essentially the hard part. Once we know the numbers, ordering is pretty easy. Part b. The percentage of data below minus 1. So minus 1 is right there. So they really just want us to figure out this area right here, the percentage of data below minus 1. Well, that's going to be 16%. We just figured that out. And you could have already known, just without even knowing the empirical, just looking at a normal distribution, that this entire area, that Part b is a subset of Part a, so it's going to be a smaller number. So if you just have to order things, you could have made that intuition, but it's good to do practice with the empirical rule. Now, Part c, they want to know what's the mean? Well, that's the easiest thing. The mean of a standard normal distribution, by definition, is 0, so number c is 0. d, the standard deviation. Well, by definition, the standard deviation for the standard normal distribution is 1. So this is 1 right here. This is easier than I thought it would be. Part e. The percentage of data above 2. So they want the percentage of data above 2. So we know from the 68, 95, 99.7 rule that if we want to know how much data is within two standard deviations-- so let me do it in and new color. So if we're looking from this-- let me do it in a more vibrant color. Oh, green. If we're looking from this point to this point, so it's within two standard deviations, right? The standard deviation here is 1. If we're looking within two standard deviations, that whole area right there by the empirical rule is 95% within two standard deviations. This is 95%, which tells us that everything else combined-- so if you take this yellow portion right here and this yellow portion right here, so everything beyond two standard deviations in either direction, that has to be the remainder. So, you know, everything in the middle is 95 within two standard deviations, so that has to be 5% If you add that tail and that tail together, everything to the left and right of two standard deviations. Well, I've made the argument before. Everything is symmetrical. This and this are equal, so this right here is 2 and a half percent, and this right here is also 2 and a half percent. So they're asking us the percentage of data above 2. That's this tail, just this tail right here. The percentage of data more than two standard deviations away from the mean, so that's 2 and a half percent. I'll do it in a darker colors 2 and a half percent. Now, they're asking us, place the following in order from smallest to largest. So there's a little bit of ambiguity here, because if they're saying the percentage of data below 1, do they want us to say, well, it's 84%. So should we consider the answer to Part a 84, or should we consider-- if they said the fraction of data below 1, I would say 0.84. So it depends on how they want to interpret it. Same way here. The percentage of data below minus 1, I could say the answer is 16. 16 is the percentage below minus 1, but the actual number, if I said the fraction of data below minus 1, I would say 0.16, so this actually would be very different in how we order it. Similarly, if someone asked me the percentage, I would say, oh, that's 2.5, but the actual number is 0.025. That's the actual fraction or the actual decimal. So, I mean, this is just ordering numbers so I shouldn't fixate on this too much. But let's just say that they're going with the decimal. So if we wanted to do it that way, if they wanted to do it from smallest to largest, the smallest number we have here is c, right? That's 0. And then the next smallest is e, which is 0.025. Then the next smallest is b, which is 0.16. And then the next one after that is a, which is 0.84, and then the largest would be the standard deviation d. So the answers is cbad. And obviously, the order would be different if the answer to this, instead of saying it is 0.084, you said it was 84, because they're asking for the percentage. So a little bit of ambiguity. If you had a question like this on the exam, I would clarify that with the teacher. But hopefully, you found this useful. Agh! (barking) Agh! (thud) Gogo! (wind blowing) (wind blowing) Gogo! (gasping) (plink) (chimes tinkling) (barking) Gogo! Gogo! (birds tweeting) Agh! Ughhh... Gogo! (chime) (chimes playing a melody) (barking) Gogo! Gogo! (footsteps approaching) (coughing) Meow! (barking) Gogo! (drilling) (bell tolling) (water splashing) (whistle blowing) (bus honking) (zooming noise overhead) Ahhh! (barking) Gogo! (laughing) (barking) Huh? Ah! Gogo! (zooming) High Park has a couple of very small Prairie ecosystems like this one I'm in right now. Prairie ecosystems are dominated by grasses and herbaceous plants with usually very few trees. In this particular patch of Prairie, the grasses dominate but they're very sparse and thin and augmenting them are things like these Black-Eyed Susans, a variety of Asters, and False Indigo and a few other herbaceous plants that characterize a small Prairie. [Jingle] (University of London International Programmes) (The Camera Never Lies - Reportage) [Emmett Sullivan] Now, advertisers, politicians manipulating images, that's one thing. My principal concern, as I mentioned earlier, is what happens when we have reportage, or things purporting to be reportage. Again, 2003, we have a photograph from Basra. In this case, it shows a British soldier apparently gesturing to Iraqi civilians allegedly so that they take cover. And this appeared on the front page of the Los Angeles Times. It's a composite photograph. It actually is two photographs which have been morphed together and the veteran photographer who took this photograph was fired as a result of his decision to use two, rather than one shot. It may have improved the composition but did nothing for his professional career. Photographs of war are particularly emotive but in civil society during peace time, is there anything more emotive than a football match in Spain? In 2011 the Spanish sports newspaper AS digitally altered a photograph, removing a defender from reportage of a match between Athletic Bilbao and Barcelona. By removing the player, it appeared that no offside had taken place. This could be quite a critical issue. In this case, it seems a trivial matter to falsify but clearly, someone thought it was important to play to their particular audience at the time. All right, you may consider a football match reasonably mundane but let's go back to the Middle East and a photograph from 2006. We chose the aftermath of an Israeli air attack on the Lebanon. This was circulated through Reuters news agency. And after a little while it became apparent that the image had been doctored, that additional black smoke had been added and the sky image had been actually doctored to make the aftermath of the attack look more dramatic and more severe. Again this is an embarrassment for Reuters, who reacted to it quite strongly, and they said that it represented a serious breach of their standards. Now, we have the vested interests of photographers and news agencies to portray a particular event in a particular light. Clearly, it was felt this one went too far. Another way of augmenting an image to make it more impressive is to digitally duplicate the audience, the crowd, at a political uprising. This photograph from January of 2012 has the crowds increased in number to make it look like there was a larger protest than was the case. Again, this was discovered by readers who posted up their own photographs showing the actual crowd in attendance. Now, the website Fourandsix has literally hundreds of examples of where photo manipulation has been either proven or is strongly suspected and you can go through these at your own leisure to identify where changes have been made and for what purposes. I'm going to reflect on one last one, which is a photograph of a family running away from war-torn Syria. it would appear that in this particular image, it is another composite, whereas in fact the original image showed no visible damage behind the family but for dramatic effect it was easier to convey a sense of what was going on by putting in a bombed-out background with a family fleeing in front of it. (University of London International Programmes) In a previous video, we saw that we could view 2/3 times 6 as whatever number is 2/3 of the way to 6 on the number line, which we saw is 4. Or another way to think about it is that 4 is 2/3 of 6. 2/3 times 6 can be viewed as-- well, how many do I have if I take 2/3 of 6? Now, what we want to do now is apply that same idea, but to multiply not a fraction times a whole number, but a fraction times a fraction. So let's say that we wanted to take 3/4 and multiply it by 1/2. And we know, of course, the order that we multiply doesn't matter. This is the exact same thing as 1/2 times 3/4. So to imagine where this gets us, let's draw ourselves a number line. And I'll do it pretty large so that we have some space to work in. So that's 0. And then that is 1. And of course, our line could keep on going. And let's first imagine 3/4 times 1/2 as 3/4 of the way to 1/2. So first let's plot 1/2 on our number line. Well, 1/2 is literally halfway between 0 and 1. So that's 1/2 right over there. And how do we think about 3/4 of the way to 1/2? Well, what we could do is think about well, what's 1/4 of 1/2? Well, we could divide this part of the number line into 4 equal sections. So that's 2 equal sections. Now that's 4 equal sections. And while we're at it, let's divide all of the halves into 4 equal sections. So let's divide all of the halves into 4 equal sections. So that's 4 sections. And now let's do this one. I'm trying my best to draw them equal sections. So I've taken each of the halves and I've made them into 4 equal sections. So this point right over here is 1/4 of 1/2. But that's not what we care about. We want to get to 3/4 of 1/2. So we want to get to 1, 2, 3/4 of 1/2. So this point right over here, this is literally 3/4 times 1/2. And this is, of course, 1/2 here. But what number is this? And let me do this in a new color. We can now visualize it on the number line. But what number is this actually? Well, a big clue is that, well, before we had the section between 0 and 1 divided into 2 equal sections when we only had to plot 1/2. But then we took each of those 2 equal sections and then split them into 4 more sections. By doing that, we now essentially have divided the section between 0 and 1 into 8 equal sections. So each of these is actually 1/8. So this point right over here is 1/8. This is 2/8. And then this is 3/8. And that's in line with what we've seen about multiplying fractions before. This should be equal to 3 times 1 over 4 times 2, which is equal to 3/8. And everything that we're talking about, so we don't get confused, this is all referring to this point right over here on the number line. But what if we thought about it the other way around? What if we thought about it as 1/2 of the way to 3/4? So we could divide the space between 0 and 1 into fourths. So let's do that. So that is 1/4, 2/4, 3/4. So this right over here is the number 3/4. And we want to go half of the way to 3/4. Well, what is half of the way to 3/4? Well, we split this section into 2 equal sections. So we could split right over there. And we want to go exactly one of those sections. 1/2 of 3/4 gets us, once again, right over here to this point-- 3/8. So either way you imagine it, whether you're essentially taking 3/4 of 1/2, or saying I'm going to go 3/4 of the way to 1/2, or you say I'm going to go 1/2 of the way to 3/4, either way, hopefully it now makes conceptual sense. You can visualize it, and it makes numeric sense that this is going to be equal to 3/8. This is amazing, Wow. I really don't know what to say, except that... I totally deserve this. Thank you. Alright. There you have it. Can you believe I won? I actually won! I know. And with absolutely no help whatsoever. It's like a miracle. This may be the happiest day of my life. Hey, you know what. I should go Tweat all my followers. No, no, no. Wood called. He wants us to meet him outside. Oh, Reggie. I can't. There is a photographer here from A Bears Life Magazine. He want's to shoot me right now. They want to make me next months cover model. Okay Nelson, your pagent reign is not the priority here. Okay, if we are talking about priorities. Then why are you sitting here and not keeping an eye on Ramone? I am keeping an eye on Ramone. I've been keeping an eye on Ramone all night. He's right over there. Oh my God, he's not there! What the hell are you doing back here and not covering the front door? I um..oh I had to take a leak. So I was using the private restroom. There's a big line out front and I'm a little pee shy. How can you be shy about anything? You use to flash your balls for a living. I had a special clause in my contract. No water sport. So, we good Boss? Why the hell do you have the combination to my safe written on the palm of your hand?! Combination? I don't know what you are talking about. I mean. This is uh... This is uh... clearly... Oh, this is my Mom's birthday. And I wrote it on here so that I would remember to send her a card. Oh, really. Your Mom's birthday? 12 - 18 - 82? That's her birthday. That would make your Mom about 30 years old. She had me very young You're at least 40. How could your mother be 10 years younger than you? I don't know. I always hated math. Nobody tries to steel from me. You're fired! I want you out of here! Go check the safe and make sure nothing is missing. Go follow that guy. I don't trust him. And see what he's up to and report back. This is explosive stuff. Ramone is running some sort of money skimming operation. So he can screw investors out of profits. If J-Cub was doing accounting work like Cyril said. He could have stumbled across the cooked books and threatened to blow the operation wide open. Ya, but Ramone wasn't at our party. So he couldn't have been the one who put the poison in the martini. He could have hired someone. Someone in desperate need of cash. Someone who would have had a reason to be at our party. Someone, oh I don't know, like the bartender?! Okay,you know what, Reggie? Don't even go there! Todd had nothing to do with this. And you know what, If you keep doing this our friendship's over!! Okay, fine. Fine. So, what do we do now? We got to go to the cops and show them this new evidence. Maybe they can put some sort of pressure on Ramone to confess to killing J-Cub. Detective Chad winters. I'll do it. I'll call him. Why you? Oh, come on you guys. He was totally coming on to me when he was at our house questioning us. It was so obvious. Not to me. Me neither. I thought he was coming on to me. He was. He was practically drooling over Wood. Of course he was. He was using Wood to get to me. He just didn't want to appear overly aggressive. What?! Look, I'm going home. I'm depressed. I can't believe I lost a job before I even finished my first shift. Well, I'm going inside because... I'm Mr. Bear Chest 2012. I have huge responsibility to attend to inside. Okay, go, go. I will call Detective Winters if I can get a signal. Detective Winters please. Tell him it's opportunity calling. Reason #9. Welcome to Israel's right to the land: Twelve reasons why Israel has a right to be here. #9: The sin and captivity of Israel did not dissuade God from his promises. Leviticus 26:44, Jeremiah 16:25, and Amos 9:15 form a picture, along with many other scriptures about even though we have been in sin and even though we have been drawn away into captivity in our own sin, and by bondage oppressed by other nations, God never forgets his promises. Aren't you glad that He's a covenant-keeping God, because if He doesn't keep His promise to Israel, who's to say He's not going to keep his promise to you, to the Church, to the believing community. So, if you want to learn more about Israel's right to the land, come and see me. Join us at levitt.com So in, in this processor we're going to have basically three pipelines here, a long multiply pipeline, a memory pipe that say takes two cycles, and then a short ALU pipe here on the top. We have a scoreboard like we had before. And this is going to track where, where data is available in the pipe. Where data is available in the pipe and architectural register file is surfing at the end. So this was roughly similar to the in order issue, in order right back, in order commit processor, but there are some interesting things here. If you compare this picture here to this picture here, we just dropped all these pipeline stages. So that's pretty cool. We don't have to bypass out of there anymore. We can just sort of shove the date in the architectural register file. And if we preserve read after write, write after write, and write after read dependencies things, things should be okay. Let's see if we can actually do that. So let's first take a look at the scoreboard for this in order issue, in order in order fetch, in order issue, out of order, execute, and right back, and out of order commit processor. So the, the scoreboard looks very similar to the in order, in order, in order, in order machine. And we can use it to track structural hazard on the right back port. And this is really important. If you try to have, let's say a multiply, and then an add after it, it's possible that the multiply and add under pipe lining might have to go use the right back port at the same time. So, you got structural hazard. And we're going to show a pipeline diagram of that happening in the, in the next slide. We still don't, don't actually need to have a more complex scoreboard. So briefly, someone asked in last lecture, in the scoreboard, do we need to track which functional unit each value is going down the pipe. We still need to do that for this relatively simple pipe, because for a write after write dependence, we are basically just going to stall. If you want to break that requirement, then you need to start tracking more complex things in the score board, and you may even want to have some thing like register name, which we'll talk about in the next class. That's going to allow you to basically break a write after write dependence dynamically in the processor. So an important point here because these pipe stages are different lengths now. In our scoreboard, we had different places where the bits, where the, where the entries in the scoreboard could be. But now if we go to execute an instruction, which is long, we are going to put it in one of sort of like the first entry in the scoreboard is going to march down every cycle as tracking the information that goes down the pipe. But if we are trying to let's say execute a add instruction, it doesn't actually have to wait four cycles to get into the architecture register file so we can actually insert here a one and then it just marks it down the balance of the pipe for a particular location. And this is what I was saying that because we are not going to allow write after writes hazards on a particular register, you're never going to have a case where there's basically multiple inversely ordered bits in this table. If you had that, you would actually have a more advanced scoreboard, and I'll show a picture of that a little later in today's lecture. Okay so let's, let's go through an examples of how to use the scoreboard and how to walk through a in order issue in order fetching issue, out of order execute and write back an out of order commit processor. So, here is the same code sequence we had in the previous example case. So we're going to be using this throughout all of class. Let's, let's take a look at this and sort of see how this pipeline diagram happens and notice a few things. First let's take a look at some read after write hazards, and what the pipeline has to do. Mul R5, R1, R4. This reads R1. Wire one is created by this multiply in instruction zero. So it actually has to wait to get the bypass here from. Instruction two is going to have to wait to get this value. So you can see here it's basically just stalled. And what's happening here is your in-order issue, you can't go try to issue subsequent instructions under that. Later in today's class we're going to be talking about pipelines, which actually have out-of-order issue such that while this is waiting around you can think about trying to go and issue the next instruction that's not dependant on that previous instruction. And by doing that we get more performance cause we can basically be re-ordering instructions and trying to use our functionally as use our ALUs as much as possible. But for right now, we have a bypass coming out of Y3 here out of this multiply down into the register file access stage of that next multiply. So that's sort of one thing that's going on. Let's take a look at another read after write dependence here. So, another read after write dependence is actually register eleven, gets written here and read down there. Well, what are we doing special for this? So, instead of marches on the pipe, the right happens here. Let's see where the read for this instruction, instruction four tries to happens. Well, the read tries to happen there. Well, at that point, the data's actually in the architectural register file. We don't have to worry about any funny, funny bypassing or anything like that. And you can sort of work through the rest of the, the, the, the things going on here. But there's a few other things I wanted to point out in this picture. First, because you have different pipe links, you can actually see that, let's say, this add here is running the architectural register file, before a previous instruction writes the register file in program order. And this has some, some consequences, some large consequences when you're starting to think about if, let's say, this instruction here, the multiply that preceded the add took some sort of fault or took some sort of exception. Because now, you basically change the architecture register file before anyone, before that other instruction has finished and other instruction didn't actually finish. So what does, what does that mean? Whoa. One other thing I wanted to point out in this picture, which is a really interesting case is right here. So this add instruction here is dependent on R12. R12 gets created here. And basically at the end of the stage is ready to bypass. So if we look down we'll say, well, this instruction here we don't even try to read from the bypass until here, so that value is ready. But for some weird reason this instruction stalls. Can anyone see what's going on with that instruction? All of its inputs are ready. It's ready to go. It's a party to go to, but there's a issue. Okay. So that, that is what's happening here, is that if you were to remove this I stall stage here, this would get pulled forward, and now you'd have this writing and that writing at the same time. So they should have a structural hazard on the right port of the register file there. So you have to, to, to, to stall. Okay, so let's, let's take a look at how that shows up in the reorder excuse me, how it happens that show's up in the scoreboard. So when we go to sort of look at this so what's, what's we have here is we have cycles. There's eighteen cycles across the top. Or actually, there's nineteen cycles across the top. The first one's zero, but I don't draw that. If we look at, let's say, this cycle here, instruction one which this add is in the I stage. So it's in the issue stage of the pipe. So it's looking for it's operands basically. And what's going happen is this add needs to check to make sure that it's not going to conflict on the right port of the previous MUL. In this case it doesn't actually happen. But when this instruction moves here, so this is what I was saying is that it doesn't actually put 1s in the four locations, instead it marches down. Instead its going to, start here at the before two cycles to go before it writes to the register file, because the pipe is shorter. So it has to check this location, and says, well, for my register that I'm trying to write, is anything else currently scheduled to write that location in two cycles And our scoreboard can answer that question. If there was a one in this box, yes. We would know that there was a MUL or some other instruction that had long leniency that you would get conflicts. So in this instruction we're to move here. This one would also, clocks every cycle, and moves down our scoreboard. It's going to conflict at that point, and we're going to know we're going to have a write hazard on the register file. So we can sort of, we can sort of see those things happening in our scoreboard. And then we, we could also use our scoreboard to actually detect that real case, this case here, this last instruction, this last add, we're going to see that show up over here. So let's, let's try and find that. Okay, so, we have instruction six. It wants to basically move forward in the pipe, but it checks this location here and says, okay. Or, or in this cycle, here, Instruction six basically should be the issue stage, and doesn't move out of issue stage. It's, it's sitting in the issue stage. It looks, in this location, which is basically two, two cycles till the end of the pipe, and sees that there's a one there. The, the box is trying to indicate that. So it looks there, and says, oh, there's a one there. That means I can't issue the stage and I need to stall, and we get the stall showing up. These other boxes, are here to donate the here to represent the other adds that are happening in the other MULs and things so we actually check with these other locations, actually this is just the other one add, these are, we are going to check for this add here, this add here, this add checks here and sees a conflict and has to check again the next cycle that's why there's four little boxes vertically on that, on that chart. Other things, that this is a different representation here. You can see R1 is being written and has a long lines in the pipe. This other register has a shorter or other register has a shorter life in this time, because in a, in our scoreboard, because it's an add instruction. Okay. So, do we have any questions about that before we move on to a more complex pipe? So this is assuming a fixed latency for every instruction, that is correct. Or at least per pipe or function unit in the pipe. You can definitely have function units which have variable leniency. So an example of that is, well there's sort of two good examples of that. One is something like a divider unit. Sometimes people build divider units, so that you keep dividing until you're done. And it's sort of a way to shorten the length of a divide. So that sometimes has a variable length. Another good example of this is something like a load, that misses in your cache. An out of order processor, and you have to wait for the load to come back. Good ways to handle that actually in a scoreboard. Sometimes scoreboards will just have an extra sort of special bit on the side for each destination register which says, this register's just out to lunch, you know, I, it's in some long variable length pipeline, I don't know what's happening on it. Don't try to bypass it, don't try to do anything special with it. And just wait for it to come back and that bit clears. So processors I built for these variable length instructions we'll typically just have an extra bit. For maybe the different functional units, maybe the divider, and one for the load miss case, or something like that, such that, you know, if that exceptional case happens, or if the load misses, or if the you go ahead and take a divide, which has a variable length, cuz divide can take anywhere from, like, two cycles up to, like, twenty cycles in some pipelines. And in every, everything in the middle. You'll just mark a bit saying, this register's not ready, in the scoreboard. And then, if someone tries to go read that register, it just knows to stall. So it's a slower performance sort of way to deal with that but that's a, that's a, that's a tough, tough case to handle. A scoreboard can help there and it's a sort of extra information in the scoreboard. Okay so like I said we have this out of order commit processor. It's doing out of order write back and it's doing out of order commit. Oh. Well, out of order write back maybe okay we maintain our write after right dependency so we're not actually going to end up with inflex state in the architecture register file because of that but something bad can happen is what happens if we go and try to take an exception. So let's say we have our same instruction sequence that we've been looking at up until this point. And here, we're wandering around. We're going down the pipe. And, this instruction here take some sort of fault and its figure it out at the end of the pipe at our commit stage so the multiply goes all the way to down to the end. We end up with I don't know, multiplies don't take a whole lot of great faults but let's say it takes some sort of exception. What, what is, what is going to happen? Well, that instruction is dead, all the other instructions are dead, cuz it took a fault. Unfortunately, we already wrote the register file. Done, done, done, done, done. Yeah. Okay, so now we end up in our trap handler or our exception handler or interrupt handler and all of a sudden register eleven is just wrong, it has the wrong architectural value. So this is one of the reasons why people should try not to build out of order commit. It gets, gets it gets tricky to have out of order commits with precise exceptions. Now there are, there are some ways to do it. So one way is limit the types of instructions. So if you have a in order issue, out of order commit, out of order write back, what you could think about doing is, you know that this doesn't write until this point here. So what if we resolve all of our previous let's say, all of our let's say all of our previous exceptions. If we move our commit point earlier in the processor, we can actually make this work and have precise exceptions. So if our commit point, let's say, is in the either memory one stage, or first stage of the multiplier or something like that, at that point, you know, we haven't written any other state here that's wrong. That write back hasn't happened, so we can still kill everything down. Unfortunately, that means that you can't have an exception happening here, here or anywhere else sort of like, later in your pipe. So that's, that's a problem. So you, you can limit the types of exceptions, push your commit point early, and still have an out of order commit processor with precise exceptions. But that even is tricky. So, so, this is a great question. So why can we not have two commit points? Some processors do have two commit points. And some processors will have a, it's called sliding commit point. So that you try to commit things, sort of, early, and then if something else for certain types of instructions, you can move the commit point later. But typically, you want to have a big point in one place where you say after this point in the pipe all of the state has past this has been committed and those instructions cannot be rolled back and those instructions cannot be undone. But there are examples of things where people will have a sliding commit point. I've actually built a processor which has a moving commit point. But it's, it get tricky, because what it basically means is certain types of instructions cannot execute after certain other types of instructions. Because if they do, these will violate that, that sliding commit point. Like this example here. If, if the fault can be taken here, there's no way to solve this problem. But you could have something, whereas a sliding commit point, where, if you have these, a mall followed by, let's say, an add, you can actually sort of slide the commit point out. So there are processor ideas that you can try to have a sliding commit point. But otherwise you have to, you have to check, that gets quite a bit complicated. But I don't want to really get into that, today. Let's, let's leave that for sort of advanced topics discussion. But in, in, what we're going talk about in this class, we're going say we want to have one commit point. We want it to stay one place in the pipe. Is the canonical location that pass that point all the data that is inflight is, has executed and is committed and we need to know sort of one location for that. oh there are pretty honorable people , you'd better believe it ah hello to you and welcome to our few minutes of 'Why We Pray' I hope that you are not hungry at the moment because today we have with us, a well know chef well at least in Huan Ding Japan anyway Good morning Chewy Ching ah so Mondongosan, but very good day velly happy to be here very invited . Happy is Chewy Ching to know Mondongosan. ah yes good. It's a pleasure to have you here with us Chewy you are an excellent chef and a man of prayer aren't you? of course Mondongo. I know how cook. and play to God too. I know Berdinand Sparksan Father of Mondongosan oh yes Chewy, my dad is a client of yours he always goes to your restaurant well, tell us your story Yes Mondongosan, this is good story God help Chewy Ching in restaurant business He help when Chewy pray but help in way that chewy did not think Huh, God is like that Chewy he does not think like we think. I think that He is much more intelligent than us well at least..I hardly know how to count properly anyhow, continue. ah good. There was time when Chewy Ching not have good business clients not want more rice too much rice. Chewy desperate did not know what to do restaurant just about close oh no how bad. What if every Colombian stopped eating rice? ah well, actually it might not be a bad idea well, continue Chewy Yes Mondongosan.very Chewy desparate so he had idea, why not talk with God? when we have a difficulty it is a good idea to first talk to God sometimes He will give you a solution or at least He can help you to get through this difficult time with peace and so , you talked with God? yes Mondongosan, and so what happened to your rice? Rice, no problem. after praying Chewy met a foreigner. Respectable sir was from Italy he look for pasta but can't find anywhere Chewy offer to cook pasta and respectable sir very appreciate oh very good and that had something to do with your prayer, right? Sure. God give Chewy an idea why not change menu? Chewy change restaurant Now Chewy is only restaurant combination Japanese Italian in all Juan Ding Make a lot of money. Ah , so that's why my dad, Berdinand Spark eats in your restaurant when he is in Juan Ding. ooh , he does not like rice yes Mondongosan. Mr Sparksan very good client very respectable. Well, Chewy it is very good to know God gave you this idea why don't we pray so that God would give creative ideas to those who are looking for similar solutions Honorable Lord of Universe, i give thanks for permitting me to be in Mondongosans program I ask you give ideas to those who don't have any in business and jobs and studies in your name, Jesus, amen Very good Chewy Ching thanks very much. It is certain that God hears our prayersand can talk to us and he can inspire us with new ideas Thanks very much for being with us today Chewy well, that is all for today if you want to tell us a fantastic story of how you prayed to God, write to us at mioraciones@yahoo.com this was 'Why We Pray' God bless you Hey Chewy, daddy said that one of these days he might take me to your restaurant it's in Huan Ding right? Yes, Yes of course. Its quite far , far away no, but daddy can take me in the teletransport capsule, remember Ah yes , of couse I remember, yes your dad is very funny when he comes through door Why , why? It will be cool to visit your restaurant If you're at all like me, this is what you do with the sunny summer weekends in San Francisco: you build experimental kite-powered hydrofoils capable of more than 30 knots. And you realize that there is incredible power in the wind, and it can do amazing things. And one day, a vessel not unlike this will probably break the world speed record. But kites aren't just toys like this. Kites: I'm going to give you a brief history, and tell you about the magnificent future of every child's favorite plaything. So, kites are more than a thousand years old, and the Chinese used them for military applications, and even for lifting men. So they knew at that stage they could carry large weights. I'm not sure why there is a hole in this particular man. (Laughter) In 1827, a fellow called George Pocock actually pioneered the use of kites for towing buggies in races against horse carriages across the English countryside. Then of course, at the dawn of aviation, all of the great inventors of the time -- like Hargreaves, like Langley, even Alexander Graham Bell, inventor of the telephone, who was flying this kite -- were doing so in the pursuit of aviation. Then these two fellows came along, and they were flying kites to develop the control systems that would ultimately enable powered human flight. So this is of course Orville and Wilbur Wright, and the Wright Flyer. And their experiments with kites led to this momentous occasion, where we powered up and took off for the first-ever 12-second human flight. And that was fantastic for the future of commercial aviation. But unfortunately, it relegated kites once again to be considered children's toys. That was until the 1970s, where we had the last energy crisis. And a fabulous man called Miles Loyd who lives on the outskirts of San Francisco, wrote this seminal paper that was completely ignored in the Journal of Energy about how to use basically an airplane on a piece of string to generate enormous amounts of electricity. The real key observation he made is that a free-flying wing can sweep through more sky and generate more power in a unit of time than a fixed-wing turbine. So turbines grew. And they can now span up to three hundred feet at the hub height, but they can't really go a lot higher, and more height is where the more wind is, and more power -- as much as twice as much. So cut to now. We still have an energy crisis, and now we have a climate crisis as well. You know, so humans generate about 12 trillion watts, or 12 terawatts, from fossil fuels. And Al Gore has spoken to why we need to hit one of these targets, and in reality what that means is in the next 30 to 40 years, we have to make 10 trillion watts or more of new clean energy somehow. Wind is the second-largest renewable resource after solar: 3600 terawatts, more than enough to supply humanity 200 times over. The majority of it is in the higher altitudes, above 300 feet, where we don't have a technology as yet to get there. So this is the dawn of the new age of kites. This is our test site on Maui, flying across the sky. I'm now going to show you the first autonomous generation of power by every child's favorite plaything. As you can tell, you need to be a robot to fly this thing for thousands of hours. It makes you a little nauseous. And here we're actually generating about 10 kilowatts -- so, enough to power probably five United States households -- with a kite not much larger than this piano. And the real significant thing here is we're developing the control systems, as did the Wright brothers, that would enable sustained, long-duration flight. And it doesn't hurt to do it in a location like this either. So this is the equivalent for a kite flier of peeing in the snow -- that's tracing your name in the sky. And this is where we're actually going. So we're beyond the 12-second steps. And we're working towards megawatt-scale machines that fly at 2000 feet and generate tons of clean electricity. So you ask, how big are those machines? Well, this paper plane would be maybe a -- oop! That would be enough to power your cell phone. Your Cessna would be 230 killowatts. If you'd loan me your Gulfstream, I'll rip its wings off and generate you a megawatt. If you give me a 747, I'll make six megawatts, which is more than the largest wind turbines today. And the Spruce Goose would be a 15-megawatt wing. So that is audacious, you say. I agree. But audacious is what has happened many times before in history. This is a refrigerator factory, churning out airplanes for World War Il. Prior to World War Il, they were making 1000 planes a year. By 1945, they were making 100,000. With this factory and 100,000 planes a year, we could make all of America's electricity in about 10 years. So really this is a story about the audacious plans of young people with these dreams. There are many of us. I am lucky enough to work with 30 of them. And I think we need to support all of the dreams of the kids out there doing these crazy things. Thank you. (Applause) Mitosis begins as the long threads of DNA in the nucleus start to coil. Having already replicated, these threads emerged as the double strands we know as chromosomes. Meanwhile, protein fibers grow from the migrating centrioles forming a latticework of spindles. For reasons scientists don't fully understand, the nuclear membrane suddenly disintegrates. With amazing accuracy, a spindle from each centriole attaches itself to each of the chromosomes. Assisted by the protein fibers, the chromosomes move center stage. In a microscopic tug-of-war the spindles pull each chromatid toward opposite poles. Other spindles push against each other in a ratcheting action that stretches the cell. The chromosomes then unwind and the nuclear membranes reform. With mitosis complete the nuclei and cytoplasm separate, creating two new cells in this ongoing cycle that sustains all life. It's the second one--minus the partial derivative of pressure with respect to x. If you look closely into what we've got here, (p₁ - p₂) / Δx-- if this was (p₂ - p₁) / Δx, we would get the derivative, but it's the negative of it. Now, these three equations we came up with are great and all, but Grant is a visual person. And frankly, so am I. So, we can help Grant make a decision about which of these three brands of cleaning solution would be best to go with, let's make some xy tables. I've given you values of x already, for each of the tables. And I'd just like you to fill in the corresponding values of y, according to the equation above each table. Total Transformation Talk How do you explain the soul? We are talking about soul... God, Dar Mahatma, Aratma... The soul is unexplainable. As soon as you talk about the soul, it can be a lie. Because you can not capture the soul through the words... through the phrases or through the sound... Maybe God is like sound, unless someone realizes it. Before that they can not say, they know God. The word God is just another word. Like 'cow', like 'star', like 'moon' If you say Moon, it doesn't mean that you know the Moon. If you say God, it doesn't mean you know God. It is just a word. And you can not capture soul or God through the words. Because first of all, soul is not visible. Neither God is visible. Yes, soul is close to us. Even closer then God! Because at least soul is living in the body. And our body is alive. And when our body is alive, so we can say that it is soul. Because we have sensations, we have feelings, we have emotions, we fell pain, we fell happiness... There is something through the body. And the body is alive. When body is alive, we fell all these things. So soul is unexplainable. Whatever you feel, even you feel love... You can not realy explain what you fell inside. You may try to put in your own words, but it doesn't capture the whole concept. That's why these things, soul or God can be realised. They can not be seen. Because they are not visible. They can not be experienced also. They only can be realised. One prince came to Buddha and he asked this question, 'What is soul to you?' And Buddha told him, 'How long you are asking this question?' He said, 'Almost 30 years... I have been inquiring about this.' 'Are you saticfied with the answer?' He said, 'No. That is why I am here.' 'That, I can not answer. because it will be one more answer. It will be added to the thousands of your answers. But I can give you one technic. You can ask me this question after a year.' He asked, 'After a year? That is it. One condition?' 'Yes' ... And he lived with Buddha, he became a monk. When he was accepting this condition, one of the near monk of Buddha was sitting close to Buddha, and came near this prince, and he told him, he suggested him actually, that, 'You can ask now. Otherwise you never will ask this question. This man, whom we call Buddha is very deceptive. He deceives every one! I came here one year ago. I couldn't ask that question anymore. You want to ask it? Ask now.' But because he accepted the condition, he didn't ask... And after one year, Buddha reminded that, 'Who is that prince? He needed to ask a question.' But the same prince was searching too, that same prince was shearching too: 'Who is that prince? Who is that prince?' Because after remaining in total silence for one year, his question fully, fully gone. And when question is gone, you can not even speak! He can not even recognise himself. So what happened: He was searching, 'Who is that prince?' Buddha reminded him, 'You are that prince!' 'I am that prince?.. But I don't have any question. Yes.... I use to have thousands of question, but I am in total silence for one year. So all my questions are gone.' That is soul! Soul can be realized in total silence. Or whatever I have said before, earlier. Soul can be realized in total aliveness. When a person feel live. When a person total, total alive, like with the nature. Or with the person, or with the opposite sex. When you feel some kind of love, some kind of aliveness. That is, it means, you are very close to the soul. That is what you need to know. Don't get trapped by the people who try to explain the soul. They are deceiving you. They can not explain the soul. There is no such a way you can explain the God, or explain the soul. It is same thing. So there are many many deceptive people, or deceptive masters in this world. So don't get trapped into their definition, or into their silent even. Unless you realize yourself, in your own total silence. Or in your own total aliveness. That is the way you can reach to total aliveness or total bliss, or total ecstasy, through your own silence. So be silent, you might be connected with your own being... Don't try to connect with other things. Try to connect with your own being. And when you are connected with your own being, it means you are with yourself. Try to live with your own being, with your own self. And that is soul. You might have realized it. I can not say it sure yet that is soul. Because it can not be proofed. Neither scientifically nor psychologically... But I can give you little devices. These are devices. These are little technics. You can go deep into your being and you are already very close to your soul. Soul is shapeless. It is not even that light you are familiar with. But there is no other word in the language, so that's why we use the word 'Soul is like a light.' Yes, soul is like that light which sees or knows itself and knows others. That kind of light! There is no such a light in this universe which knows itself or knows others. This light... even the light from the sun, light from the moon, it reflects other only. But it doesn't know itself. Try to seek that light. And that light is always with you... Since since many centuries. But you are not familiar with it. Hopefully, you will, you will be connected with your own being, which you are seeking crazily since centuries. And you don't know that it is always with you. It was with you, it is with you, it will be with you. Just try to seek it, search it, into your own being. Filmed and edited by Tammy Herbster. For more information visit: Hi guys, it's Marian here. This little video is just kind of a basic tutorial on HootSuite and kind of a more specific way on how I use it. There are a number of things that you can do to - like, really organize how you use Twitter. And probably for the first year that I was using it, I I just used Twitter.com. I wasn't using HootSuite at all and I switched over a couple of months ago. And, it's just like I completely changed the way I tweet. So, I highly, highly recommend using HootSuite. I like it over TweetDeck, which a lot of people use. First of all, because Tweetdeck doesn't have these really awesome tabs, which I'll explain in a minute. And you have to download it to your desktop and I don't like downloading things to my computer if I don't have to. So, we're using HootSuite and it's web based. Just HootSuite.com. You can see up here in Google browser. So, basically I just want to teach you kind of... First of all, you should be on HootSuite, because Twitter.com is really limited. So, the thing that I use HootSuite for the most is, for scheduling Tweets. So, as most of you know, I'm based in New Zealand now, which is an 18 hour time difference from New York. Where I was originally and where most of my followers are, meaning that If I tweet first thing in the morning New Zealand time it's actually late afternoon in the States, making it really, really difficult. So, two things; First of all, if you don't want to spend all day everyday on Twitter, scheduling Tweets is the best way to go. It's really, really great to have get your tweets out of the ways. You can stop stressing about it, it makes Social media take just short time less time but it should really has to take. But also, it's really great for when you're out, it's great for time differences, it's great for million different reasons. So, to compose a tweet, just go to here where it said COMPOSE MESSAGE So, "I am filming a video." So, I have this tweet and I could send it now, but as you can see it is 6PM here, meaning that it is 12AM in the States. So, I don't really want to send a tweet at 12AM US time, because no one is really gonna see it. So, to send a tweet I would hit SEND NOW but if I wanna schedule it, I just click this little button, this is SCHEDULE MESSAGE And, so let's say, I want this to go out Wednesday morning at 10:30AM. Just hit OKAY and SCHEDULE. So, you'll see I have my, my kind of home screen organized into my Home Feed, my Mentions, my Feeds, so my Sent Tweets and Pending Tweets. So if I just hit Refresh here, this Pending - this Tweet will show up, then will go out 10:30AM US time. However, for tweet like this, "I'm filming a video" probably not the best thing to schedule because it's no longer happening as you do it. But, you can pick and choose what you schedule. I do spend time on Twitter during the day. Actually, sending out tweets and actually having conversations with people, which is really important. But for the purposes of this video, let's talk about scheduling about more specific things. So, Im just going to delete this, you can edit it, you can make it so that it send you an e-mail when it gets sent out or you can delete, just delete it this way. Delete! Okay, easy peasy! So, that's kind of a main thing that I use HootSuite for scheduling tweets. I also use it because it makes really really easy for me to see everything on my main screen. So, you can make this kind of main - your main dashboard have whatever kind of columns that you want. This is my Home Feed, this is everyone that I'm following shows up here. And then, these are my Mentions. So, I can see both my Home Feed, my Mentions all in the same place. Pending Tweets, I always like to see in front of me just in case I may have said something twice, in case I want to double check with timeline sending something, with million reasons to have in front of you; but this is just the way I like to organize it. Now, the other way - basically - let me back track two things. First one, the way I use Twitter in general is, I'm making effort to every morning, my morning - your (guys) afternoon. So, every morning I try to go - I go through my Home Feed and just see if anyone saying anything interesting that I might want to respond to. And I do this for two reasons; first, because it's always good to be talking to new people. Secondly, because you don't wanna just want be depending on the reasons you're using Twitter. You don't wanna just be tweeting by your own stuff, you don't wanna be constantly soft emotional, you don't wanna always be retweeting. It's always good to actually have conversations with people. And I've had conversations about kindles and web designs. And I've had like an hour long conversation with someone about her dogs. So, it's really really good to get to know people this way. So, I just go through my Home Feed just right here and just see if there's anyone that I can respond to. So here, erannorton,erannorton, he says, "going to bed early tonight so I can finally get back to yoga early morning. relief!" Okay, so this is the perfect tweet I can respond to. Let's say I'm in to Yoga, all I do is I just hit REPLY here and say, What kind of Yoga do you do? Something like that, it doesn't really matter. And I go through any tweets that would worth a response. Well, a lot stuff like, you know, I can read this post and retweet it but it can also make to really start a conversation about. Same with this one, you know, this is Kat talking to Booksquare, it's not really a conversation I can start. So, pick and choose a kind of stuff that you want to respond to, but do make an effort to go through your Home Feed and you can schedule it so it comes out later, you can send it immediately. But, the great thing about HootSuite is it's all a kind of shows up and you can see when you send it, you will immediately see a pop-up here. If you schedule it, you immediately see it in Pending Tweets. So very basic, again in terms of the essentials if you wanna reply someone, you can reply. If you wanna retweet, you hit retweet. If you wanna send a direct message, you just send a direct message. If you want to see someone's profile, you just click on their username come on...the web s - the speed of the Internet in New Zealand is moderately slow, so you have to excuse this part of the video. But, basically I just click their username and everything pops up. It's just ah... you can, it's basically a little more advance in Twitter.com. You've got their bio and you've got to click on tabs to see everything else. So Timeline, many times someone's mention this person, it's really really great. So, this is the great way to see people's profiles. If you wanna see this specific tweet like on Twitter.com, so let's say, you wanna link to a tweet or favor a tweet, you just click on the Time here and this will take you to Twitter.com, to the specific tweet which I really really love about HootSuite. Because, it just doesn't just stick you on HootSuite. So, hi Jenny! We're using yours as the example today. And the final thing I wanna show you about HootSuite, I don't wanna make this video too long, but I do wanna show you how I have it organized. So, if we just check out my profile, I think I'm following like a thousand yeah, I'm following almost 1500 people; which is a lot of people to follow-up with! It's very hard to kind of keep tracking everyone. So, I have people organized in a bunch of different ways. So, the main tab that I use is my BLOG tab and the reason for this is, because I organized people in their relation to me. So, all the people who are regularly coming into my Blog, I've listed them as Blog comments. Anyone who signed up for my program, the Pajama job hunt, they're all listed. Anyone who signed up for my twitter strategy, they're all listed. So, basically anyone that used - not that used, anyone that made an effort to reach out to me, or to buy one of my services or any thing like that, I make sure that I'm keeping track of them. This is really a good way to really encourage more relationships, these people that have made an effort to talk to you, you need to make an effort to talk to them back. So, I've made all these people on lists, and if you don't understand Twitter list, just Google Twitter list and it'll explain it to you. Basically, these are how everyone's organized. If I wanna add a new list, I just hit ADD STREAM, and so you can do Feeds, you can do your Home Feed, Mentions, all these kinds of stuff I have on the main page. I can do a search, so if I want to search for my name, type in my name. I can do keywords, anyone that mentions Social Media, I can put any keyword and Lists. So, this is what I use and here and all the lists that I've created. I can just take one of these lists and create a stream and now it will pop up right here in this tab. So, this is the tab that I look at the most because it is more related to me. But, I also like to keep track - keep tabs on other people. So, anyone in Publishing I'm following a ton of Authors and I just keep track of them, so they're all listed. And Ron Hogan had made some really amazing lists for Authors. So, he's got Ya-authors, Memoirs, Romance, Crime Film, Thrillers, Science Fiction and Fantasies. So, there's a lot of stuff on here. So, if you're in Publishing, I highly recommend following Ron's lists, they are really amazing. So, we have publishing and if you're an artist, you can make a ton of list for artists. If you're a photographer, you can do lots of lists for photographers. No matter what industry you're in, you can make lists specifically for that industry and just keep tabs on them in a really easy and kind of eye-appealing kind of way. And then, other thing that I'm involved in, so Stratejoy, a website that I write for. I make sure that, anyone that mentions Stratejoy pops up on this column. And all the people who are in Season 3, which is the Season that I mean, they're all pop-up here. Careers, friends and people I know in real life, I make sure that they're listed. I actually, don't have ton of people on this list, people who were my friends before I got on Twitter. But, it is a good way to just keep tabs on people. So, if you wanna have a business done on Twitter, go for it. But, if you wanna just talk to your friends and the people that you hangout with on Saturday night, you can use it there. And finally, CHATS. So, this is a column or a tab that I really, I'm constantly editing. So, if I'm participating in a chat, what I do is I create a list of Mentions, so I can follow anyone that talking to me. And then, I create a Search term for the Chat name; again if you don't know what a Twitter Chat is, just search on my Blog that talk about it, you can search on Google. But, I search for the name, so I can just constantly be kept up to date with the Feed of the Chat. and then, here the moderator so I don't list any of the questions, I make sure that the moderator always have the list. So, this is really an amazing way to participate in Twitter Chats, so that you don't miss anything and you're not constantly switching between tabs on Firefox or whatever internet browser you use. Basically, what you wanna do is just constantly be keeping Tabs on people in a way you're not, you know, constantly switching between things. So, this is another really a useful thing about HootSuite, is that you can just - if you're participating in a Chat, you can have everything in front of you. It's really, really brilliant. So, that is how I use HootSuite mainly; for Scheduling, Keeping Tabs on People, really Organizing my Twitter Life. It's been really, really amazing. So, I highly, highly recommend getting on HootSuite. If you do have it and you just haven't been, ah, you haven't been completely up to date with how to use it, you know, just rewatch this video, ask me any questions. You can just shoot me an e-mail and I'll try to answer them like a Mass e-mail to everyone. And, so yeah, I hope you've enjoyed the video and I hope you enjoy the rest of your day. Thank you so much. Bye Guys! Decrease the quotient of twenty four and three by five. How do you write this as a numerical expression? In this lesson you will learn how to translate a verbal description of a calculation by writing it as a numerical expression. Let's review : Every number in an equation has a name. The answer to an addition equation is called the sum. Subtraction answer is the difference. The answer to a multiplication equation is called the product. The answer to a division equation is called the quotient. It's important to be familiar with the meaning of these math vocabulary words because if you have a simple description like twenty four, the quotient of twenty four and eight, you need to know that to write that as a numerical expression you'd have to use the division sign. Two less than five. How do we write that as a numerical expression? First let's think about what two less than five means. David has five dollars. Andy has two dollars less than David. We can cross out those two dollars that Andy doesn't have and we have three dollars left. So, we can take two less than five and write it as five, our original five dollars, minus two. Two less than five can be written as five minus two. Divide the sum of eight and four in half. Sometimes it's very helpful to sketch a little picture that will help you understand really what the description means. We can draw eight hearts, and then we can draw four more hearts to represent eight plus four. Now we want to divide that in half. Dividing something in half is the same thing as breaking it into two equal size groups. So, we can put eight plus four in parentheses to show that that's the size of our group, twelve hearts, and divide that by two. Let's evaluate that to see if it matches our picture. Eight plus four is twelve and when you divide that by two you get six, and that's exactly what our picture shows. Sometimes there's more than one way to write a numerical expression for the same description. For example, we can again add eight and four but this time instead of dividing by two, we're going to multiply by one half. That works because multiplication and division are inverse operations. Let's check it. One half times twelve is twelve halves. You simplify that and you get six. The same value. These are called equivalent expressions. There's another way that you can write one half times eight plus four. You can completely leave the multiplication sign out and put the one half right next to the parentheses. When you have a number right next to the parentheses that means to multiply. That's just a convention of mathematics that makes it a little bit quicker to write an expression. Decrease the quotient of twenty four and three by five. I see some math words in this description. I see quotient and I see decrease. So, I'm going to write the quotient of twenty four and three as twenty four divided by three. Now, think about that word "decrease." What does it mean? Does it mean to add five, subtract five, multiply five, or divide by five? If we want to decrease, we want to make the number smaller. In this case, since we're using whole numbers, if we add five to our quotient it's going to be larger; it's going to increase the size of the number. If we subtract five from the quotient it will make the number smaller, so let's keep that one for now and go back to it. If we multiply the quotient by five, that means adding itself five times like repeated addition. That's going to make the number larger. It's not going to decrease it. If we divide by five we're also going to get a smaller number but that's not going to be five smaller. So, it looks to me like subtraction works here. Twenty four divided by three minus five. We can put parentheses around the division but we don't really have to. So, this is how you write, "Decrease the quotient of twenty four and three by five" with a numerical expression. A common misunderstanding is to not really take the time to understand what the verbal description means. For example : In this one you might see two and write the number two. You might see less and think about subtraction. Then you might see the number five and write down a five. The two minus five means five less than two. Don't make that mistake to write two less than five. It's five minus two. Remember our example with the dollars. Divide the sum of eight and four in half. Sum of eight and four you would add, and then you might see divide so you put a division sign in there, and then you see half so you might write one half. But, eight plus four divided by one half is not the same thing as eight plus four divided in half. What this numerical expression says is the sum of eight and four divided by one half. The correct way to write it would be eight plus four divided by two. Or, one half times eight plus four. In this lesson you have learned how to translate a verbal description of a calculation by writing it as a numerical expression. Here is a quiz that is a little bit more tricky. I'm going to draw data for you like this. I'm going to ask the same question. How many dimensions do we really need? myHealthcare Cost Estimator is a great tool that can help you estimate how different choices affect your out of pocket costs. Allow me to explain. You have the opportunity to take a more active role in your healthcare. myHealthcare Cost Estimator helps you take charge and know more with these three simple steps. Plan, Understand, and Act. This easy to use tool allows you to see estimated costs, and, where available, quality ratings for providers and facilities to help you choose what's best for you and your family. Say you're researching a condition or your doctor recommends a specific treatment or procedure. myHealthcare Cost Estimator allows you to search physicians and facilities that are in your plan's network or in your area. You'll be able to see the estimated costs of a variety of common conditions and procedures. And, where available, view quality ratings for physicians. Helping you plan the care that's right for you. myHealthcare Cost Estimator can also help you know what to expect during your treatment. Including whether multiple appointments or physical therapy will be needed. Once you choose your treatment or procedure, you'll get a quick estimate based on cost averages in your area and your benefits plan. And if you want to really take charge, you can get a more personalized estimate based on your specific preferences. This is where you can really see the variation in estimated cost from one facility to another, which can be significant in some cases. By allowing you to compare different care options, get estimates on out of pocket costs, and track the benefits your plan provides, you'll choose your care with confidence. myHealthcare Cost Estimator can help you take charge and know more by planning and understanding the options you have, so you can feel good about making more informed healthcare decisions. Okay, let's do a walk-through to see how myHealthcare Cost Estimator works. First, search for the treatment or procedure that you're curious about or planning to undergo. As an example, I'll search a procedure: Knee surgery. But you could also type in sore throat, physical therapy, or other common conditions. Once you've entered what you're looking for, you'll be given a list of treatment options. Here you'll see a quick estimate of the costs associated based on local averages. Showing what you could estimate to pay out of pocket based on your benefits and the average duration of treatment and recovery. Good things to know when you're considering treatment. By choosing specific physicians and facilities, you can get a more personalized estimate of costs. Getting a personalized estimate really lets you see how much estimated costs can vary depending on where or from whom you receive care. First, you'll be able to choose how close you want your provider to where you live or work, and if you have any preferences for what type of doctor you see. From there, the tool will return all of the providers or facilities in your network that match what you asked for. Note how the same procedure, knee surgery, is estimated to cost $5,999 at one facility and $3,258 at another facility. A big difference. And you can also see you're not sacrificing quality by looking at the quality ratings here. Two stars mean a United Health Premium designated rating. In addition, the personalized estimate can also show you a more complete breakdown of the steps involved in your treatment path. myHealthcare Cost Estimator provides this estimated cost, and, where available, quality information to put you in control of choosing the care that's best for you. By comparing the quick estimate with your personalized estimate, you can see how much more control you have in choosing your care when you take the extra step. Now you're ready to prepare for your treatment, budget for your estimated costs, and make appointments to take care of your needs. Taking a more active role in your healthcare can seem challenging but it can ultimately be rewarding. myHealthcare Cost Estimator is the tool to help you take charge and know more. Violent rhetoric between North and South Korea is a regular feature of political life on the Korean peninsula. But the latest threat by North Korea to turn parts of the South to ashes has even long-time Korea watchers taken aback. The BBC has more. "...the statement carried by the state news agency gave a detailed information about an attack it said it would soon carry out... it has North Korean soldiers shouting the word "kill" and attacking effigies of the South Korean president." The statement targets South Korean President Lee Myung-Bak and the some members of the media in the South. According to ABC News, the statement said the military attack will use... "..."unprecedented peculiar means and methods["]...[and] all will be reduced to ashes in three to four minutes...[involving] "form of fire"." Analysts in Seoul have mixed reactions towards the threat, but the Voice of America suggests the threat should not be taken lightly, noting the newscaster made the announcement by... "...interrupting regular programming on North Korea's central television station early Monday afternoon, forcefully [reading] an unusual announcement from a unit of the army's supreme command." CNN says the threat could be due to the South Korean military's announcement of a cruise missile capable of striking any site in North Korean territory. The Christian Science Monitor says the threat comes at a time when the U.S. and South Korean forces are concerned about the stability of the North Korean leadership. "One overriding question...is how to assess the role of the country's new leader Kim Jong-un, how much power he really wields over his generals and how he's likely to want to lead North Korea." Analysts tell the New York Times, the North's threat might be recently appointed Premier Kim Jong-Un's attempt to solidify power, including... "...a military provocation as part of its effort to establish Mr. Kim's authority at home and boost his negotiating leverage with the United States..." The threat increases tension between the North and South, but according to Thestar.com, a South Korean Defense Ministry official says no special military movement had been observed in the North. Studio Soyuzmultfilm Moscow H.C. Andersen W I L D S W A N S written by Yevgeny Ryss, Leonid Trauberg poems by Michael Volpin directed by Michael & Vera Tsekhanovsky art directors Nathan Lerner, Max Zherebchevsky artists D. Anpilov, Boris Korneyev music Alexander Varlamov camera Elena Petrova camera assistant S. Kasheyeva sound Boris Filchikov Animators N. Chernova, V.Kotenochkin, B. Butakov, N. Avstryiskaya, T. Pomerantseva, V. Maximovich, Renata Mirenkova, Erast Meladze, Elena Khludova, Tatiana Taranovich, Faina Yepifanova, V. Rogov, Vladimir Zarubin, Ivan Davydov, O. Syssoeva, Ye. Vershinina, V. Kushnerev, L. Rybchevskaya, Konstantin Chikin, Lidia Reztsova, Victor Shevkov, K. Malyshev Ass. Directors: L. Nikitina, E. Turanova cutter V. Turubiner script editor Z. Pavlova voices Elena Ponsova, R. Chumak, S.Martinson, K. Ustugov, Anatoly Shchukin, Askold Bessedin, V. Tumanova, Erast Garin, Victor Serghachev executive producer G. Kruglikov Far away in the land to which the swallows fly when it is winter, dwelt a king. who had eleven sons, and one daughter ... called Eliza! To me, to me, come, come quickly! We change ourselves into animals! Kittens, dogs and horses! I'm a donkey, a donkey. I'm a pig! - I'm a horse! - And I... I'm a Mongrel dog! I'm Fluffy the cat! I'm a real cock! Beard, beak and crest! Woof-woof, oink-oink, Ku-ka-doodle-doo! Yes, to these children life was good! Yet there was only a short time of happiness left to them. From a faraway country, the king brought home a new wife ... The coach rushes at full speed Galloping valleys and hills Towards the winds from the high mountains! - Cold! Cold! Go! The road is calling! Run, my horse, run my rooster. and my cats, Fluffy and Pooh Run full feline spirit! Woof-woof, oink-oink, yoke-ho-ho! Here are my sons! Children! Say hello to your new mom! Welcome Queen! Kids! Repeat after me! Welcome Mama! Welcome Queen! This is my oldest son, Christian. This is Claus These are the twins Hans and Knut. This is Herman. These are the twins Otto and Ferdinand. These are Justin, Johann and August, also twins. This is my youngest, Peter. And here is my daughter, Eliza! She replaced the children their late mother! No need to be upset! Maybe she eventually will love us ... The old castle sleeps in silence. The kids are sleeping peacefully. Hush-a-bye, I will sing you a little song. Fall asleep rascals, In the blue light of the moon. So now bye-bye, I will sing you a little song Do not be upset! Perhaps she eventually will love us ... But the young queen could not fall in love with the children. It was an evil stepmother, and also a witch. You, go sit on the girl's head. Let her become as stupid as you are. And you, sit on the little girl's face. Let her become as ugly as you are And you, my dear... sit on her heart. May it will become as evil as yours! Go sit on her head! Sit on her brow Go sit on her heart! Be cursed! The girl is stronger than me! She's too good for my toads. They have become roses. Well, fine, Let's see then if your own father will recognize you. And if your own brothers will see. Become an ugly, dirty and black! Become ugly, dirty, and black! Become black birds, frightening birds! Become frightening birds! Be damned! They are stronger than me! They've become swans. Get out of here! Get out! Shoo! Shoo! Shoo! Shoo! Shoo! Shoo! Out! Get out of the palace! Good morning, crystal day! Good morning! Good morning, mirror pond! Good morning! Good morning, old friend, faithful watchman! Savage king! Good morning! Good morning! where are the children? Why are they late? That's it, probably, they're just late. Excuse me for being late! Where are my brothers? - Your brothers?!! What kind of brothers? Who let this ugly duckling in? ugly duckling? Dad, I'm your daughter, your Elise! Don't you recognize me, Dad? This ugly duckling dares to call herself Eliza! Chase her out of the yard! Set the dogs loose on her! Set the dogs loose on her! Out-out-out, out of here! What are you doing? It's me, Eliza! Thank you, doggies! Thank you, swallow! You taught me something Farewell doggies! Farewell swallows! Who is that? Is this really me? The whole night Elise dreamed of her brothers. All of them were children again and watched a wonderful picture book, for which it was given half of the kingdom. The pictures in the book were alive! They jump off the pages, but each time the page was turned, the figures jumped back to their place, so as not to cause confusion! Brothers! Where are you? I need to find you, at all costs! Hello, little girl Hello! And what are you doing here? I am lost. Ay-ay-ay! I'm looking for my brothers. - Your brothers? - Yes. Haven't you seen passing by here eleven princes? No, I haven't seen them. But yesterday I saw eleven swans with golden crowns floating down the river. With golden crowns? - Yes, and then they rose up and flew away to the sea. Far, far away. Forever? - That I do not know. Just come into my house, warm and eat with me. And if you like it, you can stay with me. So Eliza stayed to live with the kind granny. As the years passed ... She often and long she sat by the sea, remembering her brothers, and yearning for them ... How much work it takes to make a solid stone, smooth and round! And you, waves, are doing that! Fast, light waves! Thank you for teaching me that! That's our home! Maybe our sister is waiting there for us? Hey, swans! Look, swans! As snow, so white! Kill!Kill them! Kill them! For every swan I'll reward you with a cap full of gold! Do not be afraid, brothers! Look for our sister! Here our sister is not! Look, brothers! Down there on the hill is a girl. Maybe that's our sister? That's probably her! Eliza! No! That is not Eliza! Our sister had blond hair! Our sister had a white face! It's not our sister! She is so ugly! No! It's not our sister! Ye,t maybe this is her? Her smile is just like Eliza's! But no! It's not her! Brothers! Come back! They do not recognize me! They never could know me! I'm not like that Eliza that they remember! A dear. Wounded! Dear, where have you gone? There is an abyss! Magic lake, if you help the animals of the forest, maybe you could help me too? But, maybe you'll destroy me? No, I can't decide. It scares me I'm here! Brothers! Here! Here! Brothers! Finally, we are together! You can't be our sister! Our sister looked different! We do not know you, girl! You are not our sister! So you're not my brother? My brothers would know me. Maybe I should fall from the rocks ... Maybe ... Save her! Sister! This is our sister! Eliza! Our Eliza! Eliza! Who said that this wasn't our sister? Who said it? Who said it? Brothers! How did you all change! How manly you have become! Hello Christian! Hello Claus! O Hans, I hardly recognize you! Herman! Knut! Hello Otto!...Peter! my little Peter! We don't live here, but in a faraway overseas country ... a very beautiful one... There are clouds there, so beautiful that many take them for a wonderland! Only once a year, the longest day we can fly to here. Here is our home! It touches the heart! Here even the bushes and trees, are so dear to us. On the plains, as in the days of our childhood, runaround wild horses. And the fishermen are still singing the same songs, to which we once danced. And here we find you, dear sister! But in the morning we have to say good-bye to you. We'll have to fly back over the sea to the wonderful, but foreign country. Brothers! Take me with you! Dear brothers, do not leave me! No, Eliza! It is impossible. We have neither ship nor boat. Yes, we have neither the ship nor boat. But we can weave a net of willow. Shouldn't we have enough strength to carry our sister over the sea? Ah! Elise awoke! Elise awoke! Good morning, Eliza! Good morning, Eliza! Good morning! Hello Christian! Hello peter! Hello, brothers! Hello Elisa! We fly as wild swans at daytime. When the sun goes down, we turn back into people. In the middle of the sea rises a small cliff out of the water. We spend the night on it. Without it, we would never have been able to visit our dear homeland Change the shift, brothers! Trouble, brothers! The sun is low, but the rock is not yet in sight! Ocean mine! Do not be mad, don't be wild, it's time to sleep! Give me and my brothers a break until morning! Dear Sky, open a window and let us look to the moon! Hello, moon, be a good sister to my brothers and me! My wind, you would be so right to lay down! Another long day of flight together with you, will begin soon enough! Sleep brothers, You are tired! You need to regain strength And I will watch over your sleep, as in the old days when you were children The have arrived! One, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven ...Twelve! Here's a crow riddled! They always arrive eleven, but today for some reason there's one more! That one more would be me! I am the twelfth. A-ah-ah-ah! And who would you be? I am their sister, Eliza. A-ah-ah-ah! I know, I know ... I've heard about you. Your brothers were talking about you. Hehe, that means they have found you? They did, they found me! That's is very good! And what about you, were you turned into a swan just like them? No. I didn't turn into one. And that's good! Very uncomfortable to be at daytime a bird and at nighttime a human! In the end you do not know how to behave! I, for example, am a crow. So I always behave like a crow. Oh, if I could disenchant my brothers! But I don't know how to do it! I do know... But it's so hard, that you couldn't do it, even if you wanted. So I better not tell. I will do everything! No matter how difficult! Yes? Well good. Then I'll tell you. Oh! Today, there's a wet wind. A nightmare! Chilling for my throat Tell me, please tell me! Then listen, Your brothers live in a cave, on the other side of the sea. Near that cave are growing nettles. Only this kind of nettle and another one that is growing in cemeteries, you can use. Remember that! And then with your bare hands, be sure they are bare, you must pluck those nettles. Then you must spin from the fiber strands threads enough to weave eleven hauberks Then throw them over the swans... Where the armor even just slightly touches the feathers The witchcraft will disappear! But remember, the minute you begin your work, and for as long as you haven't finished it... beware not to say the slightest word! Because the first word you'll say will kill your brothers! will you have the courage and perseverance? Remember all this! Is this your country? How beautiful it is! No. This is only a cloud ... Is this your country? No. that's also a cloud ... and that isn't too...it's just some fog. I'm sure, I know now! These are not clouds! This is your country Yes! This is our country! Here you will live. In the afternoon we will fly off to return in the evening and bring you food. Brothers! I'll do anything to save you! You're brave! I wish you good luck! But remember, the main thing is to remain silent! Oh, uncle, look! The king rides far ahead again! It's of no importance, Martha. You are his bride. Soon he will marry you, and you will sit on the throne. He will hunt, and I will rule the country! What a beauty she is! Huh? A rare beauty! She's nothing special! An ordinary dirty girl! Who are you? How did you get here, sweet child? Answer me, do not be afraid! Who are you? She seems to be mute, too! Come with me, my dear girl! I'll dressed you in silk and velvet! Don't pay any attention to her, Your Majesty! Eliza would not she go away from us! She's been kidnapped! We have to find her! Tomorrow, as soon as the sun comes up, we will fly to seek Eliza! A tournament is announced. King will fight for the hand and heart of the dumb beauty... and if he win he will call her his bride. The bride of the king! How shameful! Everyone knows Martha is his fiancée! Here you can remember your home cave. and here are the things you were making Maybe all this will comfort you You're silent, but... I can see that you have a grief that you are suffering from! Know, that I just want your happiness! You, my son, should win and bring shame on him... so that the dumb one will reject the king. For Martha! I'm a descendant of kings formidable but in love just a passionate fool! Command me: go up in flames and I will burn! With all that belongs to a king My country, my land my power, my honor, and all that is, is yours but obediently I'll go, if you say: go away! just my poor heart will break in it's chest! You are silent, my joy, my morning light! in your timid silence I hear the answer! in your silence I hear the answer! You never said no! never said no! You can't say no! No! No! It's not proper for a King... to whisper, as a young man, about love! But I love you! love you! I do!! I'm a descendant of formidable kings But in love just a passionate fool! command me: Go up in flames! and I will burn! The hunters say that this forest girl is beautiful! Don't believe them. She put a spell on them. It's quite possible that she is a witch. Eliza became the bride of the king. But her anxious concern about her brothers did not leave her. Ten hauberks she had weaved. Lacking only one,... Eliza had to go to the cemetery for more nettles. We have to prove that she is a witch. A witch. Everything will be done, your ...your... Eminence. If she is a witch, we will ... We will get her. And if she is not a witch ... If she is not a witch, we still will get her. Got it? Go on then! It is scary to go, but it is necessary! At night! Secretly! Oh, so cold! But I'm not afraid of you! I have something to warm a monk up! And you, what are you trembling? Are you cold too?? Well, then freeze! Oh! The witch! Wake up, Your Eminence! The witch! - The witch! Wake up, Your Majesty! A witch! A witch? Over there, at the grave of the old king, you see? typical witch! I have a lot of them burnt at the stake! I Understand! And I understand too I know everything! Be quiet, do not say a word! I saw you at the cemetery! But... you, you, my bride! The future queen! You ... Why are you silent? Speak! Justify yourself! I will believe you! So ... is it true? When I say nothing? I have to run, to calm him down! I must say that I'm innocent! You came! Will you tell me? She bewitched you! Your bride is a witch! I don't believe it! The horn is blowing for you to go hunting, king! When you come back, we all decide! I don't believe it! I swear she is! Your Majesty's hunting party is waiting! Order of the King! The criminal royal bride is to be thrown into prison! Order of the King! She is to be chained to the wall, to be fed on bread alone, Instead of bedding give her her nettles! Order of the king! tomorrow she is to be burned in the town square! So ordered the king! Well now, shouldn't you say thank you first? Thank you She is here! She's here! She's here! Elisa are you there? Say something please! Well, haven't you found her? - No. -No. - No. We haven't found her. I found her! I have found her! - Where? Where is she kept. We'll save her! Let's go on the way immediately! Open up! Open! Open! Who is knocking? Stop that noise! We need to see the King! Call the King! His Majesty the King left for the hunt! Carr, carr! The king is hunting and Eliza is driven to the stake The sun's up. - My arms tun into wings We lack the time to save Eliza! Carr, carr! The king is hunting and Eliza is driven to the fire! Look at the witch! Just see her mumbling! Probably not from a prayer book in her hands! No! Death to the witch! - Death to the witch! Now I can tell you! I was innocent! I made ​​a vow of silence in order to save my brothers! And now we are all back together! The woe is left behind and before us is awaiting joy, friendship and happiness. Yes! Much has been sad in this tale! But because our heroes were not afraid of anything, bravely fought the evil people, and helped each other, all ended well. And that's how it always will be! I know that much. I have lived longtime in this world but only barely have experienced enough! Transcript by nfdfneq Translated by Eus I'm here to talk about democracy. But the real one. The one that doesn't exist at all. The one that, I think, would get us out of this mess. I am a teacher in Marseilles, and, in 2005, I started to exist. I woke up, politically speaking, thanks to a public debate in France. A referendum about a so-called 'constitution' (NT: a European treaty). While reading it, I became angry, I found it dangerous. I wrote a response of about ten pages, plus notes. Then, I published it on my website. Sent it to my tiny contact list, a message in a bottle. Then, something happened and changed my life. People grabbed onto it, it filled a need. For months, I spent my nights trying to reply to them, particularly to those who didn't like me, trying to prove them wrong. Little by little, newspapers took on the topic, then TV, radio... They visited me at home. The site's visit counter turned like a fan. 40,000 visits per day! 12,000 emails in 2 months. Now I realize that it was the eyes of others that changed me, giving me incredible strength. First, positive eyes expecting something that I couldn't disappoint. Then, those who didn't like me, at all, the suspicious ones who called me an impostor, a bum, illegitimate. I wanted to prove them wrong. All these eyes added to my motivation, giving me considerable energy. It still propels me today. I discovered that this was an old issue. Athenians called it shame. A very interesting and essential concept. For the Athenians, a good citizen was sensitive to the looks of others. It pushed them to virtue. When others were counting on them, rewarding them by their look, it gave them the will to be virtuous. And, when they sensed reproving eyes, it encouraged them to stay on the path of virtue. And indeed, it works! People who have shame, are more virtuous. Conversely, those who don't, are very dangerous. In those days, life was more brutal than now -- well, no need to put them to death, but we could avoid giving responsibilities to the dangerous. Since 2005, I work hard, for... For what? First, I try to understand the cause of social injustice. I try to find out the common cause of all social injustice. Then, I discover, with wonder, the brilliant ideas founding the Athenian democracy. A real democracy. I recover many important words and turn them right side up, They have been turned upside down, for at least 200 years. Finally, I try to imagine this work in progress. I don't have the truth. I'm building and reinforcing an idea. I try to think of institutions, good ones, which would protect us all against the abuse of power. I rely on good institutions to push us to virtue. I don't count on virtuous citizens. We all contain good and bad. But good institutions could lead us to virtue, in the same way as they can pull us away from the general interest and the common good, like today. To do so, I use a great method, recommended by an old doctor: [Hippocrates]. He said: look for the cause of causes. I use this all the time. Why did he say so? For a problem, an illness, don't fight its effects. You won't fix anything. Neither its causes. There are too many factors. It's not that. Among all causes: seek the main cause. At least a decisive one, one that determines the other causes. It's the one we need. The one I look for. So, all the activist friends that I met in politics, with whom I share battles, are endlessly struggling and resisting. I drew a schedule showing the range of topics on which people resist. It looks like a tree. I'm surprised to see all these fighters focusing on very important things, but things that are only consequences. I think no one tries to understand the cause of all of this. I think I found... I could be wrong. I think I found a common cause to all that impotence, and injustice. I try to understand where social injustice starts I think it's the lack of control over political power, that produces the impotence in the people. Social injustices are there because "normal" people, don't have the power to resist. All the people I know, all these activists, spend their entire lives struggling... They don't change anything! How come? Because their political impotence forbids them to take action. Where does this impotence comes from? My analysis is that it's from the constitution, the text that makes elected officials not liable to annulment nor accountable. We can't choose our candidates. There is no referendum based on popular initiative. We can't decide anything on our own initiative. We let the currency being privatized because the constitution doesn't require it to be public. Etc. Not time for a detailed list. But, in the constitution, all our impotences are established. It didn't happen by magic! It's written somewhere. I try to understand the cause of causes. Why do all constitutions, worldwide, program the impotence of the peoples? It isn't a conspiracy, it can't be, not every time, in every country, it's not that. A universal process must have a universal cause. I think that what makes bad constitutions, by prefiguring our powerlessness, instead of our power, not guaranteeing against abuse of power, but programming our impotence, is the fact that those who write constitutions, the authors, have a personal interest in not writing a good constitution, not to mention the people's power. They are judge and defendant, they are professional politicians. This gets closer to the cause of causes. It's not their fault, they aren't crooked. It's us who let them write. To measure the importance of this mistake, let's remember what a constitution stands for. People, us, for about 2500 years, have needed to put representatives above us, in order to produce and apply a written law that protects us from the arbitrary rule of the powerful. So, these people are very useful, of course. They establish the laws that bring peace to society. But they are also very dangerous. If they start to abuse their power, serving the interests of a select few, instead of the common interest, if they abuse power by going mad, since power drives them mad, systematically -- (Laughter) we have known that for 2500 years. Power drives people mad. All powers tend towards abuse. Always -- said Montesquieu. Like laws of physics, implacable. And there is a brilliant idea to protect us from it: the constitution. So, what is it? It's a text, standing above the powers. Not to organize the powers, they don't need us to get organized. Any citizen should know that its purpose is to weaken the powers, to worry the powers, in order to protect us against abuse of power. Wait... (Laughter) If representatives must fear the constitution... they mustn't write it themselves. If they do, they will plan their power and our powerlessness. A child understands that. The main and essential idea is: men of power mustn't write the rules of power. Don't wait for them to renounce their power, they won't, never. The solution won't come from them, but from us. We must forbid them to write it. I think this is the essential idea that we need. So, in the scuffle between normal people and those who wield power at the moment, there are -- Oh, there is a timer there, good! -- words turned upside down. First, I'm not a citizen. A citizen is autonomous, voting his own laws. I am just a voter, I'm heteronomous. I'm a subject of the laws written by someone else. To call us citizens is to take us in with fine words. We show off, but we are nothing. (Laughter) What do we have in this so-called 'democracy'? What rights? We can choose political masters who decide everything for us for 5 years, selected from people not chosen by us, but by the richest. And, when they eventually betray us to the marrow, there is no way to resist! We have freedom of speech, right, but absolutely no power of constraint. We can jabber, even if it has no effect, it's allowed. If it changes anything, it's a massacre. We call this democracy? It's our fault. We should boycott these bogus words, refuse to call democracy what is in fact its strict opposite. We feed our political impotence by allowing ourselves to call democracy something that is the very negation of our rights. When we call it democracy, we can't even express the solution, We need democracy, but we cannot say it: the word is hijacked by its opposite. Reversing the words is genius. Big Brother, absolutely! (Laughter) It didn't happen by accident. It's not that it was good, at first, in 1789, and then deteriorated, not at all. Sieyès, a great thinker of the French Revolution, a top dog, not a supporting actor, wrote, in 1789 -- quote, these are the words of Sieyès -- "Citizens who choose to have representatives cannot write the laws -- must give up making the law themselves. They don't have any particular will to impose. If they were dictating their will, France wouldn't be a representative state, it would be democratic. (Chuckles). The people -- this is still Sieyès speaking -- in a non-democratic country, and France cannot be so, cannot speak, can only act through their representatives". He wasn't a democrat! He knew very well what a democracy was. I'll show you. Everyone knew, before 1789, Montesquieu, Aristotle, that the election is aristocratic, thus, oligarchic. Aristotle said it explicitly, I skip the quote. Montesquieu as well, I skip too. You can look it up online, I must save time. (Laughter) Let me underline the two most important things: for 200 years of designation by sortition in Athens, where there were rich and poor -- okay, I know they set aside slaves and women. That's not my point. I'm talking about the citizens of that time. There were rich and poor citizens. For 200 years of designation by sortition, the poor governed, always. Always. Then, another historical example, no opinions, facts. 200 years of designation by sortition the poor governed. There were rich people. But they didn't govern. And 200 years of representative government -- that is what we call our regime, not 'democracy', but 'supposedly representative system' - in this regime, for 200 years, it's always the rich who govern. Always. Since designation by sortition gives power to the poor, to the 99%, and since elections empower the 1%, the ultra rich, how long will the poor, the 99%, defend elections as if it were a sacred cow! It's untenable, the poor defending the election process, while designation by sortition would give them back their power. Why do we value elections so much ? It's not due to reason, the facts show that it's not in our interest. But, we have myths. The so-called 'Republican school' has been teaching us since we were toddlers: elections = democracy = election, etc. We have believed it since childhood. We need a detoxification from the lies of these robbers of power. Turn words the right side up. We are not in a democracy, we need one with designation by sortition, one that would free us from power-seekers. To change things, we can't rely on those who are in power now. The solution won't come from them. It will come from normal people, simple people, People who don't want power. You must know this thought of Alain, a great thinker, I recommend him, who said: "The most visible sign of the righteous man, is that he doesn't want to govern others, at all. He seeks to govern only himself." This seals everything. In other words, the worst will govern. If righteous people don't want to govern, and if we give power, as in representative government, to those who want it, the worst will govern. This despairing trap of representation - Alain is right: as long as we give power to those who seek it, the righteous ones, who don't seek power, will not be included. But we can escape from this trap, I think, through a real democracy, by granting power to anyone, -- and the best of us are among them --, those who don't want power. Democracy is what we need. But we must want it. Don't wait for our elected officials to want it. They will never want it. True democracy means unemployment for them. Designation by sortition in Athens meant giving away a little bit of power, but not for long, and never twice in a row, with many controls, which I have no time to explain. Athenians were giving up a little bit of power, to keep the power for themselves. Randomly selected people weren't voting on the bills. They served in the police force and applied the law. They prepared the bills, because the Athenians couldn't prepare them in the assembly. Representatives were weakened by designation by sortition -- weakened! -- which served as a guarantee to citizens that they would remain sovereign. Don't fear designation by sortition, we would, all of us, be greatly empowered through designation by sortition It implies that our representatives remain our servants, and can't become our masters. (Applause) One last word... Have a look at le-message.org, which was created by one of you. Like viruses, as a grassroots movement -- don't expect anything from the media or the powerful -- let's spread the word, based on this principle: "our constituent assembly should not be elected, but selected randomly". Everything will follow from this. I think this idea is valid for the entire world. Thank you for listening. (Applause) Three Swedes were arrested today suspected of running- -one of the world's biggest websites for illegal downloading... Good evening. The US government threatened with trade sanctions- -unless file sharing sites, like the Pirate Bay, are shut down. Illegal downloading has upset big organizations in Hollywood... The motion picture studios lost The White House forced the Swedish government to intervene. We applaud the Swedish authorities. It was an important site to stop. The police website was attacked on Friday- -and last night the government website. The trial against the founders of the Pirate Bay begins tomorrow. Today they met the press. What will happen to the Pirate Bay if you're found guilty? Nothing. What are they going to do about it? They've failed shutting it down once. They're welcome to come and fail again. It's not the Pirate Bay that's going to court tomorrow. It is about getting us who are connected to the Pirate Bay- -into a political trial. The trial tomorrow is not about the law, it's about politics. Half of all BitTorrent traffic is coordinated by the Pirate Bay. It's extreme amounts of traffic. There are 22-25 million users at this very moment. A user is defined as one ongoing upload or download. Any questions? Please. Where is Fredrik? Where is Fredrik? We don't know. He was supposed to be here but he's probably hungover. The first question: Where is Fredrik? I said that Fredrik likes to party. I didn't want to lie and tell them I knew where he was. I tried to get hold of Fredrik all day yesterday. I called him a couple of times and finally he answered. He says: "Do you know where I am?" I go: "No." "I'm at Arlanda Airport." "Why is that?" "I'm leaving." What? He said that he had bought a ticket- -to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. What a great name for an escape plan. So his plan was to head home to his girlfriend in Laos. Live with her and not give a shit about anything. Then suddenly he texted me: "I think it's the Security Service. The plane is broken." "So where are you now?" "On my way back to the hotel." Phew! The interest for the file-sharing trial in Stockholm is massive. You can't seriously think that you can stop our world- -our everyday, our reality. This is so gay. Monique Wadsted. I also represent the gaming industry. But not music. We have the biggest damage claim. I represent some of the big film studios in Hollywood. Warner Bros., Columbia, 20th Century Fox and MGM. We're demanding compensations of $13 million. It might seem insanely high. That should be seen as an indicator of how big this business is. Because this is about 5 movies during 6 months. "The Pink Panther", "Syriana", one "Harry Potter"- -"Prison Break" and "Walk The Line". There is no doubt about what they have done. They have run a commercial business and making a profit. The penalty for this type of activity is prison. Not fines. Fredrik would like to tell his version before the prosecutor starts. Is that accepted by the prosecutor? You may begin, Fredrik Neij. I want to start by saying that I have a great interest in computers and IT. And especially for internet and networks. And that I... Well... ...I've lost my train of thought. You forgot what you were saying. You had a long interest in IT. I got involved in the Pirate Bay because of my interest in IT. I think it's great fun to work with technology. For me, the Pirate Bay is a technical challenge. To run such a large website and such a large tracker technically. Play with computers that I could never afford to play with on my own. First I want to ask you... The media often describes you as a computer genius. How would you describe your competence yourself? I do have a certain technical competence, yes. What does "a certain" mean, compared to others? I'm not sure this is the right time, place or medium to post my CV. But I am asking you. Please answer politely. I decline to answer that question. It's too much of an estimation. -It's what? -Too hard to estimate. -Too hard to estimate? - It's a very difficult question. How did you meet Fredrik and Gottfrid? I don't remember, but I assume it was in a chat room on the internet. When was the first time you met IRL? We don't use the expression IRL. We say AFK. But that's another issue. I don't remember that either. Got to know each other IRL? What is that? In Real Life. We don't like that expression. We say AFK - Away From Keyboard. We think that the internet is for real. This is what our office looks like. Is this inside the Pirate Bay? Yes. Here are some of the people working on it. -Are they working on it now? -Yes. Where are they based? In Sweden? Let's see. USA, USA, USA or England, England. Finland, I think. The Pirate Bay. This is the web server. Data base and search function. The trackers are over there. This little piece is the tracker. It's the world's biggest tracker. It coordinates 50% of the world's BitTorrent traffic. Not so many computers, but powerful and well-configured. Half the day has gone. How did it feel in court? So far it's been boring. The prosecutors' strategy is to lie as much as possible in the most boring possible way - -so you fall asleep in court and become physically undable to defend yourself. Some say that you've made a lot of money by spreading illegal material. We've probably made a lot of money, but the site costs a lot, too. Hi. Okay, we're coming down. Bye. -Let's eat. -Okay. Nothing vegetarian. Aren't you working on the site we're on trial for while in court? The pirated Depeche Mode CD I have in my laptop is even funnier. He'll open in 5 minutes. How the hell can prosecutor Roswall mix up megabit and megabyte? Generally speaking, for storage you use byte and when you measure speed you use bit. It all started with Gottfrid's site "America's Dumbest Soldiers". It was a site where you could rate from 1 to 10. It was American soldiers who died in the first Iraq war. Then you could rate how stupid they were- -depending on how silly their deaths were. Neither the American government nor anybody else appreciated the site. I had a spare line which I let him use for the site. It was from British Telecom. Someone at the US State Department called the head of British Telecom. He called the head of the operator in Sweden where I worked. So the US government ordered us to remove the site. We fought them for a long time before we removed it. We argued that it was freedom of speech and parody. After a while we closed it down, when it became too much of a fuss. Two months later Gottfrid needed more bandwidth for the Pirate Bay. I still had that line available. We used it for the Pirate Bay. Hearing with the defendant Peter Sunde. The prosecution may begin. Is it true that among the Pirate Bay computers- -you stored one that you owned? I bought a computer that I gave to the Pirate Bureau. What is the Pirate Bureau? It's an organization that discusses the internet. Is copyright and file sharing discussed on their website? Probably. And they are critical to the way copyright works today? I'm not sure about that. People have different views. What's your opinion? It's hard to say. I think it's problematic. In what way? The fact that we're here today shows that there is a problem. First of all, I don't believe- -that young people today believe that copyright is wrong. I think that's a myth. This Kopimi Sect- -has been really good at promoting it. It's so fucking beautiful! We've changed it a bit. So the question in the newspaper was: "If the Pirate Bay gets convicted, won't they become martyrs?" Monique said: "No, they don't have any followers." "However, they do have a small Kopimi sect following them". So sweet. That's us! The Pirate Bureau came into existence in the summer of 2003. It was at the same time- -as the record industry sued Napster in the US- -and the medical industry sued South Africa for copying HlV-medicine. The name "the Pirate Bureau" was an easy choice. It wasn't about romanticizing pirate stuff- -with eye patches and stuff. We've never liked that. The Anti-Piracy Bureau already existed- -we wanted to state that we're the active part in this conflict. The Anti-Piracy Bureau is the reactive part. This is Henrik Pontén from the Anti-Piracy Bureau. We've been tipped off that you're selling copies. Wait, don't close the door. The police will come with a warrant. They have a built a business based on other people committing crimes. They have created an industry with banners and porn ads to earn revenue. It was very profitable. You're making your situation worse. -I must be allowed to close the door. -Come out, then. If you look at studies about file sharing- -they don't do it for the fellowship or to support the ideology. It's because it's simple and free. Then there is a small group of people who do this... ...for reasons they claim to be freedom of speech. Our policy has always been that the site is an empty page- -that is created by the users. We don't interfere with the content. Freedom of speech? I'd prefer the technological viewpoint, a contact service. -For communication? -Yes. I don't care about the piracy ideology, copyright or politics. I do this because it's great fun to run a large site. Describe the importance of the Pirate Bay. It democratizes and creates great conditions for freedom of speech. What has that to do with the copyrighted material? The Pirate Bay makes it possible for individuals to share material. Even if it's copyrighted? That's a tricky consequence that I think we have to discuss. What are you hoping for? I hope we don't get a monitored, restricted internet. That's the biggest issue right now. The copyright industry is digging a grave for the internet. They don't take into account the public benefits of a free internet. The problem is that old people are running the companies. They know how you made money before and they don't want to change. They're like the Amish. They don't want electricity. They know how to make do without electricity. Roger Wallis, please come to Court Room 9. Do you think people who download movies will go and buy them as well? -If they would buy the movie? -Yes, get it legally. Yes, but it depends on the quality. If people want better quality. Or if the DVD has special features. You have to increase the value of the products in order to sell them. If you want to adjust your business model to the new world. Thank you. I called your institute and asked these questions- -because we were unable to put together your curriculum vitae. You've stated in court that you're a professor- -but your institute calls you a temporary guest lecturer. -Do you know how to use Google? -Yes. Then it's really simple to find my CV. -We've moved on from that question. -I thought so too. Let's move on. Thank you, Your Honor. When you were appointed, were there any competitors? I thought we had moved on, Your Honor? -I would like an answer. -Please answer the question. I have no idea! I was asked to come and I went through... And we're back on this! ...the standard selection process at the Royal Institute of Technology. All my publications were submitted. Three professors and two international experts- -deemed that I was eligible for the appointment. Thank you. Please just answer the questions. How low can you sink? They're so afraid of the result of your research. They can't attack you there, so they attack you on a personal level. The Royal Institute of Technology. Professor Roger Wallis. I think it's sick to attack the academic world like this. It's not the first time. I've heard about professors in the US- -who have indicated that file sharing could be positive for the industry- -that have been hunted down with a whip. It's sad that these American methods are coming to Sweden. Would you like any compensation for participating today? Please send flowers to my wife for the sleepless night. The court's budget will not allow that. It's now two or three days since the court appearance. I'm starting to look through all the blogs around the world. I'm looking here at "TorrentFreak": "Pirate Bay witness overwhelmed with flowers." And an awful lot of very kind people who wrote: "At last somebody from the older generation"... I'm an old man. ..."seems to understand the way we think." I also make the point here that as a composer... A song I wrote bought our first house. I support copyright, but only if it encourages creativity- -or economic incitement or is an incentive to create. Not copyright as a huge control mechanism- -for people who sit on large swathes of rights. A police officer that worked with the Pirate Bay investigation- -was employed by a film studio shortly after the investigation. In an email, Warner Bros. states that the information in the media- -about an alleged conflict of interest is pure speculation. He sold his apartment and bought a house. Just after he got the job. I was disappointed when you didn't investigate him. You're claiming stuff I don't have a clue about. You should gather material and submit it to the police. I did, but they dropped the case. Well... In that case there is nothing I can do. His income that year is higher than his police salary. He has declared capital gains of $120 000. This fucking trial just gets more and more bizarre every day. I think there's been a power cut at the Pirate Bay again. -Why do you use automatic fuses? -They're attached to the cable cover. When an automatic fuse dies 5 times you have to replace it. My laptops break all the time so I don't have time to put stickers on. I spilled gin and tonic in one. I spilled beer in another. And I fell on one and smashed the screen. -Do you have WlFI here? -Yes, it's called "bambuser". -Doesn't it work? -Key... Bambuser... -WTF! -Stop shouting. I have abstinence! I haven't been on the internet all day. On page 24 you have received an email- -that you forwarded to Gottfrid and Peter Sunde. Why did you forward it? I didn't. Every mail that contains DMCA- -is automatically forwarded to Gottfrid and Peter. I have a lot of abbreviations in my filter. -Who programmed the abbreviations? -I did. -Why? -Because I got a lot of spam. Why would you consider an email- -called "Copyright Claim" as spam? Spam are emails that I haven't requested. Fredrik Neij stated that as soon as he got an email- -from someone representing copyright owners- -it was forwarded to you from his computer. Is that correct? Since no one seems capable to do what we've told them- -i.e. contact the user that uploaded the material- -those complaints have either been ignored- -or been replied to in more or less well-phrased ways. Why was it sent to you? I express myself well in writing, as opposed to Fredrik. But such a claim didn't result in anything but scorn and ridicule? The first 100 times it resulted in us saying: "Contact the uploader." -And the following 100 times? -Then we lost our patience. The Company PRQ... -Was it a web hotel? -Yes, it had just been founded. Is it correct that the prosecution confiscated 195 servers- -and that 11 belonged to the Pirate Bay? 11 or 13, I don't remember exactly. This is outrageous. This is a true injustice. They're attacking a company that has nothing to do with the Pirate Bay. Simply because the co-founders were involved with the Pirate Bay for fun. Thanks to the raid PRQ got a lot of attention. Everybody knew that we never give any information to the police. Our customer database was encrypted. The police seized our servers, but didn't get any customer information. When the Pirate Bay was shut down after the raid- -you didn't have any servers left, right? You were back online after three days. Where did you get the servers? We leased servers from a company called NFOrce in Holland. It's a co-location company. -How was that received? -With standing ovations. It's a pleasure to announce that the Pirate Bay is back online! In your face, Hollywood! -Peter! -Yes? I'll be there soon! That's how you have treated me. I get letters from your lawyers saying: "Swedish law cannot protect you. US law will get you". You put private detectives on us. I've had two outside my house. -I know nothing about that. -But it's your responsibility. It could have been the film industry. -No, it was the music industry. -Ok. TPB isn't interested in music and movies. TPB is a generic medium for distribution of all types of files. People shouldn't say that TPB only is about spreading illegal movies and music. Then your world is this small. It's your loss. Instead we could say that file sharing is good. Then we could focus on ways to let artists make money. -We think file sharing is good. -Sure, but you sue everyone. No. We don't want to prosecute anyone. We just want people in Sweden to start respecting copyright laws. What was the purpose of the Pirate Bay in your opinion? We never spoke about purposes. If it was about reforming laws or if it was about- -hatred against some Americans. I don't know their purpose. But for Fredrik, and it was Fredrik I was dealing with- -the purpose was to make it a big site. The biggest site in the world. From my point of view I liked the idea of the world's biggest site. -How is the Pirate Bay financed? -How the website is financed? We have ads on the site that generate money. A guy called Lundström helped you financially, didn't he? Yes, we we're sponsored by a company called Rix Telecom. -What was his purpose? -Free advertising for his company. Carl Lundström is an interesting guy. He's behind many right-wing organizations. Carl Lundström has apparently given money to... Answer the question! Did he represent these organizations? It really bugs me- -that everybody looks at us as right-wing extremists. It makes me really hurt and angry. My brother is a convicted anarchist. He's been in court, defending his opinions. We've both been on a neo-Nazi organization's hit list. It feels strange to be accused of founding that neo-Nazi organization. It's really hard. I can only stand behind my own politics. When you have some influence and people listen to you- -you should use that position to do something good. When did you become the Pirate Bay's spokesperson? Well, it's not an official title, but a function that has been given to me. Nobody wanted to do that part, but it was important to communicate- -that the Pirate Bay was doing something important. Since nobody else wanted to, I started doing it. What was Peter Sunde's role during that time? He showed up when we needed a public face. Since neither I nor Fredrik are suited in furnished rooms. So he had nothing to do with running the site. -Or any design? -No. -Funding? -No. It's AlM. You told me it was MSN. What's the fucking difference? They're two different networks. It's like IRCnet and EFnet. -Come on! -It was the Museum of Modern Art... You're so loud! You give me a headache. -I'm half deaf, of course I shout. -You're making me deaf. He wants to spread his misery. -Why can't you hear anything? -Sex, drugs and industry! Sex? I've heard your sex stories. How much does a banner cost? You are asking me about 5-year-old figures again. If you give me a day I can probably find some examples. But I can't give you any exact figures. Does $500 per week sound like a reasonable amount? That sounds about right. It's within the right range at least. Within the right range, you say. Was there an agreement about how the ad revenue was to be divided? -I have no idea. -You don't. Fine. -I'm so fucking tired. -This will be your life for 5 years. Are you Kafka or what? It feels like "The Trial" all over again. I might wake up as Gregor Samsa and can't go to work- -because I've turned into a beetle. When do you go back to Cambodia? -As soon as this shit is over. -Quiet. It's a secret. What are your thoughts in general about the case? It will be nice when it's over. Tomorrow it's just half the day. And after the closing arguments we're finished. How much money are they looking for? They want around 20 million Euro in damages. But good luck finding that money. I don't have that kind of money. If they knew that our entire office is a chat room on IRC- -they wouldn't believe it. And they don't because they've been asking questions about companies. Yeah, we tried to get organized, but we failed every single time. I don't think they can grasp the idea of an organization without a boss. People have no idea how small we are. We're just a couple of guys in a chat room. I've argued that the yearly profit is at least $170,000. And that's the minimum. Gottfrid Svartholm Warg stated- -that the price for an ad on TPB was $500 per week. The report from the Forensic Laboratory- -states that at the time of the raid- - there were 64 unique ads. A rough estimate... $500 times 64- - gives us $34 000 per week. That amount times 52 weeks, i.e. weeks per year- -makes a yearly revenue of $ 1700 000. Thus The Pirate Bay isn't idealistic. It's pure commercial business. Here we go. 4 times 52. $110 000. That's a massive sum. We never got that kind of money back then. If you calculate with the right number of ads - 4 instead of 64- -you get a much more realistic figure. But he has miscalculated so many things. Did Roswall mean 64 different ads, or 4 ads times a bunch of pages? -Yes. -What the hell! Is he insane? He's right behind you. We're thinking of doing a Bambuser press conference. Hell no!! No! No! They keep calling us organized. They don't understand what a joke that is. It's disorganized crime. You mean for all of you? I think you are going to get convicted. Take a picture of Monique. It's her copyright. -I'm leaving. -Bye bye. Do you need a hand? This is the only help you'll ever get from me. -That's so kind. -I am kind. And I still have my soul, too. Here's Fredrik, let's get out of here. Let's calculate how much money we have earned. Let's start with an exponential function. -You can add times 64. -Right. And for N we choose a random number. Between 10 and 5 200. Do you write code in Swedish? Now take the square root to see what Monique's soul costs. The answer? Do it mathematically correct. Come on, not Pi. He's mad. Go check that it's correct. Okay. I'll give you some cred. It's in my muscle memory. I can't remember it writing with a pen. I have to emulate a keyboard. So what are you doing at 11.00 on the 17th of April? Queuing outside the court? -11 am means 5 pm local time. -I was thinking the same thing. Gottfrid, can you sit over here? I'm not taking part in any fucking press conference. I'm sick of it! -It's in English. -I'm so fucking tired of cameras. -And fucking bullshit! -Sit here anyway. It's the last time. Nein. Hi everybody. I'm here and together with me I have some of the guys from TPB. Take your time and ask some questions to the guys- -and see what they have to say. -I didn't know we were that boring. -You are that boring. Because you're not part of this. Film him! Anakata! Today the court will decide if the men behind the Pirate Bay- -are guilty of copyright infringement. Follow the verdict live on svt.se from 11.00. No, but... Sure, but don't worry. Because I'm not worried myself. But I'll talk to you later. Bye. Dad was more nervous than I am. The verdict is in for the Pirate Bay trial. It's 11 o'clock. All four defendants are sentenced to one year in prison. The offense is called "assisting copyright infringement". - So one year imprisonment... -This is so insane! This must be a joke. Take it easy, mom. Nothing will happen. This is going to take 5 years. Take it easy. The District Court is ruled by politicians. We call it the Dice Court. Just stay calm. But I can't talk right now. I have to watch the press conference. Okay. Take care. The District Court has announced the verdict in the Pirate Bay trial. We have estimated the damages to approximately $4,5 million. Fuck you. He's going to get a good job in Hollywood after this. This is so insane! The hottest set up ever. I don't have time right now, I have to decline. No, I'm the only one in Sweden. The others are in the desert or the jungle. No, they are not going to send us to jail whatsoever. The way it works in Sweden is that they can't... ...do anything about the case before we can't appeal anymore. -What are we going to call this? -LOL? For the lulz. If this was a movie this is where the heroes- -encounter their first problem. Karate Kid got bullied in the beginning and got beaten up. And we've just been beaten up. Thanks, Hollywood, for teaching us that the good guys win in the end. In total they wanted around 100 million Swedish crowns, right? And they got 30 million. But they could have gotten 1 billion, it doesn't matter because... We can't pay and we wouldn't pay. This verdict makes me upset to the bone. There is no chance in hell this verdict will hold in an appeal. I will cross the creek, the stream and the Atlantic for a redress. It means a lot to have taken a stand. It's important to re-establish Sweden as a state governed by law. The judge in the Pirate Bay trial is accused of bias. People are demanding a retrial. Last night I learned about the news that blew up today. The judge in the Pirate Bay trial- -is a member of organizations that are working with copyright issues. Organizations that the attorneys from the plaintiff's are part of. I was horrified and shocked to learn about this. -Why didn't you inform the court? -Good question. I didn't. Yes, I know how he thought. "My friends will be happy if I rule in their favor." It's ridiculous. I didn't think the legal system was that bad. -Was it a correct decision? -That's for others to decide. It's Tomas, the judge. He's the judge in the District Court. He's a member of the Swedish Association for Copyright. That's the whole point. He sits in the board for the Swedish Association for Industrial Rights. These two organizations have a common publication, NlR. And all the lawyers that assist the prosecution: Peter Danowsky, Henrik Pontén and Monique Wadsted. They're all members of the same organization. So he looks very mixed up in these people's world. From a graphical point of view it's very obvious. I can't say if he was biased- -but just the fact that he withheld this information- -makes him unsuitable as a judge in this case. The verdict is questionable, since he might be perceived as being biased. -Here's my pirate copy. -I have a parasite. -Is this you? Fredrik? -Yes. -What's your job? - IT. Internet. Because of our tradition and the regulations of the village- -you have to pay for the engagement. How much would you like to pay for the engagement? $6,000? If you leave her you have to pay the bride dowry times two. That means $12,000. Agreed? Please write your name and sign it. Do you like it? Good. -Yummy! Yummy! -Hello! If it didn't cost me $12,000 I would divorce you. It's always this way with the Pirate Bay. Chaos and cheating. Last Monday a verdict came from the Stockholm District court- -where Judge Norström is chairman. Black Internet, the ISP for Pirate Bay's ISP must quit- -and if they continue to give access to the Pirate Bay- -they will be fined $75 000 per day. Then all hell broke loose. So they're trying legal tricks and we're trying technical tricks. It's like a constant tactical game with different weapons. When we realized that the Pirate Bay was down- -we looked around, because we always have backups. Then I realized that the Pirate Party had registered their own ISP. The Pirate Party works for reformed copyright laws, an open internet- -and free access to culture. I realized that if we're hosted by the Pirate Party- -it means that if someone closes them down, they're closing down the party. That means closing down a party that represents Sweden in the EU. That would be political censorship on the highest level. If you're hosted by the Pirate Party you get political protection. You could say that you get diplomatic immunity. After days of speculation "Rapport" can now reveal that the Pirate Party- -takes over the responsibility for the security of WikiLeaks' servers. WikiLeaks or the Pirate Party copied what they had done with TPB. Giving WikiLeaks protection by a political party- -by sharing the same internet connection. Every leak on WikiLeaks has been released on TPB since there is no censorship there. Gottfrid is good at tech stuff and encryption- -and he's worked on many important projects. Like "Collateral Murder" that made WikiLeaks famous. "Look at those dead bastards" Julian has a lot of respect for Gottfrid. I remember when Gottfrid said: "There's a new customer, WikiLeaks." "They need help because they're under attack." The first time I got in contact was when we had to pay a bill. Because no one, and that was a constant problem... No one remembered the stupid customer number. And no one wanted to say anything on the phone. In 2008 I flew to Sweden to pay the bill in cash. Gottfrid always said he didn't want money from WikiLeaks. I flew there and paid for one year and a bit in advance. Julian was with me. He flew in as well. And we arranged this meeting with Gottfrid to hand over the money. And it was one of the weirdest incidents in my life. He came to the hotel and he had someone waiting outside in a car. And they had an agreement that Gottfrid would be near a window. So he stood there in this lobby. With his long hair, looking completely... -Strange! Fucked up. -And he behaved really strange. And every 30 seconds he turned to see if the guy in the car was there. And Julian and I were standing there and we basically thought- -that we would go hang out or something. So we asked him if he wanted to come up to the room. And he was like: "No, no, I can't." He was turning around. Never heard that before. And then handing over some cash and the guy jumped in the car- -and they drove off and we felt like... That was meeting PRQ for us. A warm welcome to Peter Sunde. First question: Are you a killer that ruined the whole industry? I would love to take credit for it but I can't. Sorry. They did it themselves. -There is a law case now with you. -Just one? I don't know how many but some discussions going around. You had a new idea: Flattr. It comes from the discussions we had during the Pirate Bay. There were two sides. One side said there is no problem with downloading. The other side said they're not making any money from the internet. -And there was nothing happening. -Can you explain how Flattr works? You as a user sign up and you put money into an account. You decide how much you want to spend per month. Then you find Flattr buttons. They look like the Facebook Like buttons. If you click it we remember it until the end of the month. At the end of the month we count your clicks- -and we share your money equally amongst them. -Where is the money going? -It's going to the creators. That's the whole concept. The trial in the Court of Appeal against the Pirate Bay began today. Let's shake hands today again. -It's a sick team, right? -I'm soaking wet. To rent a car costs $400 per week. I bought that one for $600. I'll use it for 6 weeks. -Is it legal? -Sure. I've even paid the taxes. I don't really care about parking tickets - I have a $7 million debt. The Court of Appeal, please. -Is Gottfrid coming? -I highly doubt that. -Unless he teleports himself. -Okay. He wrote this morning that he's hospitalized with a parasite infection in Cambodia. So yes, it's highly unlikely that he'll come. -Do you have any other trials? -The civil cases. -The penalty fine stuff. -How many are they? One in Italy, one in Holland... One in Denmark that we're not summoned to, and one in Norway. Kuwait, Ireland. Anything else? What is the most important? I believe it's very important to look at how our society ought to be. Not just rule so that big companies can make a bigger profit. How does this feel? 8 days to go. It's boring that we're just watching video. You wanted to speak for yourself but weren't allowed to, right? I think the new court system is really bad. You can't introduce new material. We don't even need to be in court. They could just take the old material and rule from that. Hey, thanks for coming! -How are you? -I'm really sick. Then why the hell are you shaking my hand? -He's also sick. -What's wrong with you? I have a cold and an eye infection. I didn't sleep at all last night. I just got an SMS from Gottfrid's mother. She wrote that he is still in Cambodia. She said that he is really ill. He's had problems before as well. When you look at him, health isn't the first thing you think of. -What are you working with today? -I run websites. In Cambodia or Thailand? With the internet you can work anywhere as long as you have Internet access. So for small distances, fog looks very transparent, but for large distances, it looks very opaque. So, the car in front of us becomes completely invisible at a distance at which our short range model, the one of a discrete model, predicts it will be very visible. That causes people to drive into the back of cars in fog. It kills people. The development of technology is also typically exponential. So over the short term, things appear to change fairly slowly. And it's easy to predict progress. All of us, for example, can probably make quite good guesses about what will be in the iPhone 6. But, in the longer run, our perception of the future hits a wall, just like with fog. So the long term future of machine learning in neural nets is really a total mystery. We have no idea what's going to happen in 30 years time. There's just no way to predict it from what we know now. Because we're going to get exponential progress. In the short run, however, in a period of say three to ten years, we can predict it fairly well. And it seems obvious to me that over the next five years or so, big deep neural networks are going to do amazing things. I'd like to congratulate all of you who stuck it out long enough to get this far. I hope you've enjoyed the course and good luck with the final test. When you first start SketchUp, youll be presented with a welcome screen. Regardless if you are using SketchUp free or Pro, you will need to pick a template to start with. The main difference is the default units of measurement Sketchup will use, such as meters, or inches. The other difference is the starting view, which can be from the side, or from the top. Either is fine. Choose a template and start SketchUp. Based on the template you've chosen for SketchUp, your default view will be from the top, or from the side. Let's all start from the same view by going to the Camera Menu: Standard Views: and choose Iso. Now begin by drawing a rectangle. Pick the rectangle tool, then click once to start a rectangle, pull away, and click again to finish. A quick note about drawing in SketchUp. Get in the habit of click-and-releasing your mouse button to start and finish most actions. This will be true for almost all of the drawing tools. Unless we specifically ask you to "click-and-drag" your mouse button, always click and release to start and finish each tool and action. Now undo any rectangles by going to the edit menu and choosing: Undo Draw another rectangle but this time keep an eye on the lower-right corner as you do. Click once to start the rectangle, pull away and watch how the dimensions change as you adjust the rectangle size. Click again to finish the rectangle. You can be as precise with SketchUp as you'd like. Although it may not seem you are being accurate, everything you draw in SketchUp has a real-world scale. We'll learn more about this later. For now, let's move on to the next tool, the Push/ pull tool. Select this tool and click on the rectangle we just drew, pull up and we've created a box. Click to finish. The push/pull tool will literally push or pull on any flat surface. Try it on our simple box: Click on this side to pull it out and click to finish. Click on this side to push it in and click to finish. Now let's combine more rectangles with the push/ pull tool. Select the rectangle tool and draw a rectangle on our existing box. Watch how SketchUp will give you reference points to help as you draw. For example, to draw from this corner SketchUp snaps to this point and shows you a green endpoint. Click here to start, pull away, and finish the rectangle. Now use push/ pull to push this new surface inward. The drawing tools all work based on the surface you are drawing on. For example, use the circle tool to draw a circle on one of your surfaces. Simply click to start, pull out the radius and click again to finish. Now draw another circle on a different surface to see how the orientation aligns to whatever you are drawing on. Use push/pull to create some cylinders. Select the rectangle tool again and start from this upper edge. SketchUp shows a red dot indicating you are on the edge. Click to start and draw down to a lower edge, also showing a red dot. Use push/ pull to push this surface inward. All reference points are called "Inference points' in SketchUp, and they will be very helpful in making you both accurate and fast. Here are the basic inference points. Endpoints on-edge points and mid-points for the middle of any edge. There are others, but these are the most common. You can see how simple it is to create 3d objects in SketchUp, let's take a moment to explore navigation in SketchUp. Start with the orbit tool. Click and drag to orbit your view right to left and up and down. For practice try orbiting fully around your model. Next is the pan tool. This moves your view side to side, without orbiting. Click and drag to pan your view of the model around the screen. The final navigation tool is zoom. Click and drag to zoom closer to, and away from, your model. Now try practicing using orbit, pan and zoom together. Zoom in, orbit, pan, orbit, zoom, and so forth. Navigating is essential in SketchUp, but going back and forth to pick the icons seems slow and cumbersome, which is why we've built all the navigation tools into a 3-button scroll wheel mouse. Simply roll the mouse wheel forward and back to zoom in and out. Press the wheel down to orbit. Press the wheel down and hold the SHlFT key on your keyboard to pan. Practice navigating again using the scroll wheel for a much faster experience. Another advantage to using the scroll wheel is better control over zooming. Try this: Hover your cursor over this corner of your model and roll the wheel forward. See how it zooms toward that corner? Using the scroll wheel will zoom toward and away from any area where your cursor is, making navigation even easier. Let's review what we've learned so far by creating a very simple house object. Begin by zooming back out so we can see our entire model then use the select tool, click and drag a selection box around the entire model and press "delete" on your keyboard. Draw a new rectangle and use the push/pull tool to pull this rectangle into a box. Orbit and pan to get a better view of the top. Now let's split this top surface with the line tool. Before drawing the line, hover over the top edge and find the midpoint inference. Click on the midpoint to start drawing, move across the surface and find the midpoint on the opposite edge and click to finish the line. We'll pull this new edge up to create a roof. Choose the select tool and click on the edge to select it. With the edge highlighted, Use the move tool to create a ridge. Click on the edge to begin moving it, move it upward and click again to finish. A quick orbit shows that I wasn't very careful in moving my roof line and the result is uneven. Let's undo that move and see how SketchUp can help us to be more accurate. Make sure the edge is selected, then using the move tool click once on the edge to start moving it. While moving it around notice that the edge snaps to a blue dotted line. This is an indication that you are moving the edge straight up which will result in an even roof, click to finish. In SketchUp, the red, green and blue axis will help you to draw and move correctly in 3D space. Let's try it by creating a chimney on the roof. Navigate for a better view of the roof surface. Now use the line tool and click once on an upper part of the roof to start drawing a line. As you move the line around watch how it will snap to a red direction, a green direction and a blue direction. Try drawing a line in each direction and orbiting to see the orientation. The blue direction is vertical, straight up and down, and the red and green are horizontal. To draw a chimney we could approach it in many ways, but we'll use this method: We'll draw the side profile shape, then use push/ pull to create the full chimney. Drawing with the axis directions will help us create the correct profile in 3D space. Use the eraser tool and click on any edges you drew to erase them. With the line tool click once on the roof edge, make sure you see the red -on edge inference point or you could also start from the mid point and draw a line straight up in the blue direction. Click to finish your line and press the esc key to cancel a continuous line. Now choose another point on the edge and start drawing a line from that point up in the blue direction and watch as you draw upward that SketchUp will give you an inference when you are lined up with the previous line you drew. Draw your second line to this point. Now draw an edge connecting the two lines to complete a surface. With the surface drawn, use push pull to extend the chimney across the roof to a point you are happy with. Use push/pull again to complete the chimney. By pulling across the roof surface extra edges have been created, but these are easily erased. Any lines drawn across co-planar surfaces can be erased to form one larger surface. We call this healing the surface. Use the eraser and erase the two extra edges. At this point you know some of the basics of SketchUp, so practice what you've learned by adding to our simple house. Draw a rectangle and split it in half, then use push/pull to create some steps. Draw a few more rectangles to create a door and windows. Try a few things on your own. You can see how easy it is to create simple models in SketchUp with only a few tools. When you are ready to learn more proceed to our next video where we will create a more detailed house with real dimensions and introduce you to the offset and follow-me tools. Hello my name is Helen Adler and I'm the owner of the Pet Maven and I'm here this morning with Biggy, Mr. Biggy Smalls. We're here to demonstrate a full cat grooming. Today Biggy is going to be getting a bath, a blow dry and a little bit of a haircut He's a Maine Coon, Maine Coon's are very large, um, long haired cat, they are the largest of the American long haired cats, they come in about 75 different color combinations. Ok, welcome to Reanna's training video here at Children's Hospital in Richmond Virgina. Reanna's been here for 7 weeks. When she came in to us, um, she was pretty much a non-oral feeder and now she's taking all of her calories orally. Are'nt ya?! High five! Eating all your food through your mouth, not through your tube! Yeah!! So what we're going to do today is describe what we're doing and some of the rationale behind it in order for her to continue making progress. (clapping) Okay, so Reanna is sitting in a trip-trap chair, which gives her, um, support under her feet and on her back. She's got a tray, in case we wanted to use toys. Um, she's facing a television monitor and today we're going to be doing her oral motor exercises, which are, um, created by Deborah Beckman. They're the Beckman oral-motor exercises. And some chewing exercises, and in and out of the mesh. And, we are going to be working on her feeding protocol. Reanna typically consumes anywhere from 7 to 10 ounces per meal, 4 to 5 times a day. That is right! Um, in the last 3 days, Reanna has stopped taking her drink as she was for the past couple of weeks, and so we're actually in this meal going to discuss what happens if Reanna stops drinking and you might see me doing a couple of different things during this session , for problem solving, to get the drink in her. So the first thing we do is turn on her video, so that she can watch while she's going through her oral-motor exercises. (cartoons in background) I'm going to turn this down a little bit so you can hear me. The first exercise we're going to do is the gum massage. You're going to take your index finger and put it on Reanna's upper lip or upper gum. Slide back to the back... using a pressure on a scale of 1 to 10 of about a six and a half when you get to the back, you go to the bottom jaw and the gum and when you get back to the front, you use your thumb and then your thumb finishes off the exercise. We do each of the exercises 3 times. So you put your finger back in her mouth, your index finger, and go all the way to the back again. What this exercise does is help desensitize Reanna's oral-motor cavity, and it also helps with blood flow to the gums to help with sensation,as well. (cartoons in background) So I'm on the very last one. And as long as Reanna's cooperating, the TV can stay on. Yeah! Good job, big girl! Good stretching. And as you can see, she's very used to them. Um, she was actually pretty, pretty tolerant of them even from the beginning. Ok, so now we're going to do a cheek stretch. The main reason for doing the cheek stretch is not so much for range of motion purposes, but for uh, cheek strength. Reanna doesn't demonstrate a whole lot of strength in her cheeks which is actually going to be required when she starts chewing more foods. So you're going to put your thumb on the inside of her mouth. If you're right-handed and sitting on the right side, you're going to put your right hand in her left cheek pocket, with your thumb on the inside. And always support during oral-motor on the back of her head don't ever do this on the top of head. That tends to be more adversive. So just put your hand on the back for support. You're going to go all the way to the back and the stretch happens along the lip. And then you repeat the same on the bottom. And we do this 3 times on the upper and 3 times on the lower K, here's our last time...stretch across that upper lip. Going back and stretching across that lower lip. When you're pulling, you're pulling toward yourself not out, like toward the camera, but toward yourself. Good job, big girl! Now on the side that's closest to you, if you're right handed, and you're gonna be, um, doing a right, you're right handed doing her right cheek,you use your index finger on the inside because it would be awkward to try and do the stretch with your thumb on the inside. So your index finger goes on the inside with your nail facing her teeth. And we do the same movement Stretch across the upper lip. Stretch across the lower lip. This is going to be stretching the upper cheek, and also the lower cheek. Ok, we're on our last one. Good job stretching, Reanna! Very good, big girl! ok, the next thing we're going to be doing is chewing on her purple grabber. Reanna does 2 sets of 20, and for this, in order for her to concentrate, I have the TV paused. And she can actually do it herself and all I do is count. Go for it baby...1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 She usually goes faster than this, but she's being silly. She's moving her feet down here on the foot rest. Keep going...12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20! Yeahh!!! Excellent job! Okay, go over here..1,2,3,4,5,6,7, 8,9,...keep going..10,11,12,13,14,15,16, keep going...17,18,19,20!!! Yeaaaah! Ok, let's go back to the first side. Over here...do, do, do, dooo...1,2,3,4,5,6, 7,8,9,10,11,..keep going..12,13,14,15,16,17 18,19,20!!! Good job!! Ok, go back to the other side. 1,2,...whoa..back on this side baby girl..3,4,5,6,7,8, 9,10,11,12,..come on 12, 12, 13,14,15...keep going 16,17,18,19..ohhh, girl get back over here! 20!!! Yeahh! You did it! So after she does her chews, and she did them very well, we're going to put her TV back on so she can watch. And that's all we're gonna do with the grabber The next thing we're going to do is chewing exercises in the mesh. What Reanna's using right now is a very loose density mesh It's not very high density Now we'll look for, at Dijkstra's algorithm for finding shortest paths in graphs with non-negative edge weights. Dijsktra is a famous figure in computer science. And you can amuse yourself by reading some of the things that he wrote. He was a very prolific writer, and, kept notebooks. And then here really some of his, famous quotes. Now, you need to may know something about, old languages to appreciate some of these. For example, COBOL was one of the first business oriented languages, programming languages and it tried to, make it so that programs kind of read like English language sentences. But purists in computer science, such as Dijkstra really didn't like that language as you can tell, The use of COBOL cripples the mind. It's teaching should therefore be regarded as a criminal offense. Actually, when I first came to Princeton and was setting up the department here, One of, there was a big donor, who actually, wanted to have me fired and the department closed down because we wouldn't teach COBOL. I didn't know about Dijkstra's quote at that time, I wish I had. And there's some other opinions that Dijkstra had. You can amuse yourself on the web, reading some of his writing, But he was, here's another one that's actually pretty relevant today. Object-oriented programming is an exceptionally bad idea that could only have originated in California. Dijkstra worked in Texas, the University of Texas for a while, and of course, came from the Netherlands. Okay. But, Dijkstra, did, invent, a very, very important algorithm, that's very widely used for solving the shortest paths problem. It's the one that's in your maps app and in your, car, and many, many other applications. So let's take a look at how that algorithm works. It's a very simple algorithm. We, consider, what we're going to do is consider the vertices In increasing order of their distance from the source. So and a way we're going to do that is take the next vertex, add it to the tree and relax all the edges that point from that vertex. So let's talk about it in terms of a demo and then we'll look at the code. So our mandate is to consider vertices in increasing order of distance from the source. So, our source is zero in this case so what vertices are closest to the source? Well, we can look at the edges that point from that vertex. Well, start out with vertex is zero, is the distance zero from the source, so we pick it. Then we add that vertex to the shortest paths tree, and relax all its edges. And relaxing all the edges pointing from zero in this case is just going to uptake the, this two and edgeTo entries for five, eight, nine. So in this case, this says that the shortest path from zero to one is to go along zero, one and that's distance five and from zero to four, it's to go along zero, four and that's distance nine, And zero to seven, let's go take it zero, seven that's distance eight. And the edge weights are positive. We're not going to find a shorter path to anyone, of what, Sorry. The edge weights are positive and those are the shortest paths that we know so far to the vertices. Now, the first key point of the algorithm is take the closest one. If you take the closest one, in this case, it's one, Then we know we're not going to find a shorter, shorter path to one. The only other way to go out of zero is to take one of these other edges, and they're longer. So, and all the edge weights are positive. So we're not going to find a shorter way from zero to one, than to take the edge, 0-1. So that means that edge 0-1 is on the shortest path tree, That's what the algorithm says. Take the next closest vertex to the source. in this case, it's one. And then, We're going to add that edge, that vertex to the tree. And relax all the edges that point from that. So now both zero and one are on the tree, so now let's look at the edges pointing to that and we have to relax each one of those. So in this case if you go from one to four, Then we look at four, we know a path of length nine. And one to four doesn't give us a shorter path, so we leave that edge alone. One to three gives us a shorter path to three which is going to be twenty, cuz you went from zero to one, and then one to three is of length twenty. And one to two, also, we didn't know a way to two, But now we know now we know one, or better one is seventeen. So that completes the relaxation of all the edges pointing from one. So now we have zero and one on the tree, And. We would, consider next, The next closest vertex to the source. So what we have in this two is the shortest paths to all the vertex, vertices that we've seen so far and this one says that the we've been to the zero and one so the next closest one is seven, which is distance eight. So we are going to choose vertex seven. And again, that's the shortest path we've seen so far, we are not going to find a shorter one cuz to get to every other vertex is longer. and so, we know it's on the shortest paths tree, and now we're going to relax all the edges pointing from seven. In this case, both of them, the one from seven to two, gives us a shorter way to two than what we knew before, and the one from seven to five gives us a shorter way to five than we knew before. Well, we hadn't been to five before. So that relaxes seven, so now seven is on the shortest paths tree. So now 4's the next closest path vertex to the source. From the edge zero, four which is of length nine. So that's the one that we're going to pick next for the tree. We're not going to find a shorter path there, And we relax, relax along all its edges. In this case, we find a shorter path to five than we knew before and a shorter path to six, well, we visit six for the first time. Okay, so that's four, so now we just have to worry about two, three, five, and six, and five is the one over there, and so we select vertex five, Relax along its edges. In this case those edges both give us better paths than we knew before. So now we're left with three vertices, and two is the winner. This is the two from the sources fourteen, To three, it's twenty and to six, it's 26. Relax it's edges, and it gives us again, new shorter paths to both three and six. And then the last, this next to last step is to pick three and that does not give us a new way to six, and then finally we pick six. And then we now know, The shortest path to all the vertices from vertex zero. If we just take the edgeTo edges, That's from one, to one you take zero, to five you take two, And so forth you get the shortest paths tree and that gives the shortest way to get from the source to every vertex. That's a simulation of Dijkstra's algorithm. Here's a demo of Dijsktra's algorithm running in a large digraph. So the source is the protects the center with the open circle and you can see it considers the vertices in the graph in order of their distance from the source. Now you can see this is maybe like a lake in the middle of the graph, And so it's not going to move on from those vertices. It's going to take a little while to get around the lake. And again, if, this visualization is produced by our code, Then it, and it gives a very, natural feeling for the way that the algorithm works, This, in principle. And I think, in fact, in many cases, is what your, car does when you turn the map system on, It computes the shortest path to everywhere, And then it's all ready when you ask for a certain place, how to get there. So here's just, starting from another point in the graph. You have, if you happen to live at a corner of the Earth, then it's going to be slightly longer to get to the other corner. And, a nice feeling for how the algorithm gets its job done. Again, when it gets into those blank areas, it takes a little while to get over to the other side. And of course if we had islands, if we had little roads in the middle there that were not connected, Then we know where to get to them from the source and we wouldn't see them. And that's fine for the way our algorithm works. We just leave that out of the demo and the proof to avoid adding an extra comment about that for every algorithm. That's a visualization of Dijkstra's algorithm on a large graph. So, so how do we prove it's correct? Well, essentially we've prove that it's an instance of the generic algorithm. So, first thing is that every edge is relaxed exactly once. Every time we, everytime we put a vertex onto the tree, we relax all the edges that come from that vertex and we never reconsider the vertex. And what does relaxation do? Relaxation ensures that after the relaxation, either way there was before, afterwards, you have the distance to w is less than or equal the distance to v plus e to the, e plus the way to the edge. Either it's equal cuz we just made it that way, or it's less than it was before and the edge was not relevant. And this inequality is going to hold for every an, entry for every edge corresponding to every edge, for just two entries corresponding to every edge because number one, the, these two values are always increasing. We never I'm sorry, we're always decreasing. The only thing we ever change, only reason we ever change distTo w is to make it smaller. If we, if we found an edge that would make it bigger we ignor that edge, So it's always decreasing. So when we change distTo w, we're not going to make that inequality holds. We're just going to make it better. And this distTo v is not going to change at all. Once we relax an edge from a vertex, we're done with that vertex. We're not going to process that at all. So, then when we're done we have the optimality conditions hold that exactly is the optimality condition. And, not only that, we have a path from the source to every vertex. So that's the correctness proof for Dijkstra's algorithm based on the optimality conditions. Here's the code. It's similar to code that we've seen before. We're going to use the indexed priority queue that allows us to implement the decreased key operation. And we have our edgeTo and distTo arrays that are part of the shortest paths computation and the goal of the shortest paths computation. So we initialized the constructor, initializes those rays and including the Index Minimum PQ. and we start out with all the distances infinity except for the distance of the source is zero. We put the source on the priority Q and then what we're going to do is take the, Edge that closest to the source off the priority. That's on the priority queue off and then relax all the edges that are adjacent to that, so I'm using our standard iterator to get all the edges that emanate from that vertex and relax them. And then the relax code is just like the code that was showed when describing relaxation, except that it also updates the priority queue. If the, vertex, that, that edge goes to is on the priority queue, it gives a new shorter way to get to that, So we have to, decrease the key on the priority queue, Cuz if it's not on the priority queue, we insert it, And that's it. That's a complete implementation, of Dijsktra's algorithm using modern data structures. Now, this algorithm might seem very familiar than, if you've been paying attention. It's essentially the same algorithm as Prim's algorithm. The difference is that, in both cases, we're building what's called a spanning tree of the graph. But in Prim's algorithm, we take a vertex that, that's not on the tree using the rule of let's take the vertex that's closest to the tree, anywhere on the tree, Closest to some vertex on the tree. For Dijsktra's algorithm, we take next, the vertex that's closest to the source through a path, they go through a tree and then into a non-tree vertex. That's the difference and the differences in the code have to do with the fact that Prim's algorithm is for an undirected graph, Dijsktra's algorithm is for a directed graph, But essentially, they're the same algorithm. And actually, several of the algorithms that we've talked about are in this same family. They compute a spanning tree. I have, you, you have a tree that takes care of where that records where you've been in the graph, From every vertex, back to where you started. Then you used different rules for choosing which vertex to add next. For breadth-first search, you use a Q, for depth-first search, you use something like a stack and then you have to decide what to do, if you encounter a vertex that you've been to before. But many graph algorithms use this same basic idea. So in particular, when we are talking about what the running time of Dijsktra's algorithm, it depends on what priority Q the implementation we use, And it's the same considerations as for Prim's algorithm. We have V insert operations, every vertex goes on to the priority queue. V delete-min, every vertex comes off the priority queue. and for every edge, in the worst case, we could compute decrease-key operation. So, the original implementations of Dijsktra's algorithm used an unordered array, Which would mean that it would take time proportional to V to find the minimum, To find the vertex closest to the source. So the total running time would be proportional to V squared. That's not adequate for the huge sparse graph that we see in practice today like the map in your car. So, the binary heap data structure, makes the,, makes it feasible to run this algorithm. And that's where all the operations take time proportional to log V. We have to use the indexing trick that we talked about last time to support decrease-key. But still, we get a total running time of E log V, Which makes it feasible. And just as with Prim's algorithm, by using a implementation of the priority queue that can do a faster decrease-key, you can get a faster algorithm. And in, in practice something like a 4-way hit is going to give quite a fast algorithm. And so, more expensive to insert and t-, to insert but much faster to delete min in decrease key. And again, there's a theoretical data structure that's not useful in practice. It gets the running time down to E + V log V. Of course, if your graph, graph is dense, And again, the examples I used, they're not. The array implementation is optimal, we can't do any better. We have to go through all the edges and might as well find the minimum, at the same time. But in, in, in practice, people use binary heaps, for sparse graphs. I maybe going to four way, If, the performance is really critical. The bottom line is, we have, extremely efficient implementations for the huge graphs that arise in practice nowadays. Brought to you by infinite7vn.net - KimShineGyu what we should do ? now we are both .. ... hurting each other we are getting futher... what we can do? we are gradually... ... feeling so sad we are getting futher... maybe ... it was not Love.. but Obsession maybe... it was not love.. but Desire what we should do? now we are both... ..keepin' silent we are getting further maybe... it was not Love but Obsession maybe... ...it was not Love... but Desire maybe... ...it was not our Destiny... but our Mistake and maybe... ... we are not forever ..so just until here I have a secret I don't tell many people. The truth is, I'm a slacker in the health department. I'm a new mom to seven-month-old twins, so I have to prioritize everything I do. If it doesn't have to get done, it's not going to happen. I don't exercise much, I eat a lot of frozen meals, and at the end of the day, I'm a lot more likely to have a drink in my hammock than to vacuum up the 40 pounds of Saint Bernard dog hair off the floor. (Laughter) And I can't help but feel a lot of guilt, because I feel like there's so many ways I should be improving myself. And everyone seems to have contradicting advice on the best ways to be healthy, get in shape, have a living room that could be featured on Martha Stewart instead of on hoarders, (Laughter) like mine. And at this type of event, on a day like this, I would have pages and pages of notes on things I need to do, or learn, or study, it's exhausting. Well, after doing some research on my slacker ways, it turns out I am already a health and happiness Goddess. I have discovered three unknown dirty secrets of happiness and health, and it doesn't involve the gym, or dieting, or having the perfect home. One: Drink alcohol. (Laughter) (Applause) Yeah, I know. Two: Gain weight. (Laughter) (Applause) Three: Stop cleaning your house. (Applause) (Cheers) I know. Turns out being bad can actually be good for you. The Mayo Clinic, Web MD, Dr. Oz, Government Health Organizations, even the American Heart Association states that daily consumption of one to two drinks a day can improve health and lead to a longer life. Daily consumption of alcohol has been linked to a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, dementia, including Alzheimer's, gal stones, strokes, kidney stones, that's just to name a few. Now here's something everyone can relate to. A study on the common cold found that if you are a non-smoker, three or four drinks a day, were associated with a decreased risk for developing colds. (Laughter) They also found that wine, especially red wine, may have a protective effect against the common cold. Now, I enjoy drinking Sangria on occasion, red wine, and fruits, so I'm being double healthy! The second unknown dirty secret to happiness and health: gaining weight. The truth is that slim toned people are having a tough time. (Laughter) I know. I know. Anxiety and mental suffering often dominate their lives, to the point that they are much more likely to commit suicide than larger people. The studies are in, thin people are far less happy than larger ones. So, check this out. Over a sixteen year period, a million lives were examined, and it was found that as a person's BMl, body mass index, rose, the risk of depression fell. And when scientists looked at more than 3,000 people who had committed suicide, they found their BMls were significantly lower than those that did not kill themselves. (Laughter) Huh? So if you're skinny, skip that Pilates class and go get a cheeseburger. And if you aren't considered skinny based on your BMl, well done. Good job. You can go cheer up the skinny people at the after party. (Laughter) The third and final dirty secret to your happiness and health: cleaning less. Being a slob. However you say it, there are numerous studies that show the dangers of over-cleaning your home. Now most of you already know that anti-bacterial soaps and cleaners can do more harm than good by creating bacteria that's resistant to antibiotics. Dirt is good. But in even more good news, research has revealed that doing housework when you get home from work prevents levels of Cortisol from lowering, and reduces your recovery from stress. Can anyone relate to that? Yeah. You come home from a long day at work and you can't even cook dinner because your kitchen is so dirty and cluttered, because your husband thinks the dishes magically move themselves to the dishwasher. And some of them might be yours, too. (Laughter) Now I will admit, stress levels for both men and women were lowered by housework being completed only if they weren't the ones doing it. (Laughter) (Applause) So, take turns doing housework. All the guys just left, "This is dumb." Take turns doing the housework and take time to relax after. Or, even better, spend less money on the things you don't need, and hire a housekeeper with the money you'll save. (Applause) (Cheers) So, I encourage you to re-examine all the ways society tells us we have to be for optimal health. Go have a drink or two. Don't obsess over your weight. And schedule downtime over dusting. The hairballs can wait. Turns out, enjoying life is officially good for you. No further action required. No self-improvement needed. No homework! Ahhh! Don't you feel happier already? (Applause) (Cheers) I would encourage anyone who had the time and the willingness and the credentials to teach online. To be a successful instructor, I think that the recommendations are very similar to students in that you need to be sure that you are on daily. As those assignments trickle in, if I grade two or three at a time, instead of fifty at a time, it's so much more enjoyable. My feedback is better, and I stay a lot more positive in the process. I think all problems do come up, students have situations that come up where you need to be flexible and help them out sometimes. I feel a responsibility as a teacher, as an online instructor to try to help people feel part of the community of BYU-Idaho. I know the material, the lesson plan is set and I can just go in and come up with new ideas. These online classes promote lifelong learning because so much of the learning is put onto the shoulders of the students. Being online you have to learn how to get involved and be a part of the whole learning process. Especially with the BYU-Idaho learning model, and the way that that impacts the online classes. You learn that everybody has something to share. Teaching writing online is a challenge at first, but I think utilizing BYU-Idaho's learning model is what makes it work so well. mimetypeapplication/vnd.oasis.opendocument.textPK Configurations2/statusbar/PK Configurations2/accelerator/current.xml Configurations2/floater/PK Configurations2/popupmenu/PK Configurations2/progressbar/PK Configurations2/toolpanel/PK Configurations2/menubar/PK Configurations2/toolbar/PK Configurations2/images/Bitmaps/PK content.xml #-L&uq W7VET&RR E:W)F (\Ij CO5Y C;nel %1Aa c%wlC gmP. o>$3 /V*s<tm b{7q #I zqQ0 J7=za manifest.rdf qH{{L :t%O 0V8J ]oWT j4$PSG S(9-P styles.xml *aq] fvgKr/ ;=ec' 6M3m !|44X Dv*M-7WN q)TZ@ W/Myv 9**c |/$) keBR\ r\e4 }Kq. fXq^e ~@bG yPYc qR'Z"u 97?a i\9q3 7B*$ lqei cNv$o @wyY t[s}'< (>xZ)= <LGw@ z4#t ohhC =A3]- meta.xml<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <office:document-meta xmlns:office="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:office:1.0" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:meta="urn:oasis:names:tc:opendocument:xmlns:meta:1.0" xmlns:ooo="http://openoffice.org/2004/office" xmlns:grddl="http://www.w3.org/2003/g/data-view#" office:version="1.2" grddl:transformation="http://docs.oasis-open.org/office/1.2/xslt/odf2rdf.xsl"><office:meta><meta:creation-date>2012-08-17T13:31:41.50</meta:creation-date><meta:document-statistic meta:table-count="0" meta:image-count="0" meta:object-count="0" meta:page-count="1" meta:paragraph-count="2" meta:word-count="232" meta:character-count="1347"/><dc:date>2012-08-17T13:43:29.49</dc:date><meta:editing-duration>PT11M48S</meta:editing-duration><meta:editing-cycles>1</meta:editing-cycles><meta:generator>OpenOffice.org/3.3$Win32 OpenOffice.org_project/330m20$Build-9567</meta:generator></office:meta></office:document-meta>PK Thumbnails/thumbnail.png 4Npww HHH8 +HKj PC%#_ CUb$ ML_i %j^:h ,>~_ R"RG LOowh S$SGv dZc[ KT2[. n%6w |)e- .J:>v ~x[3V# )wQT GD"ch )Kza !7$)/ Qp,Z bdkL WV:< X#oN \<J!Vx H#S# 'UbN V<qz zN|{w aA$) QodE tQB] ; 0!f !$_G H%{A lTHd S_3j MHvv4 txcw A^sX{ T)@7Na WWi%vi iFip syQT g)F$"H"B 4*wJ \$eY ;:+PRJJSw P"2) __nD2kb1B 4F\y l;t|T3 u/OO y/oB Rd)! 0mh{U /ayn B*XU {b.=O u;:2 Udp^~ ]g;e S${< GKVy ),;S +7+%r }RRZ ] Fb c"\g' rbikt 'U^/ }@l'dT W1O[ B?mTmA Q\a~Un }!]}i B"A)W OX|62G +"{0U $"Fc settings.xml pJ1zbbK R|Ag Fc0* A@' 8-TP paFj ./"MSN 5e7kc zmPT M&scP META-INF/manifest.xml 9<M[ mimetypePK Configurations2/statusbar/PK Configurations2/accelerator/current.xmlPK Configurations2/floater/PK Configurations2/popupmenu/PK Configurations2/progressbar/PK Configurations2/toolpanel/PK Configurations2/menubar/PK Configurations2/toolbar/PK Configurations2/images/Bitmaps/PK content.xmlPK manifest.rdfPK styles.xmlPK meta.xmlPK Thumbnails/thumbnail.pngPK settings.xmlPK META-INF/manifest.xmlPK Swinburne University of Technology Hi & welcome to this video which will show you how to create an email merge using Microsoft Word, Outlook & Excel. First, let's look at our data source which is an Excel spreadsheet. As you can see, this is a fairly simple spreadsheet. We have a header row to describe each of the columns and the column layout is simple, with first name, family name, address, email address & student ID. Now that we've seen our data source, we can close Excel. Now, let's start Word to commence our mail merge. From the Ribbon, select the Mailings tab. Click on the Start Mail Merge drop down menu and select the Step by Step Mail Merge Wizard. A new panel will appear on the right hand side of the screen, which will guide us through the process. First, we need to choose Email Messages as there are several options available. Next, click on the Starting Document link at the bottom of the panel. You have several options for the type of document you can use. We're going to use the current document as a starting point. Next, we click on the Select Recipients link at the bottom of the panel to continue. For this exercise, we're using an existing list. Now, we'll click the Browse link to locate our source data file. Navigate to where your Excel spreadsheet is located which, in our case, is the Excel file we showed at the beginning. Select it, then click Open. A window will appear allowing us to select the sheet in the spreadsheet that contains our data. We also need to make sure that this box is ticked as our file's first row contains all of the column header information. Now, click OK. This next screen shows us the data laid out, ready to be inserted into the document. You can see that all of our columns have come across with the correct information. We can also select or de-select individual entries to process. Once you're happy with the information, click OK. Click on the Write Your Email Message link to go to the next step. Word offers several pre-prepared text blocks & we're going to start the message with a greeting. Click on the Greeting Line link and you can now format how your text will appear. We can change the initial greeting & also the way in which the salutation is displayed. I'll select their full first name to display. You can immediately preview the greeting line and you can step through your records to preview all the recipients if you wish. When you're done, click OK. Now, start typing your message. When you want to insert another merge field, you can select the fields from your spreadsheet by clicking on the More Items link. You will now see all the fields from your spreadsheet. Select the data field you want then click Insert to add it to your document, then click Close to continue typing. Continue this process until you have completed your message. Click the Preview Your Email Message link to see how your completed merge will look. You'll now see your final message with all the fields appropriately filled. Again, we can step through each of the recipients in the list to see how their message will appear. We can also exclude or edit the recipient data before the final merge. Click the Complete The Merge link in the right hand panel. Finally, click the Electronic Mail link to merge our messages. This last box allows us to select the field containing the email address as well as creating our subject line for all the messages. We can also choose whether we want plain text or HTML email. HTML messages allows us to use different font styles, colours,images & other elements to enhance the look of our message. When you're finally ready, click OK to send the message to all recipients. You'll now notice in the bottom of your screen, an icon which will change and show you that the email messages are being sent. As one of the messages was being sent to my address, I've received a notification to alert me that the merged email message has arrived. Now, let's switch to Outlook to look at the message. You can see that the message has arrived & we can look at it to ensure it looks correct. We can also check that all the messages have been sent by checking out Sent Mail folder. The list shows that all the recipients in the spreadsheet have been sent the message. So, there you have it. I hope that you've found this video useful. Thanks for your time & enjoy sending email merged messages. This has been a Swinburne production. The king is indeed is an authority He said: "Man of God, the king sent me to get you to him!" "Come down!" He shouldn't have called him man of God then He should just have called him man So as you called me man of God, if I really am one, let the fire of heaven come down and consume you and your 50 men So the fire comes down and consumes them Then the king sent another captain of 50 with his 50 men He too got before Elijah haughtily and said to him: "Man of God" "Come down and follow me to the king!" Elijah says: "oh really, well since I am a man of God" "Let the fire consumes you", so it did The third one comes, but this time he needs to be smart Halleluiah The third one thinks strategy The third one comes and says: "oh I understand" "I ain't stupid" "Ain't gonna meeet that man and die, I gotta live" You can't meet the man of God and die You can't meet him and remain poor or forever cursed, you can't! You ought to be strategic If you meet the man of God and turn back to the world, you meet him and you quit on him on the way that means you have not been strategic you came with pride Many come with their knowledge saying: "oh I know the Bible" "I know as much as the man of God" "I've already preached the gospel" or "We used to do like this with my spiritual father" You cannot come before an authority and impose him your knowledge Come with humility With humility even if you're well-known Come up with humility How many christians die because of pride? Hosea 4:6 says that they are ignorant They don't know that before an authority you get to learn more to add on what you already know But you think you know better What do you know? Halleluiah! The third man comes up says: "Man of God, please" Then he gets on the knees Oh why kneeling before a man of God? See, it's a mistery Kneeling before a man of God doesn't mean to worship him It means to have your spirital eyes open When you have the eyes closed, you can't do it For you would look left and and right to see if somebody watches you "If I kneel before the man of God, people would mock me" No He was not anybody He was a captain of 50 A captain of 50 men A head but still goes and gets on the knees not his 50 men but him alone he alone kneeled and said: "Man of God, please" "May the life of thy 50 servants of yours be precious to thy sight" It's a strategic talk You do approach the authority with no strategy you are prudish in what you do How do you wanna be blessed? Look at him and see how you need to hit Amen Look and see where his sensitivity is Halleluiah! What does he need? What does he want? and says: "Man of God Let my life be precious at your sight" "Do not strike me" "Nor my 50 men" Amen And Elijah said: "I will let you live" "for you called me man of God" "and you got on your knees" "and you humbled yourself before the anointing of God upon my head" "And because of the anointing, receive life" Amen He got his life saved The former captains of 50 who came with pride got death Out of the three captains of 50 two died and one was saved Why can't you be wealthy? Why can't you be blessed? Because at some point you start being too proud and arrogance consumes you "I'm a grown up now" "I can't stoop to that level that much" "Can't stoop to take his bag, or to give him a rideor be his chauffeur" "No way" Oh you don't get nothing! You boss that you like to drive is your pastor's chauffeur Halleluiah! When you understand, you lift up the man of God You know very often, christians put down the men of God because they were used to walk along with fake servants of God And once they find true one they think why serving him? why serving him? Why giving him a special table? If you don't know him,do not serve him don't draw the curse over your life Cause you would serve him awkwardly Therefore pray God so He opens your spiritual eyes in order to find out who His servant is before you actually begin to serving him Two captains of 50 died The third one knelt This passage stroke me The captain's action did stroke me his action! His action When English speakers, Nigerain people serve their elders They bow As for French speakers, "How you doing bro?" "You good Stephen", talking to his pastor You see! This kills you Do it like this with your buddies But the man who report you to God who watches over your soul when you sleep, he prays for you when you meet him, what you do? When you meet the man who prays for you The man who reports you to God the man who watches over you when you sleep who watches over your soul he don't sleep but prays for you when you meet that man, what does it cost you to honor him? In pubilc, you call him daddy, but in private, you call him stupid And you think you're from God? The Bible says nobody can tell Jesus-Christ if it's not pushed by the Holy Spirit So you got two tongues And you wanna be blessed But you won't Tonight I'm gonna let you think about this strategy I know when God says it's a say of miracles, Then that means it really is a heavy day of miracles Amen That ain't easy because it's a real day I let you with a divine look Have the eyes of heaven and be strategic All the examples that I gave were about strategic people They did not remain poor nor sick, nor barren nor dead Four examples Four examples given Why are you dying? Why do have problems? Apostle Paul says: "Do not take the Holy Supper while minimizing the presence of God" That's why many of you are sick some others die Even being partaker of the Holy Supper kills you Halleluiah May God bless this time shared May God watches over every one of you May He lead you to victory and miracles We're gonna see what God is about to do for us tonight We're gonna pray And call the fire of God over your life to consume what is impur in you How you gonna receive it? What look will you have on the hand that I will lay upon you? What look will you have on me? And this will touch the heaven and have the blessing come down over you God bless you His blood covers you And His grace be upon every one of you In the name of Jesus Amen!! Let's pray the Lord We bles you our God Father for this favorable moment For the ground that you've just fertilized for the hearts renewed and regenerated for the lives you've just changed Father of Glory You gave us a powerful and greatful testimony Four powerful examples Father we let in your hands every child in here Come reveal yourself in their life Come act in their life Jesus for that death be not theirs but life be theirs Let you alone open the windows of heaven abondantly and overflowingly Let your grace rain upon them From now on and forever more Father Reveal yourself What you did for those four people in your Scriptures Do it also for your children in here For they look up at you They see in me your presence They see in me your glory Bless every one And let all the glory be to you Father In the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth Amen!!! Father I worship you Lift up your hands I give you my life I love you so much Father I worship you I give you my life I love you so much I love you so much Let's review a little bit of what we had learned many, many videos ago about gravitational potential energy and then see if we can draw the analogy, which is actually very strong, to electrical potential energy. So what do we know about gravitational potential energy? If we said this was the surface of the Earth-- we don't have to be on Earth, but it makes visualization easy. We could be anywhere that has gravity, and the potential energy would be due to the gravitational field of that particular mass, but let's say this is the surface of the Earth. We learned that if we have some mass m up here and that the gravitational field at this area-- or at least the gravitational acceleration-- is g, or 9.8 meters per second squared, and it is h-- we could say, I guess, meters, but we could use any units. Let's say it is h meters above the ground, that the gravitational potential energy of this object at that point is equal to the mass times the acceleration of gravity times the height, or you could view it as the force of gravity, the magnitude of the force of gravity. You know, it's a vector, but we can say the magnitude of the vector times height. And so what is potential energy? Well, we know that if something has potential energy and if nothing is stopping it and we just let go, that energy, at least with gravitational potential energy, the object will start accelerating downwards, and a lot of that potential energy, and eventually all of it, will be converted to kinetic energy. So potential energy is energy that is being stored by an object's situation or kind of this notional energy that an object has by virtue of where it is. So in order for something to have this notional energy, some energy must have been put into it. And as we learned with gravitational potential energy, you could view gravitational potential energy as the work necessary to move an object to that position. Now, if we're talking about work to move something into that position, or whatever, we always have to think about, well, move it from where? Well, when we talk about gravitational potential energy, we're talking about moving it from the surface of the Earth, right? And so how much work is required to move that same mass-- let's say it was here at first-- to move it from a height of zero to a height of h? Well, the whole time, the Earth, or the force of gravity, is going to be F sub g, right? So essentially, if I'm pulling it or pushing it upwards, I'm going to have to have-- and let's say at a constant velocity-- I'm going to have to have an equal and opposite force to its weight to pull it up. Otherwise, it would accelerate downwards. I'd have to do a little bit more just to get it moving, to accelerate it however much, but then once I get it just accelerating, essentially I would have to apply an upward force, which is equivalent to the downward force of gravity, and I would do it for a distance of h, right? What is work? Work is just force times distance. Force times distance, and it has to be force in the direction of the distance. So what's the work necessary to get this mass up here? Well, the work is equal to the force of gravity times height, so it's equal to the gravitational potential energy. Now this is an interesting thing. Notice we picked the reference point as the surface of the Earth, but we could have picked any arbitrary reference point. We could have said, well, from 10 meters below the surface of the Earth, which could have been down here, or we could have actually said, you know, from a platform that's 5 meters above the Earth. So it actually turns out, when you think of it that way, that potential energy of any form, but especially gravitational potential energy-- and we'll see electrical potential energy-- it's always in reference to some other point, so it's really a change in potential energy that matters. And I know when we studied potential energy, it seemed like there was kind of an absolute potential energy, but that's because we always assume that the potential energy of something is zero the surface of the Earth and that we want to know the potential energy relative to the surface of the Earth, so it would be kind of, you know, how much work does it take to take something from the surface of the Earth to that height? But really, we should be saying, well, the potential energy of gravity-- like this statement shouldn't be, you know, this is just the absolute potential energy of gravity. We should say this is the potential energy of gravity relative to the surface of the Earth is equal to the work necessary to move something, to move that same mass, from the surface of the Earth to its current position. We could have defined some other term that is not really used, but we could have said potential energy of gravity relative to minus 5 meters below the surface of the Earth, and that would be the work necessary to move something from minus 5 meters to its current height. And, of course, that might matter. What if we cut up a hole and we want to see what is the kinetic energy here? Well, then that potential energy would matter. Anyway, so I just wanted to do this review of potential energy because now it'll make the jump to electrical potential energy all that easier, because you'll actually see it's pretty much the same thing. It's just the source of the field and the source of the potential is something different. So electrical potential energy, just actually we know that gravitational fields are not constant, we can assume they're constant maybe near the surface of the Earth and all that, but we also know that electrical fields aren't constant, and actually they have very simple formulas. But just for the simplicity of explaining it, let's assume a constant electric field. And if you don't believe me that one can be constructed, you should watch my videos that involve a reasonable bit of calculus that show that a uniform electric field can be generated by an infinite uniformly charged plane. Let's say this is the side view of an infinite uniformly charged plane and let's say that this is positively charged. Of course, you can never get a proper side view of an infinite plane, because you can never kind of cut it, because it's infinite in every direction, but let's say that this one is and this is the side view. So first of all, let's think about its electric field. It's electric field is going to point upward, and how do we know it points upward? Because the electric field is essentially what is-- and this is just a convention. What would a positive charge do in the field? Well, if this plate is positive, a positive charge, we're going to want to get away from it. So we know the electric field points upward and we know that it's constant, that if these were field vectors, that they're going to be the same size, no matter how far away we get from the source of the field. And I'm just going to pick a number for the strength of the field. We actually proved in those fancy videos that I made on the uniform electric field of an infinite, uniformly charged plane that we actually proved how you could calculate it. But let's just say that this electric field is equal to 5 newtons per coulomb. That's actually quite strong, but it makes the math easy. So my question to you is how much work does it take to take a positive point charge-- let me pick a different color. Let's say this is the starting position. It's a positive 2 coulombs. Once again, that's a massive point charge, but we want easy numbers. How much work does it take it to move that 2-coulomb charge 3 meters within this field? How much work? So we're going to start here and we're going to move it down towards the plate 3 meters, and it's ending position is going to be right here, right? That's when it's done. How much work does that take? Well, what is the force of the field right here? What is the force exerted on this 2-coulomb charge? Well, electric field is just force per charge, right? So if you want to know the force of the field at that point-- let me draw that in a different color. The force of the field acting on it, so let's say the field force, or the force of the field, actually, is going to be equal to 5 newtons per coulomb times 2 coulombs, which is equal to 10 newtons. We know it's going to be upward, because this is a positive charge, and this is a positively charged infinite plate, so we know this is an upward force of 10 newtons. So in order to get this charge, to pull it down or to push it down here, we essentially have to exert a force of 10 newtons downwards, right? Exert a force of 10 newtons in the direction of the movement. And, of course, just like we did with gravity, we have to maybe do a little bit more than that just to accelerate it a little bit just so you have some net downward force, but once you do, you just have to completely balance the upward force. So just for our purposes, you have a 10-newton force downward and you apply that force for a distance of 3 meters, the work that you put to take this 2-coulomb charge from here to here, the work is going to be equal to 10 newtons-- that's the force-- times 3 meters. So the work is going to equal 30 newton-meters, which is equal to 30 joules. A joule is just a newton-meter. And so we can now say since it took us 30 joules of energy to move this charge from here to here, that within this uniform electric field, the potential energy of the charge here is relative to the charge here. You always have to pick a point relative to where the potential is, so the electrical potential energy here relative to here and this is electrical potential energy, and you could say P2 relative to P1-- I'm using my made-up notation, but that gives you a sense of what it is-- is equal to 30 joules. And how could that help us? Well, if we also knew the mass-- let's say that this charge had some mass. We would know that if we let go of this object, by the time it got here, that 30 joules would be-- essentially assuming that none of it got transmitted to heat or resistance or whatever-- we know that all of it would be kinetic energy at this point. So actually, we could work it out. Let's say that this does have a mass of 1 kilogram and we were to just let go of it, right? We used some force to bring it down here, and then we let go. So we know that the electric field is going to accelerate it upwards, right? It's going to exert an upward force of 5 newtons per coulomb, and the thing's going to keep [COUGHS]-- excuse me-- keep accelerating until it gets to this point, right? What's its velocity going to be at that point? Well, all of this electrical potential energy is going to be converted to kinetic energy. So essentially, we have 30 joules is going to be equal to 1/2 mv squared, right? We know the mass, I said, is 1, so we get 60 is equal to v squared, so the velocity is the square root of 60, so it's 7 point something, something, something meters per second. So if I just pull that charge down, and it has a mass of 1 kilogram, and I let go, it's just going to accelerate and be going pretty fast once it gets to this point. Anyway, I'm 12 minutes into this video, so I will continue in the next, but hopefully, that gives you a sense of what electrical potential energy is, and really, it's no different than gravitational potential energy. It's just the source of the field is different. See you soon. So, our answers here are 7, 7, 17, and 17. Note that, as I suggested, I simplify what was inside the absolute value as my first step. So for example, here, I said, first off, 12 minus 5 is 7, rewrite the absolute value signs around that and the absolute value of 7 is 7. Please note that none of these answers are negative. These four numbers at least are all positive numbers. Keep that in mind as we move forward. Please don't subtitle this karaoke-captioned video: subtitle the version in http://www.universalsubtitles.org/en/videos/0nAnbu4jYGjF/info/so-much-trouble-in-the-world/ instead. Thanks! This video is a demonstration of hiatus Open your text editor to edit files. Let's see config.yaml. At "bilingual", enter the root folder path of your target bilingual files. "output", "glossary", "monolingual" are same. Enter the folder path of corresponding files. Enter "xls" in "report", and enter 2 char language code in "source" and "target". In "check" field, enter "true" or "false" on each entry. "true" checks are performed, and "false" checks are skipped. Enter "true" or "false" on "ignore100" and "ignorelCE" entries. And if you want to filter by "note" in XLZ, enter strings on "filter_by" entry. Next, let's see sample TTX file to use Source is English, and Target is Japanese Let's see Glossary file next. Tab separated value Text file, UTF-8 without BOM. First column is Source, Second column is Target, and Third column is an option. This case, option "i" means that case-insensitive and use RegExp Auto Conversion Note Source here is "wake", not "woke"."wake" is automatically converted to "woke" by Auto Conversion. Let's see Monolingual file next. First column is "t" (means check target segment), second is RegExp strings, third is an option, fourth is message. message will be displayed on the error report. If you specify "s" in first column, source segment will be checked. Also, if you write own RegExp like this sample, choose # for the option. Run hiatus by double clicking hiatus.rb Tool is running, and the report is generated. Open the generated XLS error report. 1st row is a header. File path, File name, Source segment, Target segment, Match%, Detected Term, Error message, etc. Also, you can double click column A to open the file. You can filter the errors by ErrorType column. First, let's see "Added tag" and "Deleted tag". This is for TTX and XLZ tag comparison. In Deleted Tag, one tag is deleted In Added Tag, one tag is added. And Added/Deleted tag is shown on the Message column Let's see StyleGuide check by Monolingual check function. Style guide errors are detected and shown in the Message column. You can see RegExp is working. You can create your RegExp text to catch spacing, Katakana, double byte, prohibited expression errors. Let's see Glossary errors. If glossary source is found in the source segment, and glossary target is NOT found in the target segment, an error will be reported. This case, "data center" is found, but "データ センター" is NOT found. ("データセンター" without a space is used in the translation) Also, "wake up" is found as "woke up", but "起きる" is NOT found. Note that, in the glossary, only "wake up" is defined, but "woke up" is caught. This is what Auto Conversion did. Let's see Inconsistency errors. Both Source => Target inconsistency and Target => Source inconsistency are supported. And each inconsistency group is colored differently so that you can notice the difference easily. Same source but different translations, or same translation but different sources. Let's see length check. If the length of the translation is longer than 150% of the source text, or shorter than 50% of the source text, length error will be detected. At last, let's see Unsourced check Alphanumeric characters found in the translation, but nor exist in the source text are detected. You can check possible typo with this function. In this entry, source text contains "Microsoft". But the translation contains "Mirosoft", it is missing "c". This kind of error is detected. This is one of typical error when working with CAT tool like Trados. That is because translators sometime forget to edit legacy strings when TM hits with higher match %. this is the end of this demo. Thanks for watching. Likelihood weighting is a great technique, but it doesn't solve all our problems. Suppose we wanted to compute the probability of C given +s and +r. In other words, we're constraining Sprinkler and Rain to always be positive. Since we use the evidence when we generate a node that has that evidence as parents, the Wet Grass node will always get good values based on that evidence. But the Cloudy node won't, and so it will be generating values at random without looking at these values, and most of the time, or some of the time, it will be generating values that don't go well with the evidence. Now, we won't have to reject them like we do in rejection sampling, but they'll have a low probability associated with them. The innermost workings of how a simple code is turned into flesh and blood. This is what Francis Crick called the central dogma of modern biology: How DNA makes protein. It starts with a bundle of factors assembling at the start of a gene. It's these that trigger the first phase of the process, reading off the information that will be needed to make the protein. The gene is the length of DNA stretching away to the left. Everything's ready to roll. Three, two, one. The blue molecule racing along the DNA is reading the gene. It's unzipping the double helix and copying one of the two strands. The yellow chain snaking out of the top is a copy of the genetic message, and it's made of a close chemical cousin of DNA called RNA. The building blocks to make the RNA enter through an intake hole. They are matched to the DNA, letter by letter, to make an exact copy of the As, Cs, Gs, and Ts of the gene. The only difference is that, in the RNA copy, the letter T is replaced with a closely related nucleic acid known as U. You are watching this process, called transcription, in realtime. It's happening right now, in almost every cell in your body. When the RNA copy is complete, it snakes away from the nucleus and into the outer part of the cell. Then, in a dazzling display of choreography, all the components of another molecular machine lock together around the RNA to form a miniature factory called a ribosome. It translates the genetic information in the RNA into a string of amino acids that will become a protein. Special transfer molecules, the green triangles, bring each amino acid to the ribosome. The amino acids are the small red tips attached to the transfer molecules. There are different transfer molecules for each of the 20 amino acids. They all carry a specific three-letter code that will be read by the machine. Now we come to the heart of the process. Inside the ribosome, the RNA is pulled through like a tape. The code for each amino acid is read off, three letters at a time, and matched to three corresponding letters on the transfer molecule. When the right transfer molecule plugs in, the amino acid it carries is added to the growing protein chain. Again, you are watching this in realtime. And after a few seconds, the assembled protein starts to emerge from the ribosome. Ribosomes can make any kind of protein. It just depends what genetic message you feed in on the RNA. In this case, the end product is hemoglobin. The cells in our bone marrow churn out a hundred trillion molecules of it per second. A Smaller Animal Hey... Someone? Hey... Hey... Someone... Hey. -Hi -Hi Ah, I'm so glad you are here. I'm stuck in here. You have to get me out of here. I don't think I can make it, it's high. -Are you alone? -Yes. Where am I? In a hole. Ok, but what is there outside? Ah, I don't know. Nothing. - Isn't there anybody else you can call? - No. - Do you live near here? - Sort of. So go back home and tell them I'm stuck in this hole, ok? Ok. - Are you hungry? - Yes. I've got a sandwich, - would you like one? - Yes. Catch it! Thank you, boy. You're sweet. - You're welcome. I'll be right back. - Wait! What's your name? My name? Yes, your name. My name is José. Thak you, José. José! - I thought you were not coming back! - But I did. And where are they? Who? The people you were going to tell. I only told one person. Whom? I told... ...my father. And where is he? He said he's coming later. What do you mean by "later"? That's what he told me. Did he take you seriously? I guess so. And haven't you told anybody else? No. José, listen to me. I need you to go to some adult friend of yours and say there is a woman stuck in a pit and that it's no joke. And say she's injured. Ok. Are you injured? My arm is injured. Ok. So I'll say your arm is injured... No! You'll say that I AM badly injured! I can bring you medicine. I just want to know who you're going to tell. I'll tell... my cousin. And do you think he'll come? Is he an adult? He is big. I guess so. - So run over there and tell him, will you? - Ok. - What are you waiting for? - Are you thirsty? Have you got water? Juice. Want some? Yes. I'll throw it. Catch! Thank you, José. You're welcome. I'll be right back. José? - Are you alone? - Yes. - How about your cousin? - I couldn't find him. - Haven't you told anybody else? - No. How about your father? Didn't he say he was coming? He said he's coming later. José, I'm injured down here, I don't know for how long, starving to death... I've brought food! I forgot the medicine, but I swear I'll bring them later! It's not about the food! Get a rope, tie it to a tree! I've got no rope. And there's no tree around here. Somebody help me! Please, is there anyone else up there? - Anybody there? - I've already told you there's no one here! I don't believe you, José! What you are doing is really mean. You can't lock somebody up in a hole like that. I'm not locking you up in this hole. - Right, ut you won't help me get out! - I've brought food! I don't want food, José! I want you to bring someone here, damn it! - Did you speak to anyone? - I did! - Did you really? - I've told you I did! You are lying! You are lying to me, aren't you, José? Answer me, boy! My name is not José... Hey! Someone! Someone help me! Hey, someone! Help! José! José! Hi. José? Why do you sound husky? I'm sick. See? You should have eaten... - Have you still got food on you? - Wait. I ate two sandwiches, I'm sorry, alright? What is all this food for? Take it! It's heavy; I can't hold it much longer. This is food for a long time! If you don't take it I'll drop it! - That's mean, boy! - I made all those sandwiches! One by one. There are even fruits for you. And I don't want them to fall into the water. You just have to say I'm good. What? You just have to say I'm good. Then I'll give you the food. Give it to me! Give it to me, you little shit! I'm hungry! Give it to me! Alright... I'll give you one chance. Take it! Uh-uh... Not so fast... Give it to me! You just have to say I'm good, that's all! I hate you! I've brought medicine! Bandage, peroxide, band-aid, and a burning ointment... So give it to me! Don't you talk to me like that.... Give it to me now! Please, look at me! What is it that you want, boy? Do you know what I want? I want you to like me again. - What do you mean? - I want you to like me again! That's not the way to like someone, José! You will like me! Alright, I like you! I like you very much! I love you, José! I love you too. Oh, José, do you think this is how it works? Do you think I love you, José? I don't love you and you don't love me! Do you still believe in any of this? Get me out of here now, boy! Oh, poor little thing, he's not having fun anymore... But i love you, José, I really, really love you! Do you want the medicine? So you'll have to prove me that you love me! How, José? Just tell me and I'll prove you. I love you! I'm your girlfriend, José! Take off your clothes! Take off my clothes? I won't do that... If you don't do it, I wont give you the medicine. If you don't do it, I'll shut this hole! Go on! What's the matter? Take it all off! I'll only take off my clothes when you throw me the medicine. Not before that! Come on! Throw them! Don't you want to see me? - Alright! At three. - At three. One. Two. Three! - Hey Turn around! - Not now boy. Get lost! - Lie down for me to see you! Let me see! - It's getting dark, it's time you go home. You fooled me. I won't let it pass. I gave you medicine and I'll see you without clothes! Today I'll be around until later. You can't keep your clothes. This is one of the few things I can do. - Ok, but you said.... - I didn't say anything! I thought you wouldn't do that. I trusted you. I also though you wouldn't do that. I also trusted you. Don't talk to me like that! I don't like you. But I am the only person who comes to see you. - And that's only because I'm stuck in here. - But I'm the only one. Is there anybody else besides me? Listen, my father will come in a while. I mean it... Won't you look at me? Enough now! Ouch, she's upset... You little shit. You fucking shit! And she is swearing! - Fuck you, boy! - Yes, more! More! Son of a bitch! Fucking kid! I can't stand looking at your face anymore. I can't stand it anymore! You insignificant little thing! I want you to go away! I want you to leave me alone here. Go away, you piece of shit! Go away! Hey! Get up! Hey, you, get up! Hey! Get up! Wake up! Hey! Please! Wake up! See how nice it is being deceived? You're so stupid, José! You're just a child, boy! And you know what is worse? I may be here because you want me to. But you are here just because nobody wants you! Shut your mouth! Why? Do you feel humiliated? What are you going to do? Will you come down here? Come down! There's nothing you can do, kid! Stop that! What are you doing? - One minute... - Stop that. I'm about to finish. Ah, it feels so good! So, which game are we going to play now? I'm sorry, ok? I like you. If you stop crying, I'll do anything! I don't want anything from you! - Anything! - Don't talk like that. Please, stop crying! Look, I know I've been mean to you, but tomorrow I'll get a rope and get you out fo there. I want you to go away. Trust me. I need to get out of here. PAUL JAY, SENlOR EDlTOR, TRNN: Welcome to The Real News Network. I'm Paul Jay in Washington. And that was Willie Nelson at a Farm Aid concert. And you may wonder, well, why the heck do farmers need aid, given how high food prices are getting? In fact, the USDA says $99 billion will be divided up amongst American farmers. But a new study by Tim Wise suggests it ain't quite so simple. Small family farms are not doing so well. And to explain all of this to us is Tim Wise. Thanks for joining us. TlM WlSE, DlRECTOR OF GDAE, TUFTS UNlVERSlTY: My pleasure. JAY: Tim is the director of Research Policy Program at the Global Development and Environment Institute at Tufts University. Name of report is Still Waiting for the Farm Boom: Family Farmers Worse Off Despite High Prices. First of all, describe, tell us about the situation. If prices are so high, why are family farms--and here we're talking about smaller family farms--why aren't they doing well? WlSE: Well, it's a fairly well-known problem that farmers would tell you about if the USDA or the media got out to talk to them much. They indeed are seeing higher prices for their products, but they're being squeezed between much higher expenses as the prices for all of their inputs go up--fertilizer, seeds, all the rest of it--and the farm payments have gone down, as some of those farm payments from the government were tied to price. So with prices higher, farm payments go down. Surprisingly enough, in this class of--I'd call them small to mid-sized family farmers--their household income is actually lower than it was in the earlier part of the 2000s, when farm prices were actually lower. JAY: Now, just to be clear on this, the bigger farms a lot of us think are corporate farms, but they're actually wealthy family owned farms with a lot more acreage. So these mid- and small-sized farmers are, I guess you can say, to some extent's competing with the bigger farms. Now, the bigger farms are doing relatively better. They are getting more of this net cash. Is this true? WlSE: Well, the biggest farms--I mean, interesting--you know, the USDA will release its farm income projections and farm income numbers every year, and it often comes in these high price years with kind of glowing language about boom times in the heartland. What--I really did this study because, you know, Boom for Whom is really the--was the title of an earlier study that we did, and it was because, yeah, there are some farmers, the biggest farmers, who are farming lots of acres, can sink, can shift into the crops that have the highest prices, can lock in the futures contracts, can bid down the supplier costs, and can on small margins with high volumes make money. They are indeed family-owned farms. Some of them are huge. One of the shocking pieces of information in this study is that the largest farms in the United States are actually accounting for 88 percent of all of the farm income accounted for by the USDA. The smaller category of farms aren't small farms, I mean, not what a lot of us would think of as small farms. Average acreage on this category of farms--sales between $100,000 and $250,000 a year, so they're commercially viable, or they have been in the past--they're 1,100 acres. You know, grain farmers are in the 500 to 700 acre category. Ranchers are bigger than that. We're not talking about tiny farms. And yet, you know, they're showing that expenses are basically gobbling up almost all of the increases in farm revenues and sales. JAY: So that's what I was going to ask. If the small and medium farmers aren't making money at a time when food prices are so high, who is? WlSE: Well, the largest farms are doing better. JAY: Well, [crosstalk] yeah. WlSE: And then, you know, the food chain, as we've seen, is increasingly dominated by--not farmers. It's well documented that a smaller and smaller share of the retail food dollar ends up in farmers' pockets. I forget the number now, but it's very low and consistently declining. Where does it end up? Those who supply farms--Monsanto for seeds, and a bunch of others for seeds, not just Monsanto; John Deere supplying tractors--they, a lot of those, are large corporations. Some are in monopoly positions. A lot of them are the only supplier for what they're selling. And their prices have gone up in part because the prices of all commodities have gone up, and in part because they have a lot of market power and they can command high prices. JAY: Yeah, because generally prices have not gone up the last few years very much. I mean, making a John Deere tractor, in theory, has not gotten more expensive. WlSE: Well, a lot of it's petroleum-driven, a lot of it's commodity-driven. All of the commodities move together because commodity markets move that way now with the financialized commodities markets. But on the other end, you get farmers getting their prices bid down for what they sell, and it's bid down because they're selling to Smithfield for pork, or they're selling to Cargill to a grain elevator, or they're selling--. And those prices have been bid down because they're ultimately all selling to Wal-Mart, and Wal-Mart's bidding down prices. So the farmers don't sit at the bottom of this food chain; they sit right smack dab in the middle. It's been described as an hourglass. And at the top, you have the Wal-Marts and the Smithfields and the users of these agricultural raw materials. At the bottom, you actually have the suppliers, who are making a lot of money selling farm equipment, seeds, etc., fertilizer, and the rest. And in the middle, you have farmers squeezed by--who can't band together, haven't been able to band together and fight back with establishing any market power themselves. JAY: So what kind of changes do they want to see? I mean, what's affecting them right now? And longer-term what do they want to see? WlSE: Well, one of the more promising changes that's been at least proposed under the Obama administration is some serious antitrust legislation. The Obama administration under the US Department of Agriculture has issued a rule on undue market power for meat packers that would go a long way to leveling the playing field for independent livestock producers. JAY: So this is a company like Smithfield. WlSE: That would be--it would affect companies like Cargill, Smithfield, and others. And the meat industry has come back in force trying to derail this rule that has actually been proposed. It's been commented on. And now it's a question of whether or not it's going to be [crosstalk] JAY: What's the nature of the antitrust suit? I mean, [crosstalk] WlSE: Well, and then in addition to that, the Department of Justice and the US Department of Agriculture held a series of unprecedented hearings last year together, going out into the heartland, targeting particular industries, like the seed industry, like livestock, where there is evidence of undue market power on the part of certain actors, like Monsanto on seeds or like Cargill on beef. And they held these community hearings, which were very well attended, very well commented on, participation by farmers, really have raised the expectation that the Department of Justice is going to do something about trying to right the imbalances that we see [crosstalk] JAY: And what's the timing on that? When are they expecting [crosstalk] WlSE: It's all in process now. The GlPSA rule is sitting there being fought over and fought back against by the--waiting to be implemented. And, you know, I think before you even get to the 2012 farm bill, which is an important--will be a very important spot for debating these reforms, the crisis right now is that the debate is over undoing some of these existing laws and regulations. JAY: What else do they want to see? WlSE: Dodd-Frank, the Dodd-Frank financial reform legislation, has very important provisions for regulating commodity derivatives. That would squeeze some of the financial speculation out of agricultural commodity markets, dampen down some of the price volatility we've seen. And Wall Street's come back pushing hard against the Commodity Futures Trading Commission. JAY: How does that affect the smaller farmers? WlSE: They see--if we could squeeze out the financial speculation from distorting the futures markets, they'd see much more stable and functioning markets for their products, and it would allow them to actually predict their prices better, lock in their prices more reliably. And the speculation and the volatility actually raises the cost of even participating in those markets, because volatility's something you have to insure against, and you pay higher for more insurance. JAY: Is there another change that's important [incompr.] WlSE: I would say it's equally important to address the credit issue. People, family farmers, have suffered a great deal because of the constriction of, contraction of credit. It's much harder to get. And a recent report by Farm Aid and by the National Family Farm Coalition and a couple of other groups documented just how much harder it is for farmers to get credit. You can't run a farm without credit. And they found that more and more farmers are actually running their farms on credit cards. And there is no--. JAY: [incompr.] this is credit cards at 19, 20 percent annual interest. WlSE: Credit cards that, you know, if you can--if you get caught with those levels of debt on credit cards, you're not only putting your farm at risk; you're putting your entire household at risk. Bankruptcies are up in farm country. And so serious attention needs to be paid to the kind of credit provision and credit extension that can keep family farm sector functioning. JAY: And what's the politics of this? You'd think there'd be more votes helping small farmers than lesser big farmers. WlSE: I think that's true. But I think there's a lot of entrenched politics around farm issues in general. There's a lot of lobbying money that flows. And it doesn't--you know, people talk about the farm lobby as if it's one thing. There's small to mid-sized family farmers grouped in organizations like the National Family Farm Coalition. They don't have the same interests as Cargill, who has its own lobbying effort, and the meat packers, who have their own lobbying effort. There's no such thing as the farm lobby. There are a lot of farm lobbies. And there are a lot of different groupings within the farm community as well. They certainly have their constituencies. I think the politics right now is the deficit and deficit-cutting politics. And the austerity politics that are driving a lot of policy discussions in DC right now are definitely infecting some of these deliberations. JAY: One of the things that is on the table is the lowering of subsidies for farmers. How big an issue is that, and how important? WlSE: It could be very important. I think a lot of the family farm groups would rather get their money from a stable market than from the government. And they've advocated policies to stabilize prices at a fair level, and through things like grain reserves and the like, and so that there wouldn't need to be any subsidies. In the absence of policies like that, one of the surprising pieces of the data that I looked at was family farmers in this category that I looked at get 30 percent of their net cash farm income from government payments. It's not a big amount of money. It's $9,000. JAY: But it's big if that's a third of your income. WlSE: But it's big because you're right on the margins. That's the money that, because you know it's there, the bank will give you a loan. If that money wasn't there, would the bank give you a loan? Maybe not. JAY: And I suppose if you don't, then the big farmers come and buy up your [crosstalk] WlSE: Well, that's right, that's right. And that's where the--the land doesn't go out of production, the land goes--. JAY: Yeah, this process of monopolization just speeds up. WlSE: That's right. JAY: Thanks for joining us. WlSE: My pleasure. JAY: And thank you for joining us on The Real News Network. But here's the problem. We don't have enough people that understand this problem. We don't have enough skilled people to fill the gap. This is the problem, a major problem, in the US. And so what we're seeing in our region alone, we're talking about zero percent unemployment at a time where unemployment in the US is double what it usually is. At a time when unemployment in other countries, in Europe, are facing severe issues. In the United States, in the northwest, we have zero percent unemployment in cyber security information insurance. Lots of jobs that aren't being filled. I'll, I'll go through this really quickly. Here's just a list of some of the companies. Starbucks, Amazon, if you recognize the symbol, lot of really interesting places to work. So how have we been growing these people in the past? Well, primarily OJT. In other words, you meet somebody like a Kirk Bailey, who's a guru in cyber security. He's now our ClSO, and you beg to go to work for him. And you follow him around. I've had students email me from India in the summer before they have taken classes with me in the fall, and beg to come to work for me. I didn't have jobs, in this one case, and the boy simply begged me, just let me show up, let me hang around you, because this is typically how people learned the field. Because the textbooks are out of date the minute they're printed. What you really want to see is how the field is administered close up. That's how people learn. Or there's certifications. How many of you've heard of the ClSSP? Everybody, cer, certificates of, a couple of you. This is the certification issued by an independent body, that is most desired by employers, but there are others. And so that's another way to gain credentials and learn. There's very little that's happened at the education level. One of the reasons is there's very little faculty trained in this discipline. There's been little research funding and this is what drives faculty. We're expected to produce research and publications, and if there's no research funding faculty won't be attracted to a field. So there have been few university programs around the world and in the United States so it makes it very difficult to really learn in a setting like this, in this particular field, but I have good news for you. This is why Allen is saying he's excited about our collaboration, because working with person, Ferguson Boucher. Who did her master's thesis in this area. We've been able to put together a course here at Aberystwyth, that's been adapted to the UK and to the European perspectives that's being offered to you. One of, I don't know how many courses are like this in, in Europe. I don't think, very many, so we have, of course we're going to have more and this is what's motivating my involvement with Aberystwyth, with as a fellow. I'm very excited to be here because I see a place where you folks can become leaders in this space as more and more employers begin to recognize that records management and information assurance go hand and hand. So, again this certainly was not a scalable process, OJT was it? And so this is what the federal government did and this explains the center that I'm running. They created this program. About the late 1990s to stimulate sometimes policy works. Sometimes policy is well intended and misguided. This is an example of policy that really worked. Because there was some very bright. Person in the executive branch in the White House that recognized we had a cyber security problem. He got it. In fact, he went on a hunt for the internet and people laughed at him. They said wait a minute, you can't see the internet, it's visible, it's invisible, it's over wires. No, no, no, no, no. The internet physically exists somewhere. Where are the servers? Where are the people that are maintaining the servers? Let's look at that. Let's look at the potential vulnerabilities. And through that survey, he ended up making some unbelievable discoveries. Like the internet going out of the city of Seattle, which is the primary connection of the U.S. To Australia, and the main connection of the mainland up to Alaska, is at the top floor of an eighteen story building, a highrise, that sits on a fault. >> [laugh] >> In the middle of downtown. With glassed in windows where you can look in and see all the racks of servers. Hello. And an internet website that explains the security procedures for the building, when the security guards are going to be there and when they aren't, And how you can get a key off-hours. [laugh]. How convenient. So he sounded the alarm. And he said, wait a minute, we have a literacy. Maybe we'd call it an illiteracy problem in information assurance. So we saw the instantiation of a goal, to create these centers of academic excellence. This program was launched with a presidential directive. Because sometimes Congress is a little slow in moving. And it created centers of excellence, scholarships, high school programs. And training standards. These training standards persist. And it's these training standards that are the backbone of the courses I teach at the University of Washington and they inform the courses that are being offered here at Aberystwyth. So since the instantiation of this program, the first scholarship students graduated in 2002. These are US citizens, and there have been more than 1400 scholarship students since. So we've had a pretty successful program. We've had about 150, 160 centers around the country, most of them in the Beltway. And now we have just a couple in the northwest. These are outliers in Idaho. It's, it's mostly the University of Washington, and a little community college up on the border. But our center umbrellas two very interesting places. Nice places to come. >> Hawaii. >> [laugh]. >> Because my mother never raised any dumb kids. >> [laugh]. >> And Aberystwyth in Wales. >> [laugh]. >> Okay? There's some similarities. >> [laugh]. >> Seaside. >> [laugh]. >> Last year you had palm trees, right? >> Yes, they died. >> They died. >> [laugh]. >> Lots of wind, although different temperatures. >> [laugh]. Good afternoon. Do you remember the day when you activated your Facebook account? I activated mine in 2008. I remeber it vividly, Facebook had 100 million users back then. It was then when I heard for the first time people talking about using Internet technology and social networks in formal education in Serbia. It was a progressive idea back then. As always, progressive idea is followed by negative criticism, coming from lack of knowledge and understanding of possible influence of social networks on the world around us. Today, at the end of 2011 Facebook has 800 million users and no one sees it as a trivial thing. Remember the riots in England in August this year, or better yet, remember the Arab Spring. In both cases, the events were initiated on Facebook. Well, if Facebook and Internet can help overthrow dictatorships isn't it silly to disregard the influence that the Internet and social networks may have on the change of educational system today? Speakers before me talked already about taking advantage of Internet and modern technologies in helping society, probably we will hear much more, but before I start teling you about my project, I would like to show you what I actually did. (Video): Minus 5 plus 6 is one. As it is positive, we will add a plus again. When triangle is like this, the height (h) actually represents, this is the height (h), it represents the line segment of this rectangled triangle, or longer cathetus. Surface area of the base is actually area of the circle with radius "r", so it is B equals square "r", times "pi", "r" is a radius of cylinder's basis. Minus x and we get one third, so it is one third of total number, and this here is the total number that was in it. One third of 56 minus x, and we had three passengers coming in. So, it is plus 3. ... that is squared, and actually that is the cathetus of this rectangled triangle, it equals squared hypothenusis, that is squared "h", minus a half of the "a", that is the other cathetus, and that is squared. So, the answers is 20h or 8 pm, thus movie started at 20h and 15 minutes. We're searching for an answer, that is the one under "v", we will mark it and the task 330 is done. (Applause) Those are the clips from YouTube. The project is "You Tube preparation of eight graders for final exam in Mathematics." I solved 330 mathematical problems. The project was the biggest online Mathematics tuition campaign. One video clip, one mathematical problem. I managed to prepare 10,000 students. Thanks to You Tube, all of them together solved problems 3 million times. They made thousands of comments. That was the largest online learning campaign in June. According to the monthly You Tube statistics, we were among the top 5 educational channels. At the global scale. On the week of the exam, in June, we were more popular than MlT, Stanford University, than the famous Khan Academy, we were the most popular educational channel in the world. Here in Serbia. (Applause) Video material as a tool in teaching is not a new phenomenon. People in the IT world have used it for 10 years now. It started at the point when Internet became fast enough to support video streaming. The innovative aspect of this project is the fact that it has been used for the first time in formal education in primary school. I work in elementary school, I teach Informatics, and I have to improve my knowledge on a daily basis. I do this mostly with the help of video material and video tutorials which I find on the Internet. I also use a lot of You Tube, it is mainly in English. Nowadays, children and students take the Internet for granted, as their natural surroundings. They are growing up with it. I don't know how, I just had an idea to upload educational material on the place where they spend most of their time and feel relaxed. I recorded video tutorials and uploaded them to You Tube. However, that was not enough. Internet access is not available to all children in Serbia. Large number of them don't even have access to a computer. Now, a very interesting thing happened. The students downloaded all clips from the Internet, they made a DVD compilation, which could be played on the computer without Internet access. Better yet, the DVD could be played on a regular DVD player. By sharing these DVDs, absolutely every student could use video tutorials I made. This was a very good idea and the students had no problems understanding it. First of all, it was free of charge. That's the most important thing. Secondly, You Tube is a familiar to them, students are using it without any problems, not a single student had a problem with it. They could study when they wanted, at the speed they choose. If they had problems understanding something, they could rewind that part over and over again until they get it. If they still had some doubts, they could read the comments and get the answer from either other students or me. The fact that they did not understand something did not make them feel uncomfortable, and yet, they had one on one classes with the teacher. In the clip one sees only white paper, mathematical problem, all you can hear is the voice of the teacher. That makes you feel like having an individual class. Just like solving a mathematical problem in your notebook, while the teacher, who is standing behind you, is giving you instructions. Of course, the project did not help only the students and their parents. It had an excellent media support. Journalists kept asking me the same question: "Are you afraid of the reactions of teachers who give private classes in Mathematic? Aren't you taking the bread out of their mouth?" Of course I was afraid. The fear turned out to be groundless, as there were no negative reactions. I talked to the people who I personally know and who give private classes and I realized that they had a twofold benefit from the project. Firstly, they could explain to students the basic theory of Mathematics during the classes, and for solving specific problems, the colleagues suggested You Tube. In this way, instead of preparing 7 students, the colleagues were able to prepare 10. The second thing is that most of these people are working in schools. They also recommended YouTube channel in their official classes. After all, the students' results on the final exam show the productivity of the teachers themselves. The project helped everyone. Now, I would like to tell you more about the project I am currently working on. It's a website ucislobodno.com, a web portal which will, in my opinion, become the largest base of free online video tutorials, not only in Mathematics, but in all other subjects - Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Serbian language, Informatics. On this portal, students will be able to choose the grade, the subject, and find the tutorial which they didn't understand or which they missed for some reason. They can catch up with the curriculum as well as with their fellow students. Gaps in knowledge are a serious problem. If you miss the fractions in the fifth grade, you will miss a triangle, quadrangle, real numbers in the sixth grade, rational numbers, Pythagorean theorem, similarity in the seventh grade, system of equations, cone, cylinder, prism and sphere in the eighth grade. You won't practically know anything. The knowledge gap will be larger than the hostility you feel for the subject, which you don't know and don't understand. According to official data, during last school-year secondary school students missed 48 million classes. Calculated per student, each secondary school student missed 25 school-days. Just imagine the knowledge gaps! The most interesting group is a group of students, who make knowledge gaps while sitting in the classroom. We all know these students. Each of us was, at one point, that particular student. You know, those are the students who sit in the back and nod their head as if they understand absolutely everything, while actually they are ashamed to raise their hand and say, "I don't understand this". They are afraid of being laughed at by the class, of letting the teacher know what it is that they don't understand, to show what they know and what they don't know. These students need this kind of material most of all. Another important thing is - diaspora. There are between 3,5 and 5 million Serbs who are living abroad. Ministry of Education used to organize schools for the children of these people. These schools were closed. What was the reason? Money, of course. The Internet is a global thing. This type of education can reach all these people, at the price which equals - zero. We offer all kinds of additional and supplementary material at the same price. A friend of mine who owns a private English language school called me and asked me to show her how to record the video tutorials. She wanted to make about 200-300 video clips where she would explain the entire English grammar and then upload the clips on ucislobodno.com and YouTube, thus making them available to everyone. You want to know my first reaction? "Are you out of your mind? What do you need that for? You are running a commercial school." But, here's her motive. She spent too much time during the course repeating the same grammar rules. Her school offers conversation courses and they should be that - conversation. Each of us, who have attended an English course, or any other language course, knows that the only motive is - to learn to understand and speak the language. Those who have successfully completed some of these courses know that this is impossible without grammar. My friend decided to share her knowledge with everyone. To make a contribution to society. To improve her course and importantly, to show the way she teaches grammar. I wonder if education would be better if each teacher or professor had his own portfolio, just like the photographers. Wouldn't that be amazing? Wouldn't competition in education system be much better? At the end, I have to go back to the previous slide. If one teacher, practically without a budget, managed to prepare 10,000 students, imagine the improvement in education if a hundred teachers and professors of various subjects had a decent budget to do what I had done. Wouldn't that be education for the new millennium? Wouldn't that be education which we all consider ideal for our children? Wouldn't that be education which is truly available and free for everyone? Thank you. (Applause) I've talked quite a bit about aesthetics without really giving you much guidance for how you create. Beautiful artifacts. I wish I could tell you a formula, I wish I could give you a step-by-step process the way I was able to do for, user needs, or even for exploration. But aesthetics is, is a pretty elusive topic. And performances is, is elusive as well. And so, let me just give you a little bit of advice and a few thoughts on how it is that you actually achieve good outcomes in terms of creating beautiful artifacts. First, there are two basic contexts in which I think it makes sense to think about this challenge. One is, if, if we're talking about work you're doing for yourself. Then I would just give you some advice to, first of all, work really hard. And, I'm going to remind you of the creation of this stick figure, for, in the creation of the design process that I showed in the introduction to the course. And remember that I spent many hours generating many alternatives for that little stick figure. One of the ways you get good outcomes in any area, but especially in aesthetics, is you work hard at it. So let's not forget that. The second piece of advice in the context of your own work is to care and to notice. And, if you, if you increasingly notice when things are done nicely, when artifacts are beautiful, then, and you start to care about it, then your own work will become much better. And, mostly I think this is a questionable variance of, of noticing of be in aware, of training yourself to pay attention to, to the beauty or statics of the artifacts that are around you and I think if you can do that, then if you can develop that awareness then our own work will become quite a bit better and then the last. Piece of advice in the context of your own work is to iterate like crazy. You're going to find that. Lots of iteration that is trying again and again and again to make improvements, to get feedback, to refine your designs, at the end of the day will result in things that you're much happier with. And o f course not just aesthetically, more generally, but particularly in the case of aesthetics. Now, let's talk about a second context, which is working within an organization, either in a commercial context or a non-commercial context, but where you're, but where you're, you're working together with a team of people in order to create some artifact let's say a product or service or building, something like that. In, in that case if you, personally don't have training in design arts, then what you're going to do is you're going to get someone on your team who does have that training. So in the case of products you're going to work with professionals known as industrial designers. If we're talking about graphics, then you're going to work say on, in web design, or on, in print, you're going to work with professionals called graphics designers. And if we're talking about the built enviornment, either outdoor environments and landscapes or buildings, or interiors, then you're going to work with architects and interior designers. Those professionals all have skill, training and experience in design arts and can bring to bear an aesthetic perspective on a project that you might be involved with in some other role. In cases where. Where the project is, is, big, important and expensive, and involves lots of people, you really need to bring on, or get on your team, people who have specific skills and capabilities related to aesthetics. That's, that's how you get good outcomes. Lastly I would just remind you that the tournament structure that we talked about is also. Quite relevant here. And I'm going to remind you of the example of the terrapass logo and identity development. And one of the ways you get something that, at the end of the process, looks great is they explore lots of alternatives. And you evaluate them in a, using a kind of a tournament logic. So that you can take that exploration. Develop and filter the alternatives in order to identify the exceptional few designs that really are beautiful. [audience member]: I gather from my own experience, actually the last 24 hours, that some apps connect me to someone, somewhere [audience member]: who sends me emails offering further services [speaker]: it might send you notifications, it's called a push notification, you'll see it come up at the top of your screen [speaker]: or maybe a little dialog where you have to hit OK [speaker]: these are notifications that apps send you, it's kind of like a text, really [speaker]: it can send you an alert [speaker] e.g. if you're playing a game and the app is not open but someone else makes a move [speaker]: that app can still send you an alert saying "you have a new move" [audience member]: my question went a different direction [audience member]: if you accept an app, you are also perhaps sending a message somewhere so that someone knows "hey, this person's interested" [audience member]: I'm going to send this person an email, maybe he can sell him/her something [assistant]: yes, sometimes this will happen, it'll ask you: do you want a push notification? do you want to buy something like this? [assistant]: and you can just keep saying no, nonono, unless it is something that you want if you actually would want to be notified of something [assistant]: there are also in-app purchases, so once you've purchased one app or got a free app, but Jeff will go ahead and talk about stuff like that [speaker]: so, in your settings app there is a notifications area anytime you open up an app that sends you notifications, it's going to clearly ask you "do you want to allow it to send you notifications?" the first time you open it you can always change that setting by going to Notifications in Settings and change which apps can send you notifications for example, obviously my calendar can send me badges which are the little things on the icon, or banners which are the things that go across your screen but I obviously don't allow some apps to send notifications [audience member]: are there a lot of apps that will need our attention here? [speaker]: it just depends on the type of apps if you swipe down where the time is on the top of your iPad with one finger you'll pull down what's called notifications center which has your recent notifications I can see here items on my calendar from the next day or two, emails that have come in since the beginning of the presentation and then, like I said, this Words with Friends game, WordHD, sent me a notification 12 hours ago, that it's my turn to make a move in that game so once you see a notification, it's stored here for a certain amount of time [audience member]: is the email automatically connected or do we do that manually? [speaker]: the email is ready to go as long as you have an account set up and it will notify you if you get a new message, by default I'm a swing dance instructor. I learned swing when I was a kid, and so I enjoy sharing it with other people. I'm hoping to get a double major in Spanish and international business. And I would possibly like to be traveling to other countries trying to set up contracts between different companies. I've always kind of struggled with math and stuff, and reading. Most commonly I get Bs and Ds backwards. Sometimes with math, you'd get these extremely long equations that, if you mix one number up, the whole thing will come out, you'll get the wrong answer. I've definitely used grammar check in Microsoft Word and stuff like that. If I was typing, it would be extremely difficult for me to maintain my train of thought through the entire, like, typing the paragraph or whatever, but if I can just speak it, Dragon Naturally Speaking, it can remember it and then put it there for me. I've gotten to meet people who have the same disability as me and seen how they cope with it. It's been great. You know, they have a lot of fun activities here and the classes are very insightful here, and just being able to use the technology is fantastic. That one is tricky. I'm going to answer it the following way-- 21 is just halfway between 1800 and 2400. If you take halfway between $144,000 and $192,000, we get the mean of 144 and 192 thousand, and that is $168,000. [New York Close Up] ♪ ["Rashid Johnson Trades Art With Angel Otero"] [Rashid's thinking about trading this.] [Rashid Johnson--Artist] RASHlD JOHNSON: Angel is a friend of mine. We met uh, a few years back after I graduated from the School of the Art Institute in the grad program. He was I think the grad class after mine. He's a painter and a sculptor. You know, we talk about art and life and he's doing quite well now with his work and so we've been talking recently about trying to trade a work. Sometimes, it can be difficult to actually, you know, finish the deal. I'm sure he's got you know the dealers kind of kicking down his door like "what do you have available to us" and so, you know.... It becomes kind of a sacrifice to like give it to your friends, you know? [laughter] [Somewhere Between Brooklyn & Queens] What's up? [Angel Otero--Artist] ANGEL OTERO: Word, man. RASHlD: This is the crew. Hey, I'm Angel. [off camera]: Thanks for letting us in. ANGEL: No problem, man. More than welcome. RASHlD: We're here to see your wares. [Laughter] RASHlD: It looks good. So is this how it comes up? ANGEL: ... I'm scraping this new one but then you see it's not drying. RASHlD: How long does it take them to dry? ANGEL: This is a new pigment. This is like a hardcore, high pigment oil paint so it's like, yeah like strong, strong stuff. But the thing is the more pigment, the... RASHlD: The harder to dry. Yeah. ANGEL: So it's kind of tricky. RASHlD: I like the text pieces too, man. Angel [off camera]: Yeah, it's funny. I never thought I'd be painting some text stuff. RASHlD: Yeah, how'd you get here? Angel: I just wanted to see how the text would look with the process kind of thing. RASHlD [off camera]: Yeah. And how do you get the thickness? Just tons of oil paint? ANGEL [off camera]: Just tons of oil paint man. And after a month or something I try and scrape them out slowly slowly, like inch by inch. RASHlD [off camera]: I mean it's interesting because it's like very much kind of attached to the canvas but it's not like a slave to the canvas. ANGEL [off camera]: Yeah. RASHlD [off camera] : Like it's lounging on it. Like... Like it's pimping the canvas. [Laughter] ANGEL [off camera]: That's true, though. [Laughter] RASHlD [off camera]: Yeah, I dig that. Angel: What do you having going on, the wood pieces? RASHlD: I got the wood pieces. Which are...I'm actually making one right now in the studio. That... this one doesn't have a home. ANGEL: Like with a weird shape? RASHlD: Yeah, it's funky. It's funky, dude. But, like, that would actually be, like, a good one. You know what I mean? Yeah, man. Angel: The gallery took everything from me, man. [Laughter] RASHlD: Maybe like something like that for me? Angel: Like this size? Rashid: Yeah ANGEL: What size is that wood piece you got over there? RASHlD: It's like maybe.... Angel: Living in New York, you gotta... Rachid: I know, I know. It's not huge. ...My apartment's like a bathroom. RASHlD [off camera]: It's like this. Like a... I'd say like four... ANGEL: Four by five? RASHlD [off camera]: Like... yeah. You know what I mean? Angel: Perfect, that's a perfect size. RASHlD [off camera]: Like you could fit it... Can I touch it a little bit? Rashid: It's a banger man, totally. Rashid: Yeah. I'll put this in the crib, man. Angel: Yeah, it's a Rashid piece right there. Rashid: Yeah. Done, done. ANGEL: I wish I had more stuff, man, to show you. RASHlD [voice over]: It's good, you know you want to have the pieces of your friends. I mean it marks a time in your own history. Who you were with, what were you doing, and you know my wife is pregnant and my kid can grow up around really great art objects, other than mine. (Laughs) I think it'll be... it'll be a good shaping experience to have you know... you know work by... by really you know good... good young artists around my... around my kid. I also feel confident that I maybe took a wrong turn and that I don't know where the fuck I am. I don't know Brooklyn so well. Should I take Knickerbocker? OFF CAMERA: Yeah, it'll cut up to Morgan. RASHlD: All right, cool. Now, there are a few more things that we can talk about, in this case. One of them being the physical location or the physical space, itself. The school was located in downtown and this lent itself to field trips and businesses and the museum district. The building itself was small. It lacked sufficient space for a gym and its heating wasn't always certain. In spite of this, all these kinds of deficits, the individuals in the school did not wanna move to another building, even when they were offered it. Metz argues that the context put everyone into shared spaces, it pushed them together and created more of a warm atmosphere. All the teachers reported that the school's small size and partitioning into units enabled the teachers to get to know students individually, and to have a healthy rapport with one another. So, in some ways, this, this eventually leads to kind of a healthy faculty culture and ethos. So, the faculty regarded themselves to have good relationships with students, and with one another. And they saw that kind of positive relationship as an end itself, something to strive for, as well as a kind of a means to better learning. With few exceptions, teachers viewed all students as essentially good children. They had this kind of benign view of, of youth. A kind of belief. A deep social structure feature. And they regarded the mutual rapport betwixt students and with one another as normal. It was naturalized. Teachers didn't misidentify with there students. They didn't see them as, as, disjoint, or rebel-, resistant. The faculty culture doesn't just happen, though, and, and that's our use that is has to be rebuilt, passed on and renewed. And this occurred in several ways during various kinds of meetings. Like team meetings and faculty lounge conversations. Teachers, in these kinda conversations, Tendet to interject positive comments, that spun negative ones in, in positive ways. So new recruits got socialized through these experiences, so the culture was passed on. So someone might show up from another school and criticize a student, and a teacher spins it in a different direction that's positive. Informal leaders respectively sanctioned new teacher's that adopted a negative view of students. And they redirected them to one of respect and building them up. That said the culture wasn't necessarily uniform, there were exceptions. And Metz's remarks on five teacher's angrily confronting students are a case in point. These teacher's tended not to use group instruction, but rather the whole, whole class and recitation. In addition, the students knew who they were, and responded to them negatively. That said, Metz is quick to point out that these teachers were, were negative relative to the teachers in the school. So that's not terribly bad in comparison to, say, teachers in the junior high that used to be next door. Her point is that the school culture is a fragile construction that needed to be reproduced through various kinds of interactions and activities and routines that are built into the social structure. The final thing to talk about is the principal. So here we have a leader and they have great influence on the organization. Now the principal Mrs. Michael influenced the tone of interpersonal relationships by all sorts of indirect and informal means. But she controlled the IGE curriculum and its instruction via more direct and formal and authoritative means. So we had very different kinds of approaches there. It wasn't official doctrine to have positive relationships with students, but the principal encouraged it in a, a variety of ways. In her speeches she valued building up students. She wanted relative assessments to cur, to occur and, and she wanted these over and above objective or universal assessments. She wanted teachers to do field trips, and she encouraged ethnic pride and was involved in those groups and sought their integration. She even publicly appreciated teachers who led extra curricula, and made it a point of giving them institutional resources they needed for such endeavors. So, in, in, short, that the principal's relationships with faculty and the students mirrored that of the school culture. Whether one influenced the other isn't so clear. But they reinforced each other, for sure. The principal's relationship with faculty over the individually guided education was a different matter. The IGE program was imposed by the district and the faculty felt like they had no choice or discussion over it initially, even though they, they selected it in a way. They felt a degree of resistance initially, and Mrs. Michael resorted to formal hierarchical authority to implement the program. In the faculty meetings the first two years she reminded teachers that they had to implement IGE or find a job at another school district. At the end of the first year she even demanded three teachers transfer. Now these are tenured teachers and this kind of led to a lot of conflict. Eventually two of them were persuaded to leave. But the third filed a grievance and it was, it was a point of, of contention. Faculty were upset some, since they didn't feel the, the, that the involuntary transfer was fair of the two teachers. And many didn't know how to implement the IG in the first year. So it was a little bit of frustration in that kind of top down authoritative implementation. By the third year the teachers were more comfortable with IGE and they resisted less, and the principal resorted to more positive reinforcement and less in her use of official powers. So, but I don't want you to get the wrong idea. Metz makes it clear that the resistant teachers were a minority at best and that there was a degree of respect even so, so this, this anger or resistance didn't diffuse say to make a, a dysfunctional faculty culture it remained kind of a positive functional one. So in summary the distinctive feature of Adam's avenue of school was the constructive relationships are created. It had a particular technology was the, the effort, and that technology was the formal I.G.E. Program, to a moderate degree and the positive relationship seem to reenforce the elements of the IGE. For example, the aspects of IGE that rendered negative judgment were private. No, sorry. The aspects of IGE that rendered negative judgment private were reinforced. The focus on individual or relative performance was reinforced. And the effort to nurture individuals and relationships via supportive skills groups was reinforced. So the pride of slow learners was protected, and special activities built a sense of fun and comradery. The technological or task arrangement of the school did not work alone. It required a faculty culture and school character that assumed respect would breed further respect. The lack of training and rush to get IGE going, led the principal to use her formal authority and to push IGE through. And the principal believed it was her choice to do this in response. It was not a pressure from the district office, per say, that she perceived. But even so this pressure from the principal led the faculty to be somewhat resistant and upset at first. A minority remains somewhat angry even later, but the faculty and principal did find ways to work respectfully and productively together. Again this is parts-, partially result of the small schools and the positive collegial ethos. The teachers believe the small schools contributed to their getting to know their students individually and this was the secret to their success. They did not notice the contribution of their culture. Students didn't either, they didn't explicitly recognize that they had this particular culture that was distinctive. They saw this natural and they didn't even really recognize the IGE program as contributing that much, even though Metz's kind of characterization did see it to be so. Instead, they had a benign belief that seemed natural to them and the cultural operated there at its best, according to Metz. So we had this story about a, technology and, of, small schools. And a particular curriculum that changed the ethos or constructed a positive ethos or culture of a school that lead to, kind of, social structure. That was mutually reinforcing and generally positive, by Metz's account. So I, I tried to develop a summary table of, of looking at a case and how we can use organizational elements to kind of decipher it and make sense of it. The main storyline or the dominant pattern of inference, you'll see this kind of line used in Graham Allison's case of the Cuban Missile Crisis in another lecture. The main story line here is that here you have a technology that's imposed on a school, the IGE program, and the argument is where even the small schools kind of program is also kind of implicit there, and this, kind of, changes the social structure in a good way, in spite of the populations disadvantages and potential for divisiveness. So that's the first thing that we get, we think about just what the general story of this case is. Now, here are organizing concepts we, we, we start to think about the elements and try to pick them out here. We'll start to see things. So, for example for actors and participants, we have students as a racially heterogeneous population. More of them are minority, poor, and less prepared than the rest of the city. The principal, Mrs. Michaels is a key actor. The teachers as actors are important, too, but they're young. They're not, a lot of them are less established. There's a teacher union in place that's for or against this new curriculum, and if people resist, that they're protected, versus the principal out to remove them. There's a central administration that allocates funds like textbooks, training, resources, and then there's aggressive parents and local parents. So these are our, our, our key actors, at least the ones that, that Metz relates. The goals, in general, the goal was relatively simple, at least in her account, which was to treat discipline and achievement problems, and overcrowding. That through this magnet school program, that will solve certain problems that are occurring in the district and for, like, the, the annex and for the, the junior high that existed there. The social structure is a little more elaborate. Here we have teacher-principal relationships, teacher-teacher relationships, teacher-student relations, and student-student relations. So we have different kinds of relationships and role relations that we can talk about. The teacher-principal relationship's mostly positive, it has feedback and support. Some teachers are pushed out in year one. Some resist and complain about it, but overall it's pretty functional. The teacher relationships are collegial. And there's frequent interaction in the faculty lounge, they have an instructional improvement committee, and there's, kind of a norm, a deeper norm, and belief system going on about mutual respect and a focus on the students and building them up. There's friendly teacher-student interaction. The norm is that teachers share repoire and positive expect, expectation, so there's a belief that every kid has good points. There's no bad child, they just have bad moments. And nonetheless, some of these teachers struggle and those were the exceptions that we talked about. The fourth aspect of social structure is the students' relationships with each other, that a lot of them have positive relationships somewhat desegregated and there's kind of a positive organizational culture. Meaning they don't dis-identify with the school. In terms of technology and tasks we see, I mean this is kind of a, a key feature right? Of, of what they're trying to implement. And here we have a multi-unit processing, or small schools that they're imposing on this system. They have individually guided education and that consist of discreet objectives of learning, like you know, you're supposed to learn this, this, this and this. And then they have performance assessments of whether they've actually accomplished that. And the instructionally group students by how far they've gone through this objectives, and then they, allocate rewards or where they are in the curriculum by their progress and by their effort. So it's by, less about, achievement and more about, the degree of growth that these children experience. And then finally the principal kind of evaluates teacher progress, is the, the fourth part of the IG curriculum that's somewhat under emphasised in my recount, of, of that case. The last element is the environment, and here we had vocal parents in year one, typical parents, school district demands, press releases. So there's actually in the case, if you get the chance to read it, talks somewhat about the press. There's courts that are trying to impose desegregation, through magnet schools potentially. And then there's this kinda of gifted school, a push for a competition among parents to have a gifted school in their area. So now that we've kinda mapped out the elements, let's go back to the main story line and try to figure out how the technology affected things. And particularly, how it affected the social structure because that was the main story line. And particularly, it's not only a change in the social structure through technology, but the deep social structure in terms of beliefs and values. So here we have the, the affective technology on structure, how it effects the relations, norms and beliefs. And you have small groupings and kinda uniform experiences for students in these small schools and for faculty. And this kinda bred familiarity, so the same students see each other all day and the teachers in each unit kind of coordinate. So that was a clear kind of effect. In addition, the IGE program focused on local, localized or relative results, not standardized, and the honor roll was based on effort, and this kind of had an effect on the social structure in improving teacher student relationships. It removed judgment, there was more trust, less pressure. The pride of individual students was protected, particularly for the underachieving students, this was important in integrating them into the school. And it improved student, student relationships by equalizing prestige of academic achievement. So you know, there weren't winners and losers, or at least not publicly seen winners and losers as there were in a traditional curriculum. And then, a, a third thing is the effect of IGE on teachers beliefs. And it seemed to generally work and improve teacher student relationships. And by year two, teachers had more training and resources. But it's kinda difficult to change the hearts and minds of individuals even if we impose new practices. To go deep into social structure with the change and the task of technology is not always feasible. So some of the teachers were set in their ways, and they've reframed the reform as nothing new. They used their past practices and implemented things half-heartedly. But quite a few of these teachers did feel like they had these practices in place that reinforced their sense of rapport of students, their belief that all students are good and the like. And these were some of the minor practices that seemed to be reinforced by an IGE curriculum, as opposed to practices that maybe are in, in, in contradistinction with those kinds of individually guided education programs. And then finally this whole thing of technology was kind of assisted - it its effect on the culture was partly assisted by the, the principal's extraction of faculty that may have undermined that culture to begin with. That, so in some ways, the, the principal's draconian removal of a few teachers, or at least two, early on may have assisted in this kind of conversion process. And the ultimate result that. Metz says the participants are really unaware of, and she thinks in a positive way, that they're unaware of it was that the faculty culture had a benign view of human nature and a belief that respect builds respect. They weren't aware of this as a distinctive culture, they saw it as natural, and part of Metz's argument is that when, when a social structure runs that deep or is, it's imposed that deep in our beliefs it has a tendency to reproduce itself in various, easier ways than if it's explicit and, and point of contention. So the fact that it's naturalized makes it something more feasible to reproduce. So that's the case, the case that we see a variety of organizational elements and that we see that the case is really about a particular set of elements and inter-relationship that they influence each other and have this kind of causal relationship, at least according to the author. And we start to see that the author's focus, or the, the analyst's focus, resides in a particular set of elements and a particular kind of arrangement of them. And through this we, we have a better understanding of, of where the analyst is coming from and if we knew the case, and first hand or through other information, perhaps we can judge whether it was, the right one to adopt or not. So in some, this case application of Mary Metz and using organizational elements reveals kind of a natural system perspective. The technology, small schools and IGE influences the social structure or the norms. And these two things seem to be mutually reinforcing and they form more of a personal context for the students and for the faculty that's more enjoyable than say what they had before in the annex or even before that in the junior high. The plan wasn't explicitly this though, to form a nurturing climate of repore and building repore, but it happened nonetheless and more of the reform or cultures never fully embraced it's something that's kind of an accomplishment so, you have to continually work at it. And through these analysis we come to see that and kind of come to see what Adam's avenue scroll might have to do or reinforce what the principal would need to know to kind of manage it and to sustain the successful educational innovation. (Music) >>: Take a picture. >>: I am. (kiss) Oh, I love you. The hardest thing for me is just watching Logan go through really hard emotions. Get like aggressive behaviors. It's hard to see my husband behind glass. But it's even harder to see the pain that it's causing my son. He was sent an order of deportation to the wrong address. We didn't realize that he had an order of deportation until he was denied a work Visa. His mother got called up for her permanent residency interview. She was denied permanent residency. And what we didn't realize was that when she was denied, his case was under her since he was 8 years old. I was under the naive assumption that my immigration status would protect him. We were walking out of the house and two officers came up and handcuffed him in front of me and Logan. We have gone through a lot of holidays in the last 19 months and there's nothing he can give to us. So he made these, a cross with a heart around it, another cross and this is actually a rosary. You can actually see that he weaved each bead. Really? Right away? And who is going to go? Only us? Me and you? Nobody else? Even though it's painful for me sometimes and it hurts and I'm tired and I don't want to answer the same question again, I just keep going because even if it's not changed for us......(crying) even if it's not changed for us, I just, I don't want other people to have to go through this. I wouldn't wish this on anyone. What I wanted was a family to be reunited and the politics didn't matter. Did they see the pain that Logan's felt and they've seen my pain? And what if one more person thinks about immigration reform that wouldn't normally? (Music) Remember I said that deductive arguments are most common and most useful in disciplines where we have to reason with great precision, like mathematics or computer science. Now I want to consider an example of a sound deductive argument that was submitted. This one by Nathaniel Krueger. And the argument is for the conclusion that point nine repeating is exactly equal to one. One nice thing about this argument is not just that it's sound, but also that it shows us how sound deductive reasoning can sometimes lead us to knowledge of truths that we wouldn't have suspected heretofore. Deductive reasoning can teach us new truths. So, how does the argument go. Let's start off with a stipulation. The stipulation is going to be that we're going to call .9 repeating. We're going to call that x. Now, that's just a stipulation. We're just naming that. A number we could name it anything we want as long as we use that name consistently throughout our argument, we don't introduce any problems into our argument. Okay we're just going to stipulate that x is going to be our name for .9 repeating. Now, what happens if we multiply both sides of this equation by 10? Well if we multiply x by 10 then of course we get 10x. What happens if we multiply 0.9 repreating by 10? Well we move the decimal place over 1, and we get 9.9 repeating. Now since this equation Is just the same as the first equation multiplied by ten, it follows deductively from the first equation that the second one is true. Since this second equation is jut the first equation multiplied by 10, the argument from this premise to this conclusion is a valid argument. And since the stipulation can't possibly be false, the argument is also sound. So from the premise that x is identical, is equal to point nine repeating, it follows deductively that 10x is equal to 9.9 repeating. Repeating. But now what happens if we subtract the first equation from the second equation? Well, if we subtract 1x from 10x, what do we get? We get 9x. And if we subtract point 9 repeating, from 9 point 9 repeating, what do we get? We get nine. So from these two statements right here it follows that nine is equal to 9x. That follows from these two statements. There's no possible way that these two statements could be true while this conclusion is false. So this is a deductively valid argument, from these two steps to this conclusion. And this is a deductive, deductively valid argument right here. From this first step to the second step. But notice if 9 is equal to 9x. Then it follows once again deductively that x is equal to 1, dividing both sides by 9. So here we have a deductive argument, that actually consists Of three smaller deductive arguments. The first deductive argument is from the premise one that 0.9 repeating is equal to x to the conclusion that 9.9 repeating is equal to ten x. That argument is sound. The second deductive argument is from those two premises, to the conclusion that nine equals nine x. That argument is sound. And the third deductive argument is from that conclusion to the further conclusion that 1 equals x. That argument is sound. We just divided both sides by nine. So we have a series of three deductive arguments, all of them sound, that prove that x equals 1. But now remember x also equals point 9 repeating. So what follows from x equals point 9 repeating and x equals 1? Simple. Point 9 repeating equals 1. That's what follows. And so now, we have a deductive argument in four steps that proves as simple as day that .9 repeating is equal to 1. And so Nathaniel Kruger is right, and he gives an example of a sound deductive argument, that can give us surprising new knowledge. Thank you Nathaniel. I'm Kate. I'm an alcoholic. Hi Kate. I'm sorry I didn't mean to laugh It's just those words are weird. I guess I, I don't know if I'm an alcoholic. I just drink. I drink a lot. And I always drink a lot. Everyone I know drinks a lot. So I never really thought it was a problem. But lately it kind of seems like it is. I mean I just want to be able to have a beer without it turning into 20 or wetting the bed. It just sort of seems like every time I drink something awful happens and a lot of things that used to be funny aren't really funny anymore And things have gone from embarrassing to scary. So, yeah. I'm kind of scared. Join us as we celebrate the University of Rhode Island's W. Alton Jones Campus 50th year. Over twenty three hundred beautiful acres located in West Greenwich Rhode Island. Conferences, weddings, team building, and environmental education. Come celebrate big moments in the woods. All right. So they told me that I was going to have to stand in the red circle and they told me all the things they tell TED speakers. But they didn't tell me about this. (Laughter) Too bad I guess. I'm just going to have to hope for the best. So, this is the foundation that I work for - that I'm the Chief Financial Officer of and this is what we do. I can reassure you that the technologies that we work on do not include standing in a box of ice. We are interested in, what I'm going to be calling rejuvenation bio-technologies to combat aging. We are interested in trying to do something about the problem of aging. And I'm going to start just by telling you what that means in slightly more accurate terms than a lot of people think about it. So actually I'm going to start this slide from the bottom. Do I have a laser pointer on this? No. So, most people think of aging as the right thing to die of. They think that when you die of old age you die of natural causes. In other words, you basically avoid all of the really horrible things that we all agree we don't want to get. Like Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disease and cancer and so on. And, you know, you have a good innings and eventually you pass away relatively peacefully in a condition that is relatively healthy for your age. So first of all I don't like the term "healthy for your age." As far as I'm concerned it's just a contradiction in terms. You are healthy or you are not healthy. And if you think there's such a thing as being healthy for your age then it's just agism, really, it's just saying that it's ok for old people to be sick, and I think that's stupid. But anyway, so the big thing I want to say here - Oh, ok if you want. All right. Let me see if it works. Yeah it works. - So, the big thing that I want to point out is that actually this supposed distinction between aging on the one hand and the diseases of old age on the other hand, is a forced distinction. It's a distinction that some people like to suggest just in order to, in some way, make their own work look more important or something. But, the fact is, it's not true. The only reason why the diseases of old age are diseases of old age, is because they are the later stages of some process that goes on throughout life. Otherwise they would happen to young adults as well. So, that's really the way that we should think about the diseases of old age. If we really want to do anything about the diseases of old age, the disabilities of old age, we have really got to do something about aging itself. You know, it's pretty easy to say that this would be a good idea. If I go back for a second and talk about these numbers - the hundred and fifty thousand people that die every day, worldwide, two thirds of them die of aging. If we remember that aging includes all the age-related diseases - in the industrialized world it's 90% of all deaths - that's fairly obviously the world's biggest problem. (Laughter) And certainly the world's biggest medical problem. And even if you were lucky enough to avoid all the diseases of old age, and get to a stage where you are in danger of dying of natural causes - you know, what part of this slide do people not understand? It's fairly obviously preferable to be in the state on the bottom photograph rather than the state on the top photograph. Even if the guy who's just jumping off the back of the boat is about to have his head bitten off by a shark. It doesn't really matter. (Laughter) So, this is what we are interested in doing. We are interested in maintaining people's health properly. So that people are not just healthy for their age, they are actually properly healthy. They're in not only the same condition to look at them - they don't just look like young adults they actually feel like young adults and they function like young adults however long they live. That is the goal of my work and the work of the people I work with. So, of course this entails the cure of specific diseases and the prevention of specific diseases. It does have a side effect, which is that people may live a great deal longer, but I want to emphasize that that is a side effect, it is not the primary purpose of this work - the primary purpose is absolutely to keep people healthy. And of course the social and economic benefits of not having so many people getting sick and decrepit and dependant and debilitated - are rather obvious as well. So it's fairly easy to say that this seems like a good idea. But some of you may be aware that there is a certain degree of ambivalence in society about this question. And certainly when I find myself talking to non-scientists especially about the problems that we want to solve by [defeating aging] then they tend not to be terribly interested in those problems, they tend to be interested in the possible problems that may be created by the defeat of aging. You know, people say, "What if dictators live forever?" or "How would we pay the pensions?" or "Will it be boring?" and so on. Yeah, "Won't it be really boring not getting Alzheimer's disease?" (Laughter) It strikes me as somewhat incongruous that people should be able to put this rather bad problem that we have today out of their minds and just not talk about it and not think about it in the same way that they would be rational in every other walk of life. And I actually used to be very unsympathetic about this, but I gradually began to realize that it makes perfect sense for people to think that way while it is genuinely impossible for the foreseeable future to do anything about aging. Because clearly there's this terrible ghastly thing that is going to happen to you in the relatively distant future and you can't do anything whatsoever about it, then it makes sense to try to put it out of your mind, rather than to spend your miserably short life being preoccupied by it. And if that's what you are going to do, then it doesn't really matter how you put it out of your mind, it doesn't matter how irrational your rationalizations actually are. What matters is that they work - that you succeeded in tricking yourself into the view that aging is actually a rather good thing after all and that we'd probably not better do anything about it. So, I'm reasonably sympathetic to that point of view - except, of course, for the minor fact that I think that we are no longer in the situation of having no chance for the foreseeable future of doing anything about aging. I think that we are getting close. And I'm going to tell you why I think that over the next few minutes. But of course, that does rather undermine the logic of this what I'm calling, "rational denial". And it's somewhat frustrating to me that it's taking rather a long time for people to wake up and realize that their previously rational approach to this problem has now become an enormous part of that problem. Ok. So I'm going to start talking about some biology now. A long time ago a very famous guy named Peter Medawar described aging as an unsolved problem in biology. And many people since then have called it the major unsolved problem in biology. But it isn't, it's a completely solved problem, more or less. We know pretty much exactly what aging is in mammals - certainly we have a pretty good idea how to describe it, as I should be doing shortly. And if we want to describe it in very simple terms then it comes down to what I'm saying here. I've said some of this already, that aging is the lifelong process that gives rise to debilitation in old age. So, putting that in other words, there is a set of what we may call damage, types of molecular and cellular change in the body that accumulate throughout life as intrinsic, unavoidable side effects of normal, essential, metabolic processes like breathing. Which eventually when they get abundant enough cause, as I say, the debilitation and dysfunction of old age. So, that's a nice straightforward definition of aging and it's completely uncontroversial. Pretty much everyone who studies the biology of aging would agree with that definition. But what we can say about aging is that, no, it's not the major unsolved problem in biology, but it sure as hell is the major unsolved problem in medicine. Because the approaches that we have today for doing anything about aging are not working. The main approach we have today - the approach that medical doctors are taking is what I'm going to call the "geriatrics approach." And the geriatrics approach basically says let's focus on old people. Let's focus on people in whom the pathologies of old age are already emerging. Let's try in some way to slow down the rate at which these pathologies progress and are exacerbated, so that we postpone the age at which the pathologies become life-threatening. And that's a good idea in principle, clearly. Another approach, which seems to be followed by people who study the basic biology of aging, is to say, "Well, ok, in principle, prevention is better than cure. So, surely we might actually do more if we try to, somehow, clean up metabolism. If we try to slow down the rate at which normal metabolic processes create these various types of molecular and cellular damage in the first place. And that's a fine idea as well. So what's the situation? Why are we doing so badly in actually getting these ideas to work? In actually significantly, substantially, postponing and controlling the diseases and disabilities of old age in the same way that we can so well control most infectious diseases, for example? Basically the answer to why the geriatrics approach doesn't work, is this - aging is very messy and chaotic and complicated and horrible. Lots and lots of different things go wrong all at the same time. They interact, they exacerbate each other. It really is a case of prevention being better than cure. We just are not in the position to do anything about this when it gets this late. Really, what it comes down to is that these problems are getting worse, and getting harder and harder to treat all the time simply because they are the consequences of something that is getting worse all the time. Something that is accumulating all the time, namely damage. So that leaves us with the gerontology approach but unfortunately that has got this problem, which is that metabolism is very very complicated. Actually, this is not really the problem. This here is a small subset of what we know about how metabolism works - a simplified diagram actually of a small subset of what we know. (Laughter) But that's not the problem, the real problem is that this is a simplified diagram of a small subset of what we know about how metabolism works. Which is completely dwarfed, as any biologist would tell you, by the absolutely astronomical amount that we don't know about how metabolism works. Even if we are completely ignoring all the stuff that we don't even know that we don't know. (Laughter) (Applause) I mean, this, the gerontology approach, certainly, in principle, could work a lot better than the geriatrics approach ever could. But it is an idea whose time has very very much not come. We have to know just incalculably more than we currently do about how biology really functions in order to have the faintest chance of cleaning up - of intervening in this process in a manner that doesn't do more harm than good. So well, all that sounds a bit miserable, doesn't it? It sounds that maybe we are still in a situation where it makes sense to engage in this rational denial that I've talked about earlier. But, no. There's a third approach. And that's the approach that SENS Foundation and an increasing number of other people are paying a lot of attention to now. I like to call it "rejuvenation biotechnology." If you like you can call it the "repair and maintenance approach" to the problem of aging. Which says, basically, rather than trying to slow down the rate at which metabolism creates damage, or slow down the rate at which damage translates into pathology, let's instead just uncouple those 2 processes from each other by going in and periodically repairing the damage - not necessarily perfectly, just reasonably well - so that we will postpone the age at which the damage reaches the pathogenic level. There's no reason why we shouldn't be able to do that indefinitely, just as we do already with simple man-made machines, like cars or aeroplanes or whatever. The reason we have 100 year old cars is because we can. Because comprehensive enough, periodic maintenance really works. And let's face it, the human body is just a machine. It's a really complicated machine, but it's just a machine. So, in principle the same approach ought to work. All right, that's in principle. What about practice? How close are we? Well, I've only got five minutes and twenty six seconds left, so I'm not going to tell you. (Laughter) But I will tell you in very brief summary that the problem of aging, the damage of aging that I've been talking about can, in my view and in the view of a lot of people now, be broken down and classified really rather nicely into the 7 major themes that I'm listing on the left hand side of this table here. Things like cell loss, which is simply the progressive death of cells in organs that are not good at replacing those cells automatically by the division and differentiation of other cells. Parkinson's disease is a fine example of that - of a particular part of the brain in which neurons die unusually rapidly and are not replaced. And in people in whom they die particularly rapidly the consequence is the loss of ability to create a chemical called dopamine, and that's what leads to Parkinson's disease. So that's just one example of an aspect of aging that is caused by one type of damage that accumulates throughout life. And I could carry on down this list and talk about all the others, but as I say, I've only got four minutes and fifteen seconds. So the question is, of course, can we fix these things? And that is what the list on the right hand side is. If I didn't have a list on the right hand side then again, I wouldn't be able to come up and tell you that I think the maintenance approach is as powerful, as promising as I think it is. But the fact is, we can what's going on here. There's just a one word name - or a three word name for each of the approaches that I think that are promising for addressing each of these problems on this table. But in the book I wrote a few years ago there's an entire chapter on each of these things. And that's a really important point that I want to drive home. In any technology, in any new pioneering future technology, the way in which you can describe the problem, the details of how you can describe it in particular the amount of detail is a really good measure of how confident you can be in your estimate of how long it's going to take to actually implement the technology. And in this case we can say a very great deal about what is already being done, what technologies have already been developed, and where we need to go, what we need to augment them with in order to actually deliver the therapies that I'm describing here. That's why I've been saying for a little while that we may be only about twenty five years - I would say that we have a fifty-fifty chance of being only about twenty five years away from the target that I have in the title of this slide. Giving thirty years of additional life to people who are already in middle age before we start. As I mentioned earlier there's no reason why we shouldn't get better and better at doing that, using the time that we are buying each time we rejuvenate people to improve the therapy, so that we can re-rejuvenate people and give them another thirty years and so on. Now what that does actually lead to, as a number of people have noticed, is a rather extreme prediction for the consequences on longevity - That we may actually get indefinite lifespans really rather soon after we get lifespans increased by only, let's say, thirty years. And a lot of people are terribly scared about this because they think it's going to cause larger population, or how we pay the pensions or as I mention earlier, when dictators live forever, and so on. But to be faithfully honest I think it's rather important to emphasize that we need to think maturely about these problems, and not just be satisfied with the negative reactions that so many people are prone to. It's very very important to recognize, first of all, that this is going to happen slowly. We aren't going to have any thousand year old people for nine hundred years, whatever happens. (Laughter) So, we have got to remember that, during that time, there's going to be quite a lot of other technological progress that is going to shape the context in which this demographic change is going to occur. And, therefore, it's actually quite sensible to carry on and think again about the problem that we want to solve, which is a very immediate, clear, and present problem, namely, a hundred thousand people a day dying an unnecessarily early and unnecessarily painful death. Or rather at least it will be unnecessary if we don't get on it and try as hard as we can, to fix this problem. We would actually be quite happy if nobody got Alzheimer's disease, and nobody got cancer and so on. And that's we are talking about here. Oh, I've been told to skip over this slide. (Laughter) So, I just want to emphasize here that it is fairly appalling that so little is being done to combat aging, to actually develop therapies that we may call "preventative geriatrics." The rejuvenation bio-technologies that I've summarized today are basically, simply, the application of regenerative medicine to the problem of aging. Regenerative medicine is a fashionable concept, it's a fashionable area of research, but it's not being developed by gerontologists, it's being developed by people who tend to think that the main focus of their work is acute injury - you know, spinal cord damage, things like that. But the fact is it can be used against the gradual, accumulating, chronic damage of aging too. That's what we do, that's what I want to achieve. We have to understand that the reason why people are so apathetic, people are so ambivalent about this is basically because they still don't quite believe it can be done, that they have convinced themselves that aging is a good thing anyway - maybe they think that the people who are working on this problem are not really equipped to actually deliver these technologies even if the concept of using regenerative medicine against aging is valid. But, ultimately, I think it all comes down to peer pressure. It all comes down to not wanting to be laughed at by your friends, because they haven't heard this talk. So make sure they hear this talk. (Laughter) I'll stop there. (Applause) Mourning The occupations have commenced in Rio So much time in the favela there exists no more hope. and I I confess to you I try not to remember the smile of my childhood. The worker leaves for work without knowing if he will return. And it is them who are treated like slaves in order to work. You have to be a hero to attempt to live in these conditions. And the upper class is occupying the favela along with the journalists. When they see a black man or child on the street ask for change, They leave and get in-between other cars to protect themselves. The favela has arrived at tears, arrived at seeing our friends on the ground full of bullet holes. The lost their lives because of oppression. I also want my right to be a citizen. The favela has arrived at tears, arrived at seeing our friends on the ground full of bullet holes. The lost their lives because of oppression. I also want my right to be a citizen. This government has thousands of rights, but I am discriminated. Yes, I am. Yes, I am alone in the favela, a suspect, hidden Without transportation, health, or education, How can I have dignity? If my elected officials want to kick me out of the city. A man who is black, laying in the street, in a puddle of blood catches a bullet and then they leave again. Perhaps this is the "justice" they are teaching in schools. A mother is in the street, not knowing what to do. Asking God to help her with an oration, repeating, "Please dont let my son die!" The favela has arrived at tears, arrived at seeing our friends on the ground full of bullet holes. The lost their lives because of oppression. I also want my right to be a citizen. In this video, I want to just quickly step you through the logistics of how to work on homeworks in this class and how to use the submission system which will let you verify right away that you got the right answer for your machine learning program exercise. Here's my Octave window and let's first go to my desktop. I saved the files for my first exercise, some of the files on my desktop: in this directory, 'ml-class-ex1'. And we provide a number files and ask you to edit some of them. So the first file should meet the details in the pdf file for this programming exercise. But one of the files we ask you to edit is this file called warmUpExercise.m, where the exercise is really just to make sure that you're familiar with the submission system. And all you need to do is return the 5x5 identity matrix. So the solution to this exercise I just showed you is to write A = eye(5). So that modifies this function to generate the 5x5 identity matrix. And this function warmUpExercise() now returns the 5x5 identity matrix. And I'm just going to save it. So I've done the first part of this homework. Going back to my Octave window, let's now go to my directory, 'C:\Users\ang\Desktop\ml-class-ex1'. And if I want to make sure that I've implemented this, type 'warmUpExercise()' like so. And yup, it returns the 5x5 identity matrix that we just wrote the code to create. And I can now submit the code as follows. I'm going to type 'submit()' in this directory and I'm ready to submit part 1 so I'm going to enter choice '1'. So it asks me for my email address. I'm going go to the course website. This is an internal testing site, so your version of the website may look a little bit different. But that's my email address and this is my submission password, and I'm just going to type them in here. So I have ang@cs.stanford.edu and my submission password is 9yC75USsGf. I'm going to hit enter; it connects to the server and submits it, and right away it tells you "Congratulations! You have successfully completed Homework 1 Part 1". And this gives you a verification that you got this part right. And if you don't submit the right answer, then it will give you a message indicating that you haven't quite gotten it right yet. And you can use this submission password and you can generate new passwords; it doesn't matter. But you can also use your regular website login password, but because this password here is typed in clear text on your monitor, we gave you this extra submission password in case you don't want to type in your website's normal password onto a window that, depending on your operating system, may or may not appear as text when you type it into the Octave submission script. So, that's how you submit the homeworks after you've done it. Good luck, and, when you get around to homeworks, I hope you get all of them right. And finally, in the next and final Octave tutorial video, I want to tell you about vectorization, which is a way to get your Octave code to run much more efficiently. hi friends, let's sing twinkle twinkle little star! twinkle twinkle little star how I wonder what you are up above the world so high like a diamond in the sky twinkle twinkle little star how I wonder what you are YAY!! Twinkle Twinkle Little Star is one of my favorite songs! Let's sing it again twinkle twinkle little star how I wonder what you are up above the world so high like a diamond in the sky twinkle twinkle little star how I wonder what you are The first two terms, x cubed minus x squared, are equal to x squared times the quantity x minus one. The last two terms, three x minus three, are equal to three times the quantity x minus one. This Brigham Young University - Idaho devotional address by Dennis Tolman of the BYU-Idaho Health Science Faculty was given December 7, 2010. As I speak to you this afternoon I invite you to consider the various contexts in which we, in our gospel experience, use the phrase, "being true and faithful". It is used in the scriptures, it is used in our sacred hymns as we have just sung. For those of you who have been to the temple you recognize that it has a place in the endowment. Today I want to explore with you the doctrine of what it means to be true and faithful. After exploring that doctrine I would like us to consider a practical approach to applying it in our lives. What can we do to be true and faithful? And finally, I would like to review the promises that are ours if we are successful in our quest. Let's begin by reading in Revelations chapter 19 verses 11 and 16. (Rev. 19:11, 16) "And I saw heaven opened, and behold a white horse; and he that sat upon him was called Faithful and True, and in righteousness he doth judge and make war. And he hath on his vesture and on his thigh a name written, KlNG OF KlNGS, AND LORD OF LORDS." Jesus Christ, King of Kings, and Lord of Lords, then is called true and faithful by John the Revelator. He is the embodiment or the exemplar of what it means to be true and faithful. Now let's consider the definition of the adjective true. There is an especially meaningful definition of this word true in the Greek dictionary, where it expresses the meaning of the word "alethinos". Please pay special attention to this definition. "That which has not only the name and the resemblance, but the real nature - corresponding to the name in every respect, corresponding to the idea signified by the name." As I read that definition it seems to me that the person who wrote it could perhaps have been reading in the Book of Mormon where Mosiah asks us about having the Savior's image engraven in our countenance. We will revisit this definition several times this afternoon. As the background for this doctrinal discussion let us travel back together in our minds eye to the pre-existence, to a time when Heavenly Father asked, "Whom shall I send?" As spirit children of celestial parents we had come to the point at which we had to anticipate a period of mortal separation from our heavenly parents and from our lives as they had been in their presence. We were excited for the opportunity to experience mortality, and we shouted for joy when it was explained to us. To Heavenly Father's question, "Whom shall I send?" two diametrically opposite plans were proposed. One was a plan of compulsion, and the other a plan based on principles of agency and personal choice. It was at that moment when there began to be opposition in all things. Good and evil. Light and darkness. Truth and lies. Joy and sorrow. Pleasure and pain. It is true that we had agency, but until that moment there had never been opposition. Not until Lucifer chose to openly oppose Christ and His plan. And from the moment in which God made the decision to send His Beloved Son, Jesus Christ, to be our Savior and Redeemer, rejecting Lucifer's plan of compulsion and self-glorification, the following sequence of events began to unfold for the rest of us. First, we learned that Jesus Christ has never done anything that He has not already seen His Father do. In John chapter 5 verse 19 we read, (John 5:19) "Then answered Jesus and said unto them, Verily, verily, I say unto you, The Son can do nothing of himself, but what He seeth the Father do: for what things soever He [the Father] doeth, these also doeth the Son likewise." Jesus, who is true and faithful, defers to His Father and gives Him all glory and honor for everything that He does. He willingly submits to the will of His Father. (D&C 50:43) "And the Father and I are one. I am in the Father and the Father in me; and inasmuch as ye have received me, ye are in me and I in you." In this verse we learn that there is a three way symbiotic relationship in which God the Father, Jesus Christ, and we, are all interconnected through the gospel plan, through our spiritual DNA, and through our divine potential. This is in part what it means when the scriptures tell us that we have the capacity to become joint-heirs with Christ to all that the Father hath. It also applies to the scriptural declaration by God that His work and His glory are to bring to pass our immortality and our eternal life. Which is to say that He strives to help us live the life that He now lives. Having focused first on the meaning of true, we can begin to understand what it means to be faithful, when we read in section 93 of the Doctrine and Covenants verses 19 and 20. (D&C 93:19-20) "I give unto you these sayings that you may understand and know how to worship, and know what you worship, that you may come unto the Father in my name, and in due time receive of his fulness. For if you keep my commandments you shall receive of his fulness, and be glorified in me as I am in the Father; therefore I say unto you, you shall receive grace for grace." Another truth that we learned in the preexistence was that when our brothers and sisters, fully one third of them, exercised their agency poorly and rebelled against Christ's plan of happiness, in making that choice they lost the opportunity to ever gain a body, to progress any further, and they with Satan were cast out of heaven. In that act of rebellion they became the instruments through which we are tempted and tried while here on the earth. They are our opposition. There purpose is to spread darkness, lies, infidelity, fear and persecution. And they are happiest when they can thwart or frustrate anything related to Jesus' plan of happiness. You and I participated actively in the war caused by Satan's rebellion. By doing that we kept our first estate. And it was then that for the first time we took upon ourselves the name of Jesus Christ. In that war the sides were clearly identified, and we experienced what it means to have opposition in all things. Our standard or banner was one of truth, light, faithfulness, humility, and doing the will of our Heavenly Father. The captain of our host was Jesus Christ, whose name is true and faithful as we read in the book of Revelations. Remember how John the Revelator described Him as riding on a white horse and waging war? The standard or banner for the opposition was and still is one of lies, darkness, infidelity, pride, sin, and selfishness. We learn that Satan, their captain, is the father of all lies, that he loves darkness, and is an enemy to the light. In section 82 of the Doctrine and Covenants verse 5 we read, (D&C 82:5) "Watch, for the adversary spreadeth his dominions, and darkness reigneth." In 3 Nephi chapter 27 verse 27 the Savior poses this question which pertains to the expectations that He has for each of us during mortality. (3 Ne. 27:27) "Therefore, what manner of men [and women] ought ye to be? Verily, I say unto you, even as I am." This admonition to become like the Savior is not a metaphor. It's the pattern by which we measure the success of our efforts in this our second estate. Satan would have you believe that it is not something to be taken literally, because if he can convince you that Jesus Christ is just too perfect, if he can convince you that you can never become that good, or if he can convince you that for you close enough is good enough, he can cause you to lower your standards and to accept something less than the Savior would have you be. Do not fall for this deception. In the preexistence, when we took upon ourselves for that first time, the name of Jesus Christ, we learned that our central mission in mortality would be two-fold: first to take upon ourselves the name of Jesus Christ again here in mortality, and second to acquire His attributes as we prepare to become joint-heirs with Him to all that the Father hath. In the 88th section of the Doctrine and Covenants verses 6 and 11 we read, (D&C 88:6,11) "[Jesus Christ], He that ascended up on high, as also he descended below all things, in that he comprehendeth all things, that he might be in all and through all things, the light of truth; And the light which shineth, which giveth you light, is through him who enlighteneth your eyes, which is the same light that quickenth your understandings." Have you noticed how often the attributes of light and truth appear together in the scriptures? In John 14 verse 6, (John 14:6) "I am the way, the truth, and the life." (3 Ne. 11:11) "And behold, I am the light and the life of the world..." Light and truth are inseparable. Actually, light and truth are synonymous. They are fundamental elements that are always in balance especially as they reflect the divine attributes of Jesus Christ. My wife Joyce is a master gardener. She loves plants, and her gardens are places of beauty. Those of you who know her, know that she loves beautiful flowers and fruits and vegetables. Each year in the fall she carefully brings inside the house a selection of flowers that she protects and nourishes through the winter so that they can be propagated into next years foundation plantings. Last winter she brought several large geraniums inside to care for them. We placed one of these plants by our patio door where it could receive as much light as possible. Within just a few hours the leaves of this geranium began to turn toward the light. And over the course of the winter months the side of the plant that received more light grew lush and healthy, while the side that faced away from the light did not thrive nearly as well. Scripturally you might say that it did not abound. Why? Remember in Doctrine and Covenants section 88 verse 13? Christ is the light that is in all things, which giveth life to all things. You and I are just like that geranium. We seek the light because it gives us life. We turn to it and are quickened by it. To be quickened means that we thrive and grow in its presence. It was important for us to regularly turn the geranium so that the entire plant thrived and was quickened by the light. Might I suggest that in our own self evaluations we consider what areas of our own lives need more light, and seek diligently through repentance, study, prayer, and spiritual activity to gain the light that we need to abound. Again, I caution you do not be deceived by the adversary. This is not a metaphor. It is real. To the extent that you and I embrace the light, which light proceedeth forth from the presence of God, and are warmed by its rays, two things happen to us. First we take in light ourselves and become more like Jesus Christ. And second we have our intelligence quickened. "And the light which shineth, which giveth you light, is through Him who enlighteneth your eyes which is the same light that quickeneth your understandings." To have your understanding quickened by the light of Christ, is one of the reasons why your choice to attend BYU - Idaho was so important. The Lord's university is a place from which light emanates, because His Spirit is here. You are here to take in as much light and truth as you possibly can. Light and truth abound here if you are open to them. Five years ago Elder James E. Faust told the following story, "I recently recall the historic meeting in Jerusalem about 17 years ago. It was regarding the lease for the land on which the Brigham Young University's Jerusalem Center For Near-Eastern Studies was later built. Before this lease could be signed, President Ezra Taft Benson and Elder Jeffrey R. Holland, who was then President of Brigham Young University, agreed with the Israeli government on behalf of the Church and the university not to proselyte in Israel. You might wonder we agreed not to proselyte. We were required to do so in order to get the building permit to build that magnificent building which stands in the historic city of Jerusalem. To our knowledge, the Church and BYU have scrupulously and honorably kept that non-proselyting commitment. But after the lease had been signed, one of our friends, I believe it was Teddy Kollek, mayor of Jerusualem, insightfully remarked, "Oh, we know that you're not going to proselyte, but what are you going to do about the light that is in their eyes?" He was referring to our students who were studying in Israel. Look closely at one another. If you could see what your bishops see, or your stake presidents see, or what anyone who holds the keys of ecclesiastical stewardship sees, you too would discern the light of Christ that is growing within you through the Holy Ghost. As members of the Church we have been given the special gift of the Holy Ghost to help us accumulate light. People who are not members of the Church can discern the light within you, as did this friend of the Church in Jerusalem. Even though they may not be able to correctly identify its source or its meaning. It is real. It is something to be sought after diligently. When you have it or begin to have it, it's something to cherish and protect with all your soul. Paul Harvey a famous news commentator visited one of our Church school campuses some years ago. Following that visit he observed, "Each...young face mirrored a sort of...sublime assurance. These days many young eyes are prematurely old from countless compromises with conscience. But [these young people] have that enviable headstart which derives from discipline, dedication, and consecration." To be faithful then is to be obedient and diligent in keeping the commandments of God. Consider that the word faithful means full of faith. Elder Bruce R. McConkie in Mormon Doctrine teaches us that, "Faith is a gift of God, bestowed as a reward for person righteousness. It is always given when righteousness is present, and the greater the measure of obedience to God's laws, the greater will be the endowment of faith that is bestowed." So let us briefly review the points of the doctrine of being true and faithful. Jesus Christ is known by the name True and Faithful. He is the exemplar of what it means to be true and faithful. Part of the plan of happiness for you and for me is that we are commanded to become even as He is. That commandment is not symbolic or metaphorical, it is a very real expectation, and very realistic possibility as we progress in this life. The war in heaven was a direct result of opposition that originated with Lucifer, or Satan. Opposition in all things came about because of his rebellion. Light and truth are synonyms. Christ is the epitome of light and truth. At the opposite end of the spectrum Satan is the prince of darkness, lies, and infidelity. As we seek to become like the Savior we receive light and truth and those two attributes have the capacity to grow in us until we are full of light and truth. They even remain with us when we pass through the veil. One of the problems that we face as we work out our salvation and seek to become more like the Savior is the tendency to view our mortal probationary period as somehow disconnected from the rest of eternity. In that regard President Brigham Young provides the following counsel. "There is no life more precious than the present life which we enjoy; there is no life that is worth more to us than this life is. It may be said that an eternal life is worth more. We are in eternity, and all that we have to do is take the road that leads into the eternal lives. Eternal life is an inherent quality of the creature, and nothing but sin can put a termination to it." In this life then we learn and grow line upon line and precept upon precept, lest we become discouraged with the size and difficulty of becoming like Christ. He knew that in our becoming we would sometimes perhaps even often fall short and make a mistake. He knew that would happen. So He provided prayer as a means for us to reconnect with Him and to seek His help. He provided repentance as a means of making mid-course corrections, and He provided the Holy Ghost as a constant guide and companion to coach and advise us along the way. In a devotional address in 2002 Brother Dennis Largey, Associate Professor of Ancient Scripture at BYU, explained the relationship between faithfulness and obedience. "When light is diminished in our lives, motivation toward spiritual things also diminishes to one degree or another. We are less exact in our commandment keeping and less dedicated to activities such as home teaching, Church attendance,...scripture reading, and prayer -- the very things that intensify light in our lives. In other words we are less faithful. With insufficient light we are more susceptible to temptation, and like a plant without the nourishment of the light of the sun, without the nourishment of the light of the Son of God, we can also weaken and shrivel and eventually die spiritually." Many of you have that same light in your countenances. Having it is a living testimony that you are worthy, and that you are taking in truth and light, and becoming more like the Savior. You might say that you're becoming like Him line upon line, and lumen upon lumen. I would like to focus this afternoon on two gospel principles, adherence to which will increase our capacity to be true and faithful. The first is being submissive. King Mosiah taught, (Mosiah 3:19) "For the natural man is an enemy to God, and has been from the fall of Adam, and will be, forever and ever, unless he yields to the enticings of the Holy Spirit, and putteth off the natural man and becometh a saint through the atonement of Christ the Lord, and becometh as a child, submissive, meek, humble, patient, full of love, willing to submit to all things which the Lord seeth fit to inflict upon him, even as a child doth submit to his father." To illustrate this principle let me share with you the words of President Henry B. Eyring on this subject from April conference 2006. "Like you, I have felt what King Benjamin meant when he said that we could become like a little child before God. I have prayed as you have to know what to do when choices that I faced would have eternal consequences. Over many years I have seen a recurring pattern in the times when the answers to such a prayer have come most clearly. Once for instance, I prayed through the night to know what I was to choose to do in the morning. I knew that no other choice could have a greater affect on the lives of others and on my own. I knew what choice looked most comfortable to me. I knew what outcome I wanted, but I could not see the future. I could not see which choice would lead to which outcome. So the risk of being wrong seemed to great to me. I prayed, but for hours there seemed to be no answer. Then just before dawn a feeling came over me. More than at any time since I had been a child, I felt like one. My heart and my mind seemed to grow very quiet. There was a peace in that inner stillness. Somewhat to my surprise I found myself praying, 'Heavenly Father, it doesn't matter what I want. I don't care anymore what I want. I only want that Thy will be done. That's all that I want. Please tell me what to do.' In that moment I felt as quiet inside as I had ever felt, and the message came and I was sure who it was from. It was clear what I was to do. I received no promise of the outcome, there was only the assurance that I was a child who had been told what path led to whatever He wanted for me. I learned from that experience and countless repetitions that the description of the Holy Ghost as a still small voice, is real. Only when my heart has been still and quiet in submission like a little child, has the Spirit been clearly audible to my heart and mind." Christ taught, (Matt. 5:5) "Blessed are the meek: for they shall inherit the earth." When we talk about being joint heirs with Christ and inheriting all that the Father hath, we should remember that what we are inheriting is the celestial kingdom, or the life that our Heavenly Father now has. This earth, once it is celesitialized, is our destiny. It is our celestial kingdom. The second principle that we learn, or that we focus upon is being exact in our commandment keeping. President Clark, in a devotional address given from this pulpit in January 2006 taught us that we must be diligent in the small things. He said at that time, "I would like to talk today about principles that are central to the special character of BYU-Idaho, and central to your lives now, and to the glorious future that awaits you. These principles are laid out in a beautiful and powerful way in the 64th section of the Doctrine and Covenants. Let's turn to that section and read together verses 33 and 34. 'Wherefore, be not weary in well doing, for ye are laying the foundation of a great work. And out of small things proceedeth that which is great. Behold, the Lord requireth the heart and a willing mind; and the willing and obedient shall eat the good of the land of Zion in these last days.'" So let's translate these principles and President Clark's counsel into an introspective plan of action that will lead us to greater faithfulness and the accumulation of more personal light and truth. Consider for instance the honor code that we have each committed to obey. The honor code is a minimum standard, a baseline if you will. President Clark has asked us to raise the bar and to have our personal comportment here be at a higher level than the honor code. Please answer these questions for yourself. Do I obey the honor code cheerfully, or do I grumble and complain about its particulars? Do I honorably uphold the commitment that I made to my bishop when he endorsed me to attend BYU-Idaho? Am I obedient to the spirit of modesty and grooming that are integral to the honor code? Brethren, did you shave today? Do you shave everyday? Do I willingly obey the spirit of the curfew? Do I attend my Church meetings, all of them? Am I on time? How is the spirit in my apartment? Do I treat my roommates with respect and dignity? Or is there anyone in my apartment who gets treated less respectfully? Is there ever a spirit of contention there? Am I a diligent and faithful home teacher or visiting teacher? Do I have a calling in my ward? Do I fulfill that calling faithfully? How often am I A-wall from my campus ward on Sundays? Does my language reflect the level of light and truth that I desire to have? Do I ever take food that doesn't belong to me? [LAUGHlNG] Obviously we struck a nerve. Am I irritated when someone preaches to me about the honor code? Do I willingly keep the Sabbath Day holy? Do I have a current temple recommend? And do I worship there often? Do I attend devotional services? Am I quick to repent when I have fallen short in my commandment keeping? Or do I seek to rationalize, to minimize, and to blame others? Do I savor the opportunity to partake of the sacrament each week and to renew my covenants with Heavenly Father? Do I seek to stand in holy places? To illustrate the principle of faithfulness, I would like to tell you about an experience that our family had with our mother when she was in the hospital just before she died. Mother was 92 years old and had lived a long and faithful life. She, and we knew, that she would not be healed this time and we were preparing together for her passing. Her calling in the Church had for several years been as a visiting teaching supervisor. She expressed concern to us that she had not called all of her visiting teachers yet that month, so that she could make her report on time. She asked for our help in making that happen. And later that afternoon, just before she died, she looked at us and asked, "Do you think I've done enough?" Meaning, "Is it okay for me to go now?" I cherish my mothers example of faithful service right to the end of her life. Never give up. Serve the Lord for as long as you can. As we consider the two companion principles of being submissive and being more exact in our commandment keeping, they are sufficient to help us decipher the set of our hearts. Isn't that an interesting phrase? The set of our hearts. Elder Neal A. Maxwell described the set of our hearts in slightly different words. He called it, "Turning away from the world and toward God, toward home. And it represents the first tentative steps as Peter explains in 1 Corinthians chapter two, in the beginning process of beginning to develop the mind of Christ." This process of developing the mind of Christ means the same thing as Mosiah's admonition that we receive His image in our countenances. As we turn away from darkness and embrace the light, we literally develop the mind of Christ, and we begin to receive His image in our countenances. I have here an old argus camera like the one that I took on my mission. It's very heavy. And it was big and bulky, and not automated in any way. I had to buy 35 millimeter film for it and protect that film from exposure to light and moisture. I also took with me to Brazil a light meter. Without which, my exposures would have been only guesses and my mission photos would have been chronically overexposed or underexposed. I would aim this light meter at the subject of my intended photo and it would tell me how much light was emanating from my subject, and how far to open or close my lens for a good photograph. Of course much has changed for the better since that time, and you now have fully automated cameras, digital cameras, that are almost always focused correctly and adjusted perfectly to the light. They don't require film, and they focus automatically. Even our cell phones often have photographic capabilities. There is a true principle that we can learn from this light meter. It is this: when we finish our second estate and have accumulated all of the light and truth that we possibly can, when we are finished so to speak, I believe that the process of being judged in the final judgment will be one of measuring the level of our accumulated light and assigning us to a kingdom with which we and our light and truth are compatible. And like this camera, as we become more exact in our commandment keeping and more submissive to the will of our Heavenly Father, our ability to perceive the light and to seek it and make it a part of us through the Holy Ghost is enhanced. In a very real sense our systems, like those of the camera over time are becoming better, more refined, and more exact. We are better instruments in the hands of a loving Heavenly Father. (D&C 50:23-25) "And that which doth not edify is not of God, and is darkness. That which is of God is light; and he that receiveth light, and continueth in God, receiveth more light; and that light groweth brighter and brighter until the perfect day. And again, verily I say unto you, and I say it that you may know the truth, that you may chase darkness from among you." That's Doctrine and Covenants section 50 verses 23 through 25. In closing I would like to read to you the words of Elder B. H. Roberts, one of the early apostles in this dispensation. He expressed this process of becoming true and faithful in these words. "The man who so walks in the light and wisdom and power of God, will at the last, by the very force of his association, make the light and wisdom and power of God his own -- weaving those bright rays into a divine chain, linking himself forever to God and God to him. This is the sum of the Messiah's mystic words, 'Thou Father, in me, and I in thee' -- beyond this human greatness cannot achieve." I bear witness that Jesus is the Christ. With Heavenly Father He is the author of the great plan of happiness. Part of that plan is for each of us to seek His divine attributes. We can accomplish this during this lifetime if we, like Him, are true and faithful. You have divine potential. You can become a joint-heir with Christ to everything that Heavenly Father has, and is. I promise you that. And as you seek to be humble and to be more exact in keeping the commandments, you will accumulate light and truth. Of this I bear witness, in the name of Jesus Christ, Amen. For more information about this program please visit the BYU-Idaho website at www.byui.edu/devotionalsandspeeches September the 6th 1996. Tupak Shakur is the most successful hip hop artist in the world. He's no different than the king of rock and roll: Elvis Presley. Tupak was a king of rap. To his legions of fans, he's the ultimate gangster rapper. Dog life. Dog Life. He's the angry voice of urban America. SAL: Everything we've been dealing with so far in our journey through chemistry has revolved around stability of electrons and where electrons would rather be in stable shells. And like all things in life, if you explore the atom a little further you'll realize that electrons are not the only stuff that's going on in an atom. That the nucleus itself has some interactions, or has some instability, that needs to be relieved in some way. That's what we'll talk a little bit about in this video. And actually the mechanics of it are well out of the scope of a first-year chemistry course, but it's good to at least know that it occurs. And one day when we study the strong nuclear force, and quantum physics, and all the like, then we can start talking about exactly why these protons and neutrons, and their constituent quarks are interacting the way they do. But with that said, let's at least think about the different types of ways that a nucleus can essentially decay. So let's say I have a bunch of protons. I'll just draw a couple here. Some protons there, and I'll draw some neutrons. And I'll draw them in a neutral-ish color. Maybe let me see, like a grayish would be good. So let me just draw some neutrons here. How many protons do I have? I have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8. I'll do 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 neutrons. And so let's say this is the nucleus of our atom. And remember-- and this is, you know, in the very first video I made about the atom-- the nucleus, if you actually were to draw an actual atom-- and it's actually very hard to drawn an atom because it has no well-defined boundaries. The electron really could be, you know, at any given moment, it could be anywhere. But if you were to say, OK, where is 90% of the time the electron is going to be in? You'd say, that's the radius, or that's the diameter of our atom. We learned in that very first video that the nucleus is almost an infinitesimal portion of the volume of this sphere where the electron will be 90% of the time. And the neat takeaway there was that, well, most of whatever we look at in life is just open free space. All of this is just open space. But I just want to repeat that because that little infinitesimal spot that we talked about before, where even though it's a very small part of the fraction of the volume of an atom-- it's actually almost all of its mass-- that's what I'm zooming out to this point here. These aren't atoms, these aren't electrons. We're zoomed into the nucleus. And so it turns out that sometimes the nucleus is a little bit unstable, and it wants to get to a more stable configuration. We're not going to go into the mechanics of exactly what defines an unstable nucleus and all that. But in order to get into a more unstable nucleus, sometimes it emits what's called an alpha particle, or this is called alpha decay. Alpha decay. And it emits an alpha particle, which sounds very fancy. It's just a collection of neutrons and protons. So an alpha particle is two neutrons and two protons. So maybe these guys, they just didn't feel like they'd fit in just right, so they're a collection right here. And they get emitted. They leave the nucleus. So let's just think what happens to an atom when something like that happens. So let's just say I have some random element, I'll just call it element E. Let's say it has p, protons. Actually let me do it in the color of my protons. It has p, protons. And then it has its atomic mass number, is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons. And do the neutrons in gray, right? So when it experiences alpha decay, what happens to the element? Well, its protons are going to decrease by two. So its protons are going to be p minus 2. And then its neutrons are also going to decrease by two. So its mass number's going to decrease by four. So up here you'll have p minus 2, plus our neutrons minus 2, so we're going to have minus 4. So your mass is going to decrease by four, and you're actually going to turn to a new element. Remember, your elements were defined by the number of protons. So in this alpha decay, when you're losing two neutrons and two protons, but especially the protons are going to make you into a different element. So if we call this element 1, I'm just going to call it, we're going to be a different element now, element 2. And if you think about what's generated, we're emitting something that has two protons, and it has two neutrons. So that its mass is going to be the mass of the two protons and two neutrons. So what are we emitting? We're emitting something that has a mass of four. So if you look at, what is two protons and two neutrons? I actually don't have the periodic table on my [? head. ?] I forgot to cut and paste it before this video. But it doesn't take you long on the periodic table to find an element that has two protons, and that's helium. It actually has an atomic mass of four. So this is actually a helium nucleus that gets emitted with alpha decay. This is actually a helium nucleus. And because it's a helium nucleus and it has no electrons to bounce off its two protons, this would be a helium ion. So essentially it has no electrons. It has two protons so it has a plus 2 charge. So an alpha particle is really just a helium ion, a plus 2 charged helium ion that is spontaneously emitted by a nucleus just to get to a more stable state. Now that's one type of decay. Let's explore the other ones. So let me draw another nucleus here. I'll draw some neutrons. I'll just draw some protons. So it turns out sometimes that a neutron doesn't feel comfortable with itself. It looks at what the protons do on a daily basis and says, you know what? For some reason when I look into my heart, I feel like I really should be a proton. If I were a proton, the entire nucleus would be a little bit more stable. And so what it does is, to become a proton-- remember, a neutron has neutral charge. So what it does is, it emits an electron. And I know you're saying, Sal, you know, that's crazy, I didn't even know neutrons had electrons in them, and all of that. And I agree with you. It is crazy. And one day we'll study all of what exists inside of the nucleus. But let's just say that it can emit an electron. So this emits an electron. And we signify that with its-- roughly its mass is zero. We know an electron really doesn't have a zero mass, but we're talking about atomic mass units. If the proton is one, an electron is 1/1,836 of that. So we just round it. We say it has a mass of zero. Its mass really isn't zero. And its charge is minus 1. It's atomic, you can kind of say its atomic number's minus 1. So it emits an electron. And by emitting an electron, instead of being neutral, now it turns into a proton. And so this is called beta decay. And a beta particle is really just that emitted electron. So let's go back to our little case of an element. It has some number of protons, and then it has some number of neutrons. So you have the protons and the neutrons, then you get your mass number. When it experiences beta decay, what happens? Well, are the protons changed? Sure, we have one more proton than we had before. Because our neutron changed into one. So now our protons are plus 1. Has our mass number changed? Well let's see. The neutrons goes down by one but your protons go up to by one. So your mass number will not change. So it's still going to be p plus N. so your mass stays the same, unlike the situation with alpha decay, but your element changes. Your number of protons changes. So now, once again, you're dealing with a new element in beta decay. Now, let's say we have the other situation. Let's say we have a situation where one of these protons looks at the neutrons and says, you know what? I see how they live. It's very appealing to me. I think I would fit in better, and our community of particles within the nucleus would be happier if I too were a neutron. We'd all be in a more stable condition. So what they do is, that little uncomfortable proton has some probability of emitting-- and now this is a new idea to you-- a positron, not a proton. It emits a positron. And what's a positron? It's something that has the exact same mass as an electron. So it's 1/1836 of the mass of a proton. But we just write a zero there because in atomic mass units it's pretty close to zero. But it has a positive charge. And it's a little confusing, because they'll still write e there. Whenever I see an e, I think an electron. But no, they say e because it's kind of like the same type of particle, but instead of having a negative charge, it has a positive charge. This is a positron. And now we're starting to get kind of exotic with the types of particles and stuff we're dealing with. But this does happen. And if you have a proton that emits this particle, that pretty much had all of its positive charge going with it, this proton turns into a neutron. And that is called positron emission. Positron emission is usually pretty easy to figure out what it is, because they call it positron emission. So if we start with the same E, it has a certain number of protons, and a certain number of neutrons. What's the new element going to be? Well it's going to lose a proton. p minus 1. And that's going to be turned into a neutron. So p is going to go down by one. N is going to go up by one. So that the mass of the whole atom isn't going to change. So it's going to be p plus N. But we're still going to have a different element, right? When we had beta decay, we increased the number of protons. So we went, kind of, to the right in the periodic table or we increased our, well, you get the idea. When we do positron emission, we decreased our number of protons. And actually I should write that here in both of these reactions. So this is the positron emission, and I'm left over with one positron. And in our beta decay, I'm left over with one electron. They're written the exact same way. You know this is an electron because it's a minus 1 charge. You know this is a positron because it has a plus 1 charge. Now there's one last type of decay that you should know about. But it doesn't change the number of protons or neutrons in a nucleus. But it just releases a ton of energy, or sometimes, you know, a high-energy photon. And that's called gamma decay. And gamma decay means that these guys just reconfigure themselves. Maybe they get a little bit closer. And by doing that they release energy in the form of a very high wavelength electromagnetic wave. Which is essentially a gamma, you could either call it a gamma particle or gamma ray. And it's very high energy. Gamma rays are something you don't want to be around. They're very likely to maybe kill you. Everything we did, I've said is a little theoretical. Let's do some actual problems, and figure out what type of decay we're dealing with. So here I have 7-beryilium where seven is its atomic mass. And I have it being converted to 7-lithium So what's going on here? My beryilium, my nuclear mass is staying the same, but I'm going from four protons to three protons. So I'm reducing my number of protons. My overall mass hasn't changed. So it's definitely not alpha decay. Alpha decay was, you know, you're releasing a whole helium from the nucleus. So what am I releasing? I'm kind of releasing one positive charge, or I'm releasing a positron. And actually I have this here in this equation. This is a positron. So this type of decay of 7-beryilium to 7-lithium is positron emission. Fair enough. Now let's look at the next one. We have uranium-238 decaying to thorium-234. And we see that the atomic mass is decreasing by 4, minus 4, and you see that your atomic numbers decrease, or your protons are decreasing, by 2. So you must be releasing, essentially, something that has an atomic mass of four, and a atomic number of two, or a helium. So this is alpha decay. So this right here is an alpha particle. And this is an example of alpha decay. Now you're probably saying, hey Sal, wait, something weird is happening here. Because if I just go from 92 protons to 90 protons, I still have my 92 electrons out here. So wouldn't I now have a minus 2 charge? And even better, this helium I'm releasing, it doesn't have any electrons with it. It's just a helium nucleus. So doesn't that have a plus 2 charge? And if you said that, you would be absolutely correct. But the reality is that right when this decay happens, this thorium, it has no reason to hold on to those two electrons, so those two electrons disappear and thorium becomes neutral again. And this helium, likewise, it is very quick. It really wants two electrons to get stable, so it's very quick to grab two electrons out of wherever it's bumping into, and so that becomes stable. So you could write it either way. Now let's do another one. So here I have iodine. Let's see what's happening. My mass is not changing. So I must just have protons turning into neutrons or neutrons turning into protons. And I see here that I have 53 protons, and now I have 54 protons. So a neutron must have turned into a proton. A neutron must have gone to a proton. And the way that a neutron goes to a proton is by releasing an electron. And we see that in this reaction right here. An electron has been released. And so this is beta decay. This is a beta particle. And that same logic holds. You're like, hey wait, I just went from 53 to 54 protons. Now that I have this extra proton, won't I have a positive charge here? Well you would. But very quickly this might-- probably won't get these exact electrons, there's so many electrons running around-- but it'll grab some electrons from some place to get stable, and then it'll be stable again. But you're completely right in thinking, hey, wouldn't it be an ion for some small amount of time? Now let's do one more. So we have to 222-radon-- it has atomic number of 86-- going to 218-polonium, with atomic number of 84. And this actually is an interesting aside. Polonium is named after Poland, because Marie Curie, she-- At the time Poland, this was at the turn of the last century, around the end of the 1800's, Poland didn't exist as a separate country. It was split between Prussia, Russia, and Austria. And they really wanted let people know that, hey, you know, we think we're one people. So they discovered that when, you know, radon decayed it formed this element. And they named it after their motherland, after Poland. It's the privileges of discovering new elements. But anyway, back to the problem. So what happened? Our atomic mass went down by four. Our atomic number went down by two. Once again, we must have released a helium particle. A helium nucleus, something that has an atomic mass of four, and an atomic number of two. And so there we are. So this is alpha decay. We could write this as a helium nucleus. So it has no electrons. We could even say immediately that this would have a negative charge, but then it loses You're Brett Right? Yeah. I thought so. You remember your business partner Marcellus Wallace? Don't you Brett? Yeah... I-I remember. Good. Looks like me and Vincent caught you boys at breakfast. Sorry about that. What'cha havin'? Hamburgers. Hamburgers! The corner stone of any nutritious breakfast. What kind of hamburgers? Ch-cheese burgers. No, no, no, no, no, where'd you get 'em? McDonald's? Wendy's? Jack in the Box? Where? Uh, Big Kahuna Burger. Big Kahuna Burger! That's that Hawaiian burger joint. I hear they got some tasty burgers. I ain't never had one myself, how are they? Good. You mind if I try one of yours? This is yours here right? Yeah. Mmm-hmmm this is a tasty burger. Vincent! You ever had a Big Kahuna burger? Want a bite? They're real tasty. Ain't hungry. Well if you like burgers, give 'em a try some time. Me? I can't usually get them cause my girlfriend's a vegetarian. Which pretty much makes me a vegetarian. But I do love the taste of a good burger. Mmm. You know what they call a quarter pounder with cheese in France? No. Tell him Vincent. Royale with cheese. Royale with cheese. You know why they call it that? Uh, because of the metric system? Check out the big brain on Brett! You're a smart motherfucker that's right, the metric system. What's in this? Sprite. Sprite, good. You mind if I have some of your tasty beverage to wash this down? Go right ahead. (slurping) Ahhhhh. That hit the spot. You, flock of seagulls, you know why we're here? Why don't you tell my man Vincent where you got the shit hid at? It's over there- I don't remember asking you a god damn thing! You were saying? It's in the cupboard. No, no the one by your knees. (pots clanging) (thump of suitcase) (numbers winding) (click) We happy? Vincent? We happy? Yeah, we happy. Look. I'm sorry. I-I didn't get your name. I got yours, uh, Vincent, right? But I, I never got yours. My name's Pitt, and your ass ain't talking your way out of this shit. No, no, no. no. I just want you to know how- I just want you to know how sorry we are that, that things got so fucked up with us and, and Mr. Wallace. We, we got into this thing with the best intentions, really. I never- (gun shot) Oh I'm sorry, did I break your concentration? I didn't mean to do that, please, continue. You were saying something about "best intentions"? What's the matter? Oh, you were finished? Oh, well allow me to retort. What does Marcellus Wallace look like? What? (table smashing) What country you from? Wh-what? "What" ain't no country I ever heard of. They speak english in "What"? What? English, motherfucker! Do you speak it? Yes! Then you know what I'm saying. Yes! Describe what Marcellus Wallace looks like. What? I-I? Say "what" again! Say "what" again! I dare you, I double dare you motherfucker! Say "what" one more God damn time. He's black. Go on. He's bald. Does he look like a bitch? What? (gun shot) Owwwww! Does he look like a bitch? Noooo! Then why you try to fuck him like a bitch, Brett? I didn't! Yes you did! Yes you did, Brett. You tried to fuck him. No, no. And Marcellus Wallace don't like to be fucked by anybody except Mrs. Wallace. You ever read the bible Brett? Yes! Well there's this passage I got memorized that sorta fits this occasion. Ezekiel:25:17 The path of the righteous man is beset on all sides by the inequities of the selfish and the tyranny of evil men. Blessed is he who in the name of charity and good will shepherds the weak through the valley of darkness. For he is truly his brother's keeper and the finder of lost children. And I will strike down upon thee with great vegeance and furious anger those who attempt to poison and destroy my brothers. And you will know my name is the Lord, when I lay my vengeance upon thee. And you will know my name is the Lord, when I lay my vengeance upon thee. Ahhhhh! (gun shots) The first conservation law we want to look at is the simplest in some ways. And, it's the most directly cur, connected to super strength, conservation of mass. But it's also key because it's kind of related to a lot of what we do with nuclear power, or thinking about situations of radiation and converted to matter back and forth. So, we want to just kind of get a few operational definitions down first. And, if you think, if you recall, mass we've used really in three ways. It's the amount of matter present in the object. It is also how much an object resists a force. Because remember, F equals ma was one way we could think of mass being defined. You measure the force, you measure the acceleration, you divide the two, and that gives you the mass. That's an operational definition. And the third way is it tells you the strength of gravity through F equals Gm1m2 over r squared. So that's a pretty incredible thing that the mass in all of these turns out to be the same, the same letter m. now, there actually turns out to be a fourth important understanding of mass which you, everybody's heard the equation, usually. And this is from relativity. And this is the idea that E equals mc squared. So this is energy, which we'll come to later. This is the speed of light, and this one is often called the rest mass. So, it's a statement that even if you're not moving, there's a certain amount of energy associated with matter. And that amount of energy is given by this relationship. This is most important in the following sense. There are situations in which matter, which we think of as made up of electrons, protons, and neutrons. So, this is electrons, protons, and neutrons, just symbolized by the first letter of their name, can be turned into radiation, which is electromagnetic waves. Now, we're going to do both of these topics in later weeks in the course. So, it's not critical to understand them now. ,, , This requires a very special process, tends to happen in nuclear reactions. It is not a normal thing to occur, but it is the one way you can also reverse this process and take electromagnetic radiation and turn it into matter, or mass. So, strictly speaking, okay? Conservation of mass is something that applies to a system when there's no interactions causing a transfer between matter and radiation. So notice right here, we have the key idea behind applying a conservation law. You identify the stuff that's being conserved, in this case mass. You identify what interactions need to not be occurring so that the stuff you're looking at, mass is conserved, meaning it doesn't change. How might this apply when we worry about our superheroes? Well, if you watch any of the videos of Hulk going from Bruce Banner to Hulk, he suddently seems to create mass from nothing. And lots of superheroes seem to have their total mass change, and that is what we call a violation of a fundamental principle. Now, in the case of the Hulk, you can ask the question, is this super power is suddenly gaining all this extra mass of strength related to an ability to cause interactions that transfer energy between matter and radiation? This would require something very, particularly obvious when he went from the Hulk back to Bruce Banner. Because you'd have to find, you'd have to see an observe this large release of radiation in some form or another. And you may not see it, if it's not visible radiation. But, you detect it and it would have effect. So, there really is this issue with many of these superpowers of violating conservation of mass. But it does allow us to also discuss a second idea. Where the strength really comes from and what is really behind super strengths. And we get to do little bit of mini biology connected for physics. And we realize that some of the key issues are the density of things like your bones and muscle. At the end of the day, both of these are actually involved in the strength that you can generate. And if you're talking density, this talks about both volume and mass. So, let's rem ind ourselves, density is the mass you have in a certain amount of volume. Now, one of the important things to think about, right? Is what happens eventually if you become too massive? You break bones. And what's the relevant feature of bones in terms of whether they break or not, with the relevant geometric characteristic? Is it, think about it, is it the length or width of the bone? Something like that. Is it the area of the bone? What we would technically call a cross-sectional area. Or is it the volume of the bone? So, this is what geometric feature most determines this. If you think about all of it, you realize it is the area of the bone. And the area is something that is a length times a width. So, it depends on the typical size of the object squared. And so, this is an implied geometric type of argument. This is where understanding basic features of area and volume are very useful and thinking about how various systems and materials would behave whether you're building stuff or thinking medical things or thinking about accidents, falling car crashes and things like this. You realize that fundamentally, your strength depends on dimension squared, but your total mass, assuming you don't change your density much, that depends on your volume. That depends on your size, a typical size cubed. So, notice your mass increases faster than the fundamental strength of your bones. And this is why you see a size limit to animals. And the size limit's bigger in the ocean because buoyancy floating in the water helps you some. And so, the most, the largest creatures are whales that occur in the ocean, and land animals only get so big before their bones will break under their corresponding mass. So, you have to ask, if you wanted to make a super strong superhero whose bones can resist what they're doing, then you get into cool ideas like Wolverine who has bones of a new material. And this opens up a whole fascinating area of science that we call material science. Very clever name, I realize, where we try and understand the strength and properties of different materials that we can make. And the goal is often to combine the right combination of low density, high strength. Are you worried about strength in terms of breaking? Do you worry about strength in terms of compressing things, stretching things, bending things? So, there's a lot of different senses in which something can be strong. You don't have to worry about stretching, versus bending, versus compressing. And all of these become issues as you try and worry about the strength of materials. Now, on the other biology side, of course, the other part of strength is actually generating the forces. And the things that generate the forces are your muscles. I mean, it's not good enough just to have bones that can resist large forces, but you need to actually have a lot of mass. And this is, this is where mass comes back and we reconnect to our idea of conservation of mass. Because ultimately, the force you generate, each individual muscle has little protein motors that do this. And the more of those you have, the more force you can generate. So now, again, thinking in terms of a super power, you can do this at the smallest biology level of say, figuring out a way to generate more force from a protein motor, or a larger scale level of biology. And physics, which is really how to generate more mass. This is basically the steroid solution. And, one of the interesting things, as always when you look at superheros, you want to consider the side effects of those superpowers. And I do like to point out in the class that we have this interesting situation with steroids where there are clear negative health effects that come up, often related to brain and psychological issues that we often see in many of our superheroes. That super strength and anger seem to go together for superheroes in a lot of areas. And again, I suggest you go back and watch that Hulk video. So, just to summarize briefly our first conservation law, experience, conservation o f mass. We worried about the system. We worried about the system and whether or not it had an interaction that can turn mass into radiation and vise versa, because then we couldn't use the conservation well. And then, we worried a lot about how the whole connection of mass and strength, as a super power, really went together. [Bells ringing] What the deuce are the bells ringing for? I thought I'd soon find out what's happening. And when I got down the war had been declared. [Music and crowd cheering] [Flag being hoisted] I said "There's no use worrying about it Mum. I said somebody's got to do it". But she didn't say anything. But she had a little bit of a weep. Every family had a father or a son or a brother or an uncle or a relative. So practically every family was affected. We felt very proud that they were doing their duty, their duty to the Empire. [Turrets firing] "Here's to Australia". [Gun fire and men yelling] It was really the war was the start of Australia as a nation. [Music] Well they say they got (word indecipherable) but they didn't exist. I forget what the basic wage was but it was very small. My father has a good public service job, but the family of 5, you know we couldn't have butter and jam and together in bread. We could have one or the other. My toys were an iron hoop I used to travel along with a broomstick. And a two-wheel trolley made out of kerosene case. They were my toys. [Music] We were busy all the time. Even when I was 7 or 8 years old I used have get up at 6 o'clock int the morning and help with the cows ... ...there was no milking machines. It was all done by hand you know. [Water splashing] More self-reliant I think, we were brought up different anyhow. When your 9 years of age you were considered near enough to full grown to do some work about the place. Work. You talk about work that was my work at home. We had 9 in our family and I was the eldest girl so I don't have to tell you anymore, do I. [Bell ringing in the background] I could read. I taught myself you see. And I had a little bit an education. I left school at 9 years old just when just when you start to learn anything you see. There were 60 who used to go to the little school and only 1 teacher and a sewing mistress. [Bike bell ringing] [Talking in the background] There were no migrants then, except British, either Irish, Scots or English migrants. Australia essentially looked on Britain as the mother country. And they thought of Britain as home, even though they'd never been there. We didn't think of ourselves much as individual Australians. We were part of the British Empire, and dependent entirely on England. (a toast to King, Empire and Australia) We did learn a little bit about previous Kings and firstly I think that's from what I read about them.. .that if they'd carried on I think they'd have had their throats cut. For the prim Methodist family, card playing was out and dominoes were out. Presbyterian, it was even stronger. The stories tell of one youngster who was going along with his parents and was whistling. His father said, "Don't whistle. People will think you're happy". It was Sunday. By 1914, Australian was the most urbanised country in the world. The population was 4.5 million ,mostly Australian born predominantly Anglo-Celtic On the edge of the Empire, we were 'White Australia' in an Asian world. Vulnerable and remote, we knew we had to defend our island. There was a navy , a flying school and compulsory military training.. ...but they would never be adequate. We needed to prove ourselves worthy of a partnership with the motherland, and many felt that a war would provide us with the opportunity to do so On August 4, 1914, after Germany invaded Belgium, Britain on behalf of the Empire declared war. We answered enthusiastically. Our navy was placed under British control... ...and 20,000 men were offered for immediate service. Within 16 days of the declaration, 10,000 men had voluntarily signed up. Every able-bodied young man felt it was his duty to enlist. I always say it would've been harder not to enlist than to enlist. With my education you didn't know what you were fighting for. Yes, you were fighting for your country. I remember they asked me to draw a map of Australia. I didn't know what Australia looked like let alone draw one! The response enabled the Army to set high physical standards. Only the fittest and strongest were accepted. They joined the newly named Australian Imperial Force, the AlF. Imperial to remind them of their dual duty; to nation and to Empire. There were largely working class and single, most aged 18-34. And their reasons for joining were as varied as they were. Oh, they did want to go. It was the money. They were getting such a pay. You only get a few pound in a week in those days and when they got this money they all wanted it! They didn't know what war was like. They'd never been to war. Town boys, they weren't quite the same as the ones from the country where you're brought up with a gun in your hand. And you like shooting, so you thought you'd have a bit of practice when you went away, on these Germans. They did not take easily to army life. They knew they were civilians, not regular soldiers. The army, they believed, was their employer, and they resented most attempts to discipline them. Parade ground spit and polish did not sit easily with their desire to 'have a dig at the Hun'. (Song - to tune of Waltzing Matilda)) "Fighting the Kaiser, fighting the Kaiser.. Who'll come a fighting the Kaiser with me? And we'll drink all his beer and eat up all his sausages... ..Who'll come a fighting the Kaiser with me". After only 3 months, they prepared to leave Australia. Their training was incomplete but they went with their country's blessing. A great vantage point was at St Mary's Cathedral. You could go on the steps.. ..and they used to march from the park all the way down College street, ride down to Woolloomooloo to board the troop ships. On November 1st , 1914 Australian and New Zealand troops Five, four, three, two, one, let's graduate! Live from the University of Rochester, we present the 162nd commencement ceremony with your hosts, Anthony Plonczynski from the David T Kurtz center for diversity in Arts Sciences and Engineering and Melissa Greco Lopes from University Communications. Welcome to ground level. We're here at Eastman quad site of the twenty twelve college of Sciences Arts and Engineering commencement ceremonies. And yeah, Melissa, I, for the first time, have the honor of covering one of the most exciting events in undergraduates history. Throughout today's broadcast, you'll hear from many people across the university who help make commencement a success. And the fun starts just beyond us as members of the class of twenty twelve line up for the opening processional. Absolutely, and in a few moments, we'll have the opportunity to join that enthusiastic bunch ready to kick off the ceremony, but first let's check in with that wildly unpredictable Rochester weather. Standing by in 13 YM studio is news anchor Don Alhart and meteorologist Glen Johnson. What's in store for our graduates today? Alright, obviously you have a very important day to graduate. I've been studying your radar Glen. I'm a little confused, and the graduates want to know what's the weather gonna be like for today? Well, it's a big deal. You got a lot of folks that are gonna be outside, right, and we look at the computer models, and we look at the radar and were thinking, there may be a 25% chance for a little bit of snow. Snow 25% chance? They've had snow on graduation. They have. Alright, maybe a chance of snow but maybe not... rain? If I look at my data here, it looks like there could be, maybe, a 25% chance of a little bit rain. They've had rain on graduation. Oh, they've definitely had rain. So, it could rain, could snow... how about sunshine? Sunshine, you know, I look at the data, and I'm actually looking at the real data, it looks like it's going to be wonderful weather. We're talking about sunny skies, but the one thing you're going to be dealing with is the heat. The sunny hot weather, you wear the dark gowns going through commencement. They're gonna feel it. Its gonna be one of those days where they say "geez, let's get this over with, let's and have some fun." Ha ha Alright. I guess that's the real forecast. Bright and sunny forecast for all the graduates today. Our congratulations from 13 YM news. Now back to you. Way to go, folks. Today, we'll see the university confer 1342 diplomas to members of the class of twenty twelve, and from what I hear, Anthony, this is really an enthusiastic, unique bunch of students. Absolutely, they are Melissa. And before the processional began, I spoke with a couple of them to check in and see what their post graduation plans actually were. Look forward to seeing that. Let's check it out. Hey, how ya doin? So, we're doing interviews asking everyone what they're doing after graduation. I'm a take 5 scholar. Yay, and music cognition. What was that? I got the secret society of Santa Claus, I guess, I don't know what this is. What are you all doing after graduation? I'm moving to New York City and getting a job. Oh, okay awesome. How about u? I'm one step behind and continuing to look for a job. Continuing to look for a job. What are you doing after graduation? I'm moving back to North Carolina, living with my girlfriend, and looking for work. Uh, I'm not quite sure yet. That works. I'll be going to law school... Michigan state. Oh, okay. Congratulations. Thank you. I'm traveling Europe. Traveling Europe? Yep. How you doing? Oh. What are u doing after graduation? Oh, wow, I am...that was unexpected. I know [laughter] Moving to Manhattan Moving to Manhattan? Yeah. Ok. Working there. Cool! Wanna find out what everyone's doing after graduation. Uh... Bringing honor to family. What? bringing honor to family. Oh, okay. How about you? My voice is gone, so I'm gon... [noises] I'm gonna sleep a lot and work, and then, I'm going to PA school eventually. Oh, okay. Awesome, how about you? I'm moving to Thailand to teach English. Awesome awesome Much needed. Alright. Applying to grad school and workin here. Okay, awesome. Applying for dental school Dental school? Yep. Awesome. Moving to Boston Huh? Movin to Boston Oh okay, Boston. Are you a Red Socks fan? No Who do u like? I like hockey. Okay. [laughter] Going to the University of Michigan for a PhD program. Awesome, awesome. Congratulations. Thank you. We're going to dinosaur BBQ [yeah] I like it I like it I like it. I'm interning for the fresher fund over the summer, and I'm trying to find full time employment in guidance counseling, so anyone has any connections hit up Stephanie. Alright. I'm volunteering in Africa. Oh, okay. awesome. I'm doing grad school in Baltimore. Now, I heard what you're doing after graduation, but I'd like to get it here. Um, after graduation I'm going to go be a teacher for the deaf and hard of hearing teaching science, hopefully chemistry [word], and then, in the very far future, who knows, I'm gonna be an interpreter for, you know, hip hop concerts and everything, and I'm gonna be like, "yo what's up" in a sign language like rap, you know. And then, also, I'm gonna be dancing, and then they're gonna be like, "yo she can dance," so then I'll be in all the future music videos. What's up. I'm going to grad school in London. Going to grad school? Awesome. How about you guys? You're trying to hid back here. What're you doing after graduation? Uh, I'm doing accounting for a pharmaceutical company. Awesome. Yeah. Were you an economics major? I was financial economics. Oh, okay. Awesome. Yep. Cool cool. Congratulations guys. Thanks. Our graduates certainly are headed for some exciting adventures. We had a chance to catch up with those who had given our graduates advice and see what they had to say post graduation. And who's better to offer advice than mom and dad? We met the parents of the class of 2012 way back in 2008 when they moved their students into our residential life buildings, and were sure they shared plenty of advice on how to make college a success. Now, four years later, I've asked them to give a little bit of advice to their graduates, post graduation. We are going around seeing if we can get some words of wisdom for our graduates today. Uh, best of luck. Hope you can get a job. Any words of wisdom for the graduates today? Oh yeah, hold your heads up high, and keep striving for your goals. Awesome, awesome. Just enjoy the day. Enjoy the day? Awesome Get a job ha ha. Okay. Yes, and an apartment. Hey, any parting shots? I'm not very wise. Doesn't matter. I'm not either, and I'm doing the interview. Ha ha not yet. Not yet? Not yet. What words of wisdom do you have? Just enjoy this day, and put it into the permanent memory bank because its special. Got words? Be optimistic, always try new things, and look forward to everything you can do now in life. Enjoy the day. Awesome. Get a job. That seems a common response for the males today. My best advice, is that no one ever really knows what they're doing but everyone's just figuring it out as they go along at the same time. Awesome, awesome. How about you? I like his. I raised him. He speaks well ha ha ha. There's some biases here, but we'll take it. Uh, no words of wisdom other than to remember that whatever an education is, its not learning cause you'll forget that its learning how to learn. Awesome, awesome, great. You have a great day, and congratulations. Thank you. Well, those really are wonderful words to send our graduates out into the world with. It's been a memorable day, and it's a wonderful time to share with all, and were glad to share this at home with you. And we'd like to thank everyone at the university involved in commencement and everyone who supported our graduates over the last four years. From the University of Rochester staff, students, and faculty, we'd like to say thank you for a memorable day, and we're signing off, and meliora. Meliora Stay classy, Rochester. Thanks for stopping by, Rochester. Meliora Meliora Meliora Meliora Meliora Meliora Meliora Meliora Meliora Meliora... A production of the University of Rochester. Please visit us online, and subscribe to our channel for more videos. Allah (God) , Syria , Freedom , nothing else Souls and blood, are redemption of DARA'A (Syrian city) Souls and blood, are redemption of DARA'A (Syrian city) Syrian nation can't be Humiliated Sometimes I lay under the moon And I thank God I'm breathing Then I pray don't take me soon Cause I am here for a reason Sometimes in my tears I drown But I never let it get me down So when negativity surrounds I know someday it'll all turn around because All my life I been waiting for I've been prayin for For the people to say That we don't want to fight no more They'll be no more wars And our children will play One day It's not about win or lose cause we all lose when they feed on the souls of the innocent blood drenched pavement keep on moving though the waters stay raging and in this life you may lose your way, it might drive you crazy but don't let it phase you no way Sometimes in my tears I drown But I never let it get me down So when negativity surrounds I know someday it'll all turn around because All my life I been waiting for I've been prayin for For the people to say That we don't want to fight no more They'll be no more wars And our children will play One day One day this all will change Treat people the same Stop with the violence down with the hate one day we'll all be free and proud to be under the same sun singing songs of freedom like... One day All my life I been waiting for I've been prayin for For the people to say That we don't want to fight no more There'll be no more wars And our children will play One day ♫ There's a great new craze That's sweeping the nation Come on, do the Circulation! It starts with your heart What a great sensation Come on, do the Circulation! Out through your arteries, in through your veins Your heart pumps your blood, then it does it again So come on, everyone get it on Everyone, the Circulation! So come on, everybody Exercise your body for circulation! Circulation! Everybody form a circle now (uh-huh) Circulation! Like your blood, you just start moving around Circulation! It's a function that's so out of sight And if your feet fall asleep then You're not circulating right You got four heart parts to pump the blood (lub dub!) Yeah, that's circulation Left and right ventricle, left and right atrium Yeah, they do it, they circulate They pump blood through your lungs for oxygen And then your arteries take it through to your body And your veins bring the old blood back to be renewed Circulation takes nutrition to your cells And gets rid of carbon dioxide and waste as well Circulation, it's a function that's so out of sight And if your hands are cold then You're not circulating right Well, your blood is such a life-giving potion Like a river it's always in motion From your head to your toes Doing good as it goes It's a big, red, beautiful ocean Now the blood's not bad, it's kind of special Yeah, come dig it! Circulate! With these red and white corpuscle cells Yeah, come do it! Circulation! Red cells carry oxygen, white cells fight the germs So come on, come do it, yeah, come do it! Circulation! So come on, come do it, with your heart, come do it! Circulation! Circulation! Everybody form a circle now (uh-huh) Circulation! Like your blood, you just start moving around Circulation! It's a function that's so out of sight So come on move around and You'll be circulating right! There's a great new craze that's sweeping the nation Come on, do the Circulation! It starts with your heart, what a great sensation Come do it, circulate! Out through your arteries, in through your veins Your heart pumps your blood then it does it again Come on, everybody, get it on, everybody Circulation! So come on, everybody, get it on, everybody Circulation! The Circulation! ♫ [MUSlC PLAYlNG] What I want to do in this video is to give you the gist of what the Roth IRA is all about. And just to get an idea of why it's called the Roth IRA, it's named after William Roth, the late senator from Delaware. He helped, I guess you could say, shepherd this legislation in 1997 when it was first passed, so they named the IRA after him. So that's where the word comes from, so it's a special type of individual retirement account. So why did they go to the trouble of creating a new one? So let's think about what a traditional IRA does. And then I'll talk about why a Roth IRA could be interesting, or it's a little bit different, or why it could be beneficial. And then we'll actually see it in an example. So the first question is, what happens when you put money into a traditional or Roth IRA? In the traditional IRA video, you saw that it is tax-deferred. That if you were to put $5,000 in your traditional IRA, you are not taxed on that money. In the Roth IRA, it is not deferred. So you would actually pay taxes on that $5,000. So immediately, you're saying, hey, gee you know, this doesn't seem like that great of a thing. Why would I ever use it? I have to pay taxes on the money I put in. And this is the interesting thing, in both situations, as long as your investments stay in the either traditional or Roth accounts, earnings are not taxed while in account. This is true for both of them. But you're still going to say, hey Sal, the traditional still looks a lot better. I have to pay taxes on the Roth right from the get-go. I didn't have to pay it on the traditional. And then they can both grow and I can buy and sell my stocks or I invest in mutual funds, whatever I do inside of them. I don't pay taxes, the traditional still looks better. Now the interesting thing is what happens when you withdraw the money. So there's a lot of special circumstances on when a withdrawal is qualified or not, I'm not going to go and all the details, I really just want to give you the essence of why the Roth is interesting. So let's say you're over 59 and 1/2 years old and in the Roth, and your money's been there for more than five years, it's been seasoned. I'm not going to all the particulars. So in the traditional IRA, when you withdraw-- so let's say we're older than 59 and 1/2 for both, and then we do a withdrawal -- in the traditional IRA, you have to pay taxes. You're taxed ordinary income tax. While in the Roth IRA, no taxes. And we saw in the traditional IRA video, that this tends to be pretty good. When you're older than 59 and a half, you might be retired, you might be in the lower tax bracket, so you're going to pay the lower taxes on it. And it's been differed for however many years your IRA has been in existence. Now this is especially interesting, because over here you paid tax just on the original amount that you put in. And then you allow that original amount to grow over many, many, many, years and that all of a sudden you're not taxed at all. So that all of a sudden becomes a little bit interesting. This seems like a pretty good thing to have, and we're going to actually play with the numbers to see how they work out. Now the other interesting thing about the Roth is if you early withdrawal, for traditional a IRA you pay 10% penalty on the withdrawal, plus you get taxed. On the Roth IRA, if you're just taking the original amount you put in-- and I'll do this with a numerical example-- if you're just taking out your principal amount, no taxes or penalty on the principal. And you would only have to pay-- even if it's a non-qualified withdrawl, and there's all these special circumstances what's qualified and I'm not going to go to the details-- you would only have to pay the 10% penalty and taxes on earnings. And one of the main reasons why I'm not going into all the details is, one, it would make the video a little confusing. But also, the government is constantly changing the details. So I want you to be able to watch these videos many years in the future and it not to be dated, so I don't want to go into all of the different things that the government is changing from year to year. But let's just do a very basic example just to get the sense of things. So let's look at a traditional IRA and then we have a Roth, let me write IRA just to be clear that we're talking about an IRA in both circumstances. So let's say my original income amount, let's say I made more than $5,000, I'll just use $5,000 thousand dollars as my example. And also make another note, Roth IRA is subject to more limitations in terms of your total overall income. And that's also changing, so I don't want to be specific on the numbers. You could look that up. But there are ways that you can transfer traditional IRAs into Roth IRAs, so that's kind of a little bit of a loophole on being able to get around some of those restrictions. But anyway, I won't go into the details just yet, but just remember Roth IRAs there are some more limitations on whether or not you can put things into it. But if you're tricky, you might be able to get around them. So let's say you have $5,000. And just so you know, the limits on IRAs-- they apply to Roth or traditional or any combination of the two-- so if you're starting with $5,000. So in the traditional IRA, you have 0 taxes initially. In your Roth IRA initially, let's say you have a 32% tax bracket, just like in the previous video, then you'll pay 32% on $5,000. That's 0.32 times $5,000, that's $1,600. So you're going to pay $1,600 in taxes. So your amount in the account-- so in your account, your principal in your traditional IRA-- maybe I should write it out here-- starting with that $5,000, your principal is going to be $5,000 here. And it's going to only be-- you have to take $1,600 out for taxes. So it's only going to be $3,400 right there. Now let's say in either situation, you were to take that, invest it in some stocks, and then five years later it doubles. So let's say at some future point it doubles, and you sell those stocks. So that becomes $10,000 in your account there, and then this you invested in stocks and it doubles. This becomes $7,800 in your account right here. So this is 10 years-- I think I said five years into the future. I'm just picking that into the future. And let's say we're still not 59 and 1/2 years old just yet. Now, we could just continue to leave either of these amounts in our account until we're 59 and 1/2, but let's say we have some type of need. We need to give a loan to our brother-in-law or something, so we really want to have access to this money. So let's look at the situation where we withdraw. If we were to withdraw-- well let's think of a couple of situations-- if we were to withdraw $3,400. Let's say that's exactly what my brother-in-law needs, just right now. So if we were to withdraw $3,400 in the traditional IRA sense, so we take out $3,400. We're going to have to do two things: First, we're going to have to pay taxes on it, so we're going to have to pay 32% of that, assuming we're still in the same tax bracket. So $3,400 times 0.32 is equal to-- we're going to have to pay $1,088 in taxes. And we're also going to have to pay a penalty on this entire amount, on the $3,400. So we're also going to have to pay 10% penalty, $340 penalty. So we're going to be left with, after paying all of this, this is-- let me get the calculator out-- we're going to be left with $3,400 minus $1,088 minus $340 is equal to $1,972. So we're left with $1,972. Now in the Roth IRA, when you needed that money all of a sudden and you decided to withdraw it early, and we're only taking out $3,400. So we're taking them out, the amount that was our original principal. In the Roth IRA, we get the $3,400, because that was our original amount, and we pay no taxes or penalties. So at any point in time on the Roth IRA, you can always take your principal out. In the other types of IRAs, not only will you have to pay taxes on it, but you're also going to have to pay a penalty on top of that. So with the Roth IRA, one of the very positive things is, it gives you a lot of flexibility. Now, let's say you want needed to withdraw, I don't know, let's say you needed to withdraw $4,000. This is another scenario. $4,000 at this same point in time. In the traditional IRA scenario, once again you're going to have to pay 32% of that in taxes, so you're going to have to pay $4,000 times 32% in taxes and you're also going to have to pay plus $400. In the Roth IRA case, you pay nothing, you get the original principal you put in, that was your original amount, $3,400. In all of this, I'm assuming that we're not 59 and 1/2 years old just yet. So in the Roth situation, you get the $3,400 free and clear, tax and penalty free, but the other $600, you're going to have to pay 32% taxes, or whatever your tax bracket is, and then you're also going to have to pay $60, a 10% penalty on just the earnings portion. Remember, $3,400 was your principal. Then if you want to take $4,000, the $600 extra, that's stuff that you earned, that stuff that was grown from the principal. So you're going to have to pay plus another $60 penalty. But it's still a much better situation, if you do the math, then this one here. So in general, if you're not sure whether you're going to need that money before you retire, the Roth gives you a lot more flexibility. Now let's go all the way to retirement. Let's say we never withdrew any money. We invested in another stock, and so we go 10 years later. So we never withdrew any money. We're just going to look at the retirement situation. And we go to our stock, and we sell it, our new stock. We get $20,000 there. Here we get $15,600. And, of course, in both of these situations, it's great that we're able to buy and sell stocks inside of these retirement accounts and not pay taxes. If these weren't sitting in retirement accounts, every time we bought and sold the stocks, we would have to pay capital gains tax. And you saw that in the previous video. Now that we are older, let's say we're 60 years old, we can now withdraw our money from either situation. There's some other little stipulations, your money has to be seasoned, has to be sitting there for five years and all that, but I won't go into the details. But let's see what happens when we withdraw the money. Let's say we have a 25% tax bracket now. So we're a retiree, we're earning a little bit less money, we are in a lower tax bracket. In this situation, when we withdraw from a traditional IRA, we are going to pay 25% in taxes, which is $5,000 in taxes, and we are going to be left with $15,000 for ourselves to spend in our retirement years. In the Roth IRA situation, once we're over 60 years old, our tax bracket doesn't matter, we just get the money. $15,600 free and clear. So if you think about it in either situation, when we withdrew early, the Roth IRA was much more forgiving, especially if we would draw less than the amount that we originally put in, $3,400. The Roth IRA does not tax us or give us penalties. It only does that on any money that we earn, any money in excess of the $3,400. The traditional IRA taxes us and penalizes us on everything. And then even when we go into the future, remember, in the traditional IRA, we didn't pay any taxes to begin with, but we had to pay taxes to end with. So when we pay taxes in the end, we're paying taxes not just on what we put in initially, we're also paying taxes on all of our cumulative earnings, right? We originally put in $5,000, now we're paying taxes on $20,000. So we're only going to end up with $15,000. While in the Roth IRA, we don't pay taxes on anything, for, I guess, in return for being willing to pay our taxes front-loaded, to pay them in the beginning, we never have to pay taxes on that money or on any of the earnings that that money makes. Now, I fixed the numbers here to make them close, depending on your tax bracket before and after, or how much growth you actually see in your earnings, one may be better than the other, but these are important considerations. So I just want to let you know the pros and cons. The Roth IRA tends to be better in terms of giving you the flexibility and never not worrying to pay taxes at the end. And there's one other thing-- and this is, you know, depending on how you view life, it might be a minor thing-- in the traditional IRA, when you're 70 and a half, they force withdrawal. And then, of course, you have to start paying taxes on things. In a Roth IRA, there's no age limit. So that's another consideration you might want to take into. [MUSlC PLAYlNG] A good reputation is the best thing a family leaves behind for their children regardless of their situation. And through everything we go through, this reputation is the foundation of our lives. Give me an animal's name. I don't know I got a name, I beat you. You're so smart! I wanna play Go away Now! You still don't know how to read. Look, can you add up numbers? Yes Come. Come on. (Don't annoy us. Don't ask too many questions.) Hayriye. Why the tears? Istanbul is very scary, Ali Riza. Shh, don't say that. We're going back to our home. And my health is still good. Everything is fine. Now you can relax and put your mind at ease. Dad was convincing himself with his own words. Istanbul... is very far Thirty years ago when my father's mother and sister passed away he decided to leave the Istanbul that he was born and raised in Even though he really loved it. To forget his sorrows, he moved his work from Istanbul to Anatolia. The one thing that kept him busy and away from work is the time he spent reading books When my dad married he was 28 years old And to him marriage was like creating a new life That is why before he was completely against marriage But when one of my mother's relatives suggested that he marries her I have a feeling that he accepted only because he wanted to be polite It was obvious that my father and mother loved children that is why they had us all And after a ten year break and after my father became a District Officer Ayshe was born and she was the last branch But my father had to work more and more and more Until now, my health is good. But I fear I'll die before she grows up. God forbid! Don't say such things. I need to work for twenty more years still. What are you saying dad? You think I'll let you work alone? When I start working I'm going to help you. My father didn't work last month not because Sevket told him that but it was because of me Thanks Bon Appetit How long till we get there? Till tomorrow morning Tomorrow morning we'll be there Do you remember Istanbul, dad? You can never forget Istanbul Also Trabzun can't be forgotten And I didn't forget. We found out that your son-in-law is playing around with the money here What are you saying? It's all just talk I'm sorry... we're sure of this. If that's how it is I don't want anything to do with him anymore Oh my.. Oh my. Bad luck has found us If we had waited for Sevket to return from his duty (Army), what would have happened? Your father's problem is his temper If Sevket was here he would have figured out what was happening And you... don't make quick decisions, my daughter Wait this problem out Fikret This man will no longer be in our family, dad. Thanks, my dear. Thank you And the was the most important transformation in all our lives The next day my dad resigned He was determined to leave everything that will ruin his name at work Forgive me, son My father resigning was a big shock to my mother Now what are you going to do Ali Riza? Now I'm going to live as I please 35 years is enough work Now it's time to rest Hopefully everything will be fine, dad God willing We're here! We're here! Wha's happening? Is something wrong? Nope Necla got accepted into university Is that true? Yes daddy, I just found out a bit ago Come here, baby, come Thank you, daddy Mama! Contragulations, Necla Thanks The university is in Istanbul What? Dad, didn't you say it's important for me to get into university, wherever it may be? Wasn't that your opinion!? There is no going to Istanbul. Enough! That place is too far away from us. Calm down, we're all going with her. Are you serious? Yay, dad! We have a house there We have a house there and the tenant has left Ayshe will also go to school. And I'll redo bacaloria again there and I'm gonna pass and get into university. Nice. We solved the girls' problems. Sevket will find work. Are you being serious? Are you aware of what you're saying? Yes. We're going to Istanbul. [Norvig] Let's show an example of where a backwards search makes sense. I'm going to describe a world in which there is one action, the action of buying a book. And the precondition is we have to know which book it is, and let's identify them by ISBN number. So we can buy ISBN number B, and the effect is that we own B. And probably there should be something about money, but we're going to leave that out for now to make it simple. And then the goal would be to own ISBN number 0136042597. Now, if we try to solve this problem with forward search, we'd start in the initial state. Let's say the initial state is we don't own anything. And then we'd think about what actions can we apply. If there are 10 million different books, 10 million ISBN numbers, then there is a branching factor of 10 million coming out of this node, and we'd have to try them all in order until we happened to hit upon one that was the right one. It seems very inefficient. If we go in the backward direction, then we start at the goal. The goal is to own this number. Then we look at our available actions, and out of the 10 million actions there's only 1 action schema, and that action schema can match the goal in exactly one way, when B equals this number, and therefore we know the action is to buy this number, and we can connect the goal to the initial state in the backwards direction in just 1 step. So that's the advantage of doing backwards or regression search rather than forward search. Reality exists for itself and by itself, and there was a movement called "Art for Art's Sake" [Art for Art's Sake] in the, whenever it was, 19th century or whatever. And, as we've mentioned, in the "Picture of Dorian Gray", the introduction, Oscar Wilde makes many observations about art, and he concludes with this statement: "All art is quite useless." And naturally being a wit, some people thought that he's saying it's of no value. That's not what he was saying. When he said it's "quite useless", it was a clever way of saying, "It exists for itself and by itself." If it exists to fulfill some purpose, then that's something less than art, and that's why Guru Mahārāj invokes Hegel: "If reality exists to fulfil the purpose of another, then it's not for itself and by itself." So we're back to this means of revelation, of divine expression, of, Kṛṣṇa, you know, "Nimitta-mātraṁ bhava savyasāchin" [Bg: 11.33], "Arjuna, you can be an instrument for the expression of My divine will." So it's whether you're Arjuna on the battlefield of Kurukṣetra, or you're an artist in front of a canvas, or a devotee giving a lecture. The aspiring servitor is offering themselves as an instrument to be used for divine expression. The bumps help the orangutan taste. This tree tastes sweet. Little elf, where have you been? Naughty! Naughty! Yeah that's right, I oughta naughty you! Keeping me from my rounds I'm late as it is! Now stay put, don't go anywhere until I get back Understand me? Yeeeees GardensNetwork Dresden - another city is plant-able Apricot-Garden I came here, because I have been living in the countryside before came back to the city, found it terrible it is all full of people, seldomly space for good coming together but here this is possible - you can sit in the sun, read you can do stuff here, like one wants to and there is always people around that I like well and so it goes - more and more people come here on fridays at times it gets really packed already I can come here anytime, also be on my own here if I want to And whenever feeling unwell I have something easily reachable to be outside For the future I am hoping it will go on like this International Gardens Dreden The idea was to found a registered NGO with Germans and Non-Germans or pollitically correct: people with migration background to get something going together, to dismantle prejudices to develop intercultural competence - mutually and to get to know each other better The NGO exists since 2005, there are about 80 members now covering about 20 ethnicities People here are really quite lovely, so I really like to spend time in the garden I think the idea's just wonderful "Community Garden Johannstadt - UFER Projekte" "Nature conservation area" We met in 2010 as a group of 10-12 [actually 7] had the idea to found a community garden We spent a long time looking for a piece of land, found this one here in Johannstadt and started cultivating it in August 2011 - it really was a jungle before In spring 2012 we started setting up beds and planting. UFER has about 30 member now, who are gardening here [interrupts] - No, we're more by now! Well, that's what it's like now, and in the future we wish for more people to participate a lot more gardens - better networking with others ever more people and publicity for these projects, so that people in all neighbourhoods can garden. "Meet neighbours, frolic around, have a say" Heinrichs-Garden Over there - When did you spot them, were they swarming? - Yeah, yesterday in the afternoon... We found this garden in 2009 - pretty much when passing by and first thought it'd just be a little overgrown patch For years I had been on the look-out for a possibility for bee-keeping, which unfortunately was not possible in the allotment garden we had before. We then left no stones unturned to find the owner and get a foothold and it turned out to be a huge garden patch which by now we cultivate as a group of 2 families and try being self-sufficient, a bit. We just had an abundant quince harvest, and well it's a lot of fun for us. Heinrichs-Garden / German Bee-Honey / vintage 2012 Collective action at a block party 2012 At the Talstrasse there's this abandoned lot, not used in any way up to now so we thought, we could create something for the neighbours, to grow veggies there. We invited all bypassers from the block party to participate. For easier use we build raised beds. And planted tomatoes, salad and kohlrabi. By doing this we intended to create an impulse: Ideally the neighbours will be using this plot [for a long long time] "dresden-plantable" / "dresden-in-transition" Mentoring on the Run consists of a lot of very simple techniques. So faculty should look at how their offices are set up, but from the standpoint of students. So, one of the small steps would be rearranging your office to make it more student-friendly. When a student walks into the room, what do they see? You know, if a student sees, like, the desk physically separating themselves from the faculty, then the meeting is going to take on a much more formal atmosphere. A second thing is when a student comes into the office, especially if a student is visiting you for the first time, it's always a good idea to stand up and actually physically greet the student, shake their hand. If you shake hands with the students, they're actually going to feel more friendly and welcomed in the office. Think also about, like, what you have on the walls or on the desk. I have in my office a lot of, like, photos of students, former students, current students, as well as student work. You know, so, whenever a student comes into my office for the first time those are the things that they usually look at, and they usually see somebody that they know. So that that creates a much more comfortable atmosphere for a student meeting with you for the first time. So, Mentoring on the Run consists of a lot of small kinds of like things, but the key is looking at your office from the standpoint of a student and not from the standpoint of you as a faculty. You've done well to pull it out of the fire there. But they've still got the initiative here 'cause you dropped one earlier over the hedgehog. If you've ever wondered why Disney's tales all end in lies Here's what happened after all their dreams came true I loved being princess down in this beautiful ocean blue But mermaids are going missing They end up in someone's stew So just try to put yourself in to somebody else's gills You're killing my ecosystem with fishing and oil spills Thank you BP The British are killing Oil is spilling Now I can't see Chinamen feast on Flounder's fins Plus the Japanese killed all my whale friends Oceans are browning, I think I'm drowning Thanks to BP Hey, I'm OK but I'm slightly scared My husband's a mark for the War on Terror Aladdin was taken by the ClA We're not Taliban, you've got the wrong man In Guantanamo Bay Prince Ali, where could he be? Drowning in wawa Interrogation from the nation of the "free" Bin Laden's taken the fall, We're not trained pilots at all Jafar went crazy and no one put up a fuss We're for freedom, Genie can vouch for us Bush was crazy, Obama's lazy Al-Qaeda's not in this country Set free my Prince Ali A whore! A whore! A whore, a whore, a whore! This town's gone wild since I married Adam They think I'm going straight to hell But the charges laid on me of bestiality Could wind up getting me thrown in a cell No, I'm overrun by mad men I hear they plan to burn me at the stake They legit believe I'm Satan And now I hear that PETA's gonna take my beast away After John Smith traveled back to England I helped my people cultivate the fields More English, French, and Spaniards came to visit And they greeted us with guns and germs and steel They forced us into unknown lands of exile They pillaged, raped, and left us all for dead So now I'm far more liberal with a weapon When I separate their bodies from their heads Wait! What? Have you ever held the entrails of an English guy? Or bit the beating hearts of Spanish men? Can you shoot an arrow in some French guy's eyeball? Can you paint with the red colors in these men? I can murder if I please 'cause I'm dying of disease I can paint with the red colors in these men Thanks to BP Where's Prince Ali Bestiality I've got STDs So why the hell am I wearing a hat with feathers? You will know pretty soon in this Advent-Calendar "Mini-Door" number 17 To start things off: Hello! Today we have something for the eyes And really for all of your senses. Eyes, ears, maybe even your noses. Depending on what you do with it Today for all of you, We've got films again Plenty of them! Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Part Two Pirates of the Caribbean, at Worlds End So that's the reason for the hat! I wanted to be a bit more like Captain Jack "Swallow'... er, "Sparrow" If you've got an interest in either of these films You know the drill Comment under the YouTube video or on alextv.de under "Advenskalenderturchen" number seventeen for today I'm headed back to my ship for a while and I'll see all of you tomorrow! Until tomorrow, Bye! i learned that the gods of Olympus are real [lightning strikes] and sometimes they have children with humans Called half-bloods we're pretty much like everyone else you've meet but with a few notable differences we live in the only place that is safe for our kind until now [wham] what is that? get inside to the oracle percy Kronos a force so evil ate up his sons Zeus Hades and Poseidon destroyed him he's fated to rise again to exact his vengeance on Olympus and the world the only thing that has the power to save our home is the Golden Fleece it's in the sea of monsters but the humans called the bermuda triangle our quest calls for only our finest hero the best of us the daughter of the god of war Clarisse don't worry about always coming in second, Jackson you know everything they say about you is wrong, Clarisse they say you have a sense of humor [knocks on the door] [door opens] this is a bad idea you don't even know what i was goin' to say you're gonna say that you're going after the fleece actually he was gonna say we were [boom] [boom] [drum beat] [whistle] [approaching sound of landing vehicle] [vehicle groans] the chariot of damnation [metal clangs] looks like a new york city cab there's damn difference [simultaneously] exact change please [clutch grinds] [banging sound] [car swerves] [shouts] ahhhhh [speeding sound] [metal clangs] that was...awesome! we will ressurect Kronos and we won't inch for another death [shouts] Percy! [flashing sound] we really need your help and we don't have a lot of time you twist the cap off this you release the winds from the four corners of the world whatta...oh no,no,no,not in here! not in here [water splashes] we'll find the fleece so...time to go [thud] [boom] [whirring sound] tell me those aren't sharks those aren't sharks [roar] [Mooji] As long as you have these kinds of wants, the habit of wanting something, and especially like wanting something to make you happy, is a sure way to be miserable. That happiness is placed outside. That a relationship or you know, being in the right job, or passing whatever things you have to pass through, will bring you to this place, is already ill-conceived notion. Ill-conceived notion. Happiness, even I want to say to you, in the light of your own listening here, and then you say, 'Now also I'm,' 'now I don't know what I want.' [M] Then, allow this complete access. Don't know, what you want. Why you should want something? Can you be without want? Is it a state of deficiency or something? Have you ever heard of, amongst your own masters you talk about, can they be in a place of want and be happy? Not at all. They abandoned all of this stuff, they are not in want. No need. But it does not mean that without need, without wants, that their life stops. Somehow, natural unfolding is taking place, and it is enough. They're content, beautifully content. They're not working for happiness. What a great, spaciousness to not want. [Questioner] But I do want, I think. Now that's different, 'I want, I think'? What do you want? Or do you think you should want? Because that's what your statements say. [Q] No I'll stick to I don't know what I want. [M] Right. [Q] And this 'don't know' affects [M] Yes. But the very fact you say, 'I don't know what I want' means you don't want. 'I don't know what I want,' means that what you want doesn't exist. [Q] That's because I'm confused. [M] And then that leads to confusion. You see. One friend was coming to the house, and he was always saying, 'You know, I have this problem, and this problem, problem, problem.' He came and stayed with me for a few days. We talked, and then one morning he came, we're having tea, I looked at him and said, 'OK, what's the problem now?' [Laughter] He says, 'Mooji, I have this problem.' What is the problem? 'The problem is, I can't find a problem.' [Laughter] [M] It's true, some of you people here know him. 'My problem is, I can't find a problem!' 'And it bothers me, I cannot find a problem.' [Laughter] [M] And you're saying, 'My trouble is, I don't know what I want.' [M] So if you don't know what you want, what is the purpose of want? Except that there's a feeling that, 'I should want something.' 'Everybody else has a want.' [M] Or you may substitute the word 'want' for 'dream.' 'Everyone has a dream, I want a dream,' [M] Or it seems as though, but there are many people that don't have dreams. As in projecting some state that will be beautiful or something. For one moment, just for one moment here with me, then you don't touch this idea of, wanting something or that not wanting it is a problem. Because if you want something, you're molested by it. Listen to what Ramana Maharishi said, something I think might be useful for you. He says, suppose you want this microphone, you've always wanted! So even though you're talking to me, you're really just interested in the microphone. [Laughter] You want this microphone so bad, because you think it will make you happy, OK? So, as long as you want it, as long as you want this thing, you are never really available for anything else. Every time you're talking, everybody, it's really just this want, just want this microphone, no? You cannot get, your mind is focused only on satisfying your desire. But there is no joy in the microphone. You feel if you get it, you'll be so happy! But there's no happiness in the microphone. Just you feel, 'If I get this thing I'll be happy.' [M] Here is what he says about it, and I found it fascinating. He says, 'As long as you have a desire, you are being tormented by this desire.' Why? Because if you don't get it, you're miserable. All your energy is just waiting to try and fulfill your desire. So I give you the microphone. When you get the microphone, you get your desire, in this moment. This thing is given to you, the object you desire, you feel tremendous happiness! But the thing didn't give you the happiness. So he says this, 'There's no happiness in this thing.' What happens is that your desires were, molesting you, it was troubling you, agitating your mind. When you get the thing now, OK? The agitation stops. And it is the relief from the agitation, that you're interpreting, as the joy you're receiving. You think this thing is giving you happiness. When you get it, 'Ah I feel so good,' because you're enjoying the freedom, from the desire to have it. Because now you have it. But this thing has nothing in it! Not one vitamin in it. [Laughter] But you are, 'Oh my God!' But all of this comes from you. "As long as there is wanting in you, especially for someone or something to make you happy; Paradoxically, this is a sure way to make yourself feel miserable." So, hello again. This is Roger Coke Barr for the Bio-electricity course. This segment is for week one and it is the third lecture in the week one series. I thought it might be interesting and useful to look at the various weeks of the whole course here in the first week so you have an idea of what is coming up and why that's of interest. The first week, the week we're in now talks about some items of background, as you know. In a little bit, it talks about a topic called rectification of names which you might think of as terminology but it involves how things are called. How things are called is really important since we're dealing with quantities and events that are invisible. So, since their invisible, in speaking about them to each other it's very, very necessary that there be common conventions on what things are called. Then, in the third segment of this week, we'll talk about the rules of electricity and solutions. That is a really interesting topic and you'll enjoy hearing about it. In the second week, in our railroad analogy, we're trying to get some money by selling tickets. In the bio-electricity world, our real world, we're talking about how the membrane gets energy from it's surrounding environment. Oh, this is really tricky stuff. And when you understand it, you'll understand something that is marvelous, and fantastic, and remarkable, and really not like electricity as you think of it ordinarily. In week three, we are really in to the study of membranes. And in particular, membrane channels. Membrane channels are where ions go through the membrane through special structures which are called channels. The membrane derives its power from this process. And in that sense, channels are analogous on the train to the engine. It is where the energy comes from that makes things happen. In week four, we'll talk about action potentials. For many people, action potentials are the heart of bio-electricity. When you understand action potentials, you'll understand bio-electricity field. Here by analogy, I've used the analogy of train cars because action potentials are a series of events like train cars occurring one after another, after another, after another but not randomly. They're very tightly synchronized. In week five, we'll talk about the structure, that is to say, if it's cells or a long axon or whatever, that channels the currents and where they flow. And the way that happens is just absolutely remarkable. In the bio-electricity world, the tissue structure channels the currents so that action potentials occur at one side after another in a chain reaction fashion. This is why an event can propagate along a nerve. This is why a muscle can contract pretty much all at once. And, this is why the tissue structure, while not itself electrical, controls what the electricity is doing. It's really very much like a train track. Week six involves, our train rolling on down the track. Or in the bio-electricity sense, propagation. Propagation is where things are happening at one side, and then the next, and then the next, and then the next. Just like the train going. It is what really makes bio-electricity significant in a physiological sense. In week seven, we'll talked about observations of the train going down the track. I mean, this subject is of interest in part because we get to watch it from the outside. So, that's the basis of electrocardiograms and the heart electroencephalographs of the brain. Lot's of other electrical measurements of electrically active nerves and muscles, excitable tissue. And the fact that you can watch what's happening while never actually penetrating the structure, is on the one hand amazing and then on the other hand remarkably useful. And then in the final week of the course, we talked some about the ability to control propagation, to control it's initiation and to stop propagation by means of stimulation. Of course, electrical stimulation possibly is most commonly known in the general public as because of cardiac pacemakers and other kinds of neuro stimulators. It is a, just a most interesting topic, essentially how can you stay outside and yet still influence what happens. So, that will be our course. If you looked at the weeks taken as a whole, they're eight of course. And the most important part of the structure of the weeks is probably to realize that in the middle, these topics or like a group where each topic is, could be done first, but you have to do all three and then the collection as a whole is what allows you to talk about propagation. So, the first thing we do is to make plans, the next thing we do is to talk about where the energy to do anything comes from. Then, we do this group of three. You might say really into the very heart of this subject and when we done those three we can talk about propagation. Once propagation is, is been completed, then it's possible to talk about watching propagation from the outside of the active tissue and control the propagation so as to make it do what you want it to do. So, with this picture of the Duke Chapel we'll close this segment. I think you'll enjoy this course and I think you'll enjoy each topic individually. And then, of course, the way the topics work when you take them as a whole. I will show you something. Make it... make it more smaller, photo, smaller, and it come from away, ok? I like it now. So this is Borj Al Arab prison, no, it is not Borj Al Arab prison only, it is the area of prisons of Borj Al Arab area, Borj Al Arab. Here you know, here is this, area is full camp of Amn Markzi (it means the central security). There are a unit of the central security that assigned to protect the prison. Here is the camps of the soldiers of the central security. This is a mosque for the unit. I don't know this area, as I never went to it. There is a prison here for the soldiers that violate the laws. I never went to it. Here, the whole area is Borj Al Arab prison. It has 25 halls. These are 25 halls that regular prisoners stay at. here is kitchen and bakery and washing. Here is workshops, storages units for the food ...it is for basketball, a playground for basketball and volleyball, and you know 'speedball' yeah, there is machine for speedball and doing [undecipherable] and something like this. Here, an here is playground for foot-football, and here, here is a hospital, hospital of prison, and here is adminstration, you know, half, half this building is administration and half is a place for visits, for people who are, who are, who come to visit the prisoners. Anyone come to visit prisoners meet them here in this area. And please, please try to make it more, more small, not bigger like this. And, you know, I will explain you for first, when you go to visit... And this, there is another prison, called, Leman. It means the tough sentence. People who have, have tough sentence in the prison. There are five halls, and I never been at before. When you, when you come to Borj Al Arab, you, when you come to visit, you enter from... ...you enter the prison... from here, yeah, no no no, not from here from here, you enter from here. Even if you not come for visit, even if you came as prisoner. You can, you know, enter with a car for prisoner from here. Please, please, make it more smaller, I can't... I can't explain now. Like here, you enter, this is a gate, the prison gate. So you enter from here. When you enter from here, you know, if you are criminal, you will find a lot of security person with civil clothes will receive you, receipt you, with a lot of swearing, and a lot of laughing, something like this, they will receive you here. And then you will stay here for a little bit time. They will, someone who they say that he is a doctor, but I don't know maybe he is veterinarian, and try to check that if you have any, anything wrong, in your body, something like this. And then you change your clothes, and there is prison clothes here in this...please... in this area, in this area, ok? And then they took you, this way, this way, this way, and you know they put you in one of these, of these wards. I will explain you, for you, these wards. There is 25 wards in this prison, If you are, every 5 wards contains, consists a group of 5 wards, you know. Here is group A.  Group A consists of ward 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Group B, Group B, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. From 11 to 15, this Group C. And this Group D, from 16 to 20. And this group ....  from 21 to 25. I stayed in this group more than 3 years. In this group, you know. This, this ward was for political prisoner, all those in Muslim Brotherhood was arrested in this [MUSLlM BROTHERHOOD] they was staying in this ward. And this is... and they was treating them in very good way, because, you know, Muslim Brotherhood have... have... they, you know, they have a good relation with the government and they, when the prison.receive a lot of Muslim Brotherhood prisoners we was as political prisoner expect that we will live in paradise for some time, then, 'til they be released. Ok, so this is block 21, ward number 21, I stayed there in this ward for about one month, since end of may 'til 11th of June 2007. And they, the security officers decided to move me from this ward to this ward because the Muslim Brotherhood don't want me to stay with them in the same ward. By the decision of the Muslim Brotherhood, they was, they was controlling everything in prison. And I stayed in this ward from 11th of June 'til 27th of August, or 28th I am not sure. And then I moved to this ward, this ward number is 22...please, please... 22. And then I stayed in this ward, about, you know, 'til June 2010. From August 2007 'til June 2010. And then I move to this ward, and I stayed the rest of my... of my prison, imprisonment in this ward about 4 months, since June 2010 till I release in November 2010. Last of all, you know, this place is here... is you know... firemen, you know prisoner firemen stay in here. And here is kind of prison bank, you when know the people who have money they come, they come and take the money and put (please, please)... they put the here. If they want to take some of money they put in the prison they come here and take it as coupons. You know not take money because money is forbidden inside. And here is place for resting for the officers, officers who are staying in for prison, you know they are working in prison you know, so they must, may stay for 3 or 4 days every-every week, so they stay in this place. Here is cafeteria, they make food with money, we pay money to buy food from here, we make - it's not very good, but it's better than the prison food, you know because we have no other choice. And the high security ward. This high security ward, this is a place for Makhsos, a place for the people who sentenced to death. And here is the place for the people who have solitary confinement who, who put in a Taa'dib [MEANS DlSAPLlNE] . A Taa'dib is a... - torture? - No, no, no. When you make something against law of prison, they put you here, maybe for three days, for one week, maybe for two months it depends on what you did. And I stayed here for 65 days and additionally I stayed for 10 days afterward by the.. [Undecipharable] And here is the executing place. They execute the people they sentence to death in this room - by hanging. I know, I didn't see anyone during the whole thing but I met a lot of people who were sentenced death while I was in this place... ...I was in this place, and one of them was not talking, who have a trauma, because he sentenced to death, and he was, actually he was killing a mother and her two child. He was making... [UNDEClPHERABLE]... and I think he was also making.... [UNDEClPHERABLE]... living, when, before he killed her. When I see him, he look like is, have a problem in his mind, and I think that he don't have to be executed, I, me myself I can't execute him. So, if someone have a problem he must be punished, he must put in hospital, something like this. But one day I find them, I was at this time, it was in... October 2007 and I stayed in this because they punished me by staying for ten days in this place. We would stay in this place for punishment. They were preventing completely from eating only taking have a piece of bread have piece of bread and small piece of cheese everyday they only eat this every day and a small bottle of water. I was working there, here, sometimes they put them here, or other place, I have stayed here before. That's all. When I was in this place, I hear that they take him for execution, I woke up in the morning, I was lying on the floor and I hear the people working, and then I hear they speak about he make a crime, he killed a mother and her daughter and they sentenced him to death. and [UNDEClPHERABLE] and then they hanged him. It goes like this. I lived here from 6th of november to 2010. Vulgar Latin Are you the new one? Yes Father Then come with me. I'll show you your room. Its very quiet and solitary, isn't it? (Whips and screams) Yes my son, thats the way it is here in the monastery. Wake up at 5 in the morning, wash, pray, medita... Father? Yes my son. I mean what do I do when I get an urge to... you know what I mean Oh I know what you mean Then come with me When you open this old closet Yes (screeching closet door) Youll see a hatch and behind it hides a rear end that you can enjoy from Sunday through Friday And what is with Saturday, Father? Yeah my son... that's when you have closet duty! Maya Angelou once said, "A solitary fantasy can transform a million realities." What dream or vision do you want to turn into reality? I always wanted to go into business for myself. I could be a consultant. I'm going to go gluten free, right after I eat that last piece of chocolate cake. (Laughter) You know, one day I'm going to stand up to that crabby boss. I look good on paper, I should feel great. I just know there's more. You know it because you feel it. You lie awake at night. You talk about your dreams with your partner and your friends, but more often than not, you continue to do those same behaviors that keep you from making the change. You ask yourself, "How can I make it happen?" Research shows, the odds against you making a change in your life -- -- 9 to 1. 9 to 1, even if you're facing a life-threatening illness. But let me show you how to beat those odds. You can live the life you desire. It's right there in front of you. But in order to achieve it, you must first see it, then believe it, and then you must graciously ask and train your brain to help you execute your vision. So how do we see our vision? Through a picture. A picture can create movement. A picture... can unite nations, a picture can pull at your heart and fill you with a deep desire to do something. At Roche Pharmaceutical, the president asked us to create a picture of his vision. Prior to having one, less than 40 percent of the employees understood the company's vision and strategy. After seeing this picture, 96 percent understood it, and 84 percent understood how what they did everyday align to that picture. So how can you use a picture to get what you want? By simply drawing one. You don't have to be an artist or know how to draw. As naive as your drawings might be, when you draw where you are, your current state, and where you want to be, your desired new reality. Suddenly, you have a road map for change. So what is your current state? Well, let's say you're Joe. Joe has a good job. Joe has a lovely wife, Amy. Joe makes good money, but like many of us, Joe wants more from life. And he'd like to get rid of a couple of things. Maybe that intense workload, maybe that negative boss. Maybe Joe has a higher purpose; he's just not sure how to get there. So, now, Joe's current state is visual. We remember things better when they're attached to a picture. 65 percent better to be exact. So now let's imagine that Joe wants to change something in his current state. He wants to build that desired new reality that he dreams about. In order for Joe to freely dream, he must first... ...trick his brain. Because the left side of your brain, as you know, houses the critic, who is forever trying to keep you safe from harm, make sure you don't do anything dangerous or stupid. So let's have Joe tell the critic that he's just going to use his imagination. Using your imagination activates the right side of your brain, which makes you creative and filled with possibility. So now, let's dream Joe's new life. In the best case scenario, one year from today, what is Joe's life like? Hey, Joe has a new job. Great. Joe has a new boss, himself. Joe has a couple of great collaborators, and Joe is just bursting with creativity and ideas, and all of those things we dream about. Connection, and purpose, and freedom, and love. Now I'm drawing this picture as the favor to Joe today. But in real life, he'd have to draw his own picture. Because he can't afford me. (Laughter) Actually, because you get the most power when you paint your own picture. So now, Joe has his drawing, so now he's got to soak it in. He has to fill it with color. He has to fill it with emotion. He has to get inside of it, as if he's on the inside, looking out. Your brain actually emits serotonin and Oxytocin when you draw and dream. So you feel happy. Capable, creative. You feel cool. So now, we have Joe's current state and Joe's desired new reality. So how can Joe get from here to there in just three bold steps? Three bold steps? If I knew how to get from here to there in three bold steps, I would have done it 25 years ago when I had a mullet. (Laughter) Here is where the magic begins. Your brain knows you. It's cataloged everything you've ever seen, heard, experienced, real, or imagined. You just have to ask it to put the pieces together for you. It as simple as that. We live in a three-dimensional world, but the light falls on the retina in a two-dimensional fashion, and the brain, it has to cope with it. So how does it deal with this extra dimension? It guesses. It guesses! And just as it can guess where your cup of coffee is when it goes to pick it up, it can correctly guess what the three bold steps are that you should take. All you have to do is look at your picture and then close your eyes. This allows the brain to recycle what it sees and reconstruct it, add to it everything you've ever seen, heard, experienced, or fantasized about, and then it will serve you up with the best possible solution. If you just relax and you ask it, now what's the boldest thing I could do to get from here to there? Boom, immediately it will tell you. See it, believe it, act on it. Now, the danger is, if any of those three bold steps are too scary, this instinctual rational side of your brain is going to try to talk you out of this. Oh, no, no, no, I don't want to do that... Oh, that desk it's not too small, my legs aren't cramped under there. Oh, 20,000 a year, oh, that's a decent salary. Oh, that boss, he's not that mean to me. You know what, I'm just going to stay right here. I feel really comfortable here. So how can you get yourself to do the boldest thing? By drawing the most compelling picture, so when you look here, you're in pain, it hurts. When you're here, you're ecstatic, it's fantastic, you're already living inside that connected and free life you drew. So, everyday, you get up, you soak in your picture, you step into the possibility, and this is the most important part, you act on it. You do one small thing. You call up that friend you know who started her own business, you ask her "How did you do it?" You ask Amy, "Will you support me in my vision?" You go to your boss and you ask him for a raise. And you become that one person out of ten to make change happen. Now, I put this template on your chairs, so that you can do for yourself what I just did for Joe. You've seen some fantastic ideas today that have inspired your dream. I dare you to draw that dream into that template. I double dare you to choose a symbol in your drawing that represents that desired new reality, take a picture of it with your phone and send it to us at TEDxRainier. Maya Angelou said, "A solitary fantasy can transform a million realities." Just three bold steps can transform one reality, yours. Thank you. (Applause) I'm one. For the past 40 years the political and social agenda of the United States has been set by our parents, the baby boomers. Who were the largest generation in America. Not anymore. A new generation, A new generation is coming to power. They call us 'the millennials' but you can call us 'Generation We' Generation We. In 2016 the youngest of us will reach voting age making us the largest generational voting bloc in the country. And we are unlike any that's come before us. We We are more globally oriented, we're more ethnically diverse, we're more technologically adept, better educated, less politically partisan, and we're the first generation in American history to inherit a nation in decline. In decline. Our national debt is 10 trillion dollars. That's 30 thousand dollars of debt, $30,000 in debt for every man, woman and child. Our educational system, Our educational system is failing. We have the highest child poverty rate in the developed world. Some of us are losing our homes. Our dependence on fossil fuels has polluted our environment. Our water is contaminated, and our health is in danger. Half of us, Half of us will get cancer. 1 in 3 will develop diabetes. Our life span is expected to be less less less than our parents'. Even though they live in the world's wealthiest nation, Generation We are inheriting a damaged future and a set of potentially catastrophic problems. But we have every reason to be optimistic. These kids identify themselves as strongly progressive and are fed up with partisan politics. They are socially tolerant, environmentally conscious and peace loving. They volunteer in record numbers. They're technologically brilliant, and most importantly, they're politically engaged. They believe they can restore the American Dream. Generation We is poised to lead the change we need. Our collective future depends on it. Now, will we listen to them? We, the youth of the United States. believe that our birthright has been betrayed, and our inheritance has been squandered. We will not accept a cruel and unfair future, of incomprehensible debt due to taxation, economic disparity, military conflict, chronic disease, and environmental disaster. We must restore and protect, we must restore and protect our environment and the planet. We must provide quality nutrition and health care for all youth. We must provide equality of education and learning resources for all people and economic classes. We must end the perception We must end the perception that America is an arrogant - an arrogant and greedy nation. We must vote. We must vote in unprecedented numbers and exert our political power and create a just and sustainable world We are the largest demographic group in the United States, and once unified, we can control America's political landscape. This millennial declaration, this millennial declaration is a call to action. It is the beginning of a nationwide movement to restore our future, save our nation, and preserve our planet. We're gonna make history. We're gonna make history. Will you join us? Will you join us? Please join us. Please join us. Please visit our website gen-we.org and support Project F.R.E.E. Our call to the government to create a multi-billion dollar program, similar to the Apollo Space Program, to innovate the next generation of non-fossil fuel based energy solutions. It is the call, and legacy, of Generation We - It will be the key turning point in the history of mankind. In the history of mankind. I, my name is Nikolai from Bulgaria living in Germany I joined Open Source Ecology in January 2011 and since then it has been an amazing work I help with the Wiki, Team coaching and after the TED talk with the press I saw that there is so much work to be done that I took responsibility, quit my job, and literally started creating my life now we are building the European Network of Open Source Ecology that's short for myself currently maybe one of the most useful ways to engage with the OSE is by fundraising we have the "True friends", "kickstarters", and now we start fundraising from the non-profit sector the goal is to fundraise 1.1 million dollars by June 1st 2012 that is quite possible considering the importance of the project and that we are showing real results if the government foundation stays true to their word and the Shuttleworth foundation accepts Marcin's application then we will have serious support too so how do we proceed with the fundraising? First we get a fundraising team of five people and then until October 28 we search intensively for appropriate foundations after that we spend one week writing to at least thirty of them we review the work weekly and we will make a long-term plan after our experience in the first weeks if you have fundraising experience and good communication skills please check the wiki page "Fundraising Strategy" to see how you can join in a sustainable way Well that's it, let's start. Ms. Is this your last luggage? / Yes, it is. Your luggage is all loaded. Do you want to start? Hello. 5 00:04:44,384 --> 00:04:46,784 Aunt, it's me. No. I really like this house and I gave it a name already. Yes. Oh and aunt, who did design this house? It doesn't seem to be designed by a general enterprise. Oh, I see... Anyway, I am thankful for the furniture and Audio set. Sure, sure, okay. I will call you back later. How do you do? I'm new here 302... How do you do? How do you do... How.do.you.do! Hohoho. Isn't it boiling yet? They sure look delicious. I already cut the carrots and onions. Here it goes. One, two, three, pull, pull! Help! / Yahoo! Yahoo! Start over. From the part " Merry Christmas " , we will start over. Do it right! / We will start over. Merry Christmas! Merry Christmas! Merry Christmas! Merry Christmas! Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year! I'm a person who lived in this house before you did. I actually have a favor to ask from you. 30 00:08:57,970 --> 00:09:00,370 I am waiting for some mails. So if you get any mails addressed to me, would you send them to me to this address, please? Thank you! December 21, 1999. Wishing you a luck in 'il mare'. - Kim Eun Joo. Oh, those puppy footprints, those were there even before I moved in. I tried but I couldn't erase them. Well, you will soon get used to it. Hello? Oh, it's you Ji Won. No, it's just I was waiting for a call... He really is a bad guy, isn't he? Merry Christmas. Hello. Can I get a cigar here? It's right over there. Help yourself. Oh and what does it say in front of your house, written in some kind of alien Ianguage? Oh, it says 'il mare' which means 'sea'. Sea. Do you know what the sea is? I can learn it as the time goes. Did anyone liv before me in my house? What do you mean? Your aunt just finished building it a month ago. It's a brand new house! The meal is ready, honey. / Okay Hey. If you want to hide from us, don't leave your trace here and there. I brought some of your works that you left at school. You can't even call that a work! Do you want some tea? Seung Hyun, I'm leaving today. I stop by on my way to the airport. Is that so. You'd better go now. I am really thankful for what you've done for me. Study hard when you get to the new place. I better learn how to open one's heart. Your flight hour is coming up. Let's go. You have a nice house there. I will drive in some other time. Let's go. Hey, hey! Hey, Puppy! Oh, those puppy's footprints, those were there even before I moved in. I tried but I couldn't erase them. Well, you will soon get used to it. Hello. Oh, it's you Ms. 'il mur'. It's 'il mare' not 'il mur'. Well, it's all the same to me! Has someone moved into 'il mare' yet? No, it's still empty. Can I look around please? There's the key, right over there. Hello. / Hi. Do you want some noodles, honey? Yes, with rice cake in it. I inform you about this since you seem to be waiting for a special letter. I'm the very first person who started to live here, and I think you sent your letter to the wrong address. I think you should double check the address since you said there will be a special letter for you. December 28, 1997. Han Seung Hyun. P.S. How did you know the house is called 'il mare'? I have no idea why this letter was sent to you. However if you are playing around, would you just leave all the lettera to the place where you found them? Thank you. December 29, 1999. Kim Eun Joo. You are not really serious about sending letters from year of 1997, are you? Kim. Eun. Joo. Well you know it's the last day of 20th century, and I also want to go out and hang around just like others. Well, but I have to work, I guess... I will stay here for you. Really? / Go ahead. Hello? Where do you want to meet? I've read seven books. It's 2,100 won. Here you are. / Thank you. Bye. Why don't we count down all together? Ten, nine, eight, seven, six, five, four, three, two, one! A new millennium has arrived. I don't know what's happening but your letters are still coming to my mall-box. You'd better search for another way to get the special letter you are waiting for. January 7, 1998. Han Seung Hyun. P.S. It is really the year of 1998. I'm living in. Kim Eun Joo. You are a radio performer. I'm a comic book store owner. I, not you, have to tell you the fictional stories, and that's the right way! 00:23:15,594 --> 00:23:17,585 Well, but this is so strange... 120 Well, I've read more comics than you did. Year of 1998. Hello... Eun Joo. It's snowing outside! / Really? It is real... Do you remember the day when it snowed a lot? You and I were almost killed... Oh you mean the bad cold we caught? Well, but I really did like it anyway. I had never seen snow for a whole year when I lived in Chejudo. Can you watch my store tomorrow for me again? Sure, I will. / Okay, bye bye. Time to finish up guys. / Sure. Mr. Han. What are you doing? Let's go home! Okay. Why did you look up to the sky? I was thinking to cover the container box with something. There was no weather forecast for the snow today. Why don't we have some beer? That sounds great! From January 9, 1998. It will snow a lot. Well... If you are really living in The year of 1998, have a good day. Oh, but be careful of a bad cold! Because Influenza was prevalent at that time. As you mentioned in the letter it really snowed a lot on January 9. I've also got a cold just like you said. It is a really strange thing. But it will be much easier to believe that you are a prophet or fortuneteller rather than to believe you are living in the year 2000. A prophet or fortuneteller? I told you not to catch a cold. It is also hard for me to believe that you are living in the year 1998. However you don't seem to be like someone who would write these things for fun. I want to be a real prophet or fortuneteller, so I can ask what's happening. Anyways, would you send me the letter addressed to me, if it comes? Let's go. Can I stop by just one more place? No way. Tomorrow is the due day for the competition. I will help you through all night. Why did you stop by in the middle of the night at the place that wasn't even built yet? Hey! It really hasn't been bullt yet! / What? How would she look like? / Who? The one who llves there! What are you talking about? Who will live in a place still under construction? Hey! Han Seung Hyun. Cola! It's time to feed fish. There's one more thing I'm curious about... A puppy? By mentioning Cola, I think you lived in 'Il mare' before I did. Then why didn't you take him with you when you moved out? When I moved in to Il Mare, this puppy was wondering around the house. It's the one who sleeps Llke a human, isn't it? / Puppy! Are you the Cola? Cola! Hey Cola! I guess the time has been twisted in somewhere. If you and I are in same time zone, Cola should be with one of us not both of us. And I swear a puppy that sleeps like a human is living with me. It was a mail-box. The mail-box! Yes is was. It was because of the mail-box. Thank you for your hair-band. But... I have short hairs. Is that so? Then why don't you just let your hair grow as a souvenir. Today, today is a picnic day! It's exciting. It's exciting! I'm so excited. Let's go together! Hold on, oh my, I left my lunch box at home. Does anyone has a key? No... I didn't bring it. Don't you ever forget to bring it next time. I'm excited, excited... Hello, hello. / Who is it? No one answers. Hi! Hi! Who are you? I am a worm. Do you live here? Yes I do. This whole earth is my house. I thought I'd be happy when I fall in love. If you feel down, do some cooking. Whether to see it's ready to eat or not, throw it against the wall. If it sticks to the wall then it is ready. Do you feel better now? The reason we are suffering is not because the love has ended, but because it still continues. Even after the love is over. Someone who's been to love is more beautiful than someone who hasn't, even if that someone lost her love. Cheer up Eun-Joo. What I'm saying is that you really fit well as an architect, rather than working in the construction area. Do you think you look great if you withdraw right before the graduation? I don't want to confront those who say they do architecture and don't even know what the family is. Look whose talking. That's why I don't design houses. You've been strange lately. It's hard to bare when the lost memories flash back to me. Do you have those memories Eun Joo? Cola! Someone told me that if you do the laundry you can forget the memories you want to erase. Thank you for your help when I just moved in. And in return I tried to be a nice neighbor. But please don't put almond chocolate in my mall-box. Mr. Cornell, I can't read my mails when it melts. A. E. Cho-co-late. Cho-co-late. Mr. Cornell, I can't read my mails when it melts. I can't read my mails... Thank you for your help when I just moved in... The thing I regretted most in the year of 1998? It was when I lost my tape-recorder which was a gift from my very best friend. It was February 11, according to my diary. At that time the recording room for radio-actors was located behind the Middle-Station, I took the last train for Sadang everyday on my way home. I used to sit on the last bench of south and while waiting for the train. That day, I lsot the tape-recorder. But you might see me if you go there. Ah... A... I love you. I love you. I love you. I do love you. Kim Eun Joo. Kim Eun Joo. What are you doing? I love you. / Isn't this your missed thing? I love you. / Do you want to hear that? I do love you. Hello Eun-Joo. It's Han Seung Hyun. Did you get it back safely? Who is this? Thank you for the tape-recorder. In return I send you two presents. Well, maybe one thing won't go, because it's alive. The other thing is an earplug. It will keep you warm while working. Seung Hyun if you have anything to ask, feel free and write me. Your aunt called me. It wasn't easy to say for me. I know you feel worse than I do. I don't know much about your family business but your aunt, who rear you, asked you. Don't you ever forget to visit professor Han. It's JoongAng Hospital 703. Can I ask you to do a research about an architect Han Seok Jin in year of 2000? It's 'il-mare'. I can't admit anything! Neither my father's death nor his love toward me. Jung Sook, I just came from hospital. I'm fine. Did you put the book I asked you about into ll mare's mall-box? Okay. I will pick it up. Seung Hyun. There are three things that cannot be hidden. Cough, Poverty, and Love. As you try to hide harder and harder those three appear even more clearly. But sometimes you really want to hide it, right? Then, I just cry. When my head gets empty, I cry again. To love someone or something makes pain on ones heart by oneself. I want you to feel comfort Seung Hyun. 'il mare' looked lonely and was a sole house but it was warm because it was the place of love. There are so many different ways to express love but underneath of all of those ways I believe there is only one love. It's been delivered a little late but I hope this collection of posthumous works could help you to understand your father. Hye Gee. Aunt. How are you? / Yes. How do you feel? Yes, where's daddy? He went to Seoul for the principal conference. Let's get in. Come on. / Let's go. Eun Joo. Those whom I missed most were always far apart from me. Maybe that's because I missed them most... I was seven years old when my father left me. Cola. It's time for meal. Do you like the fish? Cola. I'm going to go out. Keep the house safe, okay? It's quite cold. Excuse... I saw you in the Middle-Station, wearing white neat with black muffler, and very long hair looked simple. You didn't write me for a long time. I'm anxious to hear from you. 'il mare' sometimes makes people so lonely. I sometimes was also lonely when I lived here. Seung Hyun, do you have some time? First go to the market and buy a can of beer. Drink it all at once. Now run like you are crazy, because you have to ride a Viking machine right away. When you are out of breath, it is the best time to ride. This is it! Is it my turn now? Ride bus which heads to BongEunRi. When you take-off at Mulok there's a tree-lined street on both sides. Do you enjoy walking? Well-grown trees are planted every five steps, and it is the best place to walk alone. It feels better. After walking quite a while when you get tired of walking you might find a clean cafe, and I often drink wine in that place. Do you like wine? Some say that someone who likes wine is lonely. However I still enjoy drinking wine. I reserved a bottle of wine that opens at millennium, but I'm not sure how it will be like. Wine tastes deeper as time flies by. Thanks to you I had a very special experience. I had a good day. How was your day Eun-Joo? I had good day too. But on my way back home all alone, I was a little lonely. I want to meet you Eun Joo. If it's fine for you. Cola! Do you think he and I can really meet? Can you come to CheJu island? I happened to go home a week later. Cola, Cola! Cola! I made a date with Eun Joo. What will we do? What will we do for next two years? Are you looking at the pictures? Sanhosa Beach is where I want to live for my whole life. I bet you want to bulld a house when you visit that place. Oh, the date we are meeting is March 11, 2000, at three o'clock, at Sanhosa Beach. March 11, 2000... It's a Saturday. Don't forget the date. I only have a week left but you have two years and a week to wait. Eun Joo, aren't you going to sleep? I'll be in soon. Go to bed first. You should go to bed early. May I help you... No. It's okay. You are building a house, right? Yes. Are you going to live here? No, I just came here for the construction. Why? No, I was just curious who would live in such a place like this. One of my upper classmates designed this house. Don't you think it will harmonize well with this place? He designed this house for whom he loves. I see... I better go now. I'll expect a wonderful house. I waited for a while. I thought you will be there even if you have to wait for two years. Was is too much for you? Even if I admonish myself not to think this way, but when people get closer to each other, they expect more from each other. I know but... the ones I miss are so far away from me. Were there too many things that happened during those two years? I hope that you just forget our promise. Why couldn't I keep the promise of meeting here? Neither promise nor Eun Joo is useless memory which will shoved away by the time. Letters from Seung Hyun was one of my happiness. However somehow, I feel emptiness somewhere in my heart. Is it because of Ji Hoon, who left me, or is it because of Seung Hyun, whom I can never meet. The machine is out of order. We have to delay 30 minutes. Why don't we have cup of coffee during the break? It's all on me. If there are more animations, there are more works for us. But, nowadays the number of big productions increased. Yes, that's true. You have been waiting long, haven't you? No, not at all, I just got here. Ji Hoon, about our engagement... Yes, why don't we do it in this month? Really? Next Wednesday will be a good time for me. Yes. Time's up. Let's go But why are you in such a hurry? I'm not in a hurry but you are lazy. Wait a few more days. After I finish this animation I'm holding on to, I might get some rest. Yes. I thought I forgot... But suddenly from the time I heard his voice all my efforts became vain. The fact that he loves someone and the fact that I'm aware of that, gives me more pain. I can't stop my mind anymore. Please help me not to lose him. I'm so sorry I'm asking you for this. I'm sorry, Seung Hyun. Have you waited long for me? Sorry... Am I such a strange person? Am I still a stranger to you? Jung Sook! Was it the right decision not to go with Ji Hoon to the USA and become a radio-performer? Of course. The one who can stand by her own feet, can also do the true love. Forget all about Ji Hoon. I want to trust your words. Do hard working and also do love... The most happiest thing while living in 'il mare' was to read letters under the 'il mare tree' which you lighted. Eun-Joo. It wasn't easy to study animation in USA alone. At first, I gained strength from your letters but I was getting much more tired and tired. Then I soon became closer with someone next to me. I'm sorry. If we went there together, this wouldn't have happened. Help me not to lose him. I'm so sorry, I'm asking you for this. I'm sorry, Seung Hyun. I'll help you. If you were in so much pain, why didn't you tell me earlier. We don't have much time. Eun Joo, do you remember the very first letter? The one that you wished me luck in 'il mare'. Knowing you was the greatest luck to me. This time I will wish you luck. I wish you the best luck in your love. Thank you for your letter. Good-bye. Um... May I ask where the architecture college is? That's over there... Thank you. You complain your room is small when you were an assistant teacher and now you are complaining about your room again? I'm also upset with that Nedcet, but... I don't know...I said at the last minute...I wonder Did Ibrahim the lowlife lie to us? Just so he can make enemies of you two... And make you fight like dogs. And you, what do you think, Mahir? Is Necdet telling the truth or not? Veysal used to be in the orphanage - And it was written that Ibrahim was in the orphanage as well - Yes. Which orphanage? What is it called? In Samatia, the old orphanage. I got it. I'll check it out first thing in the morning. Gosh... My place is surrounded. I'll take care of myself. You go ahead. Where are you going to go? To the Kosta house. Careful ! Now I know why you collected my father's things tonight, mother. You have sacrificed us, as I see you have shaken hands with your only son After today you have another family. What is this talk, Mahperi? Can you separate a finger from the rest of the hand? Your father did not just give me a child... But he gave me a life! I will protect that even if it costs me my life. Then why are you going and giving my dad's secrets to the killer's family? There are very complicated things related to this incident. I don't even understand them, Mahperi. How can I explain them to you? Are you sure about that, mother? You are protecting your son. This is all you are worried about. But remember... The father of your son murdered my father. Mahperi... We weren't there. We can't be sure of something we didn't see with our own eyes. How could you change your mind, mother? You're the one that said that this man is a killer. But I know... All this is to get closer to your son. Isn't that right? You think you can get close to his family, and then he will be close to you. But doing so you will lose me, mother. If my father's blood remains on the ground because of you... You will have a son. But you will no longer have a daughter. Mahperi. Oh, my God, oh... ~What is happiness without you?~ ~ I've never felt this way, I don't know ~ ~ As it was my destiny ~ ~ Whatever I do, I can't erase it ~ ~ What happiness without you? ~ ~ I never felt this way , I don't know ~ ~ So was my destiny ~ ~ What ever i do, i can't change it ~ ~ i love you from so far away ~ ~ This love , is the most beautiful of all ~ ~ I've got used of longing you ~ ~ If you say come, I could not ~ ~ To love you from so far away ~ ~ with the love of most beautiful loves ~ ~ I' ve got used to this longing for you ~ ~ If you say come , i could not do it ~ ~ What happiness without you? ~ ~ Never felt it so before , i don't know ~ ~ This is my destiny ~ ~ What ever i do i can' change it ~ ~ No happiness without you ~ ~ I never felt it so , i don't know ~ ~ It is my destiny ~ ~ Whatever I do, I can't change it. ~ I love you from so far away ~ With this love of most beautiful loves" ~ ~ i'm used now of longing for you ~ ~ If you say come, I couldn't do it ~ ~ Loving you from far away ~ ~ with this most beautiful love ~ ~i'm used to this longing for you ~ ~ If you say come ~ ~ If you say come ~ ~ If you say come... ~ ~ Wouldn't I come? ~ - Is it you?- Abla? Welcome. - Were you waiting for someone? -Yes, Bulent. He hasn't come home yet. Have you seen your brother-in-law today? No... I did not see. Abla? - If you want, I'll go look around for him.- No, he'll be here soon. You go to bed. Have a good sleep. Subtitles brought to you by Karadayi Team @ Viki Feride? It's me , Yasin. It's you... -Who were you expecting, abi? Last night while I was here sleeping... Feride came. Brought this. We should immediately go away from here. - She turned you in once, she could do it again. - She won't do it. If she was going to do it, she would have done it last night. She could have cut my throat even. I wish I had woken up so I could talk to her. You were right again, Mahir. Necdet is lying. Veysal and Ibrahim are his friends from the orphanage. - They were all there at the same time. - So it's all a game, isn't it? He got himself arrested on purpose. To protect himself. So it seems. He admitted to smuggling weapons. And now he'll be taken to the court. - How long will he be in prison? - Three months at the most. This is the gangster vacation. Whenever you get in trouble, you go to the police. We have to see him. - That's tough. - I have to see him! I will talk to the clerk. But it's not good for you to stay here, Mahir. - Would you like me to pass by your house? - That would be great if it's no bother. - My family must be worried. - Of course. The more time passes, the less angry I am with you. and my revolt against my fate increases If our ending was not destined to be happy, then why did you bring us together? Why did you hurt us and separate us both? A minute of happiness fades away within me among a thousand years of loneliness how hopeless I am After this, I cannot go backwards And I can't go forward without looking back Hereafter, what will I do, oh God. Feride? Mother? You scared me. Actually, you are scaring me, Feride. It's obvious you didn't sleep at all. And you didn't even change your clothes. What are doing to yourself, Feride? How can one go on like this? I don't know, mom. Believe me I am worried too, but it is out of my hands. Could you tell the maid to get me a black coffee? Don't go... Take a day off. Your dad will take care of things. Stay and rest at home for a while. If you want we can go out for a walk. And have a talk, mother and daughter. We'll get away and open up. What do you think? Wherever I may go... I cannot escape. I cannot silence the voice that is inside me. For that reason, let me go to work, mother. Because that's the only thing that I have control of. Okay, my girl. Do whatever makes you feel better. Thanks. I'm going to take a shower. You can tell the maid to bring the coffee to my room. Good morning my girl Ilknur.- Good morning, good workday to you--Thanks. Good morning, Yalçın. Have you seen Bülent? No, I did not see him. Did he leave home early? He didn't come home last night. Now I am worried too. I said I wouldn't say this, but I feel I should tell you now. Bülent came to the shop yesterday. He came, opened up, and then closed the store. He left right away. Hello there.- Peace be with you.! What the hell are you doing here? Nothing, I'm working. Do you have any news from Mahir, Safiye hanim? Unfortunately no. But he will certainly call today. Tell him what I said as soon as he calls. Mahir definitely must get this file. Believe me I didn't sleep all night... Thinking about where I can go and find Mahir for you. We have to do this, Miss Safiye. I will wait for Mahir tonight until 6pm. You send him a message. If you can't reach Mahir, or if he doesn't come... I will turn in the file before the hearing. Is that okay, Safiye hanim? Thank you Safiye hanim, good day. I'm going to school, Mom. If you only ate something, my daughter. You won't understand your lesson while you're hungry. I'm not hungry, Mom. I'll come right home after school. - See you, Mom.- Have a good day at school, sweetie. What are you going to show me, Yasin? Tell me. Come, brother ,come ! Come... Just guess where I found this rat. - He's working in your shop. He's an informer for his brother.- I am not a snitch. Shut up! In our shop? What does your brother want? Why did he try to kill me?- I don't know ,brother. What the hell?! Then what are you doing in that shop? I'm trying to learn a trade. Unfortunately not everyone has a brother like Mahir. Whether you like it or not, you can't change your fate. Don't play these games, who are you kidding? Let go of him, Yasin. Now, you will answer me properly. Why are you working in our shop? - Because I love Songul.- What? I'm crazy about her. I wanted to be close to her and good enough for her. Don't mention my sister's name. I left my brother, I left him! I don't know where he is and what he's doing and I don't want to know. I came to work at your store so I can earn my own way, brother. So I can eat from honest money. Do you believe me, Mahir abi? You are lying!... - it's not a lie. I love Songul to death. To the point where I can look into her brother's eyes... and confess that. - Yasin! - How can he stand in front of us and say such things? Okay, Yasin. Hold on one moment! Tell me now the truth. Songul... Has Songül given you reason to hope? Has she responded to your love? She has not, abi. She hasn't. Whatever I do, she hasn't returned my love. I am only a school friend to her. That's all. - What did you think? - Yasin, be quiet! Listen to me... Stay away from my sister or I'll break your legs. And stay away from my house and the shop. Do you understand? Okay. Go on, get out of here. Mahir, where are you sending him? What if he knows where his brother is? Come on, boy, go away! He is saying the truth.- How do you know that? - What is your problem with that kid? - What problem would I have? Your problem, is my problem. I'm late, I'm going. Come ,dear sister, we are already going home. I will make you the soup that you love. You will like it very much. You'll put your feet up and relax in a beautiful way. I will look after you better than anyone else. How will I go home, Nurten? How can I get back on my feet? What is this talk my sister? Would the doctor have let you out if you weren't better? You are alright, alright. Don't be so depressed. Come on, stand up, stand up, let's go. Miss Nurten... Can I talk to your sister in private? Of course, Doctor.- Thank you. Miss Ayten, What happened to you is an incident that is related to the court. Actually, we need to call the police and report this. The person who did this to you, should get punished. No, no, don't. Please. Look, you've seen. I have a little sister. She's very pure and innocent.Don't hurt her. Please don't tell the police. I'm begging you. Alright, I understand. But please tell me who did it. I will not tell anyone. But I don't want Mahir Kara to get away with what he did. The file... Add to it my beating as well. We'll see... His file is getting bigger with all his crimes. He tricked everyone, but he shouldn't have been able to trick you because you have experience. Please excuse me, I have to get back to work. Sit, you will wait here. Please leave us, gentlemen. What are you doing here? That means you don't need me. Mahir found out about me. From who? He found one of my men and made him talk. So you're here to protect yourself from him? So Mahir Kara knows almost everything. We need to put him in jail as soon as possible. That Yasin... I'm sure he knows where we can find him. He is his right hand. I will cut off that hand. Mahir must not have anyone who helps him. I will make sure he stays alone. What will you do if he found you and came to see you? I don't care anymore. But you must watch out! I don't want to be in the same cell as Dalyan. That's all I ask. Your wish is my command. Come on, may it be in the past. Here is your prescription, if you get out of here first thing you need to do is get these medicines. Don't you dare to forget them. They will help you a lot. Okay, thank you Miss Ayten, believe me, you are making a mistake by not giving his name. Because if you get in trouble with him again, It will be more difficult for you. You will not be able to handle this all by yourself. I don't care about such a thing at all. I will go to my grave with this secret. Please... Good day.- Good day. I want to see miss Feride and they told me to come to you. Who are you? I'm Mahperi, the daughter of Süleyman Yılmaz. I know about you, I know. Come in, Mahperi. Please sit here. I'll go and tell Miss Feride about your coming. O I forgot she has a hearing right now. What is it you've come about, Mahperi? My mother found a file concerning my father's case. And miss judge needs to know about this. If it's about that, let me bring you to miss Feride's office and when she comes out of the hearing you can talk to her right away and tell her about all this. Thank you. There's no need to thank me. We also liked Suleyman Abi very much. He left the world too soon. Our hearts are still hurting because of him. God may give you patience ! Come on, come , come. She isn't finished yet. You sit here. And I will send you someone to get you some drinks okay? Thank you. Feride? Isn't she here? You, why have you come here? Hello, Prosecutor. I am Mahperi, Nihan's daughter. Do you remember? You came to our house. Of course I remember you. Are you alright? Is every thing okay? Do you have a problem? Listen, I was your father's closest friend in this courthouse. You can trust me. My mother found a file related to my father's death. And she wants to hand it over to the son of my father's murderer. But I want it to be handed over to the judge. Because I want the murderer of my father to be punished. Do you know what was in the file? I don't know. My mother does not tell me anything. I didn't even see the file. Tonight at 6 a clock Mahir Kara will come and get the file from my mother. She is saying she will not give it to anyone but him. And I thought maybe someone could help me that's why I came to the judge. You did very well. Miss Mahperi... If you want you can go now. I 'il tell everything to Miss Feride. No, it would be better if I stayed. I want to tell her myself. Okay, as you wish. Send my regards to your mother. Miss Feride! Miss Feride. I have something extremely important to talk about with you. Okay, come. We'll talk in my office. I prefer to discuss this outside the courthouse. Mr Turgut, at least let me go to my office and get my purse. No need, Feride, I'm here. Let's not waste any time. My goodness, what's the rush? What happened? It's a surprise. Come on. Wait, wait. I'm coming. Hello? Sweetie pie? ( " Çitlembik " , his nickname for Bahar) Mahir?... Bahar, how are you? I'm alright. More importantly, how are you? I'm fine. I need to ask you for a favor. Where is Feride? I have to talk to her. I'll call you back. Here he is. May it be in the past Abi. Can I say a couple of words to my friends? Move it. Tell Orhan that his things are in my office. Calm down. Okay brother. Subtitles brought to you by Karadayi Team @ Viki I wish you've let me to tell aunt Safiye about this or Songul. Now they will be angry with me because I didn't tell them. Nurten, you still don't get it, do you? I don't want to talk about this with anyone. Miss Ayten, greetings from Necdet abi. With your permission, we'll take you home. Nurten, come on. - Ümit abi, is Miss Feride in her office?- No. After the court hearing, she went out with Mr Turgut. - They must have gone out somewhere.- When? Just a while ago. Alright then. Where did she go? Abla one of us will always be here, if you want something let us know. Where is Necdet? He is in jail but he won't stay long. Yes, I'm listening. Why did we come here? Is it good news? The good news is that I went this morning and talked to internal affairs. And I withdrew my complained about Bahar, I cancelled it. I told them it was a misunderstanding and that Bahar had nothing to do with it. And they will take this with them in their decision. That means Bahar will remain your clerk and they will not fire her or transfer her. So you brought me here to tell me this as a surprise this was not supposed to happen to begin with. Feride, don't be angry with me. But I'm still not convinced at all that Bahar is innocent. But because this concerns you also I changed my mind, what else can I do? Turgut, why do you behave this way? Are you trying to punish me? I knew once I was your student, and you helped me a lot and I will never forget this but I will never be like you Turgut. And I will never act the way you do no matter what. Please, leave me alone and don't give me more trouble. Feride, I... ... made a mistake. What I have done, actually has nothing to do with our job at all. What is it then? Excuse me I need to go to the restroom and when I come back I will explain everything. I'm listening what's the reason Turgut. What are you doing here?! Why Feride? Why... ...am I so jealous of you? And I can't stand see you close to that man. I love you more than the air that I breath. And there is a fire in my heart now and I can't put it out. Why Feride, why? Go away from here, immediately go! I don't want to talk to you. I know... that's why you ran away yesterday night, isn't it? You forgot this. Feride, please listen to me. I have to explain something to you. Turgut is here. He is going to catch you. I found the man who shot me.I found the man who shot me in front of the hotel that night. He was also one of the men who robbed the mall. I just remembered. Everything happened as I told you Feride. The game began with a robbery and ended when they shot me. And I found the man his name is Ibrahim. And he told me who put him up to this. But they killed him right after. The one who gave the order is Necdet Güney. He acts like he is a hero of our neighborhood. And so I couldn't get to him he went to the police and turned himself in. He has been arrested and this morning was his hearing so he is in jail now. I need to get to that man Feride. I need to know why are they doing this to us. He knows a lot. I have to meet with that man. Mahir, you are a fugitive. How can you meet with him? Necdet Guney knows a lot of things. I'm sure he knows who the real killer is and why are they blaming our family for all this. That man knows everything. The day of the engagement he was in our house Feride. He definitely knows who the killer is. Mahir Kara... Give yourself up. Stop... Or I'll shoot. - Get out of the way, Feride.- Go... Feride! God damn it! Feride? Feride how are you? Feride are you alright? Feride how are you? What have you done? Why did you cover him? If you did not cover him I would have shot him. Feride , do you want water? Bring water. Is anybody here? Bring water! Hello?-Safiye sister, it 's me , Erdal. Speak Erdal. - Sister , did Mahir call you? Do you have any message from him? No, I didn't move from the phone because I'm waiting for him to call but he didn't. Then we have to wait. There is no other way. So it is, unfortunately. Abla, I cancelled all my appointments to stay in my office. If you hear anything from Mahir let me know right away do you understand? Okay, don't worry, Erdal. Okay, what did he say?- Nothing. It can't be "Nothing". As I came, he was telling you something. I don't know... I have to be blamed, probably. - Miss Feride, may I come in?Of course, Bahar. Bahar, I have very good news for you. Mister Turgut went to the commission and he withdraw his complaint against you. So the commission will not do anything you'll keep your job. Thank you, Mr. Turgut. So now I need to prepare myself for a big party and invite you all so we can celebrate. I will leave you to celebrate because I have some important things I need to do. Bahar, I have an important request for you. I need to know which jail Necdet Güney is going to and what the complaints are against him. And I need to know which judge is handling this case, leave all your work and do this first, okay? Okay. What did you find out Feride, what did you find out? Listen I want you to give me your full attention, We're going to set a house on fire. And of course no one will know. We will sabotage it and make it look like an accident. We will burn it and everyone who lives inside it. Tonight at exactly 6 o clock. I'll give you the address. They moved him. And he will not be convicted here. They will send him to the other jail. Boss, Mahir made up his mind he wants to see that guy. We need to find a way to interrogate Necdet.. What does Mahir want to know? The guy who is behind all this trouble. Do you understand, Necdet is really dangerous. But we don't know why he is doing this. But we must not forget he is a smart guy. And the answers are with him. Necdet is working for the main man, but I don't know who. Let's wait and see which jail he will be sent to and we will see which guy of ours is working there. Wait for word from me. This came for you. Give me what's mine. What is it? It's obvious this message upset you. Necdet has been caught because of smuggling weapons. He's a smart guy. I don't understand how he got in this trouble. Is there any other news? About my Mahir? I want to know what happened after they found miss judge because the news says nothing about this. That means he is still out there. Nazif Kara, come on, it's time to go to the workshop. Good luck. Come with me it will be fun. I don't feel like doing anything my "great one". Your students are happy Nazif Kara, Can I also participate with you? I know how to sew. I don't want you to trouble yourself mister Serdar, because you will not be able to do anything. What a good point he made. Stop it, I don't want to hear a thing. "Great one" they don't call him "great" for nothing because he knows the best how to make a dog like that shut up. Where are you ,girl?- I'm here now, mom. Did my brother call? No. I can't wait anymore, İlknur.I'm going to Mrs. Kader. If your brother calls , tell him to come there immediately. I'm really worried about Bulent and I want to go to the market to search for him. Then tell Songul that she must not leave the phone for one minute. - I hope he calls. Pray, my dear.- Okay, Mom. Songul! Come in. Feride, I found out where they took Necdet Güney. - Where to?- To the Istanbul prison. I want you to contact the manager of that jail Bahar, But this is a top-secret matter. Please don't tell anyone. Alright, Judge. Ilknur? Bulent... Open the door, we have to talk. Sure, let's talk, İlknur. Bismillah. ( In the name of God) Do you want to drive me crazy? Where were you? How could you do this to your pregnant wife? İlknur, I didn't think you would be so worried about me. I'm sorry. How could I not worry, how? My husband did not come home at night. Tell me , what happened? You know my friend who is in military Abbas. He had an accident, he almost died. They told me about it. He has no one so I immediately went to see him. The hospital was far away, so when it was late I couldn't return. And I thought you would have all went to sleep so I didn't want to disturb you and call so late. But I know after I talked to you yesterday you didn't come back to the shop. I talked with Yalcin. That is true. When I was coming back I heard about the accident, so I left right away. What should I have done Ilknur? Should I have left the kid all alone? Could I just leave my army buddy all alone? You could have told me. What did you think I would say? Would I have told you not to go?! Excuse me... Is it closed? No, please... What do you want, do you need wool? Why don't you sit here, my dear wife? Let me take care of the lady. Then I'll take you home. I don't want any wool. Please, what would you like? Perfume, I want perfume. It's getting warm isn't it? Do you also have... No we only have this. Okay, I'll take that one. My husband likes it. That is my wife and she is pregnant. Sometimes she gets dizzy and this perfume helps her. Are you pregnant? Congratulations... You want a girl or a boy? What a stupid question. The important thing is that the baby will be healthy. We also think that way. You also put some on because you're sweating it will help you. Here you go. And take it as a gift from us because this is the first time you come to our store. So you will become our customer more often of course. Oh, thanks so much. Then let me also check out the wool you have. Do you have any very thick wool yarns? For what size of needles? Bülent, I'm going home. You attend to the lady. I left Songül and Nazif at home alone. Sit down Iknur I will take you home we can go together. No, I'm going home. Good day miss.- Good day. - How did you get this address?- Don't be mad. I came to tell you I'll be expecting you this evening. You will come, won't you? Who have you come to see, son? No, abi, this was a mistake. If you came for mister Kamal he is not here, he went to see his daughter. Okay, have a good workday. Sister? Come and rest here. You won't be comfortable in there. Come dear sister. Any news from Mahir? Last thing I heard is he ran away. - But you won't be upset, okay?- Okay, what happened? On the day of the trial, Mahir kidnapped the judge. Why? So he could marry her? No, so she couldn't go to the trial. But then he let her go. That's what they told me. But brother Mahir is nowhere to be found. They're looking for him everywhere. Abla, what happened to you?Aren't you going to tell me anything? Listen, tell me. Something happened, didn't it? Explain to me. You're not like this because of your love and breakup, are you? Nurten, go and bring me a glass of water. Go on. Sister, I'm going to Ayten abla. She came back from the hospital. Okay, send my greetings. - Okay. - Songül, take them a plate with some food.- I have it. Okay my sister, go on. See you. Hello? Ilknur!- Brother, how are you, where are you? I'm okay Ilknur. You, how are you? How is everybody? We are alright , abi, we are worried for you. Is mom there? Give her the phone so I can hear her voice. Mother is gone to Mrs Kader, abi. Why? The woman has been calling for you since yesterday. She found a file. She wants to give it to you. But when you didn't call, mom went instead. Alright, İlknur. I'll call again. Take care of yourselves. I didn't know what he meant. I know. He said to go and look in his office. He said it's there. Thanks, buddy. Please go in, Judge. You wait here. We received the instructions. We will get the suspect that you requested ready for you. Please hurry. Who is our visitor today? Well, well. Are you Necdet Guney? His very self. And with whom do I have the honor of speaking? I am Feride Sadoglu from the criminal court. I'm going to ask you questions concerning one of my cases. And you will answer my questions one by one. Mahperi, my daughter. I'm going out for a bit, but I won't be late. Please eat when you're hungry. Please, daughter? Mahperi, are you sleeping, dear? Please don't be like this, sweetheart. Open this door so we can talk. I can't leave like this. Come on, please, my child. Mother, what are we going to talk about anyway? Go! I am alright. Okay, my girl. See you this evening. Subtitles brought to you by Karadayi Team @ Viki Mrs Kader?! Oh my god! So... Necdet Guney... What do you want from Mahir Kara's family? What is your problem with them? Where did you get that idea? I don't have a problem with anyone. How could you not have a problem with anyone? Aren't you a gangster? We're only trying to earn a living, Judge. Someone is telling you rumors. I wonder who. I'm very curious. There is an official complaint about you. Mr Necdet, it will better for you if you say the truth. I will ask you one more time.Think carefully before you answer. Are you the one that ordered Mahir Kara to be shot? Mrs. Kader, where are you? Are you inside? Mrs. Kader! ! Mother! ! ! Topic One: a behind the scenes look at the Rotterdam museum heist by a gang of Romanian thugs Topic Two: Do the Polish authorities know the whereabouts of the most valuable stolen painting in history Portrait of a Young Man" by Raphael stolen from The Czartoryski Museum by Hitler's governor-general of Poland, Hans Frank. These are the two headlines in today's edition of MaxTV-I'm Max Kolonko, good morning. Three of seven of the most valuable paintings stolen from a Rotterdam museum were burned in an oven by a Romanian woman, claims Gheorghe Niculescu who heads up a team of Romanian experts examining the ashes recovered from the house belonging to the mother of one of the suspects - the three Romanians detained in the case These are the latest findings in the investigation into this shocking case. In the fall of last year, on October 16th at 03.20 in the morning, three masked man entered The Kunsthal Museum through the back door which was captured by security cameras resulting in this footage. Even though the alarm went off, the two masked robbers stormed in and removed priceless artwork from the walls. The footage then shows one of them even coming back for more. The entire operation took 90 seconds and the police arrived after five minutes. Shadows on the wall was all that was left of the stolen works of art by De Haan, Picasso, Gauguin, Matisse, Freud and two Monets the combined value of the paintings totaling over 200,000 Euros The second largest art heist in history. Initially the police have no clue who's behind the robbery. But the black market does have its gurus, people who have been in the business for a while who know who's who and what's what in the business they generally know who is behind such spectacular heists but in this case - they all remain silent silencio, silence, consternation. And then, one day the secret behind the Rotterdam Museum heist floats to the surface like a yellow submarine. A young Romanian girl turns up at a police station and says that she's angry with her boyfriend for posting his photographs on Facebook in the company of other girls what's more, she's found pictures on his cell phone showing the stolen paintings. Oh, she also recalls going to the Rotterdam museum with these guys It all seemed weird to her cuz her buddies they're just common Romanian bums they know squat about museums can't even spell Gauguin right and that Picasso? They only lifted it cuz the name sounded familiar to one of them and so the cop listens and listens to her and boom! his jaw dropped. and he says: waitaminute now, so where are these paintings? and she says: they brought'em here to Bucharest.. they tried to sell'em, they normally peddle watches, y'know but y'know, paintings are no watches - you can't push'em so easily So they brought'em back here...Where? Tudor Vladimirescu Bulevard. Her two buddies are Radu Dogaru and Eugene Darie. From now on they are wanted by the Interpol and Romanian police all over Europe. But the leader of the Romanian gang is already in the 'darkest place' - under the lamp - In Bucharest. he drinks beer with Romanian Brad Pitt Petr Kondrat,a local actor who appeared in music videos of a Romanian Jennifer Lopez - Anna Lesko He's also a model for a famed Romanian fashion designer, Catalin Botezatu, who had shows at the New York Fashion Week. So he asks him if he knows anybody who might want to buy this paintings for half a million bucks Petr Kondrat says yes and he brings a businessman Constantin Dinescu, a Romanian Donald Trump. and Dinescu brings in a curator at the National Museum in Bucharest, Mariana Dragu as an expert. And so they show them the paintings she takes them into a darkened bathroom, examines them with a special light she comes back and says yes, these are authentic and they're worth 60 million dollars to which Dinescu says I'm out. it's beyond my paygrade and bails out. and Marianne Dragu after the meeting notifies the authorities.. And that is when the robbers start panicking. They never suspected the paintings to be so valuable. So they decide to put the paintings in a suitcase and bury them in a backyard of a house in their village in Romania. But the cops already listen in to their phone conversations and hear them saying It'd be better this heist never happend and the best thing to do is to burn the paintings. And that's when the cops step in and three days later they arrest people involed Radu Dogaru,. Eugene Darie and Michael Alexandre Pitu. The two first two were to have executed the heist the fourth suspect, Adrian Prokop is still at large. And then on February 9th comes the most decisive moment in the entire case which will be key in determining if the paintings can still be recovered or not. A mysterious man in a black car shows up in the village Who is allegedly the brother of the Romanian gang leader. Arrives form Londoin, enters the yard in the village Digs out the case, takes out the paintings puts them in a plastic bag and buries them again at the local cemetery. Three days later he vanishes into thin air. Meanwhile, the cops are turning the village inside out It's a Romanian style search they check fireplaces, entire houses from basement to roof. The suspect's mother sees all this, grabs a shovel, runs to the cemetery, digs out the paintings wrapped in the plastic bag, runs back to the house, starts a fire in the oven throws the paintings in and when cops arive she says it's over, she burned the paintings. Indeed Romanian experts retrieve from the stove the remains of canvas with paint on it copper and steal nails used to fasten canvases to their wooden frames over 100 years ago. Of course, the Romanian woman now claims that she never burned the paintings she made it all up. This is of course what her lawyer has told her to say. It's very hard to prove someone's guilt without evidence of a crime. And therefore, the question remains; Whether some of the most culturally valuable paintings did indeed burn in the Romanian oven remains an open question. The trial's date is set for August of this year in Bucharest, Romania. What's interesting, this Radu Dugaru guy, the main defendant in the case wants the trial moved from Bucharest to Rotterdam and will return four of the stolen paintings in exchange Of course, he wants the trial moved he will get twenty years in Bucharest and in Rotterdam only four. The question that remains unanswered is: Are there any stolen paintings that still can be recovered? Here is what I think. Imagine you live in a Romanian village. A nice, black limousine with London tags shows up in the village. It's obvious, the whole village knows right away about the car. I've had a chance to read the local Romanian press, through a translator And it's full of reports on the appearance of this guy in the village. They say it was the brother of the main suspect. who stayed in the village for three days. What was he doing there? There is a report he dug out the briefcase and took half of the paintings. Four out of seven, That expalins why he says he will give them four paintings back if they move trial to Rotterdam. Which makes sense If you have something of value, which someone wants to put his hands on You are likely to split the loot so when I come out of jail Iwill have something to live on. He won't give him everything cause he doesn't trust him this much - but half - is fine. So in my opinion four of the paintings still exist. American experts advise that the examiners should look for traces of arsenic in the oven. because arsenic is a regular component of yellow paints which Impressionists used. Those were very hazardous paints, that's why a lot of the Impressionists have committed suicide. What's important is that arsenic is not destroyed in fire and so if you do find arsenic in the stove we'll be able to determine which of the paintings were burned and which were not. That's why it is my opinion that these four paintings can still be recovered. Ofcourse, this story infuriates art lovers as well as regular folks like you and me This is after all part of our culture, something we were raised on. So when four goons come along and deprive us of it irrevocably It infuriates us. And this is the political side of this story comes into play Romania is now striving to join the Schengen Area 26 countries where no passports are needed for travel from one country to another. Finland and Germany said they don't want the Romanians and Bulgarians in the area and said that they'll use the veto power if needed. The vote was scheduled for March and has now been postponed till fall. In my opinion, after what happened in Rotterdam, and what happened in the Romanian oven where, most likely, some of the priceless artworks of Europaan culture have been burned Romanian acceptance to the Western civilization should be postponed for many years. The second issue is the sentence lengths in art theft cases. These sentences are very short. This is done to avoid situations like what we've seen in this case when someone steals works of art and then disposes of them to destroy evidence. That is why these sentences are very low. Despite this state of things however, cultural artworks are lost forever during or after heists. Example.In 1996 in the United States, Pennsbury Manor, the house once owned by William Penn, the founder of the state of Pennsylvania was robbed of 50 items. After the media ran the story girlfriends of the perpetrators panicked and dumped the loot into the Delaware River. Only half of the lost items have been recovered. 300 years of American history - gone. The robbers were only sentenced to 5 months in prison. Three years ago - the art theft at the Museum of Modern Art in Paris. Pulled by Serbs. When the police started treading on their heels, the robbers panicked and tossed the stolen paintings into a trash can. Right then a garbage truck pulled up, and crushed into dust some of the most precious paintings in the gallery and the European culture Picasso, Matisse, Braque, Leger, Modigliani. His painting "Woman With A Fan", particularly close to the Poles showing Lunia Czechowska with whom Modigliani was likely in love or at least flirted with successfully enough to paint her portrait. a year before his death in 1920. 200.000 dollars' worth of paintings irrevocably lost. Or this creature. Stephane Breitwieser. In six years he stole 239 works of art worth a total of 1,5 billion dollars. Sixty of those artworks haven't been located to this day. It's assumed, and reasonably so, that they are lost forever. Why? Because when his mother learned about his arrest, she grabbed a pair of scissors and started cutting the paintings into pieces and dump them into trash. But the biggest art theft in history is the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum art heist in Boston. in 1990 at 01.24 a.m. two policemen, or rather two man diiguised as policemen came up to the side entrance to the museum, rang the intercom and said that they needed to get inside and check the courtyard The guards let them in. It turned out they were just students moonlighting as guards the robbers get inside, immobilized the guards and the robbery began While the Rotterdam heist took 90 seconds, in this case, the robbing went on for 90 minutes. By dawn, the museum had lost some of the most important paintings of all time; The Storm On The Sea Of Galilee" by Rembrandt, "A Lady And Gentleman In Black", by Rembrandt "The Concert" by Vermeer. half a million dollars' worth of paintings lost the largest art theft in history. A reward of 5 million dollars is offered for information the capture of the perpetrators and the recovery of the paintings. The FBI has no clue who might have been behind the heist. In March the police said they know who was behind the robbery, but they don't know the location of the works. The most valuable work of stolen art on Forbes 100 list is our own "Portrait of a Young Man" By Raphael stolen from the Czartoryski Museum in 1945, probably by governor Hans Frank's assistant. Its subsequent fate has remained unknown for 50 years. A year ago however, a stunning revelation: The Polish Ministry Of Foreign Affairs Deputy Director for Art Recovery, Woytek Kowalski appears on a radio show and says: The painting was not lost in the turmoil of the war. It has not been burnt or destroyed. It exists. It is safely waiting in a region of the world where the law favors us I have not seen a direct transcript of that conversation, but I didn't read about a journalist falling off a chair How come nobody asked: Excuse me Sir, do I hear it right? Are you claiming that the "Portrait of a Young Man" has been found? The most wanted stolen painting in the world? How come nobody asked that question. There was no mention of this in the Polish media afterwards. Even though the news has circled the entire planet. Reuters reported on it, AP and others all over the world That the painting has been found and that there's new information that could lead to the recovery of one of the most valuable stolen paintings of all times. When I worked on the story I began to analyze it and and so I wrote a letter regarding this to the Ministry Of Foreign Affairs and yesterday I got an answer which says The professor must have misspoken. His words have been over-interpreted. I've walked this earth for long enough to be positive that they know something, but don't want to share it with us. the professor stated it clearly: It's in a safe waiting in a region of the world where the law favors us he knows where that region is unless the professor was smoking something and didn't know what he was saying. He is a serious man and I think he's a fan and an art lover and so he slipped and said something joyfully and what we see now is a cover up. Again: it's correctness. not political. But diplomatic correctness. "We can't just openly talk about these things because that would disturb this subtle process that is underway it would disturb the diplomatic balance". I say, the hell with the diplomatic balance It's our painting and we want it back. if the professor knows something, stumbled upon some lead - we want to know that. It's a historical sensation and we want to be part of it. It's OK that the ministry may not want to talk about this but let us journalists pick up the trail. It;s your lead - cudos, But it's our culture, our painting our past, our history- we have the right to this information. Unless there isn't any substance to the story and the professor didn't know what he was saying I seriously doubt that, but this issue should be explained by the media. I'm stunned there is a wall of silence in the media about this, It' s as if someone came up on TV and said: Indeed we've found The Amber Room. Great. Now on to the Royal Baby. I really don't get this Polish journalists. How cannot you talk about things that are so important. The man throws a bomb like this and nothing happens for an entire year And when I show up from the U.S. and talk about this i get: no sir, there's been a misunderstanding, It's misinformation. 'The information regarding our knowledge of the whereabouts of the "Portrait Of A Young Man" has been the result of an over-interpretation of Mr Kowalski's words The Ministry does not know its exact location as the report seemed to indicate. But, the professor said it himself "It's where the law favors us". And we should follow this lead, we should talk about this matter and the Ministry should tell us like it is Now on to your comments on my latest commentary ( to be cont. ) You can apply for accommodation at Bournemouth University once you have met the conditions of your offer and accepted your place with us once you have done this please visit Fame, (fame) makes a man take things over Fame, (fame) lets him loose, hard to swallow Fame, (fame) puts you there where things are hollow Fame (fame) Fame, it's not your brain, it's just the flame That burns your change to keep you insane (sane) Fame (fame) Fame, (fame) Fame, (fame) what you like is in the limo Fame, (fame) what you get is no tomorrow Fame, (fame) what you need you have to borrow Fame (fame) Fame, nien! it's mine! is just his line To bind your time, it drives you to, crime Fame (fame) Fame Could it be the best, could it be? Really be, really, babe? Could it be, my babe, could it, babe? Could it be? Is it any wonder I reject you first? Fame, fame, fame, fame Is it any wonder you are too cool to fool? Fame (fame) Fame, bully for you, chilly for me Got to get a rain check on pain (pain) (fame) Fame, fame, fame, fame, fame, fame, fame, fame, fame, fame, fame, fame, fame, fame, fame, fame, fame, fame, fame, fame, fame, fame, fame Fame What's your name? When I was president of the American Psychological Association, they tried to media-train me, and an encounter I had with CNN summarizes what I'm going to be talking about today, which is the eleventh reason to be optimistic. The editor of Discover told us 10 of them, I'm going to give you the eleventh. So they came to me -- CNN -- and they said, "Professor Seligman, would you tell us about the state of psychology today? We'd like to interview you about that." And I said, "Great." And she said, "But this is CNN, so you only get a sound bite." So I said, "Well, how many words do I get?" And she said, "Well, one." (Laughter) And cameras rolled, and she said, "Professor Seligman, what is the state of psychology today?" "Good." (Laughter) "Cut. Cut. That won't do. We'd really better give you a longer sound bite." "Well, how many words do I get this time?" "I think, well, you get two. Doctor Seligman, what is the state of psychology today?" "Not good." (Laughter) "Look, Doctor Seligman, we can see you're really not comfortable in this medium. We'd better give you a real sound bite. This time you can have three words. Professor Seligman, what is the state of psychology today?" "Not good enough." And that's what I'm going to be talking about. I want to say why psychology was good, why it was not good and how it may become, in the next 10 years, good enough. And by parallel summary, I want to say the same thing about technology, about entertainment and design, because I think the issues are very similar. So, why was psychology good? Well, for more than 60 years, psychology worked within the disease model. Ten years ago, when I was on an airplane and I introduced myself to my seatmate, and told them what I did, they'd move away from me. And because, quite rightly, they were saying psychology is about finding what's wrong with you. Spot the loony. And now, when I tell people what I do, they move toward me. And what was good about psychology, about the 30 billion dollar investment NlMH made, about working in the disease model, about what you mean by psychology, is that, 60 years ago, none of the disorders were treatable -- it was entirely smoke and mirrors. And now, 14 of the disorders are treatable, two of them actually curable. And the other thing that happened is that a science developed, a science of mental illness. That we found out that we could take fuzzy concepts -- like depression, alcoholism -- and measure them with rigor. That we could create a classification of the mental illnesses. That we could understand the causality of the mental illnesses. We could look across time at the same people -- people, for example, who were genetically vulnerable to schizophrenia -- and ask what the contribution of mothering, of genetics are, and we could isolate third variables by doing experiments on the mental illnesses. And best of all, we were able, in the last 50 years, to invent drug treatments and psychological treatments. And then we were able to test them rigorously, in random assignment, placebo controlled designs, throw out the things that didn't work, keep the things that actively did. And the conclusion of that is that psychology and psychiatry, over the last 60 years, can actually claim that we can make miserable people less miserable. And I think that's terrific. I'm proud of it. But what was not good, the consequences of that were three things. The first was moral, that psychologists and psychiatrists became victimologists, pathologizers, that our view of human nature was that if you were in trouble, bricks fell on you. And we forgot that people made choices and decisions. We forgot responsibility. That was the first cost. The second cost was that we forgot about you people. We forgot about improving normal lives. We forgot about a mission to make relatively untroubled people happier, more fulfilled, more productive. And "genius," "high-talent," became a dirty word. No one works on that. And the third problem about the disease model is, in our rush to do something about people in trouble, in our rush to do something about repairing damage, it never occurred to us to develop interventions to make people happier, positive interventions. So that was not good. And so, that's what led people like Nancy Etcoff, Dan Gilbert, Mike Csikszentmihalyi and myself to work in something I call positive psychology, which has three aims. The first is that psychology should be just as concerned with human strength as it is with weakness. It should be just as concerned with building strength as with repairing damage. It should be interested in the best things in life. And it should be just as concerned with making the lives of normal people fulfilling, and with genius, with nurturing high talent. So in the last 10 years and the hope for the future, we've seen the beginnings of a science of positive psychology, a science of what makes life worth living. It turns out that we can measure different forms of happiness. And any of you, for free, can go to that website and take the entire panoply of tests of happiness. You can ask, how do you stack up for positive emotion, for meaning, for flow, against literally tens of thousands of other people? We created the opposite of the diagnostic manual of the insanities: a classification of the strengths and virtues that looks at the sex ratio, how they're defined, how to diagnose them, what builds them and what gets in their way. We found that we could discover the causation of the positive states, the relationship between left hemispheric activity and right hemispheric activity as a cause of happiness. I've spent my life working on extremely miserable people, and I've asked the question, how do extremely miserable people differ from the rest of you? And starting about six years ago, we asked about extremely happy people. And how do they differ from the rest of us? And it turns out there's one way. They're not more religious, they're not in better shape, they don't have more money, they're not better looking, they don't have more good events and fewer bad events. The one way in which they differ: they're extremely social. They don't sit in seminars on Saturday morning. (Laughter) They don't spend time alone. Each of them is in a romantic relationship and each has a rich repertoire of friends. But watch out here. This is merely correlational data, not causal, and it's about happiness in the first Hollywood sense I'm going to talk about: happiness of ebullience and giggling and good cheer. And I'm going to suggest to you that's not nearly enough, in just a moment. We found we could begin to look at interventions over the centuries, from the Buddha to Tony Robbins. About 120 interventions have been proposed that allegedly make people happy. And we find that we've been able to manualize many of them, and we actually carry out random assignment efficacy and effectiveness studies. That is, which ones actually make people lastingly happier? In a couple of minutes, I'll tell you about some of those results. But the upshot of this is that the mission I want psychology to have, in addition to its mission of curing the mentally ill, and in addition to its mission of making miserable people less miserable, is can psychology actually make people happier? And to ask that question -- happy is not a word I use very much -- we've had to break it down into what I think is askable about happy. And I believe there are three different -- and I call them different because different interventions build them, it's possible to have one rather than the other -- three different happy lives. The first happy life is the pleasant life. This is a life in which you have as much positive emotion as you possibly can, and the skills to amplify it. The second is a life of engagement -- a life in your work, your parenting, your love, your leisure, time stops for you. That's what Aristotle was talking about. And third, the meaningful life. So I want to say a little bit about each of those lives and what we know about them. The first life is the pleasant life and it's simply, as best we can find it, it's having as many of the pleasures as you can, as much positive emotion as you can, and learning the skills -- savoring, mindfulness -- that amplify them, that stretch them over time and space. But the pleasant life has three drawbacks, and it's why positive psychology is not happy-ology and why it doesn't end here. The first drawback is that it turns out the pleasant life, your experience of positive emotion, is heritable, about 50 percent heritable, and, in fact, not very modifiable. So the different tricks that Matthieu [Ricard] and I and others know about increasing the amount of positive emotion in your life are 15 to 20 percent tricks, getting more of it. Second is that positive emotion habituates. It habituates rapidly, indeed. It's all like French vanilla ice cream, the first taste is a 100 percent; by the time you're down to the sixth taste, it's gone. And, as I said, it's not particularly malleable. And this leads to the second life. And I have to tell you about my friend, Len, to talk about why positive psychology is more than positive emotion, more than building pleasure. In two of the three great arenas of life, by the time Len was 30, Len was enormously successful. The first arena was work. By the time he was 20, he was an options trader. By the time he was 25, he was a multimillionaire and the head of an options trading company. Second, in play -- he's a national champion bridge player. But in the third great arena of life, love, Len is an abysmal failure. And the reason he was, was that Len is a cold fish. (Laughter) Len is an introvert. American women said to Len, when he dated them, "You're no fun. You don't have positive emotion. Get lost." And Len was wealthy enough to be able to afford a Park Avenue psychoanalyst, who for five years tried to find the sexual trauma that had somehow locked positive emotion inside of him. But it turned out there wasn't any sexual trauma. It turned out that -- Len grew up in Long Island and he played football and watched football, and played bridge -- Len is in the bottom five percent of what we call positive affectivities. The question is, is Len unhappy? And I want to say not. Contrary to what psychology told us about the bottom 50 percent of the human race in positive affectivity, I think Len is one of the happiest people I know. He's not consigned to the hell of unhappiness and that's because Len, like most of you, is enormously capable of flow. When he walks onto the floor of the American Exchange at 9:30 in the morning, time stops for him. And it stops till the closing bell. When the first card is played, until 10 days later, the tournament is over, time stops for Len. And this is indeed what Mike Csikszentmihalyi has been talking about, about flow. And it's distinct from pleasure in a very important way. Pleasure has raw feels: you know it's happening. It's thought and feeling. But what Mike told you yesterday -- during flow, you can't feel anything. You're one with the music. Time stops. You have intense concentration. And this is indeed the characteristic of what we think of as the good life. And we think there's a recipe for it, and it's knowing what your highest strengths are. And again, there's a valid test of what your five highest strengths are. And then re-crafting your life to use them as much as you possibly can. Re-crafting your work, your love, your play, your friendship, your parenting. Just one example. One person I worked with was a bagger at Genuardi's. Hated the job. She's working her way through college. Her highest strength was social intelligence, so she re-crafted bagging to make the encounter with her the social highlight of every customer's day. Now obviously she failed. But what she did was to take her highest strengths, and re-craft work to use them as much as possible. What you get out of that is not smiley-ness. You don't look like Debbie Reynolds. You don't giggle a lot. What you get is more absorption. So, that's the second path. The first path, positive emotion. The second path is eudaimonian flow. And the third path is meaning. This is the most venerable of the happinesses, traditionally. And meaning, in this view, consists of -- very parallel to eudaimonia -- it consists of knowing what your highest strengths are, and using them to belong to and in the service of something larger than you are. I mentioned that for all three kinds of lives, the pleasant life, the good life, the meaningful life, people are now hard at work on the question, are there things that lastingly change those lives? And the answer seems to be yes. And I'll just give you some samples of it. It's being done in a rigorous manner. It's being done in the same way that we test drugs to see what really works. So we do random assignment, placebo controlled, long-term studies of different interventions. And just to sample the kind of interventions that we find have an effect, when we teach people about the pleasant life, how to have more pleasure in your life, one of your assignments is to take the mindfulness skills, the savoring skills, and you're assigned to design a beautiful day. Next Saturday, set a day aside, design yourself a beautiful day, and use savoring and mindfulness to enhance those pleasures. And we can show in that way that the pleasant life is enhanced. Gratitude visit. I want you all to do this with me now, if you would. Close your eyes. I'd like you to remember someone who did something enormously important that changed your life in a good direction, and who you never properly thanked. The person has to be alive. OK. Now, OK, you can open your eyes. I hope all of you have such a person. Your assignment, when you're learning the gratitude visit, is to write a 300-word testimonial to that person, call them on the phone in Phoenix, ask if you can visit, don't tell them why, show up at their door, you read the testimonial -- everyone weeps when this happens. And what happens is when we test people one week later, a month later, three months later, they're both happier and less depressed. Another example is a strength date, in which we get couples to identify their highest strengths on the strengths test, and then to design an evening in which they both use their strengths, and we find this is a strengthener of relationships. And fun versus philanthropy. But it's so heartening to be in a group like this, in which so many of you have turned your lives to philanthropy. Well, my undergraduates and the people I work with haven't discovered this, so we actually have people do something altruistic and do something fun, and to contrast it. And what you find is when you do something fun, it has a square wave walk set. When you do something philanthropic to help another person, it lasts and it lasts. So those are examples of positive interventions. So, the next to last thing I want to say is we're interested in how much life satisfaction people have. And this is really what you're about. And that's our target variable. And we ask the question as a function of the three different lives, how much life satisfaction do you get? So we ask -- and we've done this in 15 replications involving thousands of people -- to what extent does the pursuit of pleasure, the pursuit of positive emotion, the pleasant life, the pursuit of engagement, time stopping for you, and the pursuit of meaning contribute to life satisfaction? And our results surprised us, but they were backward of what we thought. It turns out the pursuit of pleasure has almost no contribution to life satisfaction. The pursuit of meaning is the strongest. The pursuit of engagement is also very strong. Where pleasure matters is if you have both engagement and you have meaning, then pleasure's the whipped cream and the cherry. Which is to say, the full life -- the sum is greater than the parts, if you've got all three. Conversely, if you have none of the three, the empty life, the sum is less than the parts. And what we're asking now is does the very same relationship, physical health, morbidity, how long you live and productivity, follow the same relationship? That is, in a corporation, is productivity a function of positive emotion, engagement and meaning? Is health a function of positive engagement, of pleasure, and of meaning in life? And there is reason to think the answer to both of those may well be yes. So, Chris said that the last speaker had a chance to try to integrate what he heard, and so this was amazing for me. I've never been in a gathering like this. I've never seen speakers stretch beyond themselves so much, which was one of the remarkable things. But I found that the problems of psychology seemed to be parallel to the problems of technology, entertainment and design in the following way. We all know that technology, entertainment and design have been and can be used for destructive purposes. We also know that technology, entertainment and design can be used to relieve misery. And by the way, the distinction between relieving misery and building happiness is extremely important. I thought, when I first became a therapist 30 years ago, that if I was good enough to make someone not depressed, not anxious, not angry, that I'd make them happy. And I never found that. I found the best you could ever do was to get to zero. But they were empty. And it turns out the skills of happiness, the skills of the pleasant life, the skills of engagement, the skills of meaning, are different from the skills of relieving misery. And so, the parallel thing holds with technology, entertainment and design, I believe. That is, it is possible for these three drivers of our world to increase happiness, to increase positive emotion, and that's typically how they've been used. But once you fractionate happiness the way I do -- not just positive emotion, that's not nearly enough -- there's flow in life, and there's meaning in life. As Laura Lee told us, design, and, I believe, entertainment and technology, can be used to increase meaning engagement in life as well. So in conclusion, the eleventh reason for optimism, in addition to the space elevator, is that I think with technology, entertainment and design, we can actually increase the amount of tonnage of human happiness on the planet. And if technology can, in the next decade or two, increase the pleasant life, the good life and the meaningful life, it will be good enough. If entertainment can be diverted to also increase positive emotion, meaning, eudaimonia, it will be good enough. And if design can increase positive emotion, eudaimonia, and flow and meaning, what we're all doing together will become good enough. Thank you. (Applause) Dearie voting machines are at sometimes referred to as Black Box Voting Machines. And that's because the counting process. All the records of the votes are things that are fundamentally unobservable. They're happening inside the machine and inside this computer software. That's often compounded, because the computer software itself is kept secret from the public. Voting machine companies would claim that their software running their machines was a trade secret. Now, that's pretty common in computer, in computer software development generally, but when it comes to voting, it seems like there shouldn't be anything fundamentally secret about the way our votes are cast and counted. The actual process of counting votes and announcing a total is something that many people believe should be transparent to the public. There's a further objection to keeping the software in the voting machine secret and that's one on security grounds. That security by obscurity as its called keeping something secret on the basis that to do otherwise would be a security problem is a widely discredited practice in software development. When you think about it, if a piece of software relies on being secret for its security and that software leaks out, then they'll never be any way to get that security back. The only way to ensure that something is going to be robustly secure is to assume, that it's going to be available to the attacker. For this reason security by obscurity is a practice that's is sometimes called security snake oil. That is, it's something that is, is claimed to be a security practice, but in fact is an anti-security practice. Unfortunately, the major venders of DRE voting machines engaged in secret software behaviors and other kinds of security snake oil practices very frequently. In particular, one company, Diebold, the makers of the Accuvote TS I showed you earlier, was extremely secretive about allowing anyone to do an independent security evaluation of their machines or the software running in them. For many years, Diebolds was continuing this practice and would, would even threaten election officials who, who proposed to have any independent security evaluation done, with potential loss of their jobs of, of contracts for new voting machines and other things that, that were important to them. All of that started to change in 2003. When a voting activist named Bev Harris was Googling for documents about the Diebold machines and came across a file posted to a Diebold Internet server that Google had, had picked up. This file happened to be a copy of the complete source code to the Diebold voting machine. The software blueprints that were suppose to be the big secret. This was the first time that anyone independently was able to see what was inside the software, do a security analysis, and talk to the public about the results. A team of scientists from the University of California, San Diego. Johns Hopkins University and Rice University looked at the software Bev Harris found and did a thorough security analysis. This is the paper they published in 2003. They found a number of problems, and I'll highlight a few of the more interesting ones now. One problem they found was with the, the software handled the voter access cards. It turned out that using just easily obtainable hardware and software you wrote yourself, a voter could make any number of these cards that would work in the normal election. This would allow a voter to cast as many times as he wanted within the election booth. Another problem this research group found had to do with the encryption that was used in the Diebold voting machines. Now to step back for a second, encryption is a means of scrambling data files essentially so that, so that they're impossible to read. Unless you have an encryption key for the file. So, a key is usually a, a very large randomly generated number that's used in the scrambling process. And the corresponding de-scrambling process to get the data back requires the same key. Without the key it's practically infeasible to recover the data. Diebold applied the encryption to try to protect the integrity and, and ballot secrecy in data that in the data stored on the voting machine's memory cards. That's the ballot data that was brought back for counting. But it turned out that they applied encryption incorrectly in a variety of ways because of design errors. The most interesting of these errors, the simplest one anyway, was that all of the voting machines used exactly the same encryption key. Now this is a terrible security practice because if a criminal were able to get one of those voting machines say it, it's stolen from a polling place, or fell of a truck, or the, the, the criminal is an insider in one election district, then that criminal can take that information and apply it, to break the encryption on all of the other Diebold voting machines in use nationwide. That key which you see here happened to be the string F2654hD4. That was the secret that was protecting the integrity on all of these machines. And once the code leaked to the Diebold website anyone could decrypt any of the data files from any of the machines. The next problem was a ballot secrecy problem. It had to do with the way ballots were stored on the memory card. So, the machine made a record of every vote that was cast. And then every time someone cast a vote, the votes were stored in a file on the memory card. Now, if you think about a ballot box if that also contains a record of every one's votes, but the ballots are shuffled in the process of being placed into the box and transporting the box and then taking them out for counting. In the Diebold memory card the votes were stored in order. So ballot one, ballot two, ballot three, every new vote was appended to the file. What this meant was, that if someone was just observing at the polling place, watching the order in which people went into the up to the machine and cast their votes and they had access to the memory card at the end, they could determine exactly how everyone of those voters voted. So, that's a major weakness in ballot secrecy. Finally, the researchers looked at the software development practices. They looked for evidence that the software engineering methodologies used to produce the software in the Diebold machine were up to and exceeding the, the standards for, for other kinds of critical software. What they found when they looked into the code was a lot of evidence of, of poor engineering practices, things that were, were almost certain to result in insecure, unreliable software. But the easiest of, of these to understand is probably illustrated by some of the comments that were found in the code comments or notes programmers leave inside the, the software source code to let themselves and others more easily understand what's going on. Some of these notes that the developers left really reflect a form of internal chaos on the development team. Okay, I don't like this one bit. This is a bit of a hack for now. Or in the third case this is going to result in an error is essentially what it's saying. These are evidence that the development practices at Diebold were far substandard from the level needed to produce critical infrastructure software like an election system. So, all of these problems paint a pretty grim picture of what's going on inside the Diebold DREs, but I think the company's reaction paints an even grimmer one. The company Diebold in the aftermath of this report first denied the problems. Second claimed that the software that were studied was not something used in actual machines. Third personally attacked the researchers involved. In some cases trying to have them reprimanded by their universities. And finally said if, if there are any problems they've been fixed in the new version of the software that's available now. You might think that fixing these problems in the new version of the software would be an adequate response, right? Someone looked at the code, they found some problems, and now we can just go and fix them. But actually, finding problems like this is evidence that there's something rotten to the core. Secure software, reliable software is a product of a certain development, kind of development practice of a certain mentality and methodology. And finding problems like this so easily from what was, was not the you, you could easily imagine going into a, a far more deep level of detail than, than, than what these analysts had resources to do. Finding problems like these so easily is an indication that those development practices are broken. But every time you so, so one implication of that, that rotten development practices result in rotten software is that just reading through the code and finding some problems is extremely unlikely to reveal all of the problems, all of the errors, all of the vulnerabilities of that software. As evidence for that we can look at these Diebold voting machines which, since this 2003 study, have been evaluated by, by a number of other groups. And every group that's looked at the system has found even more severe problems with security and reliability. Problems just keep getting discovered every time you have a pair of eyes looking. Here's an example of one of those problems. This is something that wasn't spotted in the Hopkins study. But that I, I noticed in a later study. I'm not going to tell you exactly where the problem is. But for those people in the audience who are programmers and know C++, I'll leave this as an exercise for you. Can you spot a, the security bug in this actual code from the Diebold voting Well to get a combination of holiness and good administrator; that's going to be hard. It's quite possible what will happen is that someone who is known to be a very holy man will be able to signal to the cardinals who he would chose to run the Vatican. Be the secretary of state. So it might happen that way. But it makes it very... it makes it more difficult. The names remain the same, primarily. Gianfranco Ravasi, right? He is considered an insider, someone who is very good, very holy, very able to speak to the modern world. Especially to young people. That's something that's going to be important. He's younger, but not that young. The other way, if they go for an administrator; There's a Cardinal Sandri, Leonardo Sandri who has been an administrator. Not very charismatic, but very trustworthy as far as running the bureaucracy. Those are sort of the two possibles. You also have people like Sean O'Malley. As far as holiness, gets high marks, as I said that's going to be very important now. Someone who has dealt with the sex abuse crisis. I had thought before that anyone connected to the sex abuse crisis was probably out. But now that the sex abuse crisis has become such a... you know it's hardly a secret anymore. It's already out there. Then they may go for someone who is connected to it, but connected in a good way. In a holy way. I think still the cardinal from Canada, Ouellet, is another possibility. There's still some, there's still a possiblity of someone from Brazil. There's two names. Scherer is probably the leading candidate from Brazil. So am I ever getting out of here? We haven't found you a kidney yet, but we have some ideas This will do. What the hell. I can live with one kidney Because we'll probably just go ahead and sell this one. Stay away from my organs Dude, what the hell are you doing? Having lunch. The cafeteria stinks and I can't go to the grocery store, because apparently crazy Jill lives there. Everytime I try and shop, she follows me around like I'm her only friend in the world It's pathetic. I'm gonna go talk to Carla I'll come too Figured Hey, why do you think Todd lies about hooking with all those women Maybe he's just overcompensating, you know my brother Berry used to brag about all the girls he was dating, right before he quit JV baseball and started dancing for Japanese businessmen. Todd is not gay Turk, he has leather jeans and like three different colors Berry used to dance in leather jeans. He'd come home and they'd be stuffed in yen I'll tell you when I first suspected he was gay. It was very subtly, but... Oh, yeah, Dale, this is totally going to bring out your pecs. Plus, I'm using olive oil so I can lick it off later. Make 'em dance! SOmebody is making them dance Tell them that it never happened It happened I was there I think I just got the move on signal from a hook. Your guy Bradford's electrolyte and fluid balance are stable. Mr. Dennison isn't looking so good. He's on max inotropes and still in failure. Mrs. Sikes is fully encephalopathic. Her ammonium level's through the roof. She's circling the drain. Come on now, let's try to keep these people alive What do you say? Dr Dorian, can you help me? Sure, what's going on? She was admitted a short time ago, and she hasn't regained consciousness Tox screen's positive for cocaine. Do you think she could have OD'd? She had been, uh, stood up on* a couple dates. And, uh, she hadn't seen her shrink in a while. She was definitely depressed. How do you know all that? She told me In a hospital there are certain rules. With surgeons, if the overcompensating pumped up shaved down doctor seems gay What's up man? You trying new work out No why? Oh, he is glistening He is probably gay And with organ transplants, if there is good news for one doctor People, I got an organ, It probably means bad news for another You can use her organs. Just tell me this Is there anything anyone could have done No Unless you mean "me" It's amazing how quickly people improve once they get a new organ Whether it's Mrs. Sikes, with her new liver, Mr. Dennison, with his new heart valve, or Dave. How does your new kidney feel It's a little loose. But I'll get used to it. Yeah, you will thanks for everything, man Don't sweat it Alright, people, gather around, here we go Now, I'm sure we all recogize just how rare it is to get a win like this, but seeing as we are surrounded by patients who are clinging to life I am going to give kudos in whisper form### Since I'm an egomaniac. first props come to me. Let me hear it, people. You are some kind of superhero. You are a god You're a beautiful healer. This was not a complete total solo effort it was an extraordinary job done by each and everyone of you I can't hear a word he's saying. Be older, Bob. Just because I can't hear your sillyass whispering, it doesn't mean I am old I'm going over to my office to tinker with my new computer. What kind is it It's about 3:30. Ha ha ha ha! I heard what he said, people, but damn that joke's a classic. And why are you not giddy with praise , like those other peopl. Don;t you know I dole out compliments at most once a year, and like a squirrel, you must gather up these acorns of kind words to sustain you for the upcoming cold, sarcastic months. ### Any idiot could have seen that Jill was in trouble*. I'm supposed to be a doctor, and I'm the reason she's dead. Then he said the words I never expected to hear Why don't you and I go grab some lunch. That'd be good. Come on Oh my god, he looks so sad I just want to hold him like a big gay baby This is incredible, an hour ago, you guys hated him An hour ago he wasn't our new gay best friend Leave the Todd alone, okay? Because everytime you two meddle, you know who suffers? Me. Remember when the Janitor took that chiropractic class and you guys wanted to encourage him? Guys, I'm not really comfortable with this Now, you'll be fine. I've already done this on## four mop heads all right? Haven't had a complaint yet. Okay, and three Better? Yes? You're fine. We are doing this Does this sound fine to you? I can fix that, buddy. On the count of three##. One, two... Yeah? No You owe me 500 dollars Excuse, could you spare a few minutes for AlDS research Yes, I can. But I'm not sure just how much we'll get done, We'll go over here and brainstorm while we wolf down these sandwiches. Newbie, come Vintage Cox You know what I was thinking the whole time I was having lunch with Jill God, this girl is annoying I saw her** in that supermarket, too, but I'm not torturing myself. Would you like to know why? WHy Because she didn't come to the hosptial looking for help. We just random bumped into her out here in the world Don't get me wrong. if a guy gets shot, or if he has a heart attack Don't forget Spartacus May, 2011 Bolivians think that Tupac Katari said --when he was about to die-- "You will only murder me alone (but) millions will come back" Now I watched this in a movie too --I watched a movie titled Spartacus-- he repeated just the same "You will only murder me alone (but) millions will come back" the same Spartacus (said so), in Hollywood that very same words May, 2011 Everyday is so wonderful And suddenly, it's hard to breathe Now and then, I get insecure From all the pain, I'm so ashamed I am beautiful no matter what they say Words can't bring me down I am beautiful in every single way Yes, words can't bring me down So don't you bring me down today To all your friends you're delirious So consumed in all your doom Trying hard to fill the emptiness, The pieces gone, Left the puzzle undone, ain't that the way it is? You are beautiful no matter what they say Words can't bring you down, no, no You are beautiful in every single way Words can't bring you down So don't you bring me down today No matter what we do (no matter what we do) No matter what we say (no matter what we say) We're the song inside the tune (yeah, oh yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah) And everywhere we go (and everywhere we go) The sun will always shine (sun will always, always shine) But tomorrow we might awake On the other side 'Cause we are beautiful, No matter what they say Yes, words won't bring us down, oh no We are beautiful in every single way Yes, words can't bring us down, oh no So don't you bring me down today Don't you bring me down today Don't you bring me down... Mmm, today You shout it out But I can't hear a word you say I'm talking loud not saying much I'm criticized but all your bullets ricochet You shoot me down but I get up I'm bulletproof nothing to lose Fire away Fire away Ricochet you take your aim Fire away Fire away You shoot me down but I won't fall I am Titanium You shoot me down but I won't fall I am Titanium Cut me down But it's you who'll have further to fall Ghost town & haunted love Raise your voice sticks and stones may break my bones I'm talking loud not saying much I'm bulletproof nothing to lose Fire away Fire away Ricochet you take your aim Fire away Fire away You shoot me down but I won't fall I am Titanium You shoot me down but I won't fall I am Titanium I am Titanium I am Titanium Stone-hard machine gun Firing at the ones who run Stone-hard as bulletproof glass You shoot me down but I won't fall I am Titanium You shoot me down but I won't fall I am Titanium You shoot me down but I won't fall I am Titanium You shoot me down but I won't fall I am Titanium We're going to look at the testing a couple of bitwise functions. What we're going to want to do is write two Python functions called high common bits and low common bits. Given two inputs (a) and (b) which are integers that have the same size, let's say 32 or 64 bit integers. Return integer with the same bit width with the higher the bits that the two inputs have in common are included in the return value. The first bit where the two inputs differ at a bit position starting from the high end is set and all remaining bits are cleared. Okay, so that's probably completely unclear. This is the list of requirements, so we're going to do an example. If (a) is 10101 and (b) is 10011, then the output is going to be the higher bits that they have in common. The 1 is common in sudden both inputs, so we return that. Zero is in common, so we've copy that to the output. This bit is different. The third bit is different so we want to set that bit and clear all remaining bits. Hopefully, that's good. So we copied bits that are in common until we find a difference. We set that bit and everything else is clear. We also want to implement a function called low common bits, that does the same thing except starting from the bottom end. We take the same example and we do the low common bits. Let's start at the bottom and see that 1 is common, so we copy it between the two. The next bit, the second bit from the bottom, is different so we set that bit and clear all the rest. And so what you might be saying to yourself at this point is, this functions look really silly. But this look like a contrived example that a professor would come up with just to mess with the students but does not actually the case. It's functions come from an optimized trie implementation. What a trie is, it's a kind of a balanced ordered tree, not incredibly unlike the splay tree that we already looked at and some of it's branch, but tries rely on bitwise operations to find the descendants of nodes in order to get really high performance and really low-memory footprints. These guys are not gonna be happy when they figure out what we're doing here. Wednesday is bath day. The first part is to shampoo them to get regular dirt off and then we rub the leaves and the tea that we've made into their hair and skin. This organic concoction keeps the babies clean, fresh and parasite free. And we like to drip dry them awhile before we blot them with a towel. With baby sloths, there's no need for clothespins. There you go. Good boy. They will look like little puffballs by the time they're done drying. These are hibiscus flowers and it turns out that they are like sloth chocolate. So, since these poor little things have been through a lot today, we're gonna give them a little treat. Hey, look what I've got. Here, baby. Who wants some? Well these four have had a very busy day even though it is not even 11 o'clock in the morning. And they get stressed out, but, I think all is forgiven. Visiting Greece is an experience not a one time visit. Henry Miller wrote a whole book and still didn't come close to describing it in one sense It is the centre of the world, it's the centre of democracy, civilisation and if it began here we need to know it You've seen pictures of the Parthenon your entire life and then you actually see it Its crazy to be here, I studied a lot of ancient art and seeing it all in person is really amazing I just think the Newer museum is brilliant. I think they've done such a good job and I think the Greek people should be proud cause it's wonderful Culture life here in Greece; people are going a lot to concerts, a lot in the theaters, to the cinema much more than in Germany for example I'd love to come and stay for a while The restaurants, the hotels and all the people, very nice, very special trip Very positive experience everybody's been very friendly The restaurant owners and people that we've interacted with they are able to speak English to us, we don't know any Greek and so it has been very useful to find a lot about that hospitality I think the accommodations for tourists are very good because you have the new boulevard that they made, it connects everything, you can easily go from one place to another so the infrastructure is actually really good and the subway services are fantastic Once we got into it, it's been really great Authentic, everyday life that you can find on the islands and then the food Athens lives till very late in the night. All people are partying on the streets, it was 2-3 in the morning I mean the city was still alive The nightlife is good, I mean you go out and you just stay out for hours They smash plates and say "OPA" We are tuckered out, Athens kicked our butt Greece is a destination that I would definitely recommend to my family and friends I feel safe living in Greece, very safe and it's very important point for me, compare to France or other places where I used to live Very clean and nice people and we are very happy All over the news: Egypt, Lybia, Syria... melting down, all throughout the Middle-East. Foolishly, Americans a year ago said that this was an Arab Spring-- a dawning of democracy in Egypt. And we're seeing something that is very serious. I call it the Arab Spring-BOARD for the Muslim Brotherhood. I'm here with Walid Shoebat, former PLO-terrorist, now working on behalf of God and Israel and America, to try to save the world from terror. Walid, what do you see happening in Egypt? >What I see happening in Egypt lately is what I said at the moment when the first revolution started. I said "this is not the Arab Spring." This is an Islamic Winter. In fact, when we look at Egypt, most believers need to focus on the Bible, because Egypt is a cornerstone when it comes to prophetic word. Egypt is where the Messiah comes. Sure, he comes down to the Mount of Olives, but if you look at Isaiah 19, it's pretty clear: "Behold, the LORD rides on a swift cloud, and is coming into Egypt." The Messiah is coming to fight in Egypt. In fact, him riding in a swift cloud is no small issue. This comes also from Daniel, chapter 7 verse 13. Chapter 7 verse 13 is very clear: "I was watching in the night visions, and, behold, one like the son of man, coming with the clouds of heaven, he came to the Ancient of Days. Where is he going? People need to ask. Egypt. In Egypt, there will be a civil war. In fact, we see right now the beginning of a civil war in Egypt, where elections are causing great turmoil between Ahmed Shafik and Mohamed Morsi, the Muslim Brotherhood and the secularists. And the Bible is clear about this civil war. It says Egyptian will fight against Egyptian, brother against brother, neighborhood against neighborhood. We've seen the game in port Said, in which Cairo vs. Port Said... and they're massacring each other. Massacres will happen in Egypt. Weapons will be funneled from Libya into Egypt. Just a couple of days ago, 101 surface-to-surface missiles were captured coming from Libya. What was used in the revolution of Libya will be used to take to Egypt for a war against the military, which is taking over the entire regime of current state. >Wow If you want to hear the rest of this interview and understand what's coming up in the Middle East and how it will affect America, join us at levitt.com. In this video, we will cover the power rule, which really simplifies our life, when it comes to taking derivatives, especially derivatives of polynomials. You're probably already familiar with the definition of derivatives. The limit as delta x approaches 0, f(x+delta x) - f(x), all of that over delta x. and it really just comes out of trying to find the slope of a tangent line, at a any given point. What we're going to see with the power rule is it simplifies our life. We won't have to take these, sometimes complicated, limits. We're not going to prove it in this video, we'll hopefully get a sense of how to use it, and in future videos, we'll get a sense of why it makes sense, and even prove it. So the power rule just tells us, if I have some function, f(x), equal to some power of x, so, x^n, where n is not 0. so n could be anything, it could be positive and negative, it does not have to be an integer. The power rule tells us that the derivative of this, f'(x), is just equal to n, so you're literally bringing this out front, n * x, and then you just decrement the power. so f'(x) = n*x^(n-1). So let's do a couple of examples, just to make sure that makes sense. So let's ask ourselves, let's say f(x)=x^2. Based on the power rule, what is f'(x) going to be equal to? Well, in this situation, our n=2, so we bring the 2 out front, 2*x^(2-1). That will be 2*x^1, which is just equal to 2x. That was pretty straightforward. Let's think about the situation where g(x)=x^3. What is g'(x) going to be, in this scenario? Well, n is 3, so we just literally pattern match here, you'll find this to be shockingly straightforward, so this is going to be 3*x^(3-1) = 3x^2. And we're done! In the next video, we will think about whether this actually makes sense. Let's do one more example, just to show it doesn't have to necessarily apply to only the positive integers. We could have a scenario where we could have h(x)=x^(-100). The power rule tells us that h'(x) would be equal to what? Well n = -100, so it's -100 x^(-100-1). which is equal to -100x^(-101). Let's do one more. Let's say we had z(x)=x^2.571. And we are concerned with what is z'(x). Once again, power rule simplifies our life, so this is going to be 2.571 * x^(2.571 - 1), so it's going to be equal to, and make sure I'm not falling off the bottom of the page, 2.571*x^1.571. Hopefully you enjoyed that. In the next video, we will not only expose you to more properties of the derivatives, we'll get a sense for why the power rule at least makes intuitive sense, and then also prove the power rule, for few cases. So the answer here is that the lines are executed 1,048,576 times or just about a million times. And the way you calculate this is very similar to here above. So instead of 2^5, you now have to take 2^20 because-- for the 20 communication centers--you're trying all separate possibilities of having them with a monitoring device or not. The Stupidstitious Cat Featuring Buzzy [snoring] [yawns] Getting out of the wrong side of the bed, for that you can almost drop dead. Break a wishbone and if you get the big end, your wish will come true and your troubles will end. Gosh! I wish I had a bird for breakfast. Aha! I get my wish. [bird chirping] If you whistle before breakfast, you'll fry before dinner. [whistling] ♪ Listen to the mockingbird, listen to the mockingbird, ♪ ♪ still singing where the weeping willows wave ♪ ♪ I'm dreaming now of Hallie, ♪ ♪ sweet Hallie, sweet Hallie ♪ ♪ She's sleeping in the alley, ♪ ♪ and the mockingbird singing where she lies. ♪ ♪ Listen to the mocking... Huh? Uh, uh! How'd I get in here? Man, you gotta straighten up and fly right. Uh, oh. Looks like I's been invited for dinner. See a pin, pick it up, and all the day you'll have good luck. Mmm, mmm. Ain't he superstitious. That's all I wants to know. Hey boss! Hey boss! Hey boss! Hey... BOSS! Boss, I hates to interrupt you when you is eatin', but you done spilled the salt. Yipe! If you spill salt, throw it over your shoulder or you won't live to be much older. Ah, come out, come out wherever you are! Here I is boss! Yipe! A ladder. Hey, if you go under a ladder, your days will grow sadder and sadder. Thanks for the information, boss. Oh that's all right pal. Hmm, put her here. Why not? Uh, uh. In the house with an open umbrella, will make you a most unfortunate fella. Hey boss, bread and butter. Yipe! Three on a match, and you wind up in the booby hatch. You'll be sorry. Peek-a-boo. Oh, this is hard luck. That's right, boss. Seven years hard luck. Did you say seven years hard luck? That's what the man said. That's what he said. He said that. Yipe! A black cat! A black cat! A black cat! [laughs] Afraid of a black cat! My, my! Is he super-duper-stitious! Friday the thirteenth! Knock wood! Salt! Rabbit's foot! Horseshoe! Knock wood! Salt! Rabbit's foot! Horseshoe! Knock wood! Salt! Rabbit's foot! Horseshoe! Agricultural production increased steadily because of new introduced fertilizers. Rice production doubled. Electrical power grew faster in Japan than anywhere in the 1920s. A popular consumer culture grew. Great industrial combines, the zaibatsu, sponsored rapid expansion in fields such as shipbuilding and metallurgy. By 1937, Japan boasted the third largest merchant marine in the world. During this period of economic growth, Japan, who was militaristic, was also experiencing great politcal change. A coup occured, where the young army officers murdered the Prime Minister. After this, Japan quickly came to control the surrounding regional empires of Korea and Taiwan. The period of Japanese rule did disrupt Korean traditions and society. This also disrupted the tendency to look towards Chinese superiority. In 1909, monarchy was abolished, allowing political growth post-war and post-World War Il. The Japanese launched an effort to suppress Korean tradition and adopt Japanese ways. Someone has really good diction... Japan and social life changed drastically due to Japanese culture. After World War Il, Japan was in shambles. Houses were destroyed and factories were burnt down. Because Japan was an industrial nation, it was able to recover quickly. The American occupation government tore down the Japanese political structure. Military forces disbanded and civil liberties were granted. Two political parties joined to make a Liberal Democratic Party, which dominated Japanese politics until the 1990s. Korea's post-war adjustment was much different from Japan's. The Allied Powers during World War II thought that Korea should be an independent state. The eagerness of the United States to get Soviet help against Japan resulted in the Soviets occupying Northern Korea. The United States sponsored a Republic of Korea and the Soviets supported a People's Democratic Regime of Korea. The Soviets won and North Korea became a communist state. Japan had been practicing Buddhism since the 6th century. Upon taking power by the Meji regime, the official religion of Japan was changed to State Shinto. The government set up several initiatives to instill the practice for the new religion, which included the establishing of the Shinto Worship Bureau. The religion of State Shinto included the glorification of the emperor and emphasized patriotism of the militaristic government. After American occupancy began in Japan, State Shinto was eventually abolished and was no longer the official religion of the nation. After the war, the Pacific Rim slowly returned to a state of peacefulness. Countries began an economic recovery. Hong Kong and Singapore were two such nations, and the economies of both became heavily intertwined with that of Britain. In Japan, this period of economic growth occured as well. The government and the hoi polloi (<-bonus points?) both realized that it was in their mutual interest to aid each other, and thus, a reluctant friendship grew between them. Because of this almost revolutionary cooperation between the governement and its citizens, it was nicknamed "Japan Incorporated." After the mid-1950s, rapid economic growth made Japan the clearest international market, and it commanded the most intense energies at home. Annual economic growth reached at least 10%, causing Japanese corporations such as the great automobile manufacturers and electronic equipment producers to export goods internationally. This was all made possible by active government involvement. The dynamism of the Pacific Rim spilled over into Southeast Asia. The "Little Tigers" of Asia began to experience rapid economic growth along with pollution problems that accompanied new manufacturing and larger cities. Economic growth faltered in the late 20th century, but by 1999, economic growth rates were beginning to pick up. It was only a matter of seconds, and Bruce says "Jeeze get your bow ready, I hear one running on the road!" As soon as he come walking around the corner there, we took a look at him, we knew he was a shooter The old time we will let a little one walk by, but this guy, I knew he was going to go down song When I feel alone and I can't see while and the cold wind's blowing from the Northern sky I dream of going hunting with you when life's road starts getting rough And I start believing I'm not tough enough to be free I just go hunting with you Just Us Hunting That's when we know That's when we go when it's ... Just Us Hunting That particular area is a 24 hour drive for myself It's a two day drive up it's a two day drive back Your stopping at restaurants on the way up You're doing repairs to your vehicles at any garage you can find. Um, logistically it can be a nightmare at times. Everyone meets at the halfway point. We stop on our journey in Kapuskasing, and I say we stop but really our journey starts in Kapuskasing. That's where the four, or the five, the six of us, will meet. We spend the night in Kapuskasing, and from there on we have another 12-hour drive after that. And, uh, that's really when the journey begins. You know, we haven't seen each other for the better part of a year for most of the people. And occasionally on the way up, we'll switch passengers in the vehicles just to renew old acquaintances, if you will. Well it can't be said that uh, hunting's not beneficial for everybody, non-hunters and hunters alike. We just made our last stop before going in for our camp set-up. It's the day before opening day right now, and we stopped at a small, little Nothern community here. And we just put in close to $800 in fuel. We filled up a couple 45 gallon drums, some jerry cans, our vehicles. And we should be good for the two weeks now for fuel. How's it going Rick? What are you up to there, Bruce? We're getting our fuel for the week. Think we got enough or we're going to have to make another fuel run? That's just one group, coming up to Northern Ontario for the moose hunt, and, we're not the only people that do this so, there's a lot of cash that is distributed throughout the Northern communities. It's not just the moose hunt, it's the moose hunt, deer, bear, waterfowl, all the Northern tourisms. So, moose hunting not only puts food on our table, it puts food on a lot of local business' tables, up North as well. People don't realize the money that goes back into the community over a hunt like this. 15A has always been a great spot for us. Like we uh, again we just, we had a little bit of inside information on where to go and we actually made a mistake and turned on the wrong road. And for us, it turned out as a blessing, we were only a few miles off the highway. Most of the places we go to our bike's are covered in mud. Our bikes come out, actually fairly clean, just dusty after hunting here. Our camps not to far ahead here, another mile or two, and we'll see if its occupied. If not, well the hunt starts! This is the, the third time we've been back here. We've hunted that particular unit two times prior to that, and then we went on to a different unit because of tag allocations. Uh, as luck would have it, the tag numbers were changed again and we were guaranteed a tag here. So when we came back to this unit, um, I'm assuming it was a rifle-hunting camp at the time, they had a log tent-frame already set up, which saved us a pile of work. So we just tarped in that one instead of setting up two tents we set up one tent, plus we had this camp that was so graciously left for us and it turned out to be a fantastic camp once we had it set up. A revolutionary broadhead that slices in the open or closed poisition. Do that again. Slayer Broadheads Penetrate like a fixed blade, cut like an expandable. Slayer Broadheads Just slay 'em. GobbleStalker Calls. Do they work? You be the judge GobblerStalker Calls Where dreams end, and memories begin. Ask for them by name at your nearest hunting supply store. A revolutionary broadhead that slices in the open or closed position. Do that again Slayer Broadheads Penetrate like a fixed blade, cut like an expandable Slayer Broadheads Just slay 'em 2009, September 17. The opening day of moose season and we are finally set up camp. Everything went well we had a good trip up. And we're just having a shower and getting stuff organized. We're lucky nobody was in our spot again. We saw a few moose coming in, a few moose tracks on the road coming in. And uh, looks like it will be good. It's hot as Hades there today, it's uh, it's about 25 degrees. The blackflies are out big time you can probably see them, but uh we'll make the best of it and it's supposed to cool down here this week and uh, hopefully things go as well as they did last time we were here. Once again we're teamed up and our hunting partners as always Myself and the Pine Marten, we're on our way. Everybody asks me "Why the Pine Marten? Where does he get this name from?" Probably 15 years earlier, when I first met Bruce in Timmins, we were bear hunting and I shot a bear, but it wasn't a good shot, right in the shoulder. And the next day we were tracking it, and tracking it, and Bruce was maybe a little lighter than he is now, he's probably 150 now, he was probably 130. And here I am, I'm at 200. I'm probably being modest but uh, we were trying to track this thing, and Bruce is running on top of these deadfalls, like a bloody red squirrel and I'm up to my armpits crashing through all this stuff, and that's basically where the name comes from like he was miles ahead of me and I said "You're just like a damn pine marten!" Like he was, he was nimble, he was running right on top of the branches and I'm crashing through it like a damn moose. Well its opening day my first sit. Did a lot of travelling today, got a lot more to do. Better part of this week will be exploring. No real sign today. I've seen a number of tracks, one rub that was maybe, 5 days old. And that was it. I don't know how warm it is out now, it's got to be 24, 25 degrees out. It's awful hot. Yeah, that was a warm year. It's tough to hunt moose in the heat. They're a big animal, they can overheat fast. Even though the rut is on, they'll often uh, they'll often have a lot of their activity during the night, or early morning. They've had a chance to cool down during the night so, they'll be mobile first thing in the morning. But you can have some long days, no activity, they're not responding. And that particular year we had a hard time finding moose too. There wasn't any around. The whole time was 30 degrees. Like, just brutal hot. But soon as the frost came, and that's the problem with the moose. Like in the morning, when it's hot like that, they typically are a little more active in the morning because they've had all night to cool off but the evening hunts are typically non-productive because, you call and by the time they get up on their feet its almost dark, they aren't going to be around when it's 30 degrees, doesn't matter what they're looking for. Carl and I lucked into this one spot. We found some activity, circled a huge area. There was wolves around too. So if there's wolves, generally they're in there feeding on the moose they're after them steady. If you can find, if you can find the wolves, guaranteed there's moose close by. We've had a few years where uh, it's amazing, overnight a whole moose carcass, like ribs, spine, everything. You can go back there the next day and there is not any evidence then a bit of food out of the moose's stomach that is left on the ground. That is it, there is not a scrap of hair, legs, bones, anything. They just, they clean it up. I make my living in the wild my future rides 100% on my success in the field failure is not an option so I take no prisoners this equipment I rely on to help get me there Where? To the next season I use Vortex. The force of optics laughter If you have videos of your hunts and you'd like to see them right here, go to our website justushunting.com and e-mail me directly. Who knows? Maybe one day you'll see your hunts right here, on Just Us Hunting A revolutionary broadhead that slices in the open or closed position Do that again Slayer Broadheads Penetrate like a fixed blade, cut like an expandable. Slayer Broadheads Just slay 'em. Here's a tip concerning trail-cam placement. When you're setting up you're trail-cam, make sure you have the camera facing North or South. If you set up your trail-cam facing East or West, the sun is going to play a crucial role in ruining most of your pictures. And that's your Just Us Hunting tip of the week. It's day two. We're in the evening right now. After this morning, we decided to go scout out some new spots, Rick and I. And we found a couple areas, but not as many signs as we'd hoped to see. Tonight we're going to be hunting on a nice creek area, there's a good reserve in there. Good buffer zone. Maybe we'll try to call out a bull tonight, and see what kind of action. Garry and I were hunting together the first week and we came across what looked like a promising spot. So we hunted there, it was an afternoon and it looked really good. But we didn't have any answers that night, but the place hold, or held huge potential So the following morning I decided to go and try a different spot that, to me, looked like a moose haven, right. And Garry was going to go back there. So he went back to the same spot that he was at the night before and he was calling and he tells us that uh, he had a moose answer and it was coming in. Now we all day moose are coming in, he could have been a mile and a half away at the time, but as luck has it, and as Garry's luck is, it was warm, it was extremely warm all that week and the blackflies were terrible. Well, that morning he gets dinged right in the eye with his uh, with a blackfly. And it basically just closed his eye shut. So he's the only one that's had any moose action yet, the moose is coming in, his dominant eye gets bit by a blackfly, he's out of commission. He had to come back to camp, so yeah, he might as well sit down and watch DVDs. The first week I never had a topographical map with me. And we always have maps. And uh, I left them at Kevin's house on the way up. So I wasn't going to have my top-maps with me until the following week. So uh, I went to one spot and it looked, well it looked promising and I had my treestand set up. It was about a 4-mile bike ride for me to get there and uh, that particular night was fairly windy and fairly uneventful. But lo and behold, after an hour and a half, two hours of calling, I thought I could hear a cow. We did have one bit of enjoyment there the one night. Carl and I decided to cut the evening short. There was no action, there was no moose moving. We figured we'd just hunt the cold mornings. So we get, we're on the way back to camp there and jeeze, we're within audio distance of Rick. We can hear Rick calling off in the distance. So we just start answering him back. Hee-hee! If you think you heard a moose, you'd better act and react as if you did because if you don't, it's going to bite you right in the tush. And uh, if you do, well you might be ready for the shot of a lifetime. So I thought I heard a cow, and I really couldn't be sure So I kept playing on as if we had a couple moose in the area and uh maybe half an hour later I thought I could hear a bull grunt. So Rick would call, we'd answer. He'd call again, we'd answer. So I go back to the camp and I tell the guys "I'm pretty sure I heard a bull, pretty sure I heard a cow. Not 100% sure on it." Rick says "&!$*! *&$#!@! There's moose all over there, down at the end of the lake there!" Hee-hee! Go back the next day, nothing. So I keep on my merry way for the rest of the week right. So I'm on another stand a few days later, and I'm thinking about this because now Kevin's in town, and I got my top-map. 4-mile bike ride to get there, I'm only 700 meters from the camp. Then it dawns on me. Ha ha ha. Those guys were answering my calls. Yeah, and I'm sure they would have let me sit in that treestand all week waiting for that bull to come in. So we have a bit of a chuckle pulling a few tricks like that on the boys, once in a while. Payback is going to be sweet. The surest way to the perfect hunt starts with a visit to Triggers & Bows! Triggers & Bows offers the best quality in new and used shooting, sport goods and accessories. Like this extremely reliable Browning Goldlite shotgun, or this sexy Excalibur Exomax Lite crossbow. One location in the heart of Western Ontario makes it simple for anyone to come witness why our family has been in business for four decades. Attend the largest gun auctions in Ontario, or try a full archery tune-up. For shipping across Canada call 519-449-1001 or log on to www.triggersandbows.com *Loon calls* *Moose calls* Traditions are created over time with memories of past hunts and plans of future hunts fueling those traditions, Caribow is building memories one bow at a time. I remember this one time, we were going to hunt a few deer in December. I parked myself in the dark at the end of the cornfield, underneath some overhanging branches. Sitting in my lawn chair just like this, my feet were overhanging the cut furrough at the end of the field. Few minutes later, some motion to my left. The biggest, shiniest, fattest skunk you ever saw hopped out of the ditch into the middle of the furrough floor, walked up the furrough towards me. I'm not going to break, I'm not going to give out my cover. Comes up, and when he's standing between my toes, he stops looks straight at me, looks back down, straight ahead stands still, and then puts it back into gear, trots on up the furrough for about 10 feet, and then changed two gears and he was out of there. And that's a memory that I'm not going to forget. Well, this is my new home for tonight. I set up this stand this afternoon. Its actually showing a lot of promise. Beautiful night for calling, still terribly hot. So I'm holding out on faith and good sign. I can hunt tomorrow morning, then I have to go pick up Kevin, the Little Missus. I uh, flew up to Thunder Bay because uh, the year before after I had my accident, Rick, he happened to fall out of a treestand, and he hurt himself pretty bad. And so I, made arrangements for somebody to come out of camp, pick me up at the Thunder Bay airport. After sitting in the airport for 5 hours because nobody had come, I found out that they were fighting over what time they had to be there, they'd forgot about the time change and everything else. So anyways Rick comes to town, and he's standing there in sandals and shorts telling me it's so hot out. He says "we're not doing anything." I took Kevin around and showed up what little activity and action we've had going. Showed him the most promising spots and then he and I came across this one spot and it looked well, it was the most promising spot we'd found and that I had seen in the last week and a half I didn't try climbing up trees, and I used a crossbow. I compensated, I got a crossbow, and I used that for that year, for going moose hunting, and I've kept my yardage down short. So I stayed right on, wherever the trail was, I kind of took about four steps off the trail, and set up a blind. So we started calling that night, and he was a couple hundred yards up this strip from myself and he gets on the radio and says "Rick! You got a bull answering you, and it's going towards you!" I got a bull coming in, about 100 yards behind me He just came past Kevin and he's right back here. We still have lots of light. He walked, I couldn't see him. I could hear him going through the bush he walked right on a 30 degree angle over the next ridge and down through the bush. Once he started getting closer and I'm going to say, within 100 yards, then I had another bull light up behind me and it, who knows, could have been a half mile, but I thought this bull was going to come in and I'd be able to close the deal I could see the tag alders moving he was maybe 40 yards away and then it was just too dark to shoot after that. There's not a breeze out tonight. It's going to get to minus five. My prediction is, we're going prime the pump tonight and we're going to shoot the moose tomorrow morning. Might not be us, might be the Conehead and the Pine Marten, but it's just shaping up to be a beautiful, beautiful night. So, time to start calling. *Moose calls* A revolutionary broadhead that slices in the open or closed position. Do that again. Slayer Broadheads Penetrate like a fixed blade, cut like an expandable. Slayer Broadheads Just slay 'em. Attention bear hunters and outfitters tired of always searching for bait? Well, look no more, we have your answer! At bearsbait.com we stock a large variety of what bears are after. Granola, pie fillings, chocolate, candies, frosting and more! All prepackaged in 25-lbs and 50lbs boxes, as well as 55-gallon barrels. bearsbait.com Hunt for bears, not for bait. A revolutionary broadhead that slices in the open or closed position. Do that again. Slayer Broadheads Penetrate like a fixed blade, cut like an expandable. Slayer Broadheads Just slay 'em. It's been a number of years now that my dad's been hunting, and two or three years ago he got me into the sport. My weapon of choice now is the compound bow. I hunt for whitetail deer. In the summers now before the season, we go out to the Huron Fish and Game Club, and we practice shooting the targets there, and we go out scouting with the family, everybody joins in with that. My dream hunt would definitely have to be a zebra hunt in Africa, my dad would have to be there with me too though. This is Levi Pike and this is my profile The following morning we get up and its a beautiful frost. A heavy, heavy frost. It's the only frost we had all week. Kevin and I went out there we had a renewed vigor in out step if you will and I thought this is it. They came in last night, they're still going to be there waiting for us and the deals going to go. and unfortunately I never heard anything except the radio call from Bruce and Carl and they put one down so, it was another good hunt, but honestly its not the way I thought it was going to finish off that week. We found a good spot to set up, there's a beautiful lake there, we had a good treestand set up, kind of a black spruce swamp on the other side. We're up on a big hill, the sound would carry good. There's a large esker, it sure didn't look like good moose area, but we thought our call would go out from here, and there was water. We set up right on the side of the road. Trucks couldn't get in there, but there was a huge wash-out we had to get around We set up and called, and we hunted it the one night and no success, and then the next morning the frost came in, it was heavy, heavy frost. We set up and called, and we were calling and calling, and nothing. It was about 8:30 I think it was uh, I'm really impatient, like when it comes to this if there's nothing happening when daylight comes it isn't going to happen. I don't know why because lots of times we've just been getting ready to get down and we hear one or some days we sit longer and we hear one, but I always want to get out of there if there's nothing going on. Bruce says "just give it the loudest call you can give" and I maybe don't call quite as good as Bruce, but I can call fairly loud, and we let go with this wail, and it was only a matter of seconds and Bruce says "Jeeze get your bow ready, I hear one running on the road!" Soon as he come walking around the corner there we took a look at him, we knew he was a shooter. The odd time we'll let a little one walk by, but this guy I knew he was going to go down. He hung up on us for a few minutes, but he came walking through in short order, yeah he made a good shot. Run like a racehorse, straight down the road like it doesn't look like we're very serious on the blood trailing, but there's not much of a blood trail because you can just see his feet running down the road, and another 50 yards you would have run right into the bike. He landed right in the middle of the road, just around the corner from where we had the 4-wheeler parked. So after a 40 minute wait, we climbed down and come down the road for a couple hundred yards he went. But right on the road all the way down, and we come around the corner you could see his a** sticking up out of the side of the road, and this is him. He's a nice moose, he's the nicest one I've shot. Get all the gear and all the boys. The moose hunt is tremendous excitement. When you got a big animal like that coming in, crashing and grunting and carrying on, it's pretty exciting. That's why we bow hunt. Hi I'm Maribel from fooddiva.com Thanks for joining me so I can give you some great tips from field to table, and how to make some wildly delicious game meat. Today's tip: marinade. Marinade's can be used to disguise, enhance, or tenderize game meat. And I highly recommend that you make your own marinade if possible. Use an oil, use some sort of juice, wine, beer, or a liquor of some sort, and then add some you know, garlic or herbs, or some sort of other aromatics. Just don't add salt. Do not add salt to a marinade, only add salt to a meat just before you're ready to cook it. And that's perfect. Now, marinades, if you're looking for just a little bit of flavour because it's already a tender cut, 30 minutes is all you need. If you're trying to tenderize a really tough cut, you need minimum 8-12 hours, but if you got 2 days, go for it. The other thing you should remember about marinades, never take an old marinade that you used to marinade a raw meat, and serve that same marinade on top of cooked meat. If you want to use that same marinade, you've got to boil it for 3 minutes in between. For more tips on learning how to cook game and learning how to cook in general, join me online at fooddiva.com If you have videos of your hunts and would like to see them right here on this show, go to our website justushunting.com and e-mail me directly. Who knows, maybe one day you'll see your hunts right here, on Just Us Hunting. song When I feel alone and I kiss you while and the cold wind's blowing from the Northern sky I dream of going hunting with you When life's road starts getting rough and I start believing I'm not tough enough to be free I just go hunting with you Just as a quick aside, if you're familiar with matrix multiplication, there is a very nice connection between this little algorithm that we're just working on and matrix multiplication. To appreciate that, the first thing you need to understand is that if we can represent a graph on a set of nodes as a matrix and it's a matrix that consists of all 0s and 1s and if it's a sparse graph, say mostly zeros. But if there's a link between node I and node J, then the corresponding position in the matrix has a number in it, number 1. That 1 there means that there is a link from I to J. The graphs that we've been talking about links are bidirectional. So if there's a 1 in this I-J position, then there is also a 1 in the J-I position, which in this picture seems like it'd be really nearby, which means that this matrix is symmetric, and I'm not going to get into matrix terminology but again if you're familiar with it, you'll recognize what a symmetric matrix is. The matrix equals a its own transpose if you flip things the other way. So basically it's natural, it means for just interchanging the nodes since the connections are bidirectional, we'll have the same matrix again. So let's call this matrix (M) and let's think about what it means to multiply (M) times itself. In matrix multiplication, the way we fill in the I-J entry of the product, we take the I row of the first matrix and J column of the second matrix and I always need two hands whenever I think about matrix multiplication and you across this one and down this one at the same time. And what we do in this case since it's all zeros and ones and it's a square matrix, but what we're going through and figure out. Anywhere where there is a 0 and 1, and a 0 and the other, it's going to be 0. Only if there is a 1 in both, is it going to be a product that's not 0. So this multiplication of this row times this column is exactly a count of the number of 1's that the two vectors have in exactly the same positions. What does it mean for them to have a 1 in the same position? Let's check. Let's imagine that there is a 1 in position K here and at the same time in position K here. This position here means that our graph had a link from I to K. There, that's what this means that there's a 1 there. And similarly, if there's a 1 in this position, it means that very same graph that we're talking about this graph that (M) is representing also has a link from K to J and what we're doing is counting up all the Ks that have the property that they would take as you can get from I to one of those and then to J from one of those. It's going to add all those up. That's exactly what matrix multiplication does. This value here is going to be filled in with precisely the number of 2-step path from I to J which is exactly what we needed in that other example hat we're basically counting up the comic books that are uncommon between some character I and some character J. In the case of the bipartite graph of the Marvel comic book characters, any 2-step path that starts at a character goes through a comic book and then a character. So this is counting up exactly the number of comic books that I and J are both in. There we go, the square of the matrix which represents the connections of the graph actually gives us the same answer. The running time of this algorithm, of course, is n³, because we're looping through for each of the entries of this matrix that we're going to fill in and there's n² to them, we're doing this row by column multiplication which also takes time in. So it's in cubed. The algorithm that we've just been talking about. Something more like number edges times the number of nodes. The number of edges here comes from the fact that we loop over each of the character book combinations that we have stored explicitly. And then for each of those, we examined which characters are there connected to it. It could be as bad as N*M. If (M) is dense matrix, then this is (N)², so this algorithm ended up being in cubed again, but if it's a sparse matrix, so the number of edges is linear like in a planar graph, for example, then this is (N)² which is actually a lot better. Alhamdulilah, shukr we are thanking our Lord Allah SWT for gathering us on this day of gathering - on this day of Jummah on the last Jummah until we reach the month of Rajab Jummah day is very holy it was the day Adam AS was created, the day he was forgiven, the day he was sent to this world... so many events to the prophets and to their nations happened on Jummah - the day of Jummah is Allah's day - it is a holy day the day of Qiyamat is going to happen on the Jummah too who knows when Qiyamat is going to be - those who are preparing everyday Which Imams and scholars are reminding us? Who talks about Qiyamat, who talks about death? Holy Prophet ASWS is saying when you are about to pray make intention that this is going to be your last prayer, isn't it? is it something unusual we are talking about? No that shows now the level of faith - because more than that the believer only has 3 days - man only has 3 days yesterday that passed, today that is almost gone, and tomorrow that you don't know if you are going to enter into or not for the people of faith they are looking at 3 days, not 100 or 500 years more than that, the Awliyaullah are saying mankind is a prisoner between two breaths - breathing in and breathing out now those who understand this and are following this as much as they can, being reminded and doing this every day - they worlds problems is going to lessen and Allah will open doors - the barakat will start raining that time if you know how to watch your tongue and your heart - they are saying if you are in the presence of the Mafia, the rebels Awliyaullah are saying that if you are in the presence of these high level criminals - very dangerous people - watch what you say - watch your tongue if you say the wrong word they will kill you if you are in the presence of the Awliya - watch your heart. The sohbet is to make us to remember what is in our heart and to put good things into our heart - not to put wrong things into our heart 24 hours you are running in the dunya, putting so many garbage things into our hearts the Jummah day, zikr circles, sohbet - put all of that aside - empty your heart and put Allah there once we start doing that, then yes, we are topping up on our faith our faith will not get lessened and we will have enough courage and strength to live in this dunya - even though it is very dark and dangerous - we are going to go with our faith and Allah will make it easy for us inshallah otherwise you can have everything - more money, more problems, more stress like those people who work the stock market - the investment people - they earn a lot of money, so much money they earn - you cannot imagine but the time that they are actually working too, is very short - nobody works past 10 years shorter than that Why? Such a highly stressful job that almost everyone of them have so many medical conditions that they are just earning millions to give to the doctors later to cure them what kind of life is that? but if you are looking with the kafir look - you are saying wow what a nice life they are having - fast cars, going everywhere for vacation, so much money they are throwing - do everything as they like but if you are looking with a believers eyes, it is something completely different which eyes we are looking with? why we are concentrating now on the Surah Qul ya ayyuhal Kafiroon? Why we are concentrating on that day and night? There must be something in there Qul ya ayyuhal Kafiroon - Say to the unbelievers, to the kafirs, I don't follow what you follow and you don't follow what I follow... I will not follow what you follow, you will not follow what I follow - to you, your religion, your lifestyle - to me, mine. Because now, lakum deenukum walee ad-din - hardly any Muslims are practicing because they are saying the Deen - the lifestyle of the kafirs - there is nothing wrong with that in fact, Muslims have to have the lifestyle of the kafirs to make progress in this world and in ahirat Ayat is saying, don't worship, don't follow, don't be in their lifestyle be intelligent - past 100 years that we decide to become more westernized, how much progress has the Islamic ummat made? how much progress has the Islamic civilization reached? That once we decided to take away our language, dress code, lifestyle... because Islam is a system - Islam is a civilization we didn't have Islamic civilization in the past 100 years - we said we don't want khailafat or shariat - we want everything now according to the Western way. what have we gained? We just became more cheap and more humiliated day by day, year by year, in the eyes of the unbelievers we are under punishment, Allah is not blessing us - billions of Muslims - so much education, money, and technology - but we are nowhere what did we have for 1300 years - from the deserts of Arabia that they brought down two huge empires - the Byzantines, Greeks, and Persian empires - the super powers of that time With what? With technology and education? Or with faith? where did we reach 1300 years? We became bigger and bigger and better and better and more and more progress we made in dunya and ahirat We did that at that time for 1300 years, did we have any Muslims anywhere - in the Middle east, north Africa, Asia, Russia, Europe - have we ever seen Muslims trying to imitate unbelievers? Never in their lifestyles? No. Does that means we cannot learn their knowledge? Of course we can the knowledge Holy Prophet ASWS is saying is a lost treasure for the believers - we take the knowledge but we don't take the lifestyle we don't take the deen - this is something else and the knowledge that we take too, it's not that anyone can take anything and apply it and put it in their lives - there is always a sift - there is always a filter - there is always the Khilafat - the alims, ulemas, awliya that are going to filter everything anything dirty, even if it's knowledge, if it's dirty take it out. Anything that is good, take it. And you know what, any knowledge that the Muslims took, - they made it better - they didn't make it worse - they made it better and they spread the knowledge to the whole ummah They didn't keep it to themselves like the priests or royalty who keep things to themselves - they were spreading education America opened the first university for women in the 1800's - suddenly saying you can go to school the university in Islam that says women must also learn to read and write and have basic education was opened in the 700's Where is 1800's and where is 700's? 1100 years before the West started thinking to give rights to the women to learn - women were also told you have to learn, because knowledge is an obligation that's why the West can never understand Islam so we are saying Lakum deenukum walee ad deen we are living here, are we saying now we are going to separate and hate? No. We have to have good relations to the people that are around us, whether they are believers or unbelievers, we have to have good relation but the idea is lakum deenukum walee ad deen we don't have to loose our identity, we should not loose our identity - we had a very strong Islamic identity there is a way - not only Holy Prophet, Sahabi Keram, Tabieen, Tabi-Tabieen, 1300 years of Islamic civilization - from the scholars to the saints, they have shown us you think this is civilization? There was a higher civilization - there was a civilization when Islam was ruling and there was so much wealth, education, justice, and knowledge that people thought they were in Jannah Westerners coming and saying what a society is this? People are not chasing after dunya, everyone is educated, and everyone has very high spirituality, and they have gold everywhere because they are remembering Allah, His Prophet, and they are remembering death, they are remembering Qiyamat that is important, once you run after that then Allah will make the world to run after us we have been running after the world for 100 years, what have we gained? We have become worse and worse and worse, heavier and heavier punishment - and no one can do anything now so much talk - so many scholars we have, so much money, they are saying we have so much influence - you cannot even stop the Muslims being massacred from the Balkans all the way to Burma we cannot stop from Russia all the way to China to North Africa, we cannot stop our own and the Muslims were the ones who stopped this tyranny happening inside of Islam and outside in the non-Muslim world and the Ottomans were saying we are ruling in this area, anyone Christian or Jew, if you don't like living under the tyranny of your own governments, come and you may find justice with the Ottomans - and they did because Prophet ASWS brought justice when are we going to wake up to understand then our tawba, our idea, our ambition in this life, what we are looking for - our vision will become clearer because the path has already been made, you don't try to dig your own road, the path has already been made, and it is a path that worked - it still works inshallah may we have more ikhlaas - that is another surah that we are concentrating on - Ikhlaas - because Muslims are not being sincere with themselves. They are not being ikhlaas - Surat al Kafiroon and Surat al Ikhlaas - if we concentrate on that, inshallah ar Rahman we will have more faith in us, then we will understand who are our friends and enemies who are our friends inside and who are our enemies inside - and that time we may unite the Ummah unity of the Ummah is not going to come because of a couple of people with a couple of hundred or couple of million people organizations with so much technology or money or media - no unity of the Ummah, now because of the mess that we've already entered, like we talked about yesterday - the khilafat of Dajjal has already been established everywhere the only way that the khilafat of Haqq is going to rise is with the one the Allah SWT has chosen to come with a heavenly power to take away this darkness and sorrow that one is Hazrati Mahdi AS that we are waiting to come, and that war, that conflict, is going to be a spiritual conflict there are no physical conflicts now that is sanctioned in Islam - you may protect certain things, certain rights we are not going to say anything about those ones also... so many imams and so many sheykhs are saying oh peace, peace - don't fight they are saying oh Palestine shouldn't be fighting, Chechens shouldn't be fighting - peace very easy for people to say that because they've never suffered, they never felt the pain, they never saw their own wives and mothers being killed in front of them, they've never seen the honor of their fathers and uncles being stripped away from them they never feel their honor being taken away, or their possessions, everything that they have - they never felt anything that's why they are not feeling anything, that is why they can say yeah, everybody peace of course we want peace, but everyone must know their limit - only the Halife can declare a jihad - there is no Hilafat there is no jihad now people who are by themselves and protecting themselves, we cannot say anything to them both sides are now wrong, definitely, but Holy Prophet ASWS is saying in the ahir zaman, both is dark, choose the side that is lighter may Allah grant more protection and mercy to this ummah inshallah, to all our brothers that are suffering, being tortured, and oppressed by all the tyrannical regimes everywhere we are asking Allah to grant them more faith and more power inshallah for the sake of the Holy Prophet ASWS el Fatiha Amin This homework concerns anagrams. Now, an anagram is a rearrangement of letters in a word or phrase to form new words or phrases. For example, an anagram of the phrase ANAGRAMS could be-- we'd start pulling out letters and we could say AN, and then maybe ARM, and then we're left with GAS--or we could write that as SAG. This phrase is an anagram of that one, because it uses all and no more of the letters. It's okay to have extra spaces in between the words here. There could have been extra spaces between the words here. It could have been a multi-word phrase. Spaces don't matter. Just that you use up all the letters. Your task is going to be to write the function anagrams(), which takes as input a phrase, which is a string like the string ANAGRAMS or it could be a string with multiple words separated by spaces, and then an optional argument saying what's the shortest word you're going to accept in the answer? Here we allow two-letter words and up. If we wanted we could say we'll only allow three letter words and up or so on. This is going to return a set of phrases which may be multi-word phrases like that. Now, we'll be generating all possibilities from the words in the dictionary, so these words are all in the dictionary. But notice that for these three words, they could appear in any of six possible orders-- 3! possible orders--and it would be kind of boring and repetitious to see all of those. We're only going to show out of each of those six possibilities-- or N! possibilities for an N word phrase-- only show the one that's in alphabetical order. Here the word AN is alphabetically before the word ARM, which is alphabetically before the word SAG, so that's the representation we've shown out of the six possibilities. I want you to generate that set, and you can use things that we've had before like the set of words and prefixes that we've already defined. You might find it useful to reuse functions such as find_words(). Here's a skeleton of the function with its signature. It's going to return a set of words and here are some examples of calling anagrams(), checking to see some of the results are a member of the set, and here we've listed the complete set against our small dictionary of works for anagrams of the words PYTHONlC. I notice here that we have HYP NO TlC, but not HYPNOTlC, because HYPNOTlC happened not to be in our dictionary even though HYPNOTlC is an anagram of PYTHONlC. Go ahead and write your code here and feel free to copy and paste whatever previous code you need. Hi, my name is Brian Caffo and this is Lecture two of mathematical biostatistics boot camp. In the last lecture, we covered probability and the basics of bio-statistics at a very conceptual level. In this lecture, we are going to get much more down to specifics. First, we are going to cover subject of probability, which are mathematical functions, so we will talk about the specifics of those kinds of mathematical functions. Then in two, we will talk about random variables. Random variables are just like any other variables that you maybe encountered before like calculus, with the exception that they are random. They can take lot of different values. In, section three, we'ere going to talk about probability mass functions and probability density functions. Theses are mathematical functions that map probability to random variables. In section four we're going to talk about so called commutative distribution functions, CDF's, very associated things called survival functions, and quantiles. And then we'll wrap up with a brief summary. So a probability measure is the function that's going to govern the rules of probability for us. And there is basically three rules that a probability measure has to follow. And these three rules and every probability textbook will give you these three rules are things that are equivalent. There is interesting history behind these three rules. The Russian mathematician Kolmogorov, who's generally considered the father of all of the modern probability. Basically distilled everything that we thought of as in terms of things that a probability should have to follow. He minimized them down to the minimal set of rules that you could possibly have. If you delete any of these rules you wind up with something that fails in some fundamental way to be probability. And if you add any other rules they turn out to be excessive. So it's really kind of an interesting collection of research he did. It's also interesting to note that [inaudible] tried to do something else. Which is to figure out what exactly it is we mean by probability. So he found that problem to be very hard, and I think if you look into it, the theory of exactly what is randomness, and exactly. What is probability measure is a very deep problem, and philosophers are still debating this, and I question whether or not it'll ever reach a resolution. However. One thing that's much less controversial is what rules probability has to follow when comograph just nailed it, its done. So lets go over these three rules. So probability measure P, the letter P here in italics, is a function that maps events, which are subset of sample space to numbers between zero and one, that's item one here. So events E have to be mapped to numbers between zero and one. So probability is a function that operates on sets. The second item here says that the probability of the whole sample space has to be one. Basically what this means is that something has to happen. The sample space has to enumerate everything possible that can happen. So for example, if you are flipping a coin, the coin can either be heads or tails. The sample space is heads or tails when you flip the coin, one of those two things has to happen. The probability of one of the happening is one. The coin can't land on it's side. If you want to allow the coin to land on it's side, then it has to be heads, tails and land on it's side as the sample space. The third statement and we will talk a lot about the third statement because we are giving you an incorrect version of it. The third statement says that if two events are mutually exclusive and recall events from mutual exclusive if they have no intersection. If two events E1 and E2 are mutually exclusive then the probability of the union is the sum of their probabilities. So as an example we just talked about coin flipping, we said the probability of a head or tail has to be one. The probability of either getting a head or tail has to be one. So let's talk about that in the context of real free. If E1 is the event that you get a head and E2 is the event that you get a tail, then the probability of E1 union E2, the probability to get a head or tail winds up being the probability of getting a head, let's say is.5, plus the probability of getting a tail which is.5 which adds up to one, exactly what we know has to. So in part three, the third rule that we talked about in the previous slide, I said that there was some concern over it not being complete, so I'm going to elaborate on what I mean by that in this slide. First of all, let's note the following fact. Part three of the previous slide, the fact that if you have two mutually exclusive events, the probability of their union is the sum of their probabilities. That pretty easily extends to the so called finite additivity, that instead of having two, if you had three, or four, or five, or let's just say end events, that the probability of their union. Equals the sum of their probabilities. So in this case I have the probability of the union of a collection of mutually exclusive events Ai, equals the sum of their probabilities. That pretty directly follows from the previous definition, just to give you a sense of how it works. If you had three events say A1, A2 and A3 and they are all. Mutually exclusive. Then the probability of a1 union a2 and a3 is the sum of the probability of a1 plus the probability of a2 union a3 right because a1 is mutually exclusive from the union of a2 and a3. And then that second probability, the probability of a2 union a3 is then again the probability of the union of two mutually exclusive events. So it is the probability of a2 plus the probability of a3. And you can formalize this with mathematical induction if you want. So at any rate, the rule that I gave you implies so-called finite additivity. And it seems like maybe that should be enough to cover everything. Well the probabilists have thought very hard, and they said well. Maybe we think it should be countable additivity, instead of n it should go up to infinity. And then it's not the case that the definition that we gave implies countable additivity. That if you add an infinite collection of mutually exclusive events that the probability of the union is the sum of the probabilities, which requires ideas of limits and other things that we're not going to cover so much in this class. So at any rate, it's the case that finite additivity does not imply countable additivity, but of course countable additivity implies finite additivity. So, in standard probability classes, in the more theoretical probability classes, they make quite a bit of hay out of this distinction. They discuss it a lot. And the general definition gives countable additivity rather than finite additividty. If you take a more advanced measure theoretic probability class, they will deal with this issue at length. In this class, this will be the last time we discuss this. In general, finite additivity will work just fine for us. In the next slide, we are going to talk about more details about what the probability functions operates on. And again, it's going to be a rather important but maybe unnecessary detail for this class, so we are going to... Again it's going to be another thing that we cover very briefly and then tend not to think about for the remainder of the lectures. Recall that our probability function operates on events which are subsets of the sample space and maps them to numbers between zero and one. So we need an appropriate domain. Of our function, our domain is not an event, it's a collection of events. So let me go through an example to make this idea a little bit more clear. So let's suppose the sample space is simply the numbers one, two, or three. Imagine somehow if you had a three sided die, that you were rolling. Then, the. Probability function operates on all possible events, that are subsets of that sample space. So in this case the null event. The event, that you get a one. A two, a three. A one or two. A one or three. A two or three. Or the whole sample space, a one, two or three. And this is fine. Pretty much whenever you have a finite set, the domain of the probability function will operate on all possible subsets of the sample space. In this case we're using the letter script F to denote this so called domain. When the sample space is a continuous set, it actually gets a lot harder. And you can no longer say things like the probability operates on the set of all possible subsets of a continuous set. And it turns out that, that is an incredibly deep mathematical problem. The mathematician Cantor thought about measure and sets in a very deep way, and if you want to read about it, interesting character in the history of mathematics, you should read about Cantor. He came up with interesting sets that, for example, you can't reasonably include in the definition of a probability. So in this class we're not going to think about this at all. But I wanted to raise it just for those students that go on to take some of these more advanced classes. So that you'll be prepared for some of these admittedly kind of strange ideas that come up when you when you try to talk about the set of sets that probabilities operate on. For our purposes. When our sample spaces continue a set, we are mostly going to be concerned with things like intervals or unions of intervals. And in that case, definitions are very easy. So our definition of the domain that the probability operates on, we are just going to assume that anything that we can think of, and since none of are Cantor, probably we won't think of anything too crazy. Anything that we can think of is just fine. And that definition works very well for this class. In this slide, we're going to give a laundry list of properties that a probability function has to have by virtue of its three definitions. So it, you should find it kind of interesting that the three definitions then imply all these things that we know probabilities have to have. So take this first bullet here. The probability of the no said is zero, basically the probability nothing happens is Zero. So if you say you're going to roll a die, you actually roll a die, if you say you can flip a coin, you actually flip a coin. That's basically what the probability of the no said game zero is. The second bullet says the probability of an event is one minus the probability with compliment. In other words for example, if E is the probability that you get a head when you flip a coin. The probability of getting a head is one minus the probability of getting a tail and that's off-course true on a fair coin, where the probability of head is 0.5 and the probability of tail is 0.5. But lets suppose you have an unfair coin, maybe you, glued together, nickel and a US dyne and made a funny shaped coin that you didn't know whether or not, the probability of head was 0.5, lets suppose the probability of head in that case was 0.3. Well, this would say if the probability of head is 0.3 then the probability of the tail has to be 0.7. The next bullet says that the probability of the union of two events is the probability of their sum. And that's all we would have to say if the events are mutually exclusive. But, we have to subtract off the intersection. If they are not mutually exclusive. And the intuition behind this statement is something like this. When you add the probability of A, you've added the probability of A. Which includes the part of A that intersects B, and the part of A that does not intersect B. And then you've added. The probability of b, which includes the part of b that intersects a, and the part of b that does not intersect a. So you have then just added that part of a that intersects b and the part of b that intersects a, you've added it twice. Once, when you added probability of a, once when you added probability of b. You've added it twice, you only want to add it once, so subtract it out. That's how the rule works. The next bullet point is a pretty simple point, if A is a subset of B then the probability of A is less than or equal to the probability of B. So this is analogous to saying if I am rolling a die and A is say the event, that I get a one and B is the event that I get a one or two, then the probability of getting a one is less than the probability of getting a one or a two. And so this role I think makes a lot of sense. From DeMorgan's laws we get probability of A union B is one minus the probability of A complement intersect B complement. The next bullet point is kind of a long though, lines of subtraction. So A intersect B compliment, that set is sort of like subtracting B out of A, the component of A that has nothing to do with B. So the probability of A removing B is the probability of A minus the probability of A intersect B, so that works out to be a nice rule that sort of set levels subtraction works out to be equivalent to subtracting the probabilities. The next bullet talks about the probability of the union events again. This says the probability of the union of a collection of events is less than or equal to the sum of the probability of the events. Now again, if the events are mutually exclusive, then the probability of the union has to equal the sum of the probabilities. So this rule doesn't violate that rule whatsoever, but it also accounts for the times when the events are not mutually exclusive. The final rule talks, again, about unions of events. In this case, the probability that the union of events is bigger than the probability of the maximum of the collection of probabilities. Again, this rule holds if the events are mutually exclusive or not. But there's intuition behind this that's very easy. The union, is. Everything that's in any, of the events. E1 To EN. So it contains anything. The probability of that has to be bigger than, any of its. Component events. I think that makes quite a bit of sense. So just, let me give you an example. Go back to our die roll, if E1 is the event that you get a one, E2 is the event that you get a two, E2 is the event that you get a three. The probability on the left hand side of the equation is the probability that you get a one, two or three on the right hand side it says that it's the maximum probability. If you are talking about a standard dye probability of one is 1/6th, probability two is 1/6th, probability three is 1/6th. So the maximum of them is 1/6th. On the left hand side the probability of the union is the probability of a one, two or three which is one half. So half is definitely bigger than 1/6th. So let me, give you an example of one of these proofs. So let's take, a simple one. The probability, of an event is one minus the probability of its compliment. So consider line one. Recall that the probability of the whole sample space is one. But, again, the sample space for any event is equal to the union of that event and its complement. So. Omega equals e union e-complement. Then consider the next line. An event is always mutually exclusive with its complement. Something cannot simultaneously occur and not occur, so events are always mutually exclusive with their compliment. So e and e compliment are mutually exclusive events. So we can take the probability of the union and turn it into sum of the probabilities, the probability of the, possibly the probability of the compliment and then that's simply a restatement what we want to prove, one equals the probability pos probability of compliment. Let's do a more complex example of the consequences of the probability rules. So recall that we discussed that the probability of the union of a collection of events is less than or equal to the sum of the probabilities. And recall that less than or equal to is an equality if the events are mutually exclusive. So let's prove this using mathematical induction. The way mathematical induction works is you prove it for some small statement, one or two, then you assume that it's true for say n minus one, and then prove that it's true for n. That's how mathematical induction works. So let's consider just two events, probability of e1 union e2. Well that's by one of the other consequences of the probability rules that we investigated. That's equal to probability of e1 plus the probability of e2 minus the probability of e1 intersect e2, and here I'm assuming that we've gone ahead and proved that one as well. So. This final term here that's subtracted off, minus probability e1 e2. We are subtracting off a number that has to be positive. Remember probabilities have to be between zero and one, so they have to be non-negative at least. So if we throw away that final term. What's left can only get bigger, right? So if we're subtracting off a positive number and we throw it away, then it's gotta get bigger. So, then we've established the result for the case when we have two events. Now let's assume the result is true when we have n minus one events, and let's consider n events. So we want to demonstrate that the probability of the union of the EI is less than or equal to the sum of the probabilities. So let's write out the probability of the union of the El's as EN union with the union of the rest of them. So the union of the rest of them I co one to N-1 is a single set. We've already done that, that's just two sets EN and the union of the remainder are two separate sets, we already worked it out for two sets. So we can say that the probability of the union E1 to EN is less or equal to the probability of EN, plus the probability of the remainder. Now consider the next line. In the next line, we have the probability of E N from the next line. And then we can say, that we have only gotten bigger by our induction hypothesis. By the fact that we assume that this statement is true for N minus one events. So there if we switch this probability from the probability of the union to the sum of the probabilities. We've only made it bigger. So we can maintain that inequality. Then just collecting the terms, then we just have that this is the sum of the probabilities. And just to give you a sense of notation I use, when I write equals on this last line I mean it equals the previous line, not that it's equal to the first line. So I am assuming that it's less than or equal to, less than or equal to and equal to. Implying that the final statement is less than or equal to the first statement, but equal to the previous lines. So that's notation that I commonly use. So you should be able to prove all of these probability statements that we outlined on the previous slide. This particular one, let's go ahead and take a step back from the mathematics and try and put some of this within a context. So the National Sleep Foundation reports that around three percent of the American population has Sleep Apnea. This is a, sleep disease where the upper airways collapses. They also report that around ten percent of the North American and European population has restless leg syndrome. For the purpose of our discussion let's just assume that this is ten percent of the American population has, restless leg syndrome. Similarly they report that 58 percent of adults in the US experience insomnia. So imagine if you were a sleep physician and you wanted to know the probability that a random american has any of these three sleep disorders. Can you simply add these probabilities, three%, ten%, 58 percent and get 71 percent of people have at least one of these sleep problems. So this question is nothing other than, restatement of the probability relationship that we just proved. So hear I am using A instead of E, but maybe that's a good thing to do, just so you get used to not using the same letter for everything. So lets A1 be that the person has sleep Apia, A2 be the event the person has restless leg syndrome, and A3 be the event that the person has Insomnia. And I'm gonna gloss over the details, but the probability that a person has at least one of these diseases is, we're talking about the union, A1 union, A2 union, A3. So we want to know the probability of the union. Well that's only equal to the sum of the probabilities, right? When a1, a2, and a3 are mutually exclusive. Otherwise it's the probability of a1 plus the probability of a2 plus the probability of a3, and we have to subtract out other things. And in this case I give you the exact equation for relating the probability of the union of three events to the probability of A1, A2 and A3 and so works out to be.71 but then there's all the other stuff that A1 intersect A2, A1 intersect A3, A2 intersect A3 and then you have to add in the triple intersect in A1 intersect A2 intersect A3. I would suggest you go through and figure out why exactly it is this formula works out. But the point is that other stuff is non-trivial and it's always there unless a-one, a-two, and a-three are mutually exclusive. And so you can't simply add these other things. And in fact, in this case, from a scientific perspective, I mean we're talking about it from a mathematical perspective, but from a scientific perspective it's probably the case that there's a non trivial interception of people with sleep apnea and restless leg syndrome, and a non trivial interception of people with restless leg syndrom and insomnia and so on. So that this point seven one is not close at all. So that ends our whirlwind tour of the basics of probability mathematics. Next, we're gonna talk about random I wanna be, the very best. Like no one ever was. To catch them is my real test, to train them is my cause! I will travel across the land, searching far and wide. Each pokemon, to understand, the power that's inside! Pokemon, (gotta catch em' all!) It's you and me. I know it's my destiny! (Pokemon) Oh! You're my best friend, in a world we must defend! (Pokemon, gotta catch em' all) A heart so true! Our courage will pull us through! You teach me and I'll teach you, Pokemon! (Gotta catch em' all) Gotta catch em' all! Pokemon! So you wanna be a master! (Pokemon) Do you have the skills to be... (Number one!) I wanna take, the ultimate step. Find the courage to be bold!(Pokemon) To risk it all, and not forget, the lessons that I hold! I received a slew of questions this week which had to do with the law of attraction and using the emotional scale to talk your way up into good feeling emotions, into how it relates to somebody wanting to kill someone. The reason people have curiosity about this, is because you will hear a lot of people who are into the metaphysics of creating your own reality, say that you need to follow your emotional guidance system. Meaning that, if you could think of emotions like a scale with negative emotions on one side and the positive emotions on the other side, you want to work your way into positive emotions and let that, the inspiration that comes from those positive emotional ranges, be what action you take. But a lot of people will then ask: "Well what about someone who wants to kill someone, or what about someone who wants to take drugs? It feels good to do those things. So should I then do it?" This comes from a misunderstanding of the fact that it doesn't truly feel what you would consider good on the good range of emotions for these people to be carrying out these acts. What they are feeling is the sensation of relief. So, the sensation of relief is really the only emotion you have access to from anywhere on this scale. So, what that means is when you are in a space of total powerlessness or total fear, it is very very difficult for you to feel an emotion like joy or like freedom. Because that is a huge vibrational difference between the space of powerlessness and the space of total freedom. So, if you think a thought that feels like revenge, from that space of powerlessness, that will feel like relief to you. And that is the feeling which you are calling good. Because revenge is a higher vibration than the vibration of powerlessness. But if a person then takes action from a negative emotional space, it will yield negative results. So what we are saying is, it is okay to let yourself go towards thoughts like revenge. You don't have to stay there because once you are in revenge for a certain amount of time it will cease to feel good to you. And then, you will have to look for a thought which feels like anger. And then from there, you can look for a thought which feels like pessimism. And from there, you can look for a thought that feels like hope. And then once you are there at hope, you are in the vibrational range of these higher range of emotions like freedom, things like joy. So, you are deliberately picking thoughts which make you feel your way up the emotional scale. Nobody is born on this Earth saying: "When I grow up I want to kill someone." Nobody wants to end up in jail. Nobody wants to end up a drug addict. This happens when people take action from negative emotional space. So, this is why it is very important to differentiate between an urge and an inspiration. An urge is the feeling you get when you are being pushed, so to speak, to act on a negative emotion. Inspiration is when you are pushed to act on positive emotion. So the only time we should ever be taking any action at all, is when it comes from the positive emotional side of the scale, not the negative emotional side of the scale. So, you keep thinking thoughts which pull your way up until you are feeling a thought that feels like joy, feels like freedom and feels like hope. And whatever you are inspired to do from that type of range of emotions, will yield positive results. So, good morning, one more time. I said it's strange for me to speak English to a Polish [audience], I guess, the majority. But I was asked to speak English. So, I will speak today about food sovereignty and family [farming], based on the Polish example. It's not working. So I first want to say that my talk is based on my life experiences. And I am 56 [years] old. And I grew up on a small family farm. And now I also have a family farm. I've run this farm for 15 years. And [it's also based] on the 7 principles of food sovereignty from Via Campesina. A document from European Coordination Via Campesina "Towards a Common Agriculture and Food Policy 2013." Via Campesina is an international movement with 150 organizations from more than 60 countries, all over the world. And "via campesina" means "peasant way." So what is "food sovereignty"? Often, we hear from politicians, from representatives of corporations, from clerks, about food security. And they use the name "food security," and recently, very much, "genetically modified organism," GMO, to control the food chain. So, what about GMOs? Why don't we like them? All over the world, there are protests, and organizations, farmers, consumers, who are protesting against GMOs. And corporations are very heavily promoting GMOs as a solution to world hunger, and climate change, a solution to everything. It's not true. In fact, GMOs are causing not only health problems for people and animals, destroying the environment, but also causing very serious social and economic problems for small family farmers, millions of family farmers all over the world. So that's why farmers, producers and consumers are protesting. And because of corporations pretending that they want to feed the world, and they never discuss why, in this world, where we produce enough food, we produce too much food, we destroy a lot of food, tons and tons of food are destroyed every day -- Why does hunger exist at all? And corporations are supported by big international organizations like the World Trade Organization, like the World Bank, like the International Monetary Fund. And the goal is to control food chain production. And that's why, because these are international corporations, and international organizations, also international rules have to stop it. So we have to realize that food sovereignty is a basic human right. And we are tending to forget that food, first of all, is the source of our nutrition. And then, after a long gap, it is secondarily an item of trade. And the farm is not a production line. It's a way of living. Via Campesina, in [its] seven principles of food sovereignty, says: "Everyone must have access to safe, nutritious, and culturally appropriate food, in sufficient quantity and quality to sustain a healthy life with full human dignity." Yes, "full human dignity." How far have we gone from this... And food sovereignty entails the sustainable care and use of natural resources, especially land, water, seeds and livestock breeds. Yes, we have to realize that natural resources, such as land, water, seeds and traditional animals are our common wealth, our common treasure. So, that means that we, the people, at the local level, in the local community, should decide about agricultural policy, about how we produce food, and what we produce, and what we will eat every day. Like here, in this picture, we are eating great food, made from vegetables collected just one hour before from the field, and cooked and served very nicely. So the basic food should be produced locally, where possible. And then, low-cost imports shouldn't be allowed. And international rules should support this approach. It seems like it is a very simple solution to produce food for local needs, for the local community, and sell this food to local people. So we are wondering why it doesn't happen. Why did we allow big corporations, big supermarkets to decide what is on our plates. Why do we want to eat unhealthy food? Do we want to eat junk food? Do we want to be ill? I'm sure no one wants to be ill, and everyone wants to live in a great, healthy environment. So we have to realize that food production is also very much related to the environment. So we have to change this. And the question is, what does this have to do with Poland? The answer is very simple. In Poland, we have a beautiful traditional farming system, which is not backwards, not old-fashioned, but, in fact, is very up-to-date. And I often work with international organizations, and I recently learned, for example, that France and England are doing a big effort to change their agriculture into the so-called "normal agriculture." What is this "normal agriculture" for them? "Normal agriculture" is equal to our traditional way of agriculture. So why are we saying that our agriculture system is bad? Why do we let ourselves believe [that]? And thanks to these great, traditional methods of agriculture, we have very rich biodiversity. We are very proud that [one in four storks] on this planet is Polish, has Polish nationality. (Applause) So, let's visit Poland. The basic information about Poland. We have almost 39 million people. 16 big provinces, 23 national parks, many landscape parks. And 1.5 million family farms. Great, really fantastic people. Very knowledgeable. Living a very ecological way of life. People from whom one can learn a lot. And the majority of these farmers -- keep in mind, 1.5 million. The majority of these farmers use traditional and ecological methods of farming. That means, always very recyclable, nothing is wasted on the farm. They use methods of neighboring plants. There is rotation. All of what was done in the past, and which is very much supported now by the modern way of agriculture, which is called "ecological agriculture." But one has to keep in mind that ecological agriculture is just very much based on the traditional way of farming. This is only a modern name for traditional farming. So these people are [living] an ecological way of life. And based on their wisdom of generations, they know, from generation to generation, how to protect and [preserve] the land, how to care with loving heart about the land. And it is still natural that all farmers in Poland make [preserves] for winter, and store food in a traditional way. And then, the lady farmer's kitchen is the best laboratory, the best place to learn how to make good quality food, how to [serve] food, how to store food. And also, from these farmers, we can learn the so-called vanishing occupations. Thousands of Polish farmers still know how to make baskets, how to make Easter [palms], how to make clothes, how to build a traditional house. And this is our treasure. We have to realize that in [most] countries, this has already been lost. We have around a million [draft] horses. And Polish people are very lucky that they have farmers who can still work with [draft] horses. Because, for example, in Western countries, in America, they [invest] a lot of energy, and spend lot of money, trying to get this knowledge back. And Polish people are lucky that we have wise farmers, who are passing their wisdom to children. Not only by theory, but also by practical experience. And in fact, one cannot learn this wisdom at school, in [college]. One should get this wisdom from another person. The wisdom has to be passed from one person to another. And thanks to these farmers, we have very beautiful landscapes, which are very attractive to tourists. So, another economical benefit. Tourists are coming to Poland for the rich biodiversity, tourists are coming to Poland because we have very beautiful landscapes. And the farm is also a great place for children to grow up. [There], they learn the values which really matter in life, and the skills which are very necessary in their lives. So, it is up to us whether these farmers will produce more food and reach their full capacity. Because so far, now they produce mainly for their families. And why? The reason is simple. They can't sell their food. What irony that they can't sell their good-quality food. So, we have to change. We have to change, and the question is, how can we do it? Actually, the answer is very simple, because it is up to us how to organize ourselves. It is up to the consumers to support traditional and organic farmers, to buy, to organize, and shorten this food chain, which will end in there being a direct link between consumers and producers. A lot of different methods can be established where groups of consumers are organizing themselves, and cooperate with a group of farmers, getting very good-quality food for a very cheap price. And I am witnessing this. And the other very important solution is to put different solutions into economy, which are pro-ecological. And here, we have an old house with solar panels for heating water. It doesn't mean that I want to keep the Polish countryside old-fashioned, no. I want the Polish countryside to be very modern, using all the 21st-century technology, photovoltaic modules, ecological houses, energy from the sun, from the wind, a special shape which is energy-saving. And all that can be done. And it's all up to us, the consumers, to decide where our money, taxpayer money, will be put. And we have to demand from our government that our money be put into what is good for us, what is good for our health, and what is good for our environment. The Polish countryside can produce energy, renewable energy. Buy at the local level, and use it at the local level. This is another thing which needs proper regulation. So, we can do a lot. And probably everyone will say, "Oh, small farms are not economical." I've heard this a thousand times. OK, then I'm going to say we have to change our approach, we have to change our counting. Not count the tons of something per hectare, but count the quality and variety of food. And we have to [include] in our counting the cost of the destruction of the environment, which is caused by big agriculture farming. We have to count the cost of different social problems, which we are facing because of destroying small family-farming. The opposition to family farms which produce very good-quality food, and thanks to their methods of farming we also have a very nice environment. And there is no problem. These farms are the workplace for millions of people. So, another very important point, farmers don't need subsidies. They need good regulation. They need facilities where they can sell their food for a real price. And this is what they demand. And we have to decide what we want to get, and how we want to get [it]. If we want to have good-quality food. I can hear a question. "It's too expensive." No, it's not expensive, because quality food has a real price. Junk food, which we buy in supermarkets, we pay at least 2, 3, or 4 times. We are paying for the food, we are paying for the doctor, because this food makes us sick. We are paying for cleaning the environment. We are paying with social problems, for example, the unemployment of the small farmers, who are losing their jobs. So, if we want real food, if we want biodiversity, if we want freedom, we have no other option than to support Polish family farmers, and support small family farmers all over the world. And I think it is a big pleasure to support them. And they will feed us with a loving heart, as they have done for centuries. Thank you very much. (Applause) Paul Klipp: Thank you very much. Jadwiga Łopata: I brought some samples. For you to decide. (Applause) This is great bread from a traditional farmer. Very hard, good quality, healthy, from good grain. P.K.: Did you bring enough for everybody? J.Ł.: And this is supermarket bread. In plastic, full of chemicals, GMOs. So, up to you to decide. (Applause) This is the part, where we connect what you just heard earlier today about Cloud Computing and Scalability, with software as a service. So in terms of our picture, we are now here, okay we've done the top tier, we've seen HTML and CSS and now we're gonna take a closer look at what happens when something hits a website. What does that mean. What, what is a, website actually composed of. So in the olden days most websites were just collection of plain old files, not very exciting but as soon as e-commerce became a thing, what you realize is actually to generate the page, you're gonna run a program and the output of the program is gonna influence what you see on that page and originally people did this by saying, okay no problem we'll just make HTML files like always. But in a few places inside that file we're gonna have a place we could run a small piece of code and substitute what the code does into the file. So, it was still kinda about HTML, but you could selectively put the output of pieces of code in there. And after a while the code got so complicated that this became the tail that waged the dog and people said, okay, we need a better way to do this. Instead of starting from the HTML and figuring out how to stick code in there with a shoehorn, is there a more graceful way to build these kinds of sites? So if you're gonna run a program to generate page that means you need to solve a handful of problems. You gotta figure out. Given a URI thats coming in, what program and what function within that program should you be calling. What if you need to pass arguments to it, you know, how would you do that. What if you need to store things across request, for example if the user's in the middle of buying stuff, you need to remember what they're buying, so that when they go from check out to payment, their shopping cart won't be empty. So there's a number of common tasks, that sort of come up over and over again, and that should trigger, design patterns, right, there's gonna be a way to solve this. One of the patterns that arose to handle this is, what we're, we can actually divide these responsibilities up into three, kind of, big categories. And it's come to be called the three tiers of the 3-tier architecture. The presentation tier is the thing that actually interacts most closely with the user. It presents contact back to the user. That's gonna be a web server like Apache. The logic or application tier is where your app actually runs. That's where kind of interesting stuff happens. Right? The thing that makes one side different from another, is what's gone on the app tier. And, the persistence here which is handled by a file system or a database typically is information that's gotta survive over the long term or across from one request to another. So over time as this architecture became sorta the way things were done, frameworks began to evolve to support these common tasks in terms of the architecture. And as we'll see, rails is exactly one of those. Now this same architecture surprisingly applies whether you're developing on your own machine, or whether you're deploying to the cloud, right? If you're on your own machine, you might be interacting with a local web server, and we're going to use Webrick in our exercises and stuff, the application tier in purple is going to be the Rails library, and an application server called rack, and a really, really simple database called SQLite that's just kind of, just in there for you to do development on your local machine, but that same app. If you were gonna deploy it in a real environment, were you're have to serve allot of users, well boy, now you actually need a bunch of copies of the, the logic tier right, that's the purple and maybe if your clever, in front of those your gonna put some machinery that will remember or cache, the most frequently accessed pages, so that you don't even have to run your app to generate those and there's a whole bunch of keywords that you know, software that people use to do this now. This is kinda how you used to do, if you took this class a year ago, you would of had to do this. In fact there's now even a better way to do this now because of cloud computing. Is, we're going to deploy on Heroku, which is actually built on top of Amazon EC2, which you just heard about earlier, and Heroku actually hosts thousands and thousands of apps in all different languages. They provide their own databases, which they manage. They do caching for their database, which they manage. They have a grid of workers that they called dynos, and the idea is they've got their own machinery for figuring out when someone's using your app, locating the right dynos that are running your app and, if you need more capacity they just add more dynos, if you need less, they scale it down, it's a beautiful thing. Okay. So, what's common across all these pictures? Light blue presentation. Purple logic or application tier, and dark blue is a persistence tier. This architecture is pervasive. Now why is this important relative to cloud computing? When Dave talked about cloud computing, he pointed out one of the advantages was that, in principle, you can add and release machines on demand as you need them. And we could imagine that we, we already talked about HTTP, and how it's a stateless protocol. Every request is independent of every other request. Even if those are coming from the same browser and the same user. So you can see how that's a useful property. Because in each of these three tiers, in the web server tier, well, we can just add more web servers if there's more demand. We could also add more machines in the app servers here. And you might ask, well why would you actually need two separate tiers to do that? As it turns out, the amount of work that a web server does per request, usually is a lot less than the amount that the app server does per request. Right? Because remember, the web server is really just dealing with the connections to the different clients. But the app server is running all of the actual code of whatever your app does. So it's not uncommon that, you know, for every web server computer there'll be several app servers to sort of soak up the load. Where it gets a little bit trickier, is in the persistence tier. And for reasons that are described somewhere in the book and will come back to when we talk about some more advance topics. You can't just replicate your way out of scaling the database out. You can't just create many copies of the database, even though from a capacity point of view you really wish you could do that. So what the people do instead given the database sort of quickly becomes the bottle neck. This slide summarizes what is now I think one of the most active areas of research in distributed system in cloud computing, which is how do you scale storage to handle really large amounts of data, not just for web apps but also for bioinformatics. For genomix for things like, you know, traffic and maps. So there's a couple of different strategies, and typically any given site is going to use some combination of these, one of them is called Sharding, the idea is that you actually break up the data into separate chunks, so for example, you can imagine for keeping user profiles you could split it up by the user's last name, or by their user name any app server has to be able to talk to any one of these because, you know, when a user with a certain user name comes in you don't know which app server they're going to be assigned to. And the good news is that this scales really well. Right? The more load you have, you can make the partition smaller and smaller and just have more and more of them but it turns out that if the operation is other than look up a user then it gets really bad, because now an operation has to touch more than one storage container. On the other hand, you can say, OK well, we'll just make multiple copies of all the data, or copies of large chunks of the data. And that means that when we have to touch multiple different tables those queries will be fast. Unfortunately, it turns out that doing a write to a database typically takes much longer than doing a read. So when you do a write. Whichever one of these three you write to, eventually what you wrote has to propagate to the other two and that takes a finite amount of time. You could do a lot of engineering and bring that time down to sort of hundreds of milliseconds or in some cases even less. But for example, Facebook for a long time had this issue that if you did a wall post somebody on the opposite coast might not notice it right away because the data takes a certain amount of time to propagate from one of the servers to the other and for a while I don't know if they still do this, but they actually were addressing this problem by whenever you did a write you would be temporarily pinned to the one and only copy of their data center that accepted writes. And for a couple of minutes everything you did even your reads would go to that copy because then everybody could, you know, you could immediately see what you, what you just updated. After a while you'd be flipped back and the idea is that, it was enough time for whatever you did on the primary write server to have eventually propagated over to the secondary server. So again, we are not gonna try to solve this problem in this class although great project right? But this is really, really activity of R&D in cloud computing and there is a great quote that I think we used in the book, from an engineer at Heroku who, you know their, their whole business proposition is, we will scale your app for you. And he says, I often get the question, how do you guys scale the Postgres database and he said, the simple answer is, we don't. I could tell you about how we do Sharding and we have database caches that we do all these clever engineering tricks, but at the end of the day, relational databases have a limit on how far they can scale, and at some point, if your app becomes big enough, you end up having to confront that directly. It's not likely your projects will become quite that successful by the end of the semester, although that would be cool. Okay. So, to summarize: what we've seen for you know, kind of web 1.0, and how it evolved software as a service. We seen that a browser requests things using URls, those are transmitted over HTTP. In the SaaS world, a URI is really a way to run a program more than a way to fetch a thing. HTML and CSS are used to encode what you see. Cookies allow the server to track a client, because the client is responsible for making sure that any cookie that it gets from the server is provided whenever that server is visited again. And, usually what the cookie does is it includes enough information to let the server dig up a little packet about you, that it has stored since the last time you were there. Which is why some sites just don't work if you turn cookies completely off. There's no way for it to track that it's the same person. Coming back to subsequent page visits and all of these abstractions are, so common across all SaaS apps, that frameworks like Rails and others have evolved to sort of make it easy to use these without, dealing with a lot of the details directly. -So, since I've got the chocolate outside and the creamy inside, I'm probably the best cookie ever invented. -Whoa! Thanks for "filling" me in. [laughs] -[sarcastically]: Wow. Never heard that one before. -Hey! Hey, Oreo! -What? -Squash! -What's a squa-- [squash!] -Whoa! -Eww! Not crumb bum again! -Hey, hey Squashy! Hey, Squashy, hey! -What? What is it? -You can't squash this! [tune of U Can't Touch This playing] You can't squash this! -But I don't even want to squash you. -You can't squash this! -I actually like you. -What's happening? -You can't squash this! -(chorus) Oh-oh, oh, oh -My-my-my-my-my friend Squash Squashes so hard -[yells] -Makes me say... oh, my gourd Thank you for blessing me With a rind so fine these two ripe beets It feels good -I'm sorry! -When you know you're round And you know that Squash Can't pound you down I'm a fan... of Smosh But I'm a dope fruit that You know you can't squash [Orange laughs] -I like Smosh, too! -You can't squash this! -(chorus) Oh-oh, oh, oh, oh-oh-oh -You can't squash this! -But I don't want to squash anybody! -You can't squash this! -Why do I keep squashing everything? -Every time you see Squash He's squashing fruits and veggies He's mean to broccoli And he gives bananas wedgies -I don't even know how I'm doing this! -Now Squash is still my buddy Even though he squashes limes -I can't help it! -And even though he tries to squash me Every time I rhyme I'm fast, and I'm funny And you know that I am fresh I'm Orange, I'm Orange, I'm Orange I'm Orange, and you know that I'm the best You can't squash this! -Ugh! -You can't squash this! -Ahh! -(chorus) Oh-oh, oh -You can't squash this! -Ahh! -You can't squash this! -Please, make him stop! -Stop! Motorboat! [all fluttering lips rhythmically] -Ugh! Ahh! [yells] -(Orange) Go, Squash! You're really "crushing" it. You okay, Squash? You look like you're coming down with something. You must be an artist, because you're a real "splatter" painter. [laughs] -Aw, crap! [squash!] -Eww!! -You can't squash this! -Hey, what's up, guys? Dane here. Thanks for watching the brand-new Orange video. As always, if you liked it, make sure to squash that "like" button! And let us know in the comments below who you would like to squash. Let's give away a T-shirt! Here's what I want you to do. Go to last week's video. It's called "Bacon Invaders." There's a hidden Fruitball in it; here's what it looks like. Go find it, come back here, and let us know where it was at. We'll go through the comments and pick a random winner for a T-shirt. That's right. All right, guys, until next time, say no to drugs, say yes to SQUASH! [Captioned by StreamCaptions.com] Thousands took to the streets and thousands kill... Many peaceful protesting monks have been killed, some burnt alive and others drowned.. Foreign journalists have been shot and caned.. Thousands of villages have been destroyed. Rape and torture are a daily occurrence. In Burma there are more landmines, than anywhere in the world. Young men are bitten and forced into the army. Many as young as 12 years old. Beheadings and mutilations are common. The Karen people comprising mostly of poor Christian farmers have been singled out for extermination. The military government wants many of the abundance resources on the Karen land. The bloody military campaign against the Karen people has been going on for almost 60 years. The longest radical war in the world. [Indistinct chatter] [Chatter continues] Hey... ready, send them out! Let's go! Hey... - Hey, move! - Shoot them all! Easy, not gonna hurt you. [Man talking on microphone] OK. [Man on microphone continues] Looks like dangerous work. I'm Michael Burnett. Do you have some time to talk? It won't take long, I promise. I was told it might be possible to rent your boat. We like to do that. Is that possible? We need to get up river. Where're you going? Into Burma. Burma is a war zone. Look... that's what people call it. But it's more like genocide than war... anyway, This will be my fifth trip in, so... we are aware of all the risk. I don't go that far north. Let me explain our situation. Our church is part of the Pan-Asia ministry.. located in Colorado. We are all volunteers, who around this time of the year... bring in medical supplies, medical attention... prayer books and support for the Karen tribe's people. People say you know the river better than anyone. Well, they're lying. So, what I'm asking is, that we compensate you... for a few hours of your time.. that will help change people's lives. You're bringing in any weapons? Of course not. You're not changing anything. Oh, well... It's thinking like that, that keeps the world the way it is. Fuck the world. - Let's go - Why? He's not interested. - Let me try. - Sarah... - It'll be an interesting trip going up there. - But he's... - What'd we have to lose?. - I've already talked... - Let me try. - Sarah? Hello! I'm Sarah Miller, hope you don't mind me, coming back here. The man you were talking to... I wasn't talking to anybody. Alright... the man that was talking to you... asked if we could hire your boat to go up the river... and you said no... why? Can't help you out. Alright, if you have good reasons, would you mind, if I heard them? Go home. [Chattering and screaming] Why'd you come back? Waiting for you. I told you before, I can't help you. We need to go, and help these people. We're here to make a difference. We believe all lives are special. Some lives, some don't. Really? If everyone thought like you, nothing would ever change. Nothing will change. Of course it does. Nothing stays the same. Value your life, if you've got a good one. It's what I'm trying to do! Oh, no, what you're trying to do is change what is. And what is? Go home. Really. Go home. Maybe... Maybe, you've lost your faith in people. But you must still be thankful for something. You must still care, about something. Maybe we can't change what is, But trying to save a life, isn't wasting your life... Is it? As bad as these people are, they will eventually lose. They can't keep it up against a united front. They can't! Time alone will tell, but in the meantime, we just have to hold it together. I mean, just the other day, I got... Excuse me, Sarah? Where're you going? To talk to him. He'll probably wants’ his privacy. Michael, you shouldn't worry, he's helping us. He's being paid. He didn't take anything. Thank you again for doing this. Really from all of us. You really never told us your name. John. Where're you from? Del Rio, Arizona. - Why'd you leave? - I got drafted in 'Nam. And you just stayed? It's complicated. You have a family back home? Father maybe, I don't know. Aren't you curious, how things might have changed back home? Don't have a reason for that. Sarah... Because of you, we're going up the river... anytime you wanna turn around... ...it's done. Ok. What is it? Who are they? Burmese pirates. Tell everyone to stay down, don't make a sound. - Who are they? - It's all right. Don't talk! - Any more of them? - Maybe. What you wanna do? We should keep going. We've made a commitment. I ain't talking to you. - What'd you wanna do? - We're a group here, if they wanna vote. Vote. Sit down! If it's money they want, give it... Nobody talk. Heads down! Keep your heads down, and don't look them in the eye, or they'll kill you. [continuing in native language] No... What did you do? We came here to help stop the killing. Who are you to kill? - Who are you? - Let him go! They would have raped her fifty times, and then cut your fucking heads off! Who are you? Who are any of you? We're going back. No... no, we shouldn't go back! Let go. - What're you doing? - We are so close... and what happened here, is horrible... But the people in there, are being killed like this every day. Michael, this was your idea. We made a commitment. I know you don't believe, in what we're doing, But it's our live. Our choice. You're not gonna change anything. Please... Please John. Please. Go sit down. [Indistinct chatter] We'll be taking the overland route on the way back, so there's no need to wait around. I have to report this. I know you think what you did was right... but taking a life is never right. I don't know what to say. Maybe you shouldn't say anything. Should you? Good Luck. [Children chattering] Hey... Open... [Indistinct chatter] So Christ was (?) your heart with faith. We're gonna signify your faith with this flower, ok? Hello dear, can I have one of those bandages? Good. Ok. Let's get out of here! What about them? Go on, take them! ...calling Raven. Come in, over... What am I? We made you this way. You're a full blooded combat soldier. You don't just turn it off! - Talk to me Johnny! - You just don't turn it off! - It's over! - Nothing is over! [indistinct voices] Aren't you curious, how things might have changed back home? You've done enough damage! You will always be tearing away soldier.. until you come to terms, with what you are. - So, you're just gonna stay here forever? - John! John Rambo! John. John Rambo. My name is Arthur Marsh. Pastor of the Christ Church of Colorado. I need to talk with you. It's very important, I wouldn't come here like this, if it wasn't. The morning of the day the group left,.. Michael Burnet notified me... that they were traveling from this location. What happened? No one knows exactly. They were supposed to return 10 days ago, but they never came back. I requested help from the embassy, but they can't help. Not in Burma and not in time. How do you know they're alive?. Because we've been in contact with the Karen freedom fighters, who say, they think they know where they were taken. And I was given the name of an ex-military American local from the embassy... who put me in touch with men who say they have experience in this part of the world. Mercenaries? Yeah. I don't have any other choices. You know the exact spot. We need you to take these men... to where you let our people off. When're they ready to leave? When you are. You know what you are. And what you're made off. War is in your blood. Don't fight it. Did you kill for your country? Or, kill for yourself? God is never gonna make that go away. But when you're pushed... Killing is as easy as breathing. [Man singing] Look at this fucking place! Only a fucking ape would live here. What the fuck am I doing here? Hey, knock that shit off! Louis, you don't like the arts? - And you don't like the shit. - I like your sister, Diaz. She's got a thing for retards. Hey boatman! How much longer in this ancient piece of shit? So, what'd the reverent say to you? Some shit, about how his flock got missing. I said to him: Look mate, that's what you get when you go trespassing into fucking Burma... that's what you get, when you go sniffing around other people's garbage. You know those generals in there, making millions, cranking out more... - than any other person on this fucking planet. - Bullshit! - Millions, Moron. - How'd you think they pay for that shit all? Next time try reading the paper, Redneck, instead of sleeping under it. The fucking general's are the biggest junkies of all of them. It's noble Louis... - Do what? - Those people going in there with no weapons. Just books and meds. It's noble. Oh, schoolboy! You stick your nose in other people's business, you get fucked up... or you get dead. The only reason I'm doing this, is for an ex-wife and 3 kids... and after this shit is over, you can shove that soldering right up your ass. - Try to think on that, mate! - Fuck off! And you!... I don't wanna die of old age, before I get there... so move. You say something? [Man singing] [Indistinct chatter] [Shouting orders in native language] [Pigs squealing] [Singing continues] Is it me? Or does the air that's coming in, smell like a goddamn dead dog? For fuck sake, I can swim faster than this. - Am I right? - You bet. Chop, chop... The quicker we get there, the quicker we get back. Those dumb Squalors. They come over here... start with all that shit... expecting the whole world to work, like they're fucking neighbors’. Well it doesn't... So, they send in the devil... to do god's work, it's Ironic isn't it? Am I boring you, man? What is it? Is it the trip? Has it got you nervous? Because we... we really appreciate the action. You know what I mean? God man, look me in the eyes, so you know what I'm saying. Oh dear... You really are an uptight bastard, aren't you? You can drop that act with the eye stare. I've seen it all before. I'm not fucking impressed. He's old school, SAS. The first rate soldiers, who've been told they're maniacs. They call me schoolboy. The name stuck with me, since nitro school... and the Mates won’t stop calling me, no matter how many people I shoot. What do you want from us? One man and a kid, you've got to be fucking joking. - These sorts of rebels they put up. - I'm not liking it. You're in a fucking jungle, Cosmo, there's nothing to like. How you're doing? My name is Bieth, this is Tha. This is it? - Yes. - What's up with the kid, man? - He's good tracker. - We don't need a tracker, we need a fuckin' guard. You know the exact location, right? 10 km west. - 2 north, 6 for walk. - How many soldiers? - 100 maybe. - 100? - Hey, what he say? - More new soldiers, come tomorrow. I know I'm just a white trash bloke, but I can count... - fuck off, with that 100... - Alright, alright, alright! Let's get this straight. We don't engage anybody. If we can extract those people, good. But it's in, out, clean, or we fuck off. Somebody wanna tell me what the boatman's doing? Hey, why don't you wait with the boat. - My man will stay with the boat. - It's your boat, you stay with the boat. I won't slow you down. Well, I know you won't. It's not a fucking nature hunt. - You can believe that. - He can be with me in the back. Hey... he stays here, he's the boatman. He stays with the fucking boat. Only a white man with a fucking dick. Who's got explosives? Doomsday? - No. - I have a C4 and fiver. - I’ve got a claymore. - Alright. Let's go on with it. Come on, move, move! - What the fuck is that? - A (?) bomb, they missed drop, in World War 2. Your people, taken from here. In my life, I've seen some shit. - But, I've never seen no shit like this. - Really. Check it out! All these commies, kill everything, People are dead here, as warnings. Mines, everywhere. Watch where you're walking. - Alright let's move on. - To what? - They even kill the fucking dogs, those people are dead. - I'm with Kenji. At least to go, and have a look, Sir. - Check it out. - I'm with you, let's check it out. Check what? They're a 100 strong. - Hey, we took the man's money. - Hey, hey, hey, just calm down, calm down. He's got it right, I'm gonna see what's wrong. If anything is wrong, anything at all, we'll leave. Alright? Yeah. Alright. - Good, which way? - This way. Army! Go! [Indistinct chatter] We're gonna fire on them? No, if they don't make it back from where the hell they came from, they'll be on to us. What the fuck are they doing there? [Shouting orders in native language] Who are you boatman? - Let's move. - Move? They're gonna come hunt our asses down, when these guys don't show up. - We don't need this shit, we're going back to the boat. - Let's go. Any of you boys wanna shoot, now is the time. Any reason one of us, doesn't wanna be surprise us. But this is what we do. Who we are. Live for nothing. Or die for something. Your call! - What's your call? - Let's move. Once Schoolboy's on the tower, we've got 15 min. Set your watches for 1:45. And we won't wait for anybody. We meet at the base of the tower. We don't meet up there, we're fucked. - All set? - Set! We're in. Go! Go! Go! [Indistinctive chatter] Go! [Crowd cheering] [Cheering and chatter continues] Don't talk, hear me out! Where's the girl? - She's over there. - Go untie him, I'll be right back. [Cheering and chatter continues] Here! - There's two of'm in the cage, near the pitch. Get them. - Alright. [Cheering and chatter continues] [More cheering and chatter] - Come on! Come on! - Yes Sir. Go ahead, come on. [Woman screaming] [Man shouting] Ssshhh. Let's move! - Where's the boatman? - And Sarah? - 15 minutes, that's the deal, we're leaving. - Let's go! - 5 more minutes. - Bullshit! - He knew the deal. - If we're getting away, we're fucking leave together! It's your life, let's go! No, not without her! Who do you think saved your life? We did, now fucking get up. - Get up! - This way. - You've got a compass? - Yes. Why'd you come back? Why did you do? - Witch way we're going? - This way. [Indistinct shouting by soldiers] - My leg. - Hold still! Shut up, shut up, we got you. We're getting you out. - His leg is broken! - Son of a... - Where's the guide? - Well, I guess he's gone! - We're not gonna make it to the river with him. - Will you shut the fuck up. Come on, untie his lace. Take of his boot. No...! Leave his boot on. Let's see the fracture, I need a knife. - Is he gonna make it? - I don't know, make a stretcher. - Hurry up. - Spread out! Take the point. Hear that? They're tracking us. - Turn around. - What're you doing? Turn, turn. I want you two, make it down to the river. and the boat will be waiting. When you get there, you can follow the shore line, till the... - What about you? - I'll be alright. Give me that claymore. - Fire of a shot. - What? Fire off a shot! Go! Go! [Indistinct shouting] [Indistinct shouting continues] - Let's move. - [Indistinct shouting] Wait, wait, wait. Wait here. Son of a bitch!... Look. Oh God, no! God damn it! [Soldiers cursing and shouting] - You Godless Fuck! - [Cursing and shouting continues] Come on to me, you lady boy! - Godless Fuck! - [Cursing and shouting continues] - What did we do? We did nothing. - [More cursing and shouting] [Shouting orders in native language] - What're we gonna do? - Nothing we can do. The Karen Rebels. Michael! - Michael! - [Indistinct chatter] Michael! Michael! Michael! Michael! Michael! Hi, everyone. Welcome back to the Coursera Heterogeneous Parallel Programming class. We are at Lecture five, Performance Considerations, Episode three, Handling Boundary Conditions in Tiling. The boundary conditions in tiling, tiling comes from the fact that some of the matrices may not be multiplies of the tile size. In Lecture four, we showed a tiled matrix multiplication kernel that could only handle the, the matrices whose sizes are multiples of the tile size. For example, if we're using a 32 by 32 tile, then the x dimension and the y dimension of all matrices involved, the true input and output, need to be all part of multiples of 32. So This can impose some very unpleasant constraints in handling real life problems. Because in real life problems, matrices come in all kind of sizes. So, in a real application, we will need to be able to handle matrices of arbitrary sizes. One approach to this problem is true pat or add elements to both the x dimension and y dimension, to make them multiples of the tile size. So we could, in that case, we would need to allocate a bigger chunk of memory when we do CUDA memory allocation, and a host memory allocation. And we also need to make sure that we initialize all the extra elements that we padded into the matrices to zero so that they don't change the calculation results of all the real elements. And, we also need to transfer all of those additional zero elements to the GPU, and we also need to make sure that we launch the kernel with the right kind of dimension that includes all these padded elements. So, all these changes are going to be in the host code, and the kernel that we used in the Lecture four would directly applying those cases. Here, I'm going to focus on a new kernel and, or some changes to the kernel that will make the kernel capable of handling arbitrary input array size matrix sizes. So, let's go back to the small four by four matrix multiplication example. And here we showed, we, we still assume that we're going to partition the matrices into two by two tiles. So each thread block is going to perform two phases of computation, each phase will process one input tile. And so here, we're focusing on phase one because phase zero is going to be identical to the lecture four. Phase one is going to be where we're going to see the boundary conditions. Fur, we further assume that the M, N and the P matrices are all now three by three. So the matrix size, sizes aren't no longer multiples of the tile size. And here we show the load for activities for phase one of block zero, zero, Namely, the blocks that process the block that processes the, upper left corner of the P matrix. So, during phase one, we will be loading the upper right corner of M, and the on lower left corner the lower left corner of N. So if we look at those corners, we will only have two valid elements, M02, M12. And in N's case, we're going to have N02, N21 in the in the tiles. The other elements are actually non-existence. So, even though we conceptually show that there are empty elements in reality, when we attempt to load the element next to M02, it's actually going to be the next element in the memory layout, which is actually M10 in C. And an element next to M10 M12 is going to be M20. So, we'll be loading N element that is actually not intended for computation in this particular phase. For N, we are actually going to be loading the two elements that would be underneath N20 and N21. And, in this case, is actually outside the range of any other N elements. So, chances are, we would be loading from another data structure, data from another data structure in the same application, or may be even from a different application. So, that's also undesirable. Here, if we look at the threats evolving loading the elements, in the M's case we're we see that thread zero 0,1 and thread 1,1 are going to be handling these loading these non-existence elements. So, we won't need to have special treatment for thread 0,1 and threat 1,1. If we look at N, the thread that should need special treatment are thread 1,0 and thread 1,1. So, this an early in dication that when we do any kind of condition testing, we will need to test different conditions for the in the kernel for loading M and loading N. So we will definitely see this phenomenon in the code that we will show in the next episode. Now, let's go to the, the use of the elements from sheer memory. now that we have the M02, M12, N20, and N21 in the sheer memory, we can do phase one of the computation. And in the first step, we will do a multiply and add operation based on these four elements, and we'll produce a, a progress for each of the P elements in the upper left corner tile. And this is good. This is what we want. But, the next step will involve using the true non-existent elements in both M and N, and that will produce, that would produce bogus results. And, in fact, it will it would actually pollute the results that we have in those P elements. So, we will need to make sure that none of these threads will take effect in this step. Let's move to block 1,1 where we can make some additional observations for the kind of activities we need to do during a boundary condition handling. So, 1,1 is going to be the computing the lower right corner of P. And during the phase zero of the load, the phase zero of block 1,1, we will be loading the lower left corner of M and the upper right corner of N. So when we load these elements, we will see that for the M elements, now the two non-existent elements are actually underneath the valid M elements, and the non-existing N elements are to the right of the valid N elements. So, this is a situation where the valid element arrangement are actually reversed between M and N from block zero, zero. So again, when we look at the special treatment needs for threads the, the threads need to test different conditions when they are loading MZ M elements versus when they are loading N elements. There are some additional observation we can make when we look at the use of tile data in phase zero of block 1,1. So, during the first step of phase zero, we will be we'll have two kind s of activities. The first is thread 0,0. Thread 0,0 is actually using M20 and N02 to calculate a valid step of the face zero for P22. However, if you look at all the other threads, thread 0,1, thread 1,0, and thread 1,1, they are actually calculating non-existing P elements. So, these threads will essentially be doing some calculation that would not be useful. And also, we need to make sure that eventually, they don't go and write memory with, the bogus data and that would potentially pollute data in the global memory. And, now we, we go to the next step, it turned out that thread 0,0 is still doing valid computation. So, this is different from the case that we saw in block 0,0, whereas the other threads are still doing bogus calculation. So, with all these observations, we can summarize our observation as, there are two case, major cases in handling boundary conditions in a tile matrix multiplication. One is the threads that calculate valid p elements can actually step outside the boundary during the last phase of their loads and computation. So we in, in our case, we see that the phase one of block 0,0 all the threads can step out of their bounds during the second step of that phase. So, we would expect to see some kind of handling to make sure that during that step, the, the results of these threads are not corrupted. The second one, there's some threads that will not be calculating valid P elements. So, in our example in block 1,1, we see that thread 1,0 calculates a, a, element that is in a non-existing row. Thread 0,1 is calculating a P element that is even non-existing column, and then thread eleven is calculating an element that is neither in an existing row or column. So, it's in a non-existing row/column. So, in all these cases, we can still do some kind of computation along the way into the register, but we need to make sure that they don't write into global memory and accidentally write into the data structure after the output matrix and corrupt the data structures. So, here is a simple solution tha t we can use to handle all these conditions correctly. So first of all, during the load phase, we will, for M and N, we would need to test if a thread is going to load any input element outside the valid range. So as I mentioned before, the test for M and the test for N need to be done separately. So, in each case, if the, the, the element is in the valid range, then we will go ahead and load that element in the share memory. Otherwise, the thread should not go to the global memory to do any load, but rather write a zero into the shared memory. This the rationale is that, if we write a zero into the shared memory for this non-existent element, they, well we do the multiply and add computation. Because of the zero, the multiply result will be zero, and the accumulation into the result will be zero. We will not affect the result of any of the threads. So, let's go back to the toy example. During phase one, the use case where we will, if we use zero, zero for the non-existing M elements, and a zero, zero for the non-exist, exist N elements, then during the second step of that phase, all the multiplies will result in zero, and the accumulation of zero into the P elements. And that will not change the results that we have accumulated from all the previous steps. So, the second point of that simple solution is that the, we would need to test if a threat is calculating a valid P element. we, we can still allow all the threads to write in, their results into the registers. But in the final write to the global memory, we would not allow these threads to write into those non-existent P elements. So, when we look at phase zero use of block 1,1 we will see that we can still allow all the four threads to do the two steps of computation based on the those two blocks. And so they thread zero, zero will accumulate the correct results into P22. And then, but, thread 0,1, thread 1,1 and thread 1,0 will be accumulating some bogus results into their registers. So, this concludes the algorithm aspect of tile matrix multiplication th at can handle arbitrary array matrix sizes. In the next episode, we will actually look, we'll look at the real code and the implementaton. Thank you. I am Zainab al Tahir Ahmad. The mother of Yusra Abdulla Mahdi, a pharmacist. She has been in detention by security agents for the last 24 days. I don't know what she is accused off. She was with two journalists who were arrested at the same time, but have now been released. One was the Egyptian journalist, Shayma Adel. And the other a Sudanese journalist, Marwa. I want to know why they are holding her. And I call upon all mothers of detainees to ask about their kids. And to know why they have not been put on trial until now nor released So for this question, your goal is to define a procedure, named "find_last," that takes as input 2 strings. The first string is a search string; the second string is the target string. And it outputs the last position in the search string where the target string appears, as long as it appears at least once. If it doesn't appear at all, then the output should be -1. Problem 77. If Miss Smith's income was 20% more for 1991 than it was for 1990, how much was her income in 1991? Let's call it income 1991, is 20% more than 1990. So that means 1.2 times income in 1990. I hope you get that. If something is 20% more than something else, it's going to be 1.2 times that. 12 is 20% more than 10. And 12 is 1.2 times 10. Or you could view it as income plus 20% of income, which is 1.2 times income. Either way. So let's see what they tell us. Well, what do we have to figure out? OK, we were trying to figure out this, income in 1991. Statement number one. Miss Smith's income for the first six months of 1990 was $17,500, and the income for the last six months of 1990 was $20,000. So they're telling that she made $17,500 in the first six months of 1990, and her income for the last six months of 1990 was $20,000. Well, they're essentially telling us the total income for 1990. The first six months and the last six months. There are 12 months in a year. So her total income for 1990 was $37,500. That equals income for 1990. So clearly, if we know this is this, we just multiply that times 1.2, and we get the income for 1991. So this statement alone is sufficient. Let's see what they give us for statement number two. Miss Smith's income for 1991 was $7,500 greater than for 1990 So they say income of 1991 was $7,500, so it equals income for 1990 plus $7,500. Well, this alone does help us,because they've already given us this So we have two linear equations, right? This is one linear equation and two unknowns. This is another linear equation and two unknowns. So we have two linear equations and two unknowns. We can solve this. Probably the easiest way is just to substitute, depending on what you want to solve for. But we've done that multiple times. You could substitute 1.2 times 1990 here, and then solve for it. Or you could do the other way. You could divide by 1.2 here and then substitute it there. But either way, this is trivial algebra, hopefully, by this point, to solve. But this and this is definitely enough information to solve the problem. So two equations with two unknowns. And you can do that in your spare time if you don't believe me. So both statements alone are sufficient for this one. 78. In the figure above-- so I think I have to draw. This is the y-axis, and that's the x-axis. And then they have a line. Let's see what I can do. The line looks something like that. And then they tell us-- what do they tell us? This, of course, is y. This is x. And then they say this is P. And this right here is Q. And then they draw this. They call this point right here R. And they draw-- that's like that.And this Q is at point c, d. And P is at point a, b. And then they say, in the figure above, segments PR and QR-- so let me draw that out a little bit better. --are each parallel to one of the rectangular coordinate axes OK, fair enough. This is parallel to the y-axis, PR is parallel to the x-axis. Fair enough. Is the ratio of the length of QR:PR equal to 1? So is the ratio of QR:PR equal to 1? So they want to know QR/PR, is that equal to 1? And immediately this should trigger something from Algebra 1. They're asking you, essentially, is the slope of this line equal to 1? Right? Is the ratio of QR:PR, so rise over run, is the slope of this line equal to 1? So let's see what we can do. And slope is just change in y over change in x. So what's this point, first of all? You actually don't have to know anything about slope. I don't want to make you feel like you have to memorize some formulas. What's this point going to be? So it's going to be-- actually, let's do it even better. What is the length of QR going to be? I haven't looked at any of the data points right now. What is length of QR? Well, it's going to be this height. So it's this y, which is d, minus this y. This y is going to be b, right? Because all of this is y is equal to b, right here. So QR is going to be equal to d minus b. And PR is the length on the x-axis. It's going to be this x. What is this x? Well, this x is right here, c. x equal to c. It's going to be this x minus this x. Well, here, x is equal to a. And so the ratio is equal to d minus b, over c minus a. Which is,if you remember,the formula for the slope of a line. You just take the y1 minus y2, over x1 minus x2. But we didn't have to memorize that. It's intuition. So the point right here R,See the x-coordinate is c and the y-coordinate is b. So hopefully that gives you intuition. Now let's look at the statements. You wouldn't have to do that on the real GMAT. That would all be a waste of time. Statement number one tells us, c is equal to 3 and d is equal to 4. So that by itself, that just gives us the first part of this. That doesn't help us figure out this entire ratio. So this by itself isn't that useful. Maybe in conjunction with what else they give us. Statement two. a is equal to minus 2, and b is equal to minus 1. Well, if you used both of these statements together, then we have everything here. We have d, we have b, we have c, and we have a. So we can solve it. So both statements together are sufficient for knowing whether the ratio of QR:PR is 1. Or essentially, is the slope of this line equal to 1? Next problem, 79. While on a straight road, car x and car y are travelling at different constant rates. If car x is now 1 mile ahead of car y, how many minutes from now will car x be 2 miles ahead of car y? So x is here. y is here. And they're going at constant rates. 1 mile. So they've been traveling for some amount of time and x is 1 mile ahead. And they're saying how long is it going to be before x is-- how many minutes before x is 2 miles ahead? And they're at constant rates. So if they started off-- and let's just think about it-- if they started off at the same point and it took 10 minutes for x to get 1 mile ahead, it would take another 10 minutes for it to get 2 miles. Well, that's how I'm thinking about. Let's see what they give us for the statements. Statement number one.Car x is traveling at 50 miles per hour, and car y is travelling at 40 miles per hour. Well, that seems to be pretty good information. So essentially, car y is moving away from car x at what? It's moving away 50 minus 40 miles per hour. So from car y's point of view, car x is always pulling away at 10 miles per hour. Right? Does that make sense? If car x was going at 40 miles per hour, you wouldn't be pulling away at all. If it was going at 41 miles per hour, it'd be pulling away at a increment of 1 mile per hour. And as long as we're not approaching the speed of light, we can assume Newtonian classical physics, and we could just take the difference between the two. So how long does it take for it to pull away another mile? Well, if you're going 10 miles per hour, relative to something else, how many minutes does it take to go a mile? Well, one, you know you can figure that out. But let me figure that out for you. So you know distance is equal to rate times time. So if your distance you want to know is 1 mile, and your rate is equal to 10 miles per hour, times time, what's the time going to be equal to? Time is going to be equal to 1/10 of an hour, or 6 minutes. So that's the answer to number one. One alone is sufficient. Or the answer to number 79, one alone is sufficient. Let's see what they give us for number two. Statement two. 3 minutes ago, car x was 1/2 mile ahead of car y. OK. So 3 minutes ago, the state of affairs was this: y was here, x was here. And it was a 1/2 mile difference. So what does that tell us? That's actually pretty good information too. 3 minutes ago, car x was 1/2 mile ahead of car y. Now car x is 1 mile ahead. So in 3 minutes, x pulls away by 1/2 a mile, right? And they're going at constant velocities. So the relative velocities between the two don't change. So if it takes 3 minutes for x to pull away by 1/2 a mile, it would take 6 minutes for x to pull away by a mile, right? You just multiply them by 2. They're all going at the same constant velocity. So in 6 minutes, x pulls away by 1 mile. And that's actually what they're asking. Because they say how many more minutes does it take x to pull away by another mile? They've probably been traveling for 6 minutes already, and then in another 6 minutes x would pull away by another mile. So two alone is also sufficient. So each of them independently are good enough to answer this question. See you in the next video. So imagine you have a molecule of oxygen. It has to first get into your mouth. Or I guess, it could also go through your nose. And it's going to join up, either way, and go down into your trachea. And from there, it can split off to your left lung or your right lung. Let's say that we're facing this person. On the left, you've got one big lung over here, with a little cardiac notch for the heart. And the right side, you've got the second lung, of course. And this one does not have any spot for the heart, because it sits on the other side. And what I want to do is actually zoom in and focus on this little aveolus right here, because we know we have millions of these alveoli in the lungs. And that's where all the gas exchange is happening. But exactly what happens needs to be clarified. We need to kind of zoom in and get some details. So let's focus in on what happens here between the alveolus, which is the last part of that bronchial tree and the blood vessel. I'm actually going to speed this up for you. [MUSlC PLAYlNG] So there you have all the layers between the alveolus and the capillary, pretty impressive, huh. And we have this molecule of oxygen. I'm drawing a circle around it. It's going to make its way from this alveolus out of the gas. And first it's going to have to go into the liquid phase. That's kind of a big deal. It's going to enter this thin layer of fluid, which coats the inside of the alveolus. Then the molecule of oxygen is going to go through the epithelial cells. Those are the cells that kind of make the walls of the alveolus look the way it does. Those are kind of the flat, pancake-shaped cells. And it's going to go to the base membrane. This base membrane, remember, is kind of a foundation. It offers a lot of structural support to the lungs. And below the base membrane, it has this layer of connective tissue that this molecule of oxygen has to get through, enters another layer of base membrane. And then it goes down into the endothelial cells. These are the cells that are also kind of pancake shaped. And these are going to make the walls of the capillary. From there, the oxygen molecule goes into the plasma and then finally gets into the red blood cell. And of course, the red blood cells are packed full of hemoglobin. So this is a little hemoglobin protein here. And this hemoglobin has four spots on it. It's going to allow four molecules of oxygen to bind it. And so once our oxygen gets there, it's going to hope to find some hemoglobin that it's got a little free spot. And once it binds to the hemoglobin, the red blood cell is going to now carry that oxygen out to the rest of the body, wherever it's needed. So that's kind of how oxygen gets from the alveolus out to the body. Now, let me make a little bit of space. I'm going to show you what I want to do. I want to do kind of an interesting thing here. Hopefully, it'll help you understand this journey that the oxygen molecule is taking a little bit better. So let's imagine something like this, where you've got a nice little rectangle. I'm going to try to draw this rectangle out on the side for you, in kind of the same way I'm drawing it here. So just keep your eye on the colors, because I'm not going to relabel anything, just to kind of keep it nice and easy. What I'm going to do is just imagine that the oxygen is starting at the top of this rectangular three-dimensional square-like object I'm drawing, I guess, a three-dimensional cube, rectangular cubed. And then it's got to get to the bottom of this rectangular cube. So at the bottom, we've got the red blood cell and the hemoglobin. That's the last layer down here. And the top layer was the alveolus or the gas. So I actually sketched that in as well. And so that would be the very top layer. And it has to get through all these layers. This blue layer, for example, this is that liquid that's lining the inside of the alveolus. And let me draw a molecule of oxygen starting its journey up here. That's the gas phase, right. So it has to actually get from the gas stage through the liquid layer, into the next layer, which is the epithelial cell. That's this guy right here. That's the second layer. Third layer, we said was the base membrane. I'm just kind of going through them one by one. And this is also kind of a nice way of a review, I suppose, as well. Then you have all that connective tissue, a nice, thick layer of connective tissue. That's the green. And remember, the base membrane and the connective tissue, they're both chock full of proteins, different types of proteins. But both are there for structural support. Got some more base membrane here on this side, and this is going to be right before you get to the endothelial cells. That was the endothelial layer. This is the cell that kind of offers the capillary walls. And then we've got some plasma, we said. The oxygen has to get through some plasma and finally is going to get into the red blood cell. So this whole bit, the reason I'm even drawing it like this or taking the time to draw it like this is that this entire layer right here-- this is all liquid. This is all liquid and predominately water. So remember, our bodies are heavily water-based. So our molecule literally is going from gas, which is at the top of our rectangular cube, all the way down through many, many different layers of liquid. So it kind of makes it easy, if you can divide it into these two categories, gas and liquid. In fact, this is now, hopefully, going to help connect with these equations that we've been learning. So now, let me throw up a couple of equations that we've talked about before. And let's see if we can figure out how they relate to what we're going through now and whether there's any clear relationship as to how to use these pictures that we've drawn up. So this first equation, this is the alveolar gas equation. We've talked about this before. There's a video on this as well, if you want to refresh yourself. The first part of this alveolar gas equation tells us how much oxygen is going into the alveolus. Remember, this top layer right here. This is our alveolus right here. So it says how much oxygen is going into that alveolus. And this is actually the second bit is how much is going out. And if you, of course, subtract what's going in from what's going out, you're left with, what is the partial pressure of oxygen in that gas space. What is this blue PO2 equal? And this is actually kind of a nice segue for our second equation. We have this second equation, which helps us figure out how much oxygen is going to defuse, or any molecule really, according to this formula. This is fixed law. And we can actually figured it out, by taking a few parameters. We can say, well, if you know that the gradient P1 minus P2 is a certain amount. And if you know the area and the diffusion coefficient and the thickness, then you can figure out this V. And this V really the amount of oxygen, in this case. And we're going to focus on oxygen right now. Amount of oxygen defusing over time-- so this is actually very helpful, because if you start noticing that the amount of oxygen defusing over time and the oxygen delivery that's coming into the red blood cells is low, then you might show wondering why that could be. And remember, the red blood cell layer, that's down here. This is our red blood cell layer. So you start wondering, how is oxygen getting from that alveolus down to the red blood cells. And we can call the partial pressure of oxygen, the alveolus. We can call that P1. And we can call the partial pressure of oxygen down here into the red blood cells. We call that P2. And so then when we figure out from the alveolar gas equation what this is, that is basically telling us this. So the two equations are basically very related. So if I notice that the amount of oxygen diffusing from the alveolus to the red blood cell layer is off, if it's less or more than what I expect, I have to go through a mental checklist. I have to think, well, is the Fi O2 what I thought it was. Usually, room air is 21%. But maybe, this person is on 40% or 50%, because they're getting a face mask. And they're getting a lot more oxygen than what is in the environment. So that could be one reason for getting a higher value. You might also get a higher or lower value, because maybe you're not at sea level. Maybe we're working with a patient at a mountain level or maybe below sea level. So that could also explain an abnormal amount of oxygen defusing over time. And these two things that I've drawn in orange box, they're both going to affect P1. This is the initial partial pressure of oxygen in the alveolus. Some of these things are probably less likely to be changing. I wouldn't expect that the respiratory quotient is changing. If the person has a steady diet, then that shouldn't be any different. The partial pressure of water probably also isn't changing, especially if we're at body temperature. And the partial pressure of carbon dioxide, there, that could actually change. But just to keep things simple, and if I'm only thinking about oxygenation, I'm just going to assume that's going to be probably not the reason either. So going through my mental checklist. I know P1 is going to be something I want to think very carefully about. I also want to think really carefully about area. What if it's because the person I'm dealing with has had many alveoli that are no longer working. Let's say, only half of their alveoli are working. That means that half of their surface areas is gone. So they're really not getting as effective gas exchange, because half their surface area is gone. And effectively, only half of their alveoli are able to get oxygen to diffuse across. So surface area is very, very important to think about and as is thickness. And when I say, thickness, remember, the oxygen has to get all the way from this gas layer down into the red blood cell layer. So that's a very big way to go. And if you add a bunch of liquid to this layer right here, maybe to the connective tissue, if there's more fluid in those particular layers-- those are usually the ones affected-- then that's going to increase the thickness. So there's one more reason for why my amount of oxygen defusing over time may be off from what I had expected. And again, down here, I wouldn't expect my diffusion coefficient-- I wouldn't expect this to be different than what I had expected, because the diffusion coefficient is pretty stable. If we know that we're talking about oxygen within water, at a certain body temperature, that's not going to change a whole lot. And finally, this P2, this is the partial pressure of oxygen that was returning from the body. So if the body is using up a bunch of oxygen and returning it, what is the oxygen level in that blood that's coming back? And I wouldn't expect that to change much, because the body is probably using a fairly consistent amount of oxygen. So I'm not going to assume that's the reason. So again, if you ever come across an abnormal amount of oxygen defusing over time from the alveolus down into the blood, you've got to go through this checklist and think about these formulas and how they help us be very systematic in going through each of these variables and thinking, what could be the reason that the amount of oxygen diffusing over time is more or less than what we expect. [Music starting] Woah, woah, woah Woah I'm waking up To ash and dust I wipe my brow but I sweat my rust I'm breathing in the chemicals Oh aaaaaah I'm breaking in, shaping up then checking out on the prison bus This is it, the apocalypse Oohwhoa I'm waking up, I feel it in my bones Enough to make my systems blow Welcome to the new age to the new age Welcome to the new age, to the new age Whoooowhoa, whoooa I'm radioactive, radioactive Whoooohwoa, whoooa I'm radioactive, radioactive I raise my flags, don my clothes It's a revolution, I suppose We're painted red, to fit right in Whoa I'm breaking in, shaping up then checking out on the prison bus This is it, the apocalypse Oohwhoa I'm waking up, I feel it in my bones Enough to make my systems blow Welcome to the new age, to the new age Welcome to the new age, to the new age Whoooohwhoa, whoooa, I'm radioactive, radioactive Whooowhwhoa, whoooa, I'm radioactive, radioactive All systems go, the sun hasn't died Deep in my bones, straight from inside I'm waking up, I feel it in my bones Enough to make my systems blow Welcome to the new age, to the new age Welcome to the new age, to the new age Whoooohwhoa, whoooa, I'm radioactive, radioactive Whoooohwhoa, whoooa, I'm radioactive, radioactive Ionic compounds- again, they form because they're ions coming together. So if we have an ion like we had before, we had calcium. The charge on it was +2. If it comes together with something that is negatively charged, for instance sulfur, also -2, they will be attracted to each other. Just like any ends if that happens, the negative ends will be charged and the positive ends will come together and the charges will neutralize and form Calcium Sulfide. This ionic compound, because they have metals in them, are solid at room temperature. Scientists are saying they don't melt until they're very, very hot. Predominantly. Oxygen is a molecular compound, O2. That is out in the atmosphere already all the time and it's not solid at room temperature. So a question could ask you is it a solid at room temperature? In fact it is saying, find the ionic compound. Again, we also tend to end in "ium". Except the common ones, like mercury, iron, gold, silver, predominantly they tend to follow this trend. Lithium, calcium, magnesium, and so on. A very key part is that there is absolutely no sharing of electrons. They're kind of like thieves. They steal electrons from each other. So, in this compound over here, sulfur, you can kind of think of it as stealing the 2 electrons from the calcium. And just because the sulfur is stolen, it's got overall negative charge and it comes together to form an overall positive charge that is calcium. They try to stick together like static cling. And they also form a crystalline lattice Everyone has table salt at their house. We know it looks like salt crystals, we even call it salt, And, if you guys think back to, okay what's in my house that's at room temperature that is an ionic compound. Is salt in a gaseous form at room temperature? No, it's in a solid crystal. Ton Rimbau is a farmer who works with organic farming permaculture system. Our intention is to make the products with "0 km" rule. 0 Km means doing everything ourselves. Permaculture system is that we do not act on the ground at all. Since seven years ago, we have not been tilled vineyards, and this gives a different character to the wine. The quality is determined by the treatment we give to the vineyards, and what we seek is the highest quality possible within our capabilities. We don't use traditional product to treat the vineyards, no copper is used, no sulfur is used, we use soybean lecithin, rock dust, algae We replace conventional products by those that are environmentally friendly We work with products that are either biodegradable or directly are organic The way to store wine in bottles is placed in a vertical position inside underground vats and submerged in water. The vats are located outside curry lines, which are negative energy Where there's a line curry, that space is left empty. So we lost 20-25% of space because of these lines. We use ceramic bottle because wine is a wine that at any time can be oxidized As can be damaged, we use these bottles to avoid light and save the grapes. In addition the ceramic maintain the temperature for several hours, 3 to 4 hours without having to put ice on your restaurant table. No need to put the wine in an ice bucket. For instance a wine that you serve at 16 °, you can practically eat for two hours and remains at 16 °. This wine sits well because zero sulfites. This is shown analytically. This is a premium wine. To enjoy our wines, take the appropriate glass, the right day, the type of food as indicated on our website. You will enjoy to the fullest, no way to get more quality or more pleasure in a wine. The 2013 Vinum Nature Guide prized us as "Golden Leaf", that is the maximum punctuation to our natural porcellanic sweet wine 2011. The wine authority Jancis Robinson has given us 17 points out of 20. We are now part of the top five Spanish wines. The speedup here is traumatic, just because we write the square root here. It's over a trillion and the reason is that 2⁵⁰ is about 10¹⁵ whereas 2^√⁵⁰, so the ^√⁵⁰ is about 7, 2^√ is about 134. You have 100 and 34 versus 10¹⁵, which is a speedup of over a trillion, and we're still within the laws of NP completeness using this function here. We can call this loophole 1 in the laws of NP completeness. The words are like jewels. Some days ago, I wrote in Twitter: "Words are like jewels." "Although pretty, many are fake." "Many are fake." "Many words are fake." Like the sentence: "I am not owner of the truth." "But owner of my life." Imagine this: Maybe this person read, maybe an author, a writer, a poet declared something and this person thought it was beautiful. "Wow. Genius." "So-and-so said this." But if so-and-so said, it doesn't mean it is true. The lie is not only in the source. We know that the Devil is the father of lies. He doesn't deny the Bible all the time. Sometimes he denies. But sometimes, he says: "For it is written." He speaks against God, but he doesn't deny all the time. Sometimes he twists a word. He takes a word, gives one single touch, a slight twist, you know? He says: "Nooo." "It is true you cannot eat" any fruit from this garden?" A slight distortion. Then, the woman says: "No, just from this tree." But, I think that the worst thing the Devil can do with the truth is manipulation. It happens when he takes the word, and manipulates it. He puts God's words in your mouth and says: This one is for you. "Throw yourself down." "For it is written:" "He will command his angels concerning you." He spoke the truth. As he spoke to Eve: "God knows that in the day you eat it," "you will be like God," "knowing both good and evil." The Lord Himself declares it. It looks like the man accepts the manipulation. Of course. He accepts the manipulation. Because sometimes it is convenient for his ego. He accepts and reproducts, too. Yes, it does. How many verses, how many texts, out of context, become good excuses to manipulate not only to itself, but manipulate people too. "It is in the Bible." But, when you get the Bible to read, it is not the thing the pastor said. And sometimes this text doesn't apply to your reality. I remember, when I was younger in faith, I visited sick people. Those visit groups of churches. And there were Bibles that had references to every case you can imagine. "Marriage." There was one text. Then I started to enter in a crisis. Because I prayed to God. I wanted to hear the Holy Spirit about each situation. But, as the brothers were too methodical, they read always the same text for sick people. But, wait a second. Yes, you can visit a diseased person, and tell her about regret. "Repent!" "But, I can't." "Yes, you can!" Jesus said to the churches in Revelation: You know Jezebel, who was teaching how to practice sexual immorality? "I will make her sick." "And those who commit adultery with her." Can you imagine yourself visiting her? You might say: "No, these are words from God." "So do not fear, for I am with you." "I will strengthen you and help you." Jesus did not say that to Jezebel. Jesus was clear when he spoke. "Repent!" You are there because of your sin. And so, words cannot be manipulated. Returning to the Bible subject... Sometimes, the Bible, to some people, is beautiful. A beautiful phrase. I entered in social networks: I got a Facebook, a Twitter. Then, sometimes I log-in in Facebook and see what other brothers wrote. And they write many interesting things. I feel I want to write: "This sentence is not true, because of this, this and this. I have received e-mails from brothers that like to take the beautiful stuff, some nice sentences. Then they retweet it. When I got time to answer, I say: Those slides - normally it's in PowerPoint - are very nice, the images are nice, but those phrases are false. "Why?" Because of this, this, and this. I remember, when I was in Chile, that a brother started reading a book. The story was something like this: Jesus was in the Earth, but He had nothing. He borrowed everything. When He left to preach, He borrowed the boat to go. Then, to enter in Jerusalem, He borrowed a little donkey. After that, He needed to make a supper, then He borrowed a space to gather... "Jesus borrowed everything." But the only thing that wasn't borrowed was the cross. And the cross, indeed, was His. The brother read and thought it was poetry. He said: "Look, Franco." "What a tremendous thing." You're not having the revelation. I disagree with this man. "How can you?" Well, the Lord created the Earth. The boat Jesus borrowed was made of? "Wood from a tree." Who is the plenitude of the Earth? The Lord. Whose boat was that then? They rented, paid the Lord to own that tree? "Oh." He said. The little donkey, who created it? Who is the Creator? "For in him all things were created, all things have been created through and for him." Who is the true owner of the donkey? Jesus's grave! Then I took everything the author wrote and said: "Now, I tell you what I think. I think totally unlike. The only thing Jesus did not possess was the cross. The cross was ours. The rest was His. The cross was ours." But I think that this humanist thought, that after the Middle Ages entered the world with great power remains within the church. And the church remains with no light. Soyuzmultfilm Ilya Muromets and the robber nightingale Author M Volpin Director Ivan Aksenchuk Art-directors A. Vinokurov, M. Rudashenko Music V. Komarov Camera B Kotov Sound V Kutuzov Script-editor P Frolov Assistants: G Tshikina, O. Pavlova, M Popova Art P Korovayev Cutters L Georgieva, M Mikheyeva Exectutive producer K Antonov Animators V Shevtsjenko, A Bukin, O Safronov N Fedorov, E Malashenkova V Arbekov, N Kuroyan Voice actors A Konsovskiy M L'vov, Yu Volyntsev, P Bishnyakov From a township near the city of Muroma from that village called Skorocharovo rode the hero Ilya Muromets to glory at the city of Chernigov Near the city of Chernigov He rode into the enemy's forces the enemy's pitch- black forces Oh, how Ilya defeated those powerful troops Then the gates of the city Chernigov opened All the men of Chernigov came out and offered Ilya to become their Voivode* *Governor Then Ilya spoke these words: "Oh, you citizens of Chernigov I cannot become Chernegov's Voivode as I am hurrying to the glorious city of Kiev to defend our Russian soil and protect the widows and orphans and the poor people. Oh, good fellow, health to you, What is your origin? What is your kin? Your face looks Russian but your clothes seem all foreign Oh, you ignorant, you bumpkin, I'll teach you a lesson, you son of a bastard! to make you distinguish between a mere rooster... and a falcon like me: Shurillov Plenkovic! Well, Shurillov, let's settle this right away, but preferably without the use of a saber, let me tear of a twig of this tree so that somehow a sharp blade does not inadvertently tear your clothes or accidentally cut off your hat or your head, or something just as unreasonable... Stop! Stop! Wait a minute! Do not be afraid, Shurilla Plenkovic! I do not want to quarrel with you, I only want to ask, in good understanding, where the road to the capital Kiev lies. And why would you, Ilya Muromets need to go to the court of the city of Kiev? or do you think that you, without introduction, a commoner, unpolished and improperly clothed, can pass for a knight at the palace, and get accepted for an audience with czar, unannounced and uninvited? You guessed right, Shurillo Plenkovic, I think that even without introduction I will be allowed to lay a pledge before prince Vladimir, to protect the Russian land on my own accord, unannounced and uninvited From here lead two roads to Kiev One direct and one with detours The longer road is about thousand kilometers the shorter about half of that, This is the short track. It's overgrown with bushes and weeds, because that path goes trough the region plagued by the robber Nightingale The other road goes further then the shorter but is much quieter - No, that's not for me,my dear Shurillo Plenkovic, you and I, will not be travel companions then! Oh you black crows, fly! and gather without delay! Soon, crows, there will be something to feast upon for you! Ha-ha-ha! A pea-pea-peasant! A foo-foo-fool! He was strong! He was brave! But not a useful example for me Peasant! Fool! Where are you now? You dead bugger! He He! Ha ha! That's how to the capital Kiev came riding Ilya Muromets. Where does the prince live in the capital Kiev? I come to him carrying a gift. Just something I took along when riding the non-winding road. The End Subs by Chapaev & Eus My dream job is to work behind the scenes for like ESPN or a news company and my major is audio production. Project for Public Spaces is an organization that has been around since 1970s and helps turn around many of New York's most challenging public spaces but increasing our role is really support place-making organizations around the world Highlight the best practices the people that are leading the way and connect them around the world Increasingly it is a process of capacity building in cities Cities know how to do this. Communities know how to do these stuffs but they haven't been asked They haven't yet shaped and framed their governance structures and their community process around place When they do, it's an amazing how everything really changes In many ways, place-making is going back to the commonsense approach which cities shape themselves, through which many of the public spaces we all love or create It's a process that we shouldn't move away from as we have all been defined so much by departments or disciplines Communities have forgotten that they can shape public spaces They actually give in their ability to vision but it's also something that we all love to be a part of If we are all asked, we have many ideas that are wonderful about how public spaces can be improved It's the people in the communities that best know how to lead a place-making process There are many examples We've been working with Adelaide City Council for about a year now since 2011 to do a lot of trainings with the Council in place-making to build capacity within the Council We have been talking about how to shape the Council toward place-making as an organizing principle so in every department and every person their shared goal is to create great places and place value, or we call "place capital" In a way that everyone has the ability to do so and they all start to work together differently when place is their shared goal It draws in the creativity of everybody It stops competing different departments and solutions against each other More importantly, it actually changes the way a government can work with communities Splash Adelaide is a powerful example and inspirational best practice It's part of a trend we call "lighter, quicker, cheaper" where cities can just go ahead, try things and do things It's not just a way to activate and improve public spaces in a low-cost and short-term way but a way to start to engage people in a discussion about how our public spaces can be improved and how we can all do things to make a big impact Welcome. We're here again with Professor John Meyers, and we're going to discuss taxes. To what extent does a taxation structure system incent growth and stability of an economy? Taxes themselves are prices charged or assessed by government for the services they provide to their people. And charging too high a price for a wanted or unwanted service, causes some buyers or payers to avoid, or actually to dodge, paying those charges or taxes. When these avoidances and dodges take effect, they reduce the access to capital, thus investment and growth suffers in that particular economy. What are the main taxation systems? Well we have several taxation systems that are available throughout the world. Most recently there has been talk of a flat tax. A flat tax is a constant rate of percentage applied across all ranges of incomes or expenditures for a particular nation. For example, a 20 cent per gallon tax on gasoline that we have today in many states is a kind of flat tax. Or 50 cents for a pack of cigarettes is a flat tax. An idea would be to apply that across every income bracket, whether you made $20,000, $200,000, you would still get the same 15% or 20% tax rate for that particular income bracket. That's the idea of a flat tax. The other type of tax system that we often hear about is a progressive tax structure, which we have in our system, whereby low income people pay a lower percentage of their income in taxes, and higher income people pay a higher percentage of their income in taxes, or a higher rate, in essence. That's the idea of the income system increasing or progressing as the amount of income goes up. The other type of system that we have in the world is called regressive. As the income reaches a certain level, let us say a high income of two million dollars, if you're paying 30% at two million dollars, and then if you make five million dollars and that 30% goes down to 20%, then that's the idea of a regressive system whereby the system is trying to encourage more people to make higher incomes and to pay that 20% tax, because the coffers of the government would be increased by doing so. How efficient is our taxation system? Well, unfortunately, our tax system is not very efficient. Many people spend a great deal of time in March and April, trying to figure out how much tax they actually owe. They will either spend the hours themselves trying to figure that out, or they will go to an outside agency to have their taxes prepared. And then pay a fee to have that done. In addition to which, if you are a business, large or small corporation, you have to hire outside tax accountants and auditors to come in, to look at your books, to determine how much money you owe to the U.S. government. So the system we have today is very very time consuming, very costly, and very inefficient. If we were to use the same amount of time preparing our taxes as we did in making more products, providing more services to our economy, the economy would be much better off. The many different systems across the world who have a flat tax is much more efficient than the one we have today. What are the taxation systems being used by advancing nations? Countries across the world are using a variety of these various systems. Flat tax, progressive tax in particular, not so much the regressive system. But the chart that we have here shows flat taxes by certain countries that are being used today. In the case of Canada, which looking at just the corporate tax, Canada has a flat corporate tax of 16.5%. Hong Kong has a flat corporate tax of 16.5%, and Singapore has one of 17%. These are old low flat tax systems that work quite well, and quite proficiently across the world. Now, in our country, we have a low starting tax rate, but it's not flat. It's graduated. We start at 15%, going all the way up to 35%. But flat taxes are the ones in Singapore, Hong Kong, and Canada that are quite proficient at the present time. Countries with higher progressive tax systems are countries like Germany, France, and India. These tax systems are ones, again, that charge that will apply to people with high incomes paying higher rates of taxes. Individual tax rate countries that are flat, whereby, that is your personal income, that you earned, your $20,000, to $40,000, $50,000, those countries are primarily in the Baltics: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and Russia itself. These countries all have a flat tax much more proficient than ours. These countries have tax rates, in the case of Russia, as low as 13% of the income. No matter how much money you make, you pay 13% in Russia. In most countries, these tax rates are progressive, and can be quite high in the case of Sweden. Sweden has a tax rate going as low as 0, paying no taxes for low income, but as high as 57% for high income people. The UK is similar, at zero, up to 50%. In our case, as I said before, we're from 15% to 35%. These are all progressive tax rates in the individual category. Most nations have a value-added tax rate system in addition to the individual and corporate tax structures. That is, as you go out and buy a hat, or a coat, or shoes, or a car, in addition to the price of the product itself, there will be an additional price attached to that particular product or service called a "value-added tax". A value-added tax is a form of consumption tax. If you don't buy that product, you don't pay the tax. From the business point of view, it is a tax on the purchase price. From the seller's standpoint, it is a tax only on the value of what has been added to the product, the material, or the services. From an accounting standpoint, it is value added at each stage of production. That is called the value-added. So you go to Europe, and some parts of the far East, you will pay a value-added tax on everything that you buy from hotel room, to a hot dog or hamburger at McDonald's. Tripple H-productions presents Ohh, there's no cellphone reception Stian, you can't keep doing this What are you talking about? This is serious, Stian. Do you understand? You have got to stop doing this! You have borrowed money from the wrong people. Like I've told before, I have everything under control. So, where do you intend to get that kind of money from? Listen, you have got to relax. I'm going to fix everything. You have nothing to worry about! But this could be dangerous, Stian! I have talked to them. And they say everything's fine . I hope so! Hellooooo!!!!!!! Hey, it's me. I'm sorry about the other night. I didn't mean what I said. Alright, I promise. I'll be more careful. But hey, I have got to go now! I'll talk to you later. Bye! You were warned! You should've listened to Cecilie (girlfriend) (whispering) And You? Why you stay here? I'm for a job interview Go to the 3 room. Are you Jack? Yes. Did you work in the FBl? Yes, a couple of years. Do you know how use it? YES. Show me. Hired. (How easy!) Fuck! What happens? To Be Continued. There're many different ways that people can measure wealth. How does the original Supreme Personality of Godhead, the Supreme Reality, measure value? [Devotion is Measured in the Inverse] So, if He gets the breeze from the garment of Rādhārāṇī upon Him, His divine form, He considers that to be the most valuable treasure. That Kṛṣṇa, who yogīndra-durgama-gatir madhusūdano "pi tasyā namo "stu vṛṣabhānu-bhuvo diśe "pi [Rādhā-rasa-sudha-nidhi: 2] well, that's Mahāprabhu, same theme with sureśānāṁ durgaṁ gatir atiśayenopaniṣadāṁ [Cc: 2.4.51] Who ... the great yogis, theу"re trying to get a glimpse of, the Upanishads, the Gods ... When Kṛṣṇa as the baby and Trinаvarta, He went in the sky, part of the pastime, they say, one of the reasons He went in the sky is to let the Goddesses, Gods and Goddesses like, have a look. [Laughing] So, who's durgaṁ—very difficult to have a glimpse of. Brahmā is trying to get an audience with Kṛṣṇa. muhyanti yat sūrayaḥ [SB: 1.1.1] That Kṛṣṇa considers Himself so fortunate to be blessed by the breeze from the garment of Śrīmatī Rādhārāṇī. So, the conclusion of Prabodhānanda Saraswatī Ṭhākur
 is a special note. He says, "Therefore, She is so great, She is so exalted, so extraordinary, so exceptional, that I consider the direction in which She appeared to be worshipable." Well, those in a ... Her ... the sādhakas, in the lowest position, they are voyeuristically envisioning themselves as servitors in the Divine domain, in the upper world, in the most confidential region of the spiritual existence. They have ... those, who are newly recruited and acquainted with Kṛṣṇa consciousness projecting themselves into those situations. Someone who is actually there: ashta-sakhi Tuṅga-vidyā— Prabodhānanda Saraswatī in Gaura-līla—says, "The direction in which She appeared is worshipable to me! That's close enough for me." That's what's said by someone, who's actually there and eyewitnessed to all of these things. And eyewitnessed to how Kṛṣṇa feels when He's blessed with the breeze of the garment of Śrīmatī Rādhārāṇī. He says, "The direction in which She appears is worshipable to me." So, the system for measuring devotional magnitude is always in the inverse. Prof: Okay, so I want to continue the story about cleaning up landscapes that have been severely affected. And I wanted to use this as a basis for reviewing a variety of different laws that apply and certain key provisions in the statutes that have met with more or less success. And I'm going to start today with the National Environmental Policy Act, which was passed in late 1969. And it was one of the first statutes that declared a comprehensive national policy to protect the environment. And I wanted to just pause on this, because many people think that the idea of sustainability is fairly new. But if you look at the purpose statement inside this statute, you see that back in the late 1960s that many of the ideals that people now believe and think of when they use the phrase sustainability are deeply embedded in this statute. So let me just go through this quickly. "The Congress, recognizing the profound impact of man's activity on the interrelations of all components of the natural environment, particularly the profound influences of population growth, high-density urbanization, industrial expansion, resource exploitation, and new and expanding technological advances, and recognizing further the critical importance of restoring and maintaining environmental quality to the overall welfare and development of man, declares that it is the continuing policy of the federal government, in cooperation with state and local governments and other concerned public and private organizations, to use all practicable means and measures, including financial and technical assistance in a manner calculated to foster and promote the general welfare. To create and maintain conditions under which man and nature can exist in productive harmony and fulfill the social, economic, and other requirements of present and future generations of Americans." This is an exceptionally broad mission statement. This law was passed, not with any regulatory authority, so it could not prevent human development. But it demanded instead that any project, private or federal, that would receive public funds from the Federal Treasury, would be required to declare exactly what the proposed development was and to project out what the environmental effects might be into the future. The statute was also curious in that it included something called a citizen suit provision. So that environmental groups or other citizen watchdog groups could monitor federal agencies, they could look at their budget and think about what kinds of development were being proposed by Congress, contained in authorization statutes or appropriations, and then think down the road about how to make sure that those developments proceeded in a way that had a minimal impact on the environment. So this was the origin of the idea of an environmental impact statement, a model for declaring and basically making public all proposals for new development. And also, it created an enormous industry in the environmental sciences, an industry that really involved soil scientists, atmospheric chemists, water quality experts that all joined together to try to figure out exactly what the effects of new development might be. Now, if you think about the scale of our economy and you think about the federal budget and you realize that just this past week our president issued his proposed budget, almost $3 trillion. That's an enormous amount of money being expended that would be put into projects developed by the Defense Department, the Energy Department, the Department of Transportation and Highways. Even the Environmental Protection Agency, when they issue a permit now to a new sewage treatment plant or a new water supply facility, that treatment plant must be reviewed in the context of an environmental impact statement. So that any expenditure of funds demands that this forward-looking projection occur, and it's always open to citizen suit, citizen contest through litigation. And it's been very effective in altering new development. Many dams have been stopped by this statute, by judges' interpretation of it, because of claims of insufficiency of the environmental impact statements. So that it also includes a very extensive public hearing process whereby drafts have to be prepared. They have to be taken to public hearing, people have to have an opportunity to review the material so that they can understand what might be happening in their backyard. And they may also be very critical of the quality of science. And this is not laboratory science, this is science that really is predictive in nature. It's probabilistic in a sense. So most environmental science that demands forecasting, you should think about it as being probabilistic, which is why most programs in environmental studies have a requirement for taking statistics and often probability. So the scientists needed to look into the past and try to discern from previous studies what was most likely to happen in the future. And the only way that a project could be stopped would be if the impact statement were found to be insufficient, to not fully have disclosed what the effects would be or to include science that really was poorly done, that did not seem defensible. So I'm going to move on to discuss several other statutes now. But one key point is that citizen suit provisions have been built into a variety of major environmental laws, including the Clean Air Act, the Clean Water Act, CERCLA, which is the Superfund law, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the cradle-to-grave statute that I mentioned the other day, the Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act, which gives communities the right to know what chemicals are being released in their environments if those chemicals are recognized to be hazardous substances, and the Endangered Species Act. So basically, this opportunity for litigation has really radically changed the way that new development and uses of the environment have gone forward. Now in this case, in the case that we talked about on Tuesday, hazardous site on Vieques in Puerto Rico, this was a very important statute in that the court case, Romero-Barcelo v. Weinberger, or Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo, was brought in part because the Navy had not developed an environmental impact statement that projected out what the long-term effects might be of their continued bombing of the island. So this statute required-- was interpreted by a judge in Puerto Rico to require the development of a draft environmental impact statement, which was prepared. It's kind of curious, because I wanted to find that draft environmental impact statement. I didn't know whether or not there might be projections of long-term damage or perhaps accounting of kinds of weapons that had been released. So I looked for it and in Mudd Library, the former government documents library here, we had and we still have many environmental impact statements that you can request. Unfortunately, you can't wander through the aisles anymore because it's been closed down. But the university still maintains these environmental impact statements that are actually quite interesting to browse through. Well, I couldn't find this impact statement. And then our social science librarian put out a message on her email list and asked if anybody in the nation might have a copy of this. And it turned out that one person on this list of all university libraries and public libraries responded yes, that he had collected all military draft environmental impact statements, including this one. So he Xeroxed it and sent it to me. It turned out to be a goldmine in that it demonstrated a variety of historical action on the part of the Navy, including diagrams such as this. You see the bombing range up here on the upper left, but you also see in basically the same scale, other maps that the Navy put together showing where their targets were, showing also color codings of these areas, in this case, concentric circles, that had the metric and the key number of bombs dropped or pounds of bombs dropped per acre per year. So this proved to be really important, to try to think through what was released, when it was released, and where it might have gone. And one interesting thing is that you see that this side of the bay over here looks like it was continually targeted. In fact, tanks were located at the top of hills, and they were clearly being targeted, both by bombers but also by artillery shells. So gradually, this area, this part of the landscape, was being flattened. And by flattening the beach area at the end of that runway, they basically created a trough, a trough by which that lagoon could drain all of the material that it had collected into the bay. And also, I looked at this air photograph maybe thirty or forty times and it hadn't dawned on me that this little light patch right here seemed like it was just an open area of sand. But you can track it on Google Earth and find that it reaches down gradually and then fades into sea grass beds. But clearly, it's evidence that material has flowed out of that area and killed the vegetation on the floor of this bay. The same thing happened on the other site. And if you see these lines in the diagram down here, these lines depict the bombing route, so that planes would take off from aircraft carriers. They would fly up in this direction on the east side. They'd circle around and come back and fly back this way and bomb in both directions. So three or four fighter planes would be doing this continually, year after year, decade after decade, millions of pounds after millions of pounds, so that they disclosed not just pounds per acre per year, but total amount of munitions so that the estimate of 100 to 150 million pounds of ordinance is basically derived from information that was provided in the environmental impact statement that would not otherwise have been made available. Since that time, I've recognized also that the Navy has maintained a really tough and tight accounting system of what they did. And how would I know that? Well, by talking to people that were ordinance officers. And you recall those large concrete bunkers, couple hundred concrete bunkers up in the hills loaded with different kinds of weapons? Well, they were officers or enlisted men that were responsible for the inventory in each of the buildings. I mean, they want to know how many nuclear weapons they've got and where they are at any point in time. So they had kept their records very neatly. Again, this information was not included in the environmental impact statement, but it provided a basis for litigation. So that this type of historical documentation is often very difficult to come by. Another statute that has played an important role here and in many hazardous sites around the nation, is the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act of 1976, which was designed to manage both hazardous and nonhazardous waste, and included the cradle-to-grave tracking system, meaning that wastes or hazardous chemicals from their time of creation, their movement via ship or by rail or by tanker truck, and their ultimate disposal had to be recorded. So it was a large-scale national inventory system. And the key to this system, just the Endangered Species Act that I was talking about the other day or the Safe Drinking Water Act, the core of the system and its Achilles' heel, is really that the chemical has to be listed as a hazardous substance to make its way onto the list. So you can imagine that adding additional chemicals is something that the chemical companies and people that use basic chemicals don't really want to have happen because it increases their accounting responsibilities and their reporting responsibilities to the government. It included a hazardous waste land disposal ban. And this is kind of interesting, because there are about 300,000 community landfills sprinkled around the nation. Every town has a landfill. They used to call them dumps, now they call them sanitary landfills, which is an oxymoron if anybody has any sense about what's happened there. But for much of history, people have taken everything and just piled it up in a landfill. And then by about 1950, they started covering it over with soil, not thinking about where the material might go. I remember when I was young going to our local "dump," we called it, with my dad and watching trucks pull up, oil trucks pull up and drain their tanks into the piles of refuse. People that would pull up that were mechanics that worked on people's heating systems, and they would use solvents to take the grease off of somebody's oil burner. And that grease and the solvent would then just be thrown into the dump. So that if you dug down beneath any of these sanitary landfills today, you would find not just solvents and residues of oil and fuel, but you'd find many other chemicals, as plastics and other products degrade, just leaching into the soil and to underlying water. So that preventing land disposal was a very significant provision back in 1984. Also, the underground storage tank program is located in this statute. And it requires an inventory and monitoring of underground storage tanks. And you can imagine that underground storage tanks that contain gasoline or other fuels or oils sitting beneath the surface in a steel tank designed to last forty years has contaminated many, many sites. Those gas stations that you see with the yellow ribbons around them? They basically are regulated under this statute. And they are a product of some engineer who had the bright idea, probably back around 1920 or 1930, that a forty-year life cycle for a storage tank made out of steel was going to be an okay thing. So what's the life cycle of a storage barrel, a fifty-five gallon drum, for example? So this design error has polluted ground water and soil literally around the world. And used oils as well, what happens to that oil that your mechanic drains out of your car when you get your oil changed every 3,000 miles? Well, it used to be just taken to the town landfill. So this statute prevented that from happening. So Vieques was like any other community, it had many of these landfills, so to speak. And it was a repository for a variety of hazardous chemicals. So key RCRA controversies that have emerged include the listing issue, what's hazardous, mixtures. If a waste is mixed with nonhazardous waste, is it still hazardous? This has been a debate that has been intensely litigated with the idea that dilution is not the solution. The idea that motor oils, some of them are exempted, even though they're toxic. That's been the subject of much litigation. Household wastes also. Can they be mixed up with more hazardous waste? Mining and oil production wastes have been excluded. And one interesting provision in this case is that corporate officials can be found guilty of criminal behavior. So the standard of evidence for a criminal case is different than a civil case, a civil action, whereby a civil action would be decided by a preponderance of the evidence, which means that it's more likely than not that damage was induced. But a criminal case demands a higher burden of proof, meaning basically that it has to be demonstrated that a causal link exists beyond a reasonable doubt. And RCRA also, as I mentioned earlier, contains a citizen suit provision. So by 1986, about 27,000 contaminated sites had been identified. And as I mentioned the other day, now there are more than 300,000 contaminated sites in the private sector and perhaps 50,000 to 100,000 in the public sector. Another statute that is at play here is the Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Act that's contained in the Superfund amendments of 1986. And this basically gave every community the right to know about chemicals that are made by, stored in, or emitted from local businesses. This evolved after many first responders experienced toxic reactions to chemicals that were stored in buildings that were on fire. So they went in to put the fire out and received intensive exposures. And it created something called the Toxic Release Inventory. The Toxic Release Inventory is a list of who releases what, where, and when. And it has to be provided on an annual basis to the Environmental Protection Agency, but only if the chemical is put on the list and only if it's produced or present at a level that exceeds a certain volume or weight limit. So the SARA amendments authorized additional funds for National Priority List sites, mandated public involvement, provided permanent remedies to restore sites or to basically pay for proven damages. It also requires something known as best available technologies to clean up the site. So a huge question in all these cases is once a site is contaminated, how should it be restored? What's the standard for restoration? Is it pre-human? Is it a certain risk-based standard so that it's okay to have a little bit of lead or a little bit of benzene in the soil or the groundwater or the trees? So these are very difficult questions. No site is cleaned up back to its pre-polluted condition completely, so residues are always detectible in all of these cases. State standards apply if they are more stringent. And this is an interesting provision, because it's one of the few laws that allows states to preempt federal standards. So the Clean Air Act basically preempts Connecticut, for example, from having tougher standards than the federal government to emit chemicals to the air. But unless, and we'll talk about this in a week or so, unless Connecticut is out of compliance with the Clean Air Act standards, then we have to meet California standards, which are the toughest in the nation. So the idea of preemption, preventing a lower level of government from passing a law that is more stringent at the federal level of government, is very desirable from the perspective of the private sector. Now, why would that be? Basically, you'd want kind of a common ground, you want to deal with only one set of regulations rather than worrying about moving your goods or your material or whatever it is, your service, across state boundaries and having to negotiate fifty different sets of regulations. So this is a really important statutory provision that includes the citizen suit provisions. Litigation basically stalled out RCRA. And it stalled out Superfund cleanups during much of the 1980s and 1990s predominately because of the citizen suit provision, it's an interesting thing. So that potentially responsible parties would then sue the government, claiming that they really were not the primary responsible party or that they should pay only for the proportion of the material that was hazardous that was detected on the site. So the Superfund amendments of 1986 prevented certain forms of litigation by potentially responsible parties or parties that EPA had declared to be responsible, and things sped up. The Vieques story was also affected by these amendments in one way, in that it created the Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry, that's quite a mouthful for a federal agency. It sits inside the Centers for Disease Control, based in Atlanta, Georgia. And this group has the responsibility to respond to any community that petitions the federal government arguing that they have been damaged, either their property or their health has been damaged, by federal actions that are now declared to be Superfund sites. So it allows the citizens of the nation to basically get expert scientific advice to figure out what chemicals are released and how people might be exposed and what the hazards are. And this agency has played a really unusual role in that they very, very rarely in their history, now they're twenty-three, twenty-four years old, they very rarely have found that there was conclusive evidence that the wastes on a site, that the hazardous materials released produced adverse health effects. So in 2003, they went down to Vieques because one of the islanders petitioned the agency with this question. And they went about their business looking for whether or not the contaminants in drinking water might be a problem. And they concluded no, the drinking water is okay. The water comes from a national forest which is on the mainland of Puerto Rico, and it's actually piped six miles underneath the bay to the island of Vieques. They also concluded that now that the Navy had left the island that the air quality was sufficient so that that did not pose a significant threat to the community. They also concluded that the food that was grown on the island and the fish that were caught in the coastal waters were not contaminated at a level that posed a significant threat. So they virtually washed their hands of this being a significant threat to human health. And they dismissed all of the claims on the part of the Vieques residents who believed that the Navy's behavior and their contamination caused a whole array of different kinds of adverse health effects. A lawsuit was filed on behalf of 7,100 residents on the island in 2007 that claimed that the Navy was responsible for loss of health. And the government's response has been really quite interesting. In one respect, they responded that well, they are protected by sovereign immunity, which basically is an argument that the king is immune from any litigation, that the king should not be held accountable for past behavior. They also argued that bringing a class action lawsuit representing a large group of people like this but focusing in on a representative sample of that group so that you wouldn't have to litigate and develop evidence for each individual among the 7,100. The Justice Department believed that this should be handled case by case. Now, here's a community that is well, well below the national poverty level. They had no resources to mount a case like this. So that several law firms have picked this up. And one in particular has been pursuing Sanchez versus the United States. And by some mysterious coincidence, there was a convergence of this lecture and the lecture on Tuesday and a CNN documentary on Vieques that was released this week. I'm going to play you, if this works, I'm going to play you just one clip from this documentary. > > Video voiceover: Nearly forty years ago on this tiny, remote, American island of Vieques, off the coast of Puerto Rico, a young U.S. Marine was stationed as a security guard. Hermogenes Marrero: : At age fifty-seven, this is Sergeant Hermogenes Marrero now. He's had colon cancer twice. He's nearly blind, and needs an oxygen tank. He has Lou Gehrig's Disease, crippling back problems, and sometimes needs a wheelchair. Hermogenes Marrero: This is where we lived. This is the actual campsite. Video voiceover: Sergeant Marrero says he's been sick ever since he was stationed on the island. Video interviewer: Yeah, sure. All the time. All the time, because I used to get sick. I used to get sick, you know? I'd go out to the firing range, and sometimes I'd start bleeding automatically from my nose. I said, "My God, why am I bleeding?" I come back and maybe I'm vomiting now. I used to get diarrhea, pains in my stomach all the time, headaches. I mean, tremendous headaches. My vision, it used to get blurry. Video interviewer: So what was over there? Video voiceover: Today, this decorated former Marine is the star witness in a multi-billion dollar lawsuit. More than 7,000 residents of this Caribbean island, about seventy-five percent of the people here, are suing the U.S. government. They say what the U.S. military did here made them sick. For nearly six decades, beginning right after World War Il, the American island of Vieques was one of the Navy's largest firing ranges and weapons testing sites. Video interviewer: Can you give us just a really detailed picture of what it was like when they would use this island as a training ground? Hermogenes Marrero: Inside the base, you could feel the ground, the ground moving. You can hear the concussions. You could feel it. If you were on the range, you could feel it in your chest. It would rain, actually rain bombs. And this would go on seven days a week. John Eaves, Jr.: The people need the truth to understand what is happening to their bodies. Video voiceover: John Eaves, Jr. is the attorney in the lawsuit. John Eaves, Jr.: One of the biggest problems we have is that we don't believe that the military has fully come clean with all the chemicals and the agents that have been used on this island. Like depleted uranium was denied and then they admitted it. Video voiceover: In my experience in dealing with hazardous sites and toxic substances, Vieques is likely to be one of the most contaminated sites in the world. Video voiceover: Dr. John Wargo is a Yale professor who studies the effects of toxic exposures on human health. He believes people on the island are sick because of the Navy's bombing range. John Wargo, on video: This contamination results from the longevity of the bombing, the shelling, the strafing, and many different compounds were released, including lead and mercury and cadmium, as well as flame retardants, fuels, and many of these were released in great intensity. Video voiceover: : So, do you think this island made you sick? Hermogenes Marrero: : Do you swear to testify the truth, and nothing but the truth? Video voiceover: : Agent Orange > and we used to store it in the hazardous material area. It was used in Vieques as a defoliant for defense line. Video voiceover: : This is American territory. The people that live here are Americans. And how do you do something in your own back yard, and you hurt someone, you have to take care of that person. And the government's just not doing anything about it. > > Prof: All right, now as you reflect on that, you should be asking yourself a whole bunch of questions. One of them would be, here's a gentleman who is now mid-fifties. He obviously has many different medical problems. But he faces a serious burden of proof of exposure to chemicals that were released by the Navy. So how would you think that through? How would you make that connection? One question you might ask is, were the chemicals that they described in the lawsuit that were released by the Navy present in his body? Well, you know, the historical reconstruction problem that I mentioned on Tuesday is extraordinary. It's incredibly complex scientifically and would be very expensive to document how long do these chemicals last in somebody's body? What are plausible alternative sources of exposure? You know, the Navy argued that heavy metals used in the weapons were also minerals that had been driven by winds from Saharan dust storms across the Pacific and rained down, and perhaps that's a route of exposure. So the Navy's been very good, along with the Justice Department, in developing these plausible alternative hypotheses. Another has been the ritualistic use of mercury. Did the mercury come from Navy switches in the bombs that leaked out on that site, made its way into the Marine food chain, built up, and then made its way to the dinner table and into people's bodies? Or did it come from an electric plant that was located on the island? Or could it have come from any fish in the area? When the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry did their fish sample, they wandered around the island sampling fish from many different locations. But as I mentioned, often the sample sizes were incredibly small, less than ten in size. So what you'd want to do is, you'd want to know that these chemicals had moved in a gradient from their location of release further and further away. And you hoped to find a declining gradient in the concentration as you moved further and further away. But they didn't conduct this kind of work. James Porter, who is the professor at the University of Georgia that I mentioned, has done that work. As you move further and further away from the bombed area, you do see these declines. So key questions that are raised by this video, what was the prior knowledge of the Defense Department? I know that the Defense Department had very accurate records of the ordinance that was released and where it was released and when it was released. Another key question is, should this move forward as a class action lawsuit? If the courts find that it cannot, that it has to be judged individually, person by person, there's no hope that this would be concluded in the next fifty years. The idea of sovereign immunity--should the United States be responsible? And this is spoken to quite clearly in a variety of environmental statutes that I described to you just fifteen minutes ago. But the central, core question here is one of causation. Did these chemicals cause those illnesses? What's the matchup between the chemicals released, the chemicals found in people's bodies, and what we know medically about the effects of those chemicals? This is very difficult science. To be held to a standard of scientific proof, say ninety-nine percent confidence that there is this established cause and effect relationship would virtually make it impossible for this community to recover damages. Beyond a reasonable doubt, it's a different matter. So what you see here is you see the media getting behind this case, being sympathetic, having a very clear story about chemical release, not really knowing where it went. Not really fully understanding what people's exposures were, how they might have been exposed via air or water or food. But you also have a community that has lived in an environment that socially has been seriously affected. There is no debate about the fact that the presence of the military put the economy of that island in the freezer for much of the twentieth century. And the impact of that in diminishing their income, diminishing their access to basic public services such as education and healthcare, such as early detection, having to travel off the island when you don't own a car to a hospital on the mainland of Puerto Rico is a big disincentive to get early medical care. So late medical care translates into a higher incidence of disease and detection when the illness has progressed to become more serious, becomes more difficult to manage. Also, everyone is thinking about "Okay, what is the cost going to be?" What's a likely cost for this one site? And remember the figure that I showed you the other day, that Congress allocates roughly two to $2.5 billion dollars per year for the entire Superfund program. Whereas plausibly, it could take up to a billion dollars to clean this area and also to provide sufficient medical care for the community. And also remember the fact that many of these families had earlier generations that were plucked up off their property and moved. How would you think about compensating them for their loss of property value? Given $25 in 1945 for a tract of land, or for the costs incurred by having your house bulldozed and having the family move to a different part of the island. So it also raises a very interesting counterpoint to the Marshall Islands case that we saw the other week. And that is that when the United States decided to take over the Marshall Islands, they did so thinking that no one could survive an attack there. They had to move everybody out of the islands that they bombed. In this case, they believed that they could conduct their weapons testing in a way that would not harm the population. If they concentrated them in the center of the island and they bombed the end of the island, they weren't thinking ecologically about pathways. They weren't thinking about diet. They weren't thinking about airborne dust and prevailing winds. So that the idea that they should move the entire population off the island was reconsidered. There are now available documents demonstrating that John Kennedy thought very, very carefully about this. And Kennedy, you remember was president during the Cuban invasion. And Vieques was a very important base for staging for the invasion of Bay of Pigs. And what Kennedy was thinking about was okay, why don't we completely remove the islanders and resettle them in other parts of the Caribbean? He decided against that move. But that decision perhaps has come back to haunt the government, and certainly is haunting the islanders. However, this whole mess is a product of misunderstanding basic ecological principles, as well as I think a disregard for the long-term health of the community. There are a couple of other statutes here that are at play. And I wanted to bring your attention to the Wilderness Act of 1964. And this statute is quite interesting in that it defines wilderness as, "An area in contrast with those areas where man and his own works dominate the landscape, is hereby recognized as an area where the Earth and its community of life are untrammeled by man, where man himself is a visitor who does not remain." And it goes on to define characteristics of an area that would have to be met before it could be designated as wilderness. But at the same time that the government left Vieques and transferred jurisdiction to the Fish and Wildlife Service to create a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Refuge on the island, Congress decided that it was also going to declare the area a federal wilderness. So it is distinctive in the United States right now because it is the only Superfund site, reserved for the most hazardous sites in the nation, that is also declared to be a wilderness area, a paradox that maybe you could explain to me, especially looking at the site. The government clearly thought that it would give them greater power to exclude people, which they think they're doing well by posting signs on the beach. This is a sign that is right on the edge of the water that is within perhaps a hundred yards of tanks sitting on a hillside that became the target for planes as well as artillery shells. So the idea that you could post a sign and it would keep people out. I took a research crew out there several years ago. And one afternoon, there were six or eight large pleasure boats all lined up about fifty yards from this sign. Kids were out swimming in the water, playing on the beach. So the idea that you could control people via signs, with no other presence, it defies explanation. Another statute that's at play here is the Endangered Species Act. And the purposes of this statute, passed in 1973, are to provide a means whereby the ecosystems upon which endangered species and threatened species depend, may be conserved to provide a program for their conservation. So certain types of acts, including damaging the habitat of an endangered species, or taking an endangered species and either shooting it, by killing an endangered species, you are taking it, under this statute. So this law, again, passed back in 1973, and the U.S. left the island in 2003, there were three decades during which species declared to be rare or endangered, particularly the turtles that lived on the island, were clearly being affected by military behavior and maneuvers. So here's a list of the species, if any of you happen to be particularly interested. So I'm going to have to scoot ahead here, so we can keep moving on. But I wanted you to recognize that this history of military action, of training, basically testing weapons, of staging maneuvers that preceded major military actions, it's created a legacy of severely contaminated sites around the nation. Here's Johnston Atoll, which is now the Pacific Islands National Wildlife Refuge. So you see, there actually is a pattern of taking a former highly contaminated military base, transferring its jurisdiction into a Fish and Wildlife refuge. This may look like the moonscape, but this is the atomic testing site in Nevada, where you can see the craters that are the result of hundreds of other above ground tests. Here's another highly contaminated site in Hanford, Washington. The Hanford Works, the site of the Green Run, that you could read about in Green Intelligence. The underground storage tanks, the same problem that I mentioned earlier in the lecture, leaking radioactive waste that is highly concentrated into the Columbia River. The Columbia River is a habitat for Pacific salmon and many other species of fish. And it's a very highly prized region. The military reservation on Cape Cod provides one more example. This reservation has a history that spanned just about the same amount of time as Vieques, from about 1940 to just about the year 2000,2001 actually. The jets that we're trying to catch up to on the September 11, 2001, hijackers, they were scuttled from the Massachusetts military reservation on Cape Cod. This site is sitting on sands and gravels. And it's basically a collection of very large aquifers on Cape Cod, in which the freshwater sits on top of underlying saltwater the closer you get to the ocean. So that anything put on the surface will drain into underlying sands and aquifers moving very quickly. So this has become the largest drinking water contamination site and remediation site in the United States now. They drilled some 8,000 different wells to try to figure out where the fuels, the flame retardants, the munitions residues, the TNT and RDX, etc., where did it go? And they've monitored it out, and they created these plumes that pump the water up, out of that aquifer and then into these charcoal tanks, activated carbon tanks, some of which are bigger than this entire lecture hall. So day after day, twenty-four hours a day, decade for decade, this water is pumping through there, hoping that it will be cleaned up to meet the Safe Drinking Water Act standards by the year 2035. Three thousand pounds of solvents have been removed from that water. One thousand pounds of fuels was removed from the groundwater. And eight plumes are now undergoing treatment and remediation. This is immediately adjacent to a variety of cranberry bogs, so cranberry farmers bore the brunt of economic loss when this was discovered. So critical lessons here about Vieques, knowledge is power, that's very clear. Classified information prevents the public from understanding what was done, when and where, what the nature of surrounding or nearby community threats might be. A question of who conducts the science. It's clear that the ATSDR who are within the Centers from Disease Control, was not doing high quality science and came to a premature conclusion of safety based upon a highly limited sampling. Science normally proves no causal relation. So this type of science is perhaps one of the more complex that I could imagine. Also one lesson here that is apparent is that new evidence of risky behavior generates a very defensive attitude on the part of government. So any information that they release, any studies that they conduct, could increase their liability. So often the response is "Well, then let's just not study it." Okay. I'm going to pause there, and just wish you a great weekend. Your Western illinois Fighting Leathernecks Instrumental music playing throughout video Three (PA Announcer) Rebecca Henricson Three (PA Announcer) Michelle Maher Michelle Maher Ashley Luke Cheers from fans Marley Hall Cheers from players Ashley Luke Whistle 'And one' PA Announcer Cheers Ashley Luke Three (PA Announcer) Cheers "Nice Tori!" Tori Niemann Tori Niemann "Lets go Paige!" Three (PA Announcer) Three (PA Announcer) "7, 6, 5, 4" Players on benching counting down on the shot clock Cheers Tori Niemann Cheers from players Final buzzer Western illinois 70, Quincy 61 When will the magistrate get here? It's not but a two hour ride from Pyungyang. Why haven't we heard from him? Pardon my saying this, but could something have happened? How do you mean? We haven't found Shim Untaek. Suppose he got the Deployment Log first? Bite your tongue. What good is that kind of talk? Sir, the Chinese are embarking and ask why they haven't heard from you. - Tell them they'll have it. - Sir. Send men to find the magistrate. And locate Shim Untaek! Sir. Has Dong Yi talked yet? Not yet. She's too stubborn. Right, well, we're out time. We'll deal with her first. - Get her. - Sir. - Take her. - Sir. I hoped to send you and Untaek to the next life together. It looks like you'll be going first. You can kill me but you can't kill the truth. What's that? You set up the Queen to gain power. Now you betray your country to keep it. Does heaven hold no terror for you? I've always said you have guts. Standing at the precipice and you're still a nag. Sir. It's alright, seeing as they're your last words. But now you're luck's run out. Today's the day I see you die. Hold it right there! Sir. - You... you're... - The man that has what you want. In exchange for the girl. Oh? Listen to this guy. The Deployment Log. You can have it for the girl. - What's that? - Sir..! You want the logbook and I have it. So what do you say? The girl for the log seems fair enough. Enough of this. How could you possibly have the log? Judge Jang Haksu in the Pyungyang office is an old classmate of mine. He gave it to me. What? You haven't heard from your magistrate, have you? You little..! He's too busy searching Pyungyang for a book that's not there. What? So what do you say? The Chinese are leaving. Would you rather wait for a magistrate that's not coming... or trade the girl for the log? Rotten..! - How... how did it come to this? - Sir, if he's not lying... Get me the name of that judge in Pyungyang. Now! Sir. Sir, you'd trade him the Deployment Log? What were you thinking? What, so your life is worth some old logbook? You're really giving it to him? - We've got to save you first. - Sir. Now listen close. Hijae won't have a choice but to free you once he checks the judge's name. That's your chance to get away. I can't. They'll kill you once they have the log. You expect me to get away knowing that? I can't. I won't. And here I thought you were clever. You're right to say they'll kill me once they have the log. But this buys us time. You can get help. I'd prefer it if you managed to save me. But if I die, I die. Don't say die... If only one of us can live, it's 100 times better for it to be you. You have work to do in the capital. Work that's just as important to me. So you've got to live. Sir. - Take them. - Sir. All right. Hand over the Deployment Log and I'll free the girl. Where is it? Not too bright, are you? This your first swap, maybe? Would you trust you? Mouthy little..! First release the girl. Then I'll tell you where I hid the log. - Still with the mouth... - You'll have me until you get it. So release her. - Let her go. - Sir. Think the Chinese will wait forever? They'll leave whether they get it or not. Let her go. - Go. - Sir... Well? Go on! Now it's your turn. Where's the log? There's a royal tomb memorial at the foot of Mt. Songhwa. Just beyond that is a pine tree. It's under there. - Go get it. - Sir. You're death will be slow if you're lying. And here I thought you were clever. You're right to say they'll kill me once they have the log. But this buys us time. You can get help. There's the memorial. Find that pine tree. Sir! Is anyone here? Hello? - It's you. - Is she here? Dong Yi. Your face... Are you hurt? Shim Untaek is in danger. What? There's no time. Help me. We've got to find a way to save him. Tell me everything. Welcome! I'm super excited that you're here to learn about computer science It's my favorite thing in the world Except for pie But before we get started, the first thing we need to pound into your head is this: YOU ARE SMARTER THAN A COMPUTER I know it's hard to believe, because computers can do all these amazing magical things, that seem really really complicated but they can only do those things, because some person told them exactly what to do step by step Behind every program, every videogame, every website, there's some dude sitting in a chair, clicking away on his or her keyboard And now you are that dude Luckily we've got this awesome programming environment for you to learn in The language, that we'll be coding in is called JavaScript Which is what lots of websites are written in including Khan Academy But if your mom, who is a programmer ever looks over your shoulder and says: "Hey, that doesn't look like JavaScript!" You can go like: "Mom, that's because I'm using a library called Processing on top of JavaScript.." ".. Doh! Stop looking at me." But if your mom doesn't know anything about programming, then don't worry about remembering all of that Let's just get started Over on the left you can see our super-duper code editor and the screen on the right is where the code gets run Sometimes we call that the canvas, because we draw stuff on it Let's take a closer look at the code now Every line of code represend another instruction One important thing to notice is that every line ends with a semicolon That's how the computer knows that this instruction is over and it's time for the next one It's kind of like programmings idea of a period There are couple of exceptions to the semicolon rule like this line here and you'll learn all about those later These lines in green that start with two slashes are called comments They are not code and the computer completely ignores them when running the program The comments are there just for you to help explain what's going on They're a good place to look when trying to figure out how a program works Comments can also help you figure out what lines of code do You can turn a line of code into a comment just by adding the two slashes to the front and we call this commenting out the code Now this line will be skipped and sometimes this can give away what the line was for So in this case we found out that this line of code makes the dots move Other times commenting out code will just cause something to break When something is broken, the canvas will fade out and you'll see a friendly error message pop up It's important to remember that every time you type something you're changing the code So you're gonna see this white error screen a lot until you finish changing the code to something the computer can read again That's totally OK If you want to learn all the knitty-gritty details of how this program works, you can press this play button and some really cool person will explain it to you At any point in the recording you can press pause and keep playing with the code yourself and when you press play again, the recording will undo your changes and continue from where it left off Now, just because you don't understand this code yet doesn't mean you can't start playing with these programs right away If you click on any blue number a slider will pop up If you drag it back and forth, it will increase or decrease the number and you can immediately see how it affects the program Of course you can also change the number just by typing it in and if you wanna undo your last change, just press Ctrl+Z from Windows or Command+Z if you have a Mac Sometimes when you click on a number, instead of getting a slider you will get this little colorbox That's because this line of code controls the color of something You can use this colorbox to pick a color and when you pick a color you'll notice that it changes all three of these numbers because it actually takes three numbers to define a color We can talk about that later too Now, see how this program is animated? If you change anything in the code, the animation will just keep running from where it left off, but with your new change So if you want the animation to start from the beginning again, you can press "Restart" button at the bottom of the canvas And finally when you're done changing the program into something that's awesome and all your own, you can press this "Save As.." button to save your program, so you can share it with all your friends and your parents and your teachers and me! Hi, my name is Steve Burgess, your computer forensics specialist. Today's topic is "keyword search". What is a keyword search and how do I design an effective one. Well, a keyword search, in its most basic form, is: looking for a word in a population of data. More often, it's looking for a series of words- or a phrase- in a population of data. Now, for instance, say I've got a thousand word documents and five thousand emails, and I want to find a letter to Mom, talking about being home for Christmas. Well then, I might search for the phrase, "home for Christmas" because that's likely to be in that document, or in that email, and it's not likely to be in too many places, other than say a Frank Sinatra song. Now it's more likely we're going to be searching for something like stolen secrets. So what I want to do is distinguish between: electronic data discovery, and computer forensics. They cover much of the same ground, but usually with electronic data discovery, what you're doing is searching a readable population of data. So say: a bunch of emails that the user would be able to read on their computer or that's on a server, or a bunch of word documents that haven't been deleted. Then we might be looking there for the phrase "Stolen Secrets" or in the previous case "home for Christmas". Now, in computer forensics, we're looking quite a bit deeper into areas where there used to be files; where there are left over pieces of files. We're looking through the entire hard disk, all the unallocated space all the ambient data, even places where there isn't anything. I cover some of this ground in another video called, "Recovering Deleted Email" and "What Happens When I Delete a File" Those are two different videos. But we are going to be looking for again, the same kinds of words, and then we might find a whole deleted document or a whole deleted email, or maybe just a piece of one, and we might find it in a temporary internet file or we might find it in a temporary deleted, invisible file. But, it's very likely we're going to find information if it was there before. Now, there are some phrases and words that are good to use, and some that are not good to use. "Home for Christmas" in my previous example, is probably a good one because, as I said, it's not going to occur in too many places. But "home" or "Christmas" those are not very useful words to be looking for because they occur in so many different places. They could be in a dictionary; they will be in random emails; they will be in jokes and they'll be in all kinds of temporary files as well. So we want to be fairly specific. We also want to keep the number of searches down. Generally we like to start with six or a dozen phrases and variations of them. That will give us a very large population of data; generally hundreds of thousands of entries that we're going to have to sort through or you are going to have to sort through. And anything that's 4 letters or less is very likely to turn up tens of thousands or maybe hundreds of thousands of completely unrelated times, because almost all four-letter combinations are going to show up randomly in computer code. So, it's not very useful to search for anything fewer than four letters. Searching for IBM? Not a very good idea. Searching for IBM corporation? Maybe a better idea. We also generally don't want to look for the user's name, the person who uses the computer most often, because again it's going to show up with tens of thousands of hits that are going to have to be sorted through. So we're going to be a little smarter with how we design our keywords rather than just looking for everything the user ever did. We want to- as I said- limit the number of keywords that we're looking for because sometimes the number can get out of hand. I had a case sometime ago where we searched just two hard drives (one from each computer) and they needed us to search on one hundred thirty four keywords and we had variations on those keywords How many hits did we get? How many results? A million. Half a million on each drive. It takes a very very long time to search thorugh a million results of anything. I believe it took us forty hours, and we had stream-lined the process quite a bit. Now, it turns out they want over a hundred million dollars in that case; so in that case it was worthwhile. But most of the time we want to make a smart design for keyword searches that is: very focused, very exclusive, but broad enough to catch as many things as can be useful to the case at hand. Well thanks very much for listening. I hope it was useful. We'll talk yo you another time; keep those questions coming. Bye now. How are you doing? Justin here again, and in this lesson I'm just going to be talking about some really basic things about setting up your guitar. Common problems that people have, easy fixes and things that you can and cannot fix by yourself. And the reason that I've kind of brought this into the beginners lesson is we're gradually starting to move up the neck a little bit, away from the open position. And even if you've got a thing called a high action, which I'm going to explain further in a second, it doesn't really affect you when you're playing down that end and you're working on the chords. But it does make a difference, the further up the neck you get. So, let me first of all explain what the action is and what you can do about it. So the action of a guitar is the distance between the string and the fingerboard. So, we're just going to go to a really quick little close-up now for a second and I'll just show exactly what I mean by the action. So the distance here, the amount that you can press the string down is referred to as the action. So exactly, you can get little measuring tools that measure from the top of the fret to the bottom of the string. Now, of course, if I just lift the string up a bit like that, you would have - maybe even higher than that - you might have a guitar that looks like that with a really high action, which would be too high and probably not very easy to play. If the action is too low, when you play it tends to buzz against the fret, so if it looks really low, you end up having a really buzzy sound which is not good either. So if you've discovered that your acoustic guitar has a really, really high action and you're having trouble playing further up the neck when it comes to doing your barre chords and your scales and stuff later when you're playing up around the fifth fret or higher, what can you do about it? Well, on acoustic guitar, unfortunately, not very much. But it does make a huge difference and I'd really recommend taking your guitar to a guitar luthier or your local guitar maintenance guy, most music shops have a guitar kind of guru that works there, and ask them to give you a guitar set up. Sometimes it can seem kind of expensive, but it can make a huge difference to the playability of your guitar. In fact, one of the nicest guitars that I ever played, as far as the feeling goes of the guitar, was a 200 pound Epiphone Hummingbird, acoustic guitar which was a horrible guitar, it didn't play very well, it didn't seem to stay in tune and I took to this guitar guru guy for a set up and when it came back it was really, really nice. it played really easy, it was just incredibly different. And only at that point did I realise quite how important a guitar set up can be. and since then I make sure that all my guitars regularly go for a proper guitar set up with somebody who knows what they're doing. So, acoustic guitars, definitely take them off to someone for a guitar set up. I'm sorry, I know that means forking out a bit more cash, but it will make a difference, physically how easy it is to play guitar. So that's important. However, for electric guitar, they're a little bit more adjustable, so I want to talk to you a little bit about how you might go about adjusting your electric guitar. So I'm just going to to chuck my acoustic guitar back down here on the stand and grab up my trusty Stratocaster. Now, most electric guitars have a lower action than acoustic guitars, which is fine. Now, there's a couple of simple adjustments that you can make on electric guitar yourself. There's a few things going on. The first thing that you can adjust is these parts here, in the bridge of the guitar, the bridge saddles they're usually referred to as. And if you look really closely in the top of this, you will find a little hole that takes an Allen key. And by putting an Allen key in there, the very small one, and turning it around it lifts these pieces up and down. And of course, if you put them up it'll mean that the string get a little bit further away from the fingerboard and if you put, screw them back in, which is clockwise, then the little thing will go down and it'll make the action a little bit lower. And that's the kind of thing you can have a bit of a play about with yourself, just trying to make sure that you don't get it, if you get it too low, it'll buzz to much and sound horrible and if it gets too high, you won't be able to play it. So, that's one thing that you can have a go at adjusting yourself on electric guitar. The other thing that's really important on electric guitar that you can have a go at if you want, but I don't touch this myself, even though I'm pretty experienced with guitar maintenance. I don't like touching the Truss Rod of a guitar.